3 3433 08254570 2
THE
NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
PRESENTED BY
p\
V — ' 1
1
THE NATIONAL
CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN lU(Mil!APIIY.
VOLUME IX.
THE NATIONAL
( 'YCLOP.EDIA OF AMERICAN
BIOGRAPHY
BEING THE
HISTORY OF THE INITKD STATKS
AS ILLUSTRATED IN TI1K I.1VF.S OF THE FOUNDERS, BUII.DFHS, AND DEFENDERS
OF THE REPUHLIC, AND OF THE MEN .VXD WOMEN \VHO ARE
DOING TIIF. \\oKK AND MOULDING THE
THorcirr OF TIII; PRES-
ENT TIME
EDITED BY
DISTINGUISHED BIOGRAPHERS, SELECTED FROM F.ACH STATE
REVISED AND APPROVED BY THE MOST EMINENT HISTORIANS, SCHOLARS, AND
STATESMEN OF THE DAY
VOLUME IX.
NEW YORK
JAMES T. WHITE & COMPANY
1899
COPYRIGHT, 1899,
BY JAMES T. WHITE & COMPANY.
[All rights reserved.]
THE
NEW YORK
/'PUBLIC LIBRARY/
\tetor, Lenox anil
.'•ions-
1904
3«383
TIIK
NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN1 BIOGRAPHY.
PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS AND REVISERS.
Abbott, Lyman, D. D., LL. D ,
Editor ul' "The Outlook."
Adams, Charles Follen,
Author.
Adams. Charles Kendall, LL. D.,
Author, I'M -nli -lit of Cornell University
Alexander, Hon. E. P.,
R. R. Prcsidoni K\-c 'ederate Ceneral.
Alger, Rev. William Bounseville,
Author.
Andrews, Rev. E. Benj., D. D., LL. D»,
Kdnealor and AMI hor.
Avery, Col. Isaac W.,
Autlior ul' " Hisior.i "I Georgia."
Baird, Rev. Henry Martyn, D. D., LL D.,
Professor, l.'miersii \ city of New York.
Ball, G. Washington,
Genealoiilsl anil Ant hor.
Blake, Lillie Devereaux,
Author.
Bolton, Mrs. Sarah Knowles,
Author
Bowker, R. R.,
Writer and Kronomist .
Brooks, Noah,
Jonrnahsl and Aut'.ior
Brown, Col. John Mason,
Author of " History of Kentucky."
Browne, William Hand,
Historian, Professor. Julius Hopkins University.
Burnett, Mrs. Frances Hodgson,
Author.
Burton, Rt. Rev. L. W., A. M., D. D.,
P. E. Bishi,|i. Lexington, Ky
Capen, Elmer H., D. D.,
President of Tufts College.
Carter, Franklin, Ph. D., LL. D.,
President oi Williams College.
Cheney, John Vance,
Lihrariau of Newberry Library, Chicago.
Christie, Charles J.,
Managing Editor of the Cincinnati "Commercial
Tribune."
Clarke. Richard H., LL. D.,
Presidi-nt ot t lie New York Catholic Protectory.
Coan, Titus Munson, A. M., M. D.,
Author.
Coues, Elliott, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D.,
Scientist and Author.
Crawford, Edward F.,
Of the New York " Tribune."
Croes, J. James R.,
Civil Eugiin'iT.
Culbertson, J. C., M. D.,
Editor of the Cincinnati " Lancet-Clinic."
Curtis, George Ticknor, LL. D.,
Author and Jurist.
Dabney, Charles W., Ph. D.,
President of the University of Tennessee.
Deming, Clarence,
Author.
Dickmau, Hon. Franklin J., LL. D.,
Ex-Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
Dix, Morgan, D. D., LL. D., D. C. D.,
Keel or of Trinity Church, New York City.
Donnelly, Hon. Ignatius,
Author and Congressman
Dudley, Thomas U., D. D., LL. D., D. C. L.,
P. E. Jiishopof Kentucky.
Durrett, Col. Reuben T.,
Jurist and Historian.
Dwight, Timothy, D. D., LL. D.,
Ex-President ol Yale University.
Egle, William Henry, M. D., A. M.,
Historian and SI .1 li • 1 .1 I ira ria II > il Pennsylvania.
Eggleston, George Gary,
Author and Editor
Eliot, Charles W., LL. D.,
Presj.leni of Harvard University.
Fallows, Samuel, A. M., D. D., LL. D.,
I're -.idiim Hi-ii,,|, ,,1 the Reformed Episcopal
Church.
Fetterolf, A. H., Ph. D., LL. D.,
Proli-sor. (iiral'd t 'ol
Field, Rev. Henry Martyn, D. D.,
Editor of "The V v. York Evangeltet."
Galbreath, C. B..
Librarian o lie Library.
Garrett, Dr. W. R.,
Prof ibod Normal I ollege, and Editor.
Gates, Merrill E., Ph. D., LL. D., L. H. D,,
President of Amlierst College.
Gilman, Daniel C., LL. D.,
President ot Johns I lopkms University.
Greely, Gen. Adolphus W.,
Chief oi United States Signal Service and Explorer.
Green, Samuel S.,
Librarian of Worcester. Vlass.. I'ublie Library.
Guild, Reuben A., A.M., LL. D ,
Aul hor and I.ihran.ui Emeritus of Brown Univer-
sity.
Gunsaulus, Rev. Frank W., D. D.,
President of Armour Institute, Chicago.
Hale, Rev. Edward Everett, D D., S. T. D,,
Harper, "wUliam R., Ph. D., D. D., LL. D.,
President of the University of Chicago.
Harris, Joel Chandler (Uncle Remus),
Author.
Harris, Hon William T., Ph D , LL. D.,
United States Commissioner of Education.
Hart, Samuel, D. D.,
Professor, Trinity College, Hartford.
Higginson, Col. Thomas W"«ntv.'crth,
Author. *•
Hild, Frederick H., .... ;;-..: : .-
Librarian of Chicago Public L4n«lT» ••". ; ; -
Hosmer, Prof. James K., Ph.* D?5 -Lit B.V
Author and Librarian of Minneapolis Pu&lic^
Library .
Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward,
Aut hi >r.
Hurst, Rev. John F., D. D., LL. D.,
Bishop of the M. E. Church.
Hutchins, Stilson,
Of the Washington " Post."
Ingalls, Hon. John J , LL.D.
Author and United States Senator.
Jackson, Samuel Macauley
Author and Editor.
Johnson, Oliver,
Author and Editor.
Johnson, R. Underwood, Ph. D.,
Assistant Editor, "Century."
PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS AND REVISERS.
Johnston, Col. J. Stoddard,
Historian of Kentucky.
Kennan, George,
Russian Traveler and Author.
Kimball, Richard B., LL. D.,
Author.
King. Grace,
Author.
Kingsley, William L., LL. D.,
Editor of the " New England and Yale Review."
Kip, Rt. Rev. William Ingraham.
Late Bishop of California.
Kirkland, Major Joseph,
Late Literary Editor of the Chicago "Tribune.
Knight, George W.,
Professor, Ohio State University.
Knox, Thomas W.,
Author and Traveler.
Lamb, Martha J.,
Late Editor of " Magazine of American History.
Langford, Laura C. Holloway,
Editor and Historical Writer.
Leach, Col. J. Granville,
Genealogist and Author.
Le Conte, Joseph, LL. D.,
Professor, University of California.
Leonard, William Andrew, D. D.,
P. E. Bishop of Ohio.
Lockwood, Mrs. Mary S.,
Historical Writer.
Lodge, Hon. Henry Cabot, LL. D.,
U. S. Senator and Author.
Long, Joseph R.,
Professor, University of Virginia.
Longfellow, Rev. Samuel,
Author.
Lore, Hon. Charles B., LL. D.,
Chief Justice of Delaware, and President of the
Delaware Historical Society.
Loy, Prof. M., D. D.,
Dean of Capital University, Columbus, O.
Mathes, Capt. James Harvey,
Journalist and Author, Memphis. Tenn.
McCloskey, Rt. Rev. William G., D. D.,
R. C. Bishop of Louisville.
MacCracken, H. M., D. D., LL. D.,
Chancellor of the New York University.
McClure, Col. Alexander K., LL. D.,
Editor of the Philadelphia " Times."
McCray, D. O.,
Historical Writer.
Mcllwaine, Richard, D. D..
President of Hampdeu-Sidney College.
Morse, John T., Jr.,
Author of " Life of John Adams," etc.
Kycrc, Philip V. N., LL. D., L. H. D.,
' VroKjssror.'Uni-.-prv'ty of Cincinnati.
Newton/.R-iv. Richard Heber, D. D.,
( ''er.'rvman and Author.
U;, B. B:,
Pi< •_• rij.>bicaj and Historical Writer.
Monon, Frank H.,
\in V >r .L'ifcl Eoitor.
Or'r, Charles,'
Author and Librarian of Case Library, Cleveland.
Page, Thomas Nelson, Litt. D.,
Author.
Parton, James,
Author.
Patton, Rev. Francis L., D. D., LL. D.,
President of Princeton University.
Peabody, Rev. Andrew P., D. D., LL. D.,
Late Professor, Harvard University.
Peckham, Stephen Farnum, A. M.,
Chemist and Author.
Porter, Rev. Noah, D. D., LL. D.,
Ex-President of Yale University.
Potter, Rev. Eliphalet N., D. D., LL. D.,
Ex-President of Hobart Coll.-.-.
Prime, Rev. Edward D. G., D. D.,
Editor of " New York Observer."
Pugh, John J.,
Librarian of Public Library, Columbus, O.
Ridpath, John Clark, LL.D.
Historian.
Rogers, Henry Wade, A. M , LL. D.,
President of Northwestern University.
Russell, Addison P.,
Editor and Author.
Ryder, Rev. Charles J., D. D.,
Secretary of American Missionary Society.
Sanborn, Frank B.,
Author.
Schaff, Philip, D. D., LL. D.,
Author.
Scott, Harvey W.,
Editor of the •• Oregonian."
Senn, Nicholas, M. D.,
Surgeon.
Smith, Maj. Charles H. (Bill Arp),
Author.
Spencer. Hiram Ladd,
Editor and Poet.
Sproull, William 0., LL. D., L. H. D.,
Professor, University of Cincinnati.
Staley, Cady, Ph. D., LL. D.,
President of Case School of Applied Science.
Stearns, Frank Preston,
Author.
Stockton, Frank R.,
Aul In >r.
Stone, Melville E.,
General Manager, Associated Press.
Stryker, M. W., D. D , LL. D.,
President of Hamilton College.
Sumner, William G., LL. D .,
Professor of Political Economy, Yale University.
Taylor, James M., D. D., LL. D.,
President of Vassar Colli-u''-.
Thomas, Hiram W., D. D.,
Pastor of People's Church, Chicago.
Thurston, Robert H., C. E., Ph. B., LL. D.,
Director of Sibley College.
Thwing, Charles F., D. D., LL. D.,
President of Western Reserve University.
Tyler, Lyon G., M. A., LL. D.,
President of the College of William and Mary.
Uhler, Philip R.,
Provost of Peabody Institute, Baltimore.
TJtley, H. M., A. M.,
Librarian of Public Library, Detroit.
Van Dyke, Rev. Henry, D. D., LL. D.,
Author and Clergyman.
Venable, William H., LL. D.,
Author.
Warren, William F., D. D., S. T. D., LL. D.,
President of Boston University.
Watterson, Henry. D. C. L.,
Editor of Louisville " Courier Journal."
Watterson, Rt. Rev. John A., D. D.,
Late R. C. Bishop of Columbus.
Webb, Gen. Alexander S.. LL. D.,
President of the College of the City of New York.
Weeks. Stephen B., A. M., Ph. D.,
Historian.
Weidemeyer, John William,
Historical Writer.
Winchell, Alexander,
!.:,!,• Professor, University of Michigan.
Worthington, Rev. Edward W.,
Rector of (irace Church. Cleveland, O.
Wright, Gen. Marcus J.,
Historian ami Custodian of Confederate Records
in United States War Department.
THE NATIONAL
CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN
BIOGRAPHY.
LEE, Fitzhugh, soldier ami thirty-ninth gov-
ernor of Virginia i ISSC, li'h. was l)oni in Cleinionl.
Fairfax co., \";i.. Nov. 19, isii,",, son of Coin. Svdney
Smith Lee, I'. S. navy. Hi: is the nephew of (ini.
Hubert K. I,ee, and his grandfather was "Lighl
HOI-SI.- Harry" L. -c, ol' revolutionary fame. At'< i i
thorough education in the schools of his native state,
he was appointed lo the I'. S. Military A< ademy
ill IS.")-.", and on his graduation, in lsr>li. \\as com-
missioned second lieutenant of cavalry. He- saw his
firs! active service in operations
against I lie Indians, and u as severe
ly wounded. In May, 18(10. he was
appoinlrd instructor ol' ca\ all \ at
West I',, int. i in the outbreak of
the civil war he resigned his com-
mission, and entered the Confeder-
ate service as adjutant general of
(Jen. Swell's brigade, a position in
\\ hich he remained four months. He
was appointed, in September, ]S(!1 ,
lieutenant colonel of I he I si Virginia
cavalry, and being soon after pro-
moted colonel, was witli the army
of northern Virginia through all
its campaigns. On .lulv »•">, lsi;j,
he was appointed brigadier •.icnei-al,
and Sept. 3, ISli:!, major ucneral.
lie wassevcrelv wounded in the bat-
tle of Winchester. Sept. Ill, ISC, I,
where he had three horses shot
under him, and was disabled from duty for some
months. In March, 18G5, he was appointed to com-
mand the cavalry corps of the army of northern
Virginia; hut in April surrendered to Hen. Meade,
and returning to his home in Virginia, remained in
retirement for several years. He re-entered public
life in 1874, when he made a trip to the North.
At tin- Bunker hill centennial, in the following year,
he delivered a patriotic speech, which was one of the
earliest efforts of the leading men on either side to
lay aside the irritating memories of the ' ' lost cause,"
and draw together in the old bonds of one national
life. It made a profound impression throughout the
country. During the winter and spring of 1882-83
he made a trip through the South, in behalf of the
Southern Historical Society. Gen. Lee was elected
governor of Virginia in 1885. and served until is'.io,
when a constitutional provision prevented his re-
election. In isfiii he was sent by Pres. Cleveland
to Havana to till the important office of consul gen-
eral. Dmini: his incumbency of this responsible post'
tin n 'he last and most serious rising of the Culians
against their Spanish oppressors was ra^ini: through-
out the island, and under the arbitian ^overnor-
generalship of Gen, Weyler he had ample opportu-
nity to distinguish himself for his calm and judicial
but firm protection <>f American interests whenever
threatened. The recall ol (Jen. YVeylei to Spain, and
the accession to power iii Cuba of lien. Blanco;
the pretense of autonomy for the Cubans, and the
strong revolutionary spirit, now mounting to its
height, drew upon all the intellectual and diplo
malic resources ol the consul-general, and made
for him a splendid record of patriotism, judgment
and determination. Atlairs became so serious ill
Havana, in January, I*!)*, that (Jen. l.ee's life was
seM-ral times threatened and other American resi-
dents \\ere in constant danger. In this contingency
he had full power to summon the war vessels
then lying at Key \Vesl for the protection of the
Ihes and interests of Americans, but he did not
avail liiinsell of the authority delegated to him.
When afterwards it was decided to send a war \es-
sel to Havana, he cabled to the state department
recommending thai such action should he delayed,
but was informed that it was too late, as the Maine
was then at sea in runt? lo Havana, and could not
be reached. This act was followed a few weeks
later by the arrival of the Spanish cruiser Yiseayain
New York harbor, there to learn that the Maine had
been destroyed by a submarine explosion on Feb.
15th. From this period the popular excitement in
Cuba became practically dangerous to Americans,
On March oth, Spain asked for the recall of Consul-
Gen. Lee from Havana, which was promptly refused
by the U. S. government, but on April 5th all the
American consuls in the islands were recalled, and
returned with many American citizens to the United
States. Gen. Lee was not long idle, however, being
placed in command of an army corps, which he or-
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ganized and held ready for service. Not being
ordered to form a part of any of the armies of inva-
sion sent to theWest Indies, he was not engaged in ac-
tive service; nevertheless his famous 7th corps was
to be thrown first into Cuba in the operations around
Havana, had the war continued; and he was selected
by the president to lead the assault against the city.
However, late in the year 1898, he was appointed to
command the American artillery forces in the dis-
trict of Havana, and now commands the department
of Cuba, consisting of the provinces of Havana and
Pinar del Rio. Gen. Lee is the author of the life
of his uncle, Gen. Robert E. Lee, in "Great Com-
mander" series. He was married, in 1875, to Ellen
Bernard, daughter of George Fowle, of Alexandria,
Va. They have two sons and three daughters.
SIGSBEE, Charles Dwig-ht, naval officer, was
born in Albany. N. Y., Jan. 16, 1X45, son of Nicholas
and Agnes (Orr) Sigsbee. He was educated in the
schools of his native city, and being appointed tothe
U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., Sept. 27, 1X59,
was graduated in 1863, and promoted ensign on Oct.
1st following. During his first two years in service
he was attached to the steam sloop Monongahela,
of the west Gulf squadron, and the old Brooklyn in
the same service. He took part in both bombard-
ments and in the assault on Fort Fisher, and in the
battle of Mobile bay. During 1SII5-67 he was with
the Asiatic squadron: stationed first on the steam sloop
Wyoming, and later on the steamer Ashuelot. He
was promoted master, May 10, 1866; lieutenant, Feb.
21, 1867, and lieutenant-commander, March 12, ixtix,
when he returned home. During 1809-70 he was on
duty at the U. S. Naval Academy; was on the Severn
and Worcester, flagships of the norl h At hint ic squad-
ron (1871-72); on the Canandaigua (1872-73); in the
hydrographic office (1X73-74); and was employed
on the coast survey (1874-78), in command of the
steamer Blake, engaged in deep-sea exploration. For
his inventions in the line of this work, he rccei\cd a
gold medal and diplomas from England, and the
decoration of the Red Eagle of Prussia from Em-
peror William 1. He was assistant hydrographer at
the hydrographic office (1878-82),
and was promoted commander,
May 11, 18X2. In 1882-85 he
was again on duty at the Naval
Academy; in lxx:!-X4 commanded
the practice-ship Dale, in 1XX5-
xi! I he Kearsargeon the European
station; and in 1XX7-MI was on
shore duty as a member of the
examining and retiring board,
at the navy department ami as
head nl a department at the Na\al
Academy. He commanded the
practice-ship Constellation for
a while during the summer of
ixx'.i; in 1890-92 he commanded
the training- ship Portsmouth,
and in 1893 was made chief of the
hydrogriiphic office in Washing-
ton. He received his promotion
as captain on March 21,1X97; and.
on April 10th following, was
assigned to the command of the battleship Maine.
The Maine first went into commission, Sept. 17, lx'.»5.
and was, at that time, the most powerful ship of her
class in the U. S. navy. Under the command of (.'apt.
Sigsbee she was sent to Havana at the end of Jan-
uary, 1898, on a friendly mission, and was received
with the customary courtesies from the forts and
Spanish warships, and the usual official visits. She
was assigned to a special anchorage and placed there
by the proper agents of the Spanish government. On
Feb. 15th, at 9 o'clock at night, she was destroyed by
the explosion of a submarine mine, or torpedo, with a
loss of :>((() lives. A court of inquiry, immediately
appointed to inquire into the disaster, reported to this
effect, but with no attempt to assign the blame for
the occurrence. So profound was the effect of this
frightful calamity on the American people that,
added to the general belief that the occurrence was
due to Spauisli initiation of some sort, it was only
the calm and wise dispatches of Capt. Sigsbee that
prevented immediate reprisals on the part of the
United States. He remained in Havana during the
• -
period of investigation, aiding the court of inquiry
with his expert knowledge and \vise judgment. His
own story of the explosion modestly disclaimed any
greater self-control or presence of mind than he at-
tributed to all the officers and crew. The magnifi-
cent courage and discipline shown by everybody on
board during the immediate moments of this try-
ing situation justly received the commendation of
the entire civilized world. When the great American
liner St. Paul was converted into a cruiser, re-
taining her name. Cap). Sigsbee \\ as appointed to
command her, and in that position performed excel-
lent service throughout the Spanish war. Adm.
Cervera's Heel arrived at Santiago on May 19, ixjis,
and the St. Paul arrived off that port on the 21st,
being the first American vessel in that vicinity. She
remained there for eight days, most of the time alone,
until joined by the squadron under Com. Schley.
On the 24th she captured the Spanish collier Res-
tormel, thus depriving Cervera of his coal supply.
On June 22d, she was attacked off San Juan, Porto
Rico, by the Spanish cruiser Isabel II. and the de-
stroyer Terror, and defeated both, driving them into
port, the destroyer in a sinking condition, with Hie
loss- of twelve killed. After the war Capt. Sigsbee
was nominated by the president for promotion on
account of "extraordinary heroism." On Sept. 2,
1898, he was ordered tothe command of tin' battle-
ship Texas. He has written "Deep Sea Sonniiing
and Dredging" (1880), and "The Story of the
Maine" (1899^. Capt. Sigsbee was married, in No-
vember. 1870, to Eliza Rogers, daughter of Gen.
Henry H. Lockwood.
WOODFORD, Stewart Lyndon, diplomat,
soldier and lieutenant-governor of New York, was
born in New York city, Sept. 3. 1835, son of Josiah
( iurtis and Susan (Terry) Wood ford. He is eighth
in descent from Thomas Woodford, a native of
Boston, Lincolnshire, who settled at Dorchester,
Mass., in 1635, and later emigrating to Connecticut,
became one of the founders of Hartford. His great-
grandfather, William Woodford, of Farmington,
Conn , was a soldier in the revolution, and his
grandfather. Chandler Woodford, of Avon, wnsin the
war of 1812. Through his mother, a native of Suf-
folk county, N. Y.,lie descends from one of the
original settlers of Southold, L. I., who had come
thither from the Connecticut colony. Stewart L.
Woodford was prepared for college at the Columbia
Grammar School, New York city, and spending his
freshman and senior years at Columbia, and his
sophomore and junior at Yale, was graduated in
1x54. Columbia was 100 years old that year, and
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Woodford, who liiiil liccn awarded Ilic valedictory,
was allowed instead the unique distinction of deliv-
ering a special centennial oration. He studied law
l..r three years, and was admitted to the liar in ls.~iT.
Early in HIV lie showed an active interest in public
affairs; was a deleuale to ihe Republican national
convention of INlio, which inuiiiiialcil Lincoln tor
the presidency, and ill December ofihat \earwas
messenger of the electoral college of New York,
c.'iiTving the Lincoln vole to Washiiiglon. 1'ics.
Lincoln offered him a federal judueship in the then
territory of Nebraska, lint he declined the honor,
and early in 1861 was appointed assistant I . s. district
attorney for the southern district of New York. As
such he hail chaise of the bureau which conducted
all the blockade cases and such litigation as grew out
of the war, but resigned in 1862 to enter the army.
Enlisting in the I^Tlh New York volunteers, he was
at once promoted captain of his company and later
lieutenant-colonel, and saw considerable active ser-
vice, lie was indue advocate general of I he depart-
ment of the South; provost marshal general anil
finally chief of stall' i,, (Jen. (Juincy A. Gilmore,
commanding that department, lie was the first mili-
tary governor of Charleston, S. ('., after its capture
by the Federal force-,, and was then transferred to
the command of Savannah, lie bad been previously
promoted colonel and brevet-brigadier-general for
gallantry in action, but the list of brigadiers beiii".
at that time tilled, he was a^iuncd by special order
of the president to duly as of his brevet rank. At
the close of the war, (Jen. \Voodford returned to law
practice, lie declined the offered Republican nomi-
nation for j ud ire of the New York city court of com-
mon pleas, but was again drawn into public life
when, in 1866, he was nominated and elected on the
Republican lickel lieutenant governor of the stale of
New York. In 1868 he declined a nomination for
congress, and in 1S?0 was Republican candidate for
governor, beiim 'defeated by John T. Hoffman. His
friends always insisted that lie was circled and
counted out, a contention which was confirmed by
the ante -mortem confessions of William M. Tweed
and A. Oakey Hall. In 1872 he was clcdor-al-lai i:e
and president of Ihe electoral college of New York,
and in the same year was sent to congress from the
3d Brooklyn district. He was. in 1877. appointed h\
Pres. Grant I". 8. district attorney for the southern
district of New York, being rcappoinled in 1881 by
Pres. Garfield, who also offered him his choice bet ween
three foreign missions, which (Jen. \Voodford de-
clined, preferring to remain in the practice of his
profession. lie was a delegate to Ihe Republican
national convenlions of 1S73, ISTIi and isso, and
was prominent in the last two as a candidate for the
vice-presidential nomination, withdrawing in 187ii in
favor of William A. Wheeler, and in INSO himself
placing Chester A. Arthur in nomination. In ls;.">,
although a New Yorker, he parlicipalcd in the Ohio
gubernatorial campaign, conducting a series of joint
debates in favor of ihe resumption of specie pay-
ments with (Jen. Thomas Kwinu. the leader of tiie
Ohio democracy. Asa result, Rutherford B. Hayes
was elected governor by the slight majority of alii. ui
5,000. But the decision in favor of sound money
fixed the attitude of parties, and restored Ihe finan-
cial credit of the nation. For some years pasi, Geu.
Woodford has devoted himself mainly to his pro-
fession, as a member of the firm of Rilch, Woodford,
Bovee & Wallace, also serving as an officer in several
leading financial institutions, and, meantime, in 1896,
being appointed by Gov. Morton one of the com-
missioners to frame the charter of the Greater New
York. In 1897 Pres. McKinley appointed him
U. 8. minister to Spain, a post which, owing to the
complications regarding Cuba, was the most "respon-
sible in the entire diplomatic service. Amoni; his
earliest communications to the Spanish govern-
ment, was one tendering Ihe good offices of the
I'niled Stales for the work of securing a permanent
peace in Cuba. The offer was mil accepted. M< an
time the new liberal cabinet, under Sagasta, made
strenuous efforts to pacily Ihe Cubans by establish-
ing a form of autonomous government in the island.
(Jen. Woodford greatly distinguished himself by his
coolness lirinncss and tad in meeting the delicate
and complicated situations growing oul of the scur-
rilous letter of Sr. Polo y licrnabe, and Ihe closely
following destruction of the battleship Maine. l!"tii
these incidents served to further inflame public
opinion in America, and required the nlinosl cool-
ness and self i I rol in order, if possible, to main-
lain peace. (Jen. Wooilford's policy of aulhori/ini:
the Spanish government to publish, in full, all nego-
lialioiis condiicieil b\ him excited Hie surprised!' ihe
ministers, and has become famous in history as the
"new American diplomacy." He remained in Madrid
until April 21. 18118, when lie was informed that
diplomatic relations were severed and received his
passports before he had an opportunity to present
the ultimatum of the 1'niled Stales that within forty-
eight hours Spain relinquish all
claims to sovereignty in Cuba.
Then rdurnini; to the t'niled
Slate-, he refused a commission as
a major general in the volunteer
army, anil continued tilular min-
ister to Spain until September.
Is'.is when lie resinned. lie was
a member of the New York stale
Republican convention of l*'.i->.
which nominated Theodore Roose-
velt for governor, and, as chair-
man of I be committee on resolu-
tions, reported the platform an-
nouncing the position of the party
in .New York on the
Cuban and Philippine
questions. (Jen. Wood-
ford is a member of the
La w \ crs'and l'nivcr-ii\
clubs of New York, and
Ihi' I'nion League and Hamilton clubs of Brooklyn;
aNo of the Loyal Legion; Hie Grand Army of Ihe
Republic; Sons of the Revolution; Society of Colo-
nial Wars, and is vice-commander of the Military
Order of Foreign AYars. lie has been president of
the New England societies of both New York and
Brooklyn, and of the Phi I!da Kappa Alumni of
Neiv York. Columbia. Trinity and Yale have con-
ferred on him the degree of A.M., and Trinity and
Dickinson College. I.L.D., while D.C.L. has been
conferred by Syracuse University. He was mar-
ried, in 1857', to Julia Evelyn, daughter of Henry T.
Capen, of New York; she died June 14, 1899, and
of their four children, the youngest daughter aloue
survives.
DEWEY, George, third admiral of the I". S.
navy, was born at Montpelier, Washington co. , \"l.,
Dec. 36, 1837 sou of Julius Yemans and Mary (Per-
riu) Dewey. His father (1801-77) was a practicing
physician in Montpelier; his mother (1799— 1843) wasa
daughter of Zeehariah Perrin, of Gilead, Conn. He is
eighth in descent from Thomas Dewey, of Sandwich,
Kent, England, who, about 1633, emigrated to Massa-
chusetts, and in 1<>34 was admitted a freeman at Dor-
chester. Thomas emoved to Windsor, Conn., prob-
ably with Rev. Mr. Wareham's company in 1636; was
a juror in 1643-44, and died, April 27, 1648. Mrs.
Frances Clark, to whom he was married in 1639,
bore him a daughter and four sous, the second of
whom, Josiah, was the ancestor of the admiral; she
was married for the third time to George Phelps, of
Windsor, and later, with all her children but one,
THE NATIONAL CYCLOP/EDIA
removed to West field, Mass. Josiah Dewey was
married in 1602, to Hepzibah, daughter of Richard
Lymaii, of Northampton, Mass., whose lineage,
some genealogists claim, has been traced back
through the Lambert family to Alfred the Great.
He reir.oved from Westfield to Lebanon, Conn.,
and in that town were born his son, Josiah, his great-
grandson, Simeon, and probably his great-great-
grandson, William (1746-1*1;!). William, second of
Hi.- name, became an early settler of Hanover, N. H.
His son, Capt. Simeon Dewey (1770-1863), grand-
father of the admiral, removed to Berlin, Vt, and
subsequently to Montpelier, where he cultivated a
farm. George Dewey was the ringleader of the
boys at Montpelier in their sports as well as in many
a mischievous prank. He attended school in Mont-
pelier and at Johnson, Vt., and in 1853 was admitted to
Norwich University, Norwich, Vt. By that time
he had decided to enter the U. S. Naval Academy,
and through the influence of U. S. Senator Solo-
mon Foot, was appointed in 1854. He was gradu-
ated with honor in 1858 in a class conspicuous
for the number of ils members distinguished in after
years. During 1858-59 he was attached to the
steam frigate Wubnsh on the Mediterranean station,
his year's work at that station giving him the neces-
sary experience for much of the responsibility later
to be placed in his charge. He was commissioned
lieutenant. April 19, 1861, and assigned to the
steam sloop Mississippi, of the west Gulf squadron,
seeing his first service under fire in the fleet with
which Farragut, in isiii, reduced the defences of
the Mississippi river, below New Orleans. In
her eiiccmnter with the dreaded Mauassas, llioiii;!]
herself disabled by a blow from the ram, she re-
turned the attack with a broadside which pierced
the enemy's armor ; set her on tire, and sent her
floating down the stream toexplode opposite the forts.
After twice running by the batteries of Vicksburg,
the fleet returned to New Orleans, and in Marcli,
INliS, Dewey took part in the investment of Port
Hudson, which was surrendered July 8th, and in
the engagements with the enemy below Donaldson
ville, La. During 1864-65 he was attached to the
si ram gun-boat Agawarn, of the
north Atlantic blockading si ; u.-id •
rou, and participated in the two
attacks on Fort Fisher in De-
cember, ISM, and January, 1865.
On March 3, 1865, he was com-
missioned lieutenant-commander
for meritorious conduct in the
attacks on Fort Fisher. He was
ordered toilie Ivearsarge in 1866,
. and to the Colorado, flagship of
the European squadron in 1867.
lie returned home in 18G8, and
during the next two years was
instructor in the Naval Academy.
In 1870-71 he was in command
of Ihe fourth-rater Narragansett
on special service; was comniis-
sioned commander, April 13,
1S72. and for the next three years
was with the Pacific survey.
He served as lighthouse inspector in 1876-77 when
lie became secretary of the lighthouse board. In
1882-83 he commanded the Juuiata on the Asiatic sta-
tion. He was promoted captain in September, 1884,
and was placed in command of the Dolphin, one of
the original "While Squadron"; but in 1885 re-
turned to the European station in command of the
Pensacola, the flagship of the squadron, remaining
there until 1888, when he was ordered home, and
appointed chief of the bureau of equipment and
recruiting with the rank of commodore. Ir May,
is;);!, he was appointed a member of the lighthouse
board. On Feb. 26, 1896, he was commissioned
commodore, and made president of the board of in-
spection and survey, which position he held until
January, 1898, when he was given command of the
Asiatic station. Ten days after the destruction
of the Maine Com. Dewey received orders from
the navy department to concentrate his squadron
and be in readiness to attack the Spanish naval
forces in the Philippines in case war should prove
the outcome of the existing complication. The ves-
sels of the Asiatic squadron forthwith assembled
at Hong Kong from their several stations ; the Bos-
Ion and Concord from Korea; the Raleigh and
McCulloch from Indian waters, and the Baltimore
from Honolulu. The two small steamers. Nan-Shan
and Zariro, were purchased for colliers or tenders.
The war with Spain began April 21, 1898, and
three days later Pres. McKinley, through the secre-
tary of the navy, cabled the following orders to
Com. Dewey at Hong Kong: "Proceed" at once to
the Philippine islands. Commence operations, par-
ticularly against the Spanish fleet. You must cap-
ture or destroy the vessels. Use utmost endeavor."
In pursuance of this order the Asiatic squadron,
comprising the Olympia (flagship), Baltimore, Bos-
ton, Raleigh, Concord and Petrel, with the revenue
cutter McCulloch, as auxiliary despatch boat, sailed
on April 27th from Mirs bay. They made the passage
of the China sea at leisurely speed, and reached Cape
Bolinao on the morning of the 30th. Firmly ex-
pecting to rind the Spanish fleet mobilized in Subig
bay, according to the advice of some of the best
Spanish strategists — strangely enough one of them
had in IS'.H written a pamphlet anticipating the
very course of action adopted by Dewey, and warn-
ing his countrymen accordingly — the Boston and
Concord were sent forward to reconnoitre, sup-
ported by the Baltimore. The course was then
steered to Manila bay. Under cover of the night
the squadron crept through the wider channel, the
Boca Grande, past the batteries of Corregidor island,
and into the open water beyond. All lights were
extinguished, and but for a spark emitted from the
McCulloch's funnel the passage would have been
entirely unobserved. That was a signal to the
Spaniards, who forthwith opened fire and weie
promptly answered by the Raleigh, Boston and
Concord. The passage was remarkable not only in
its effect, but also for the display of intrepid bravery
in boldly going forward in spite of mines and tor-
pedoes and the galling fire of batteries reported im-
pregnable, and Com. Dewey's feat is, for dash and
gallantry, worthy to rank with Farragut's immortal
defiance' of the forts below New Orleans. It is a
nut ile instance of a grand example grandly followed.
In planning the move, mines, batteries and other
methods of defense were simply ignored; there was
neither draggiuc, dodging, nor change from the
direct course. Contrary to expectation the Spanish
fleet did not appear to give fight to the invading
Americans under support of the shore batteries, and
Dewey, accordingly, held his course direct for the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
city. The fighting beiran al 5:15 A. M., when tlie
si ion- hail cues :it Manila and Cavite and the Spanish
Heel, sheltered behind Sangley |iuinl. opened lux- nil
the approaching lino of American ships. headed
by I ho llagship olympia, wilh tho Baltimore, Ra-
leigh, Petrel, Concord and Boston following in suc-
cession. The American filing did nol ben in until 5: 11 .
when, having sullioienlly observed tin- wild liriim
aud evident intentions nf tho onoiny. Com. Dcwex
gave his memorable direction: " Vim may lii'c \vhrn
you .-lie ready, ilridley." Two mines were exploded
ahead of the Olympia, hut Inn far away to be effect i\ e,
and she and her companions bore steadily fnrward,
"counter-marcliiugin a line approximately parallel to
that of the Spanish Heel," and maintaining a onnsiaiil
cannonade, wonderful for its precision, at ranges
vary i n u from 5, 000 to 3, 000 yards. It look live nuns
to do the work. The etl'eet nf Ilie . \inericaii lire was
terrific in its destnietiveness, and the Spanish ships,
being disabled nne after another, wen- run aground,
sunk or blown up. At 7:35 A. M. Dowey withdrew
his sipiadron tn the middle nf I hi' hay, and returning
In Hie attaek at 11:11! eonipleled tho work of desl rue.
tion in a little less than two hours; the whole Spanish
Hoot of I wolvo vessels being left hopeless wrecks. In
the early part nf the right Hie land batteries nf .Manila
kept up an ineessani lire, lo which the . \niorioaii
squadron made no reply, hut Com. Dewey effectively
silonceil iiieiu I iv a message threatening in shell the
city if they continued. Allhoimh holding im high
opinion of Spanish marksmanship, he ell'eciively pro-
tected his own ships liy a oniitiiiual forward move-
ment that prevented I he gunnels from finding Ihe
range in time to do them serious harm, with the re-
sult that hut. few shells slruek Ihe Ameriean ships.
and these with tin serious dania.no. In the course of
the action the Don .luan do Auslria. and later also
the Ki ina ( 'risthm, made a dash at theOlvmpia, with
evident intention nf ramming nr using torpedoes, but
the steady lire of tho American gunners dr,i\o linth
baek in llames In run aground near Ihe shore.
A few well-aimed shots from Ihe Raleigh brought
dosvn the Spanish flag at Cavite afler the naval
force had been utterly vanquished, and crows in
whale-boats pulled ashore to com-
plete the work of destruction
aud capture any launches or tug-
boats found afloat. The Ameri-
can loss was seven wounded;
the Spanish, over 200 killed.
All the Spanish vessels were de-
strayed: Reina Cristina, Castilla,
Don Antonio de Ulloa.sunk; Don
Juan ile Austria, Isla de Luzon,
Islado Cuba, General Lezo, Mar-
ques del Duero, Argos, Velasco
and Isla de Mindanao, burned.
On May 4th Com. Dewey sent
the following dispatch: " I have
taken possession of the naval sta-
tion at Cavil o. Have destroyed
the fortifications at bay entrance,
paroling garrison. I control bay
-l completely and can take city at
any time. The squadron is in ex-
(/ cellent health. Spanish loss not
fully known, but very heavy. One hundred and fifty
killed, including the captain of Ihe Reina Cristina.
I am assisting in protecting the Spanish sick and
wounded. Two hundred and fifty sick and wounded
in hospital within our lines. Much excitement at
Manila. Will protect foreign residents." Contrary
to the expectation of the Spaniards, Manila was not
bombarded, and on this account the governor-general
defied the American authority for several weeks, al-
though a strict blockade of the port was maintained.
The complete annihilation of the Spanish fleet at
Manila aroused enthusiasm I hroiiirliout the civilized
w or Id. and ( 'mil. Dewey was al mice appointed acting
rear-admiral by I'res .McKinley, and shortly aficr
continued by congress in I lie appoint men! to Ihe full
rank. On May !Mh the president -i-n\ a special mes-
sage to congress which contained this splendid I rib-
ute: " The magnitude nf this victory can liardU bi
measured by t"ke. ordinary standards of naval war-
fare. Outweighing any malorial advantage is the
moral oll'oel nf this initial success. At mis unsur-
passed achievement the groat heart nf our natinn
111 nibs, ni.it with boasting or w illi greed of conquest,
but with deep gratitude that this triumph has come in
a jusl cause, and that by the grace of (iod an ell'eo-
tive slep has thus been taken toward Hie attain-
ment of Hie \\ished-forpoaee." The message eon-
eluded: "I now recommend that, following our na-
tional preeedenls. and expressing the I'eneni urali-
tude of every patrioiic heart, the thanks of CODgn
be given Itear Adm. CeoiL.e Dewey, of Ihe I'. S.
naw, for highly distinguished conduct in conflict with
the enomv, and to Ihe ollicers and men under his
Command for their uallanlry ill the destruction of the
eiiemv's lleet and I he capture of the enemy's forliti-
ealioiVs in the bay of Manila." Vii-o-Adm. Philip
Howard Colomb, a retired English naval ollioer of
great distinction, wrote shortly afler the battle: "I
doubt if there ever was such an extraordinary illus-
tration of the influence of sea power. A superior
Heel has attacked and beaten a Spanish licet sup-
ported by batteries, and it now appears it passed
these batteries and has taken up an unassailable
position nil' Manila. The boldness of the American
commander is beyond question. Henceforth he must
be placed in the Valhalla of ^reat naval commanders.
Nothing can detract from the dash and vigor of the
American exploit, or dim the glory which Dewey
has shed upon the American navy. It may be bad
for the world, for assuredly the American navy will
never accept a subordinate place, after this exhibi-
tion of what it can do." John D. Long, secretary
of the navy, wrote some months after the war:
" This victory made Com. Dewey deservedly fa us,
and gave him rank among the most distinguished
naval heroes of all time. Nor was his merit most in
the brilliant victory which he achieved. . . .
It was still more in the nerve with which he moved
from Mirs bay to Manila harbor: . . . the high
commanding 'confidence of a leader who has weighed
every risk, prepared himself for every emergency.
. . . . It was a man of resolution and power,
who, at that vast distance from home, with his little
fleet shut off by the neutrality laws from every
port, bearing the fate of his country in his hand,
was equal to the emergency, and met it as serenely
and masterfully as if it were an incident of an
ordinary voyage." As a result of the general
outburs't of enthusiasm with which Dewey 's victory
was received by his countrymen, his name was
widely mentioned as a candidate for the presidency
6
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
in 1900. His high qualities of generalship were
shown by the dignity, firmness and good judgment
with which he maintained the position which he had
conquered, even before the arrival of the U. S. mili-
tary expeditions under Gen. Merrill. The surrender
of Manila was preceded by serious fighting all along
the American lines, and after the capitulation
the situation became enormously complicated, re-
quiring the greatest coolness and the most positive
determination, until the arrival of reinforcements
in sufficient number and a military governor re-
lieved him of the responsibility. Not only were
the trying and annoying acts on the part of the
Filipinos under their cunning and aggressive chief,
Aguinaldo, most difficult to meet, but disturbing in-
cidents in connection with acts of the German ad-
miral at Manila, frequently threatened to precipitate
trouble between his government and the United
States. Through all these perplexities, Dewey dis-
played the calm positiveness of a master and the dip-
lomatic genius of an experienced statesman. His
achievements in arms and after, through all the Irv-
ing scenes of the Philippine revolt against the estab-
lishment of American power in the islands determined
Pres. McKiuley to yield to the popular demand
and recommend Hie revival in favor of Dewey of the
rank of admiral, previously held only by Farragut
and David D. Porter. Accordingly, on March 8,
1899, the appointment was confirmed in executive
session of the U. S. senate, making Adm. Dewey
not only ranking officer in the navy, but the supe-
rior of all others in either service, major-gen-
erals being rated on a parity with rear-admirals. It
is perhaps unexampled in history that an officer
should serve his government faithfully, courage-
ously, and often under the most dangerous condi-
tions; should pass without special public note
through the different grades of rank to near the
highest, and then at the age of sixty, by one mar-
velous feat of inspired daring, overshadow all the
great records of the world. Nelson was great before
Trafalgar; Napoleon superb before AusterliU and
Marengo; Grant magnificent before Appomattox;
but to Dewey there seemed to come at Manila, once
and for all time, the audacity, as well as the inspira-
tion, which raised him with one stroke to the im-
mortal peerage of naval heroism. After the close
of the Spanish war, Adm. Dewey further disii.i-
iMiKhed himself by his firmness and ability in main-
taining the authority of the United States in the
Philippines and resisting the encroachments of the
insurgents under Aguinaldo. He sailed on the re-
turn voyage to the United States in the erui.ser
Olympia, May 20, 1899. After a leisurely journey,
via the Suez canal, touching at most of the impor-
tant points, be arrived at, home in flic early autumn,
and was greeted with the greatest enthusiasm through-
out the land. Ilr was married, at Portsmouth,
N. H., Oct. 24, 1867, to Susan 1?., daughter of ex-
Gov. Ichabod Goodwin, of Portsmouth, N. II. She
di''d in December, is 72. leaving a son, George (1 1
win, who, after his graduation at Princeton College,
entered business in New York city.
GR.IDLEY, Charles Vernon, naval officer, was
born at Logansport. Ind., Nov. 24, 1844, son of
Francis and Ann Eliza (Sholes) Gridley. He was
descended from Thomas Gridley, who, wilh his
brother, Richard, emigrated from Essex, England,
in 1(530-:!!, and settled in ISoston, Mass., and re-
motely from Robert de Greidley, one of the barons
who took up anus against King John. Thomas
Gridley removed to Hartford, Conn., in 1632, and
was one of the members of the company under ( .'apt.
John Mason which, in 1637, destroyed the Pequot
Indians. A number of the Gridleys fought in the
revolutionary war, Col. (afterwards Slaj.-Gen.)
Richard Gridley, a lineal descendant of Richard, the
emigrant, attaining especial prominence. The parents
of Charles Vernon Gridley removed to Michigan
when he was an infant, and settled at Hillsdale.
In 1860 he was appointed to the U. S. Naval Academy,
Annapolis, Md., by representative Henry Waldrou.
The opening of the civil war advanced the gradua-
tion of the class of 18,64, to which be belonged, by
one year; and on Oct. 1, 1863, he was appointed en-
sign and ordered to the steam sloop-of-war Oneida,
which was attached to the west Gulf squadron during
the war. He was in a number of engagements, and
while on the Oneida specially distinguished himself
for coolness and intrepidity during the battle of Mo-
bile bay, Aug. 5, 1864. He was thus favorably
mentioned in the official report of the executive offi-
cer of that vessel: "The conduct of acting-ensign
Charles V. Gridley is beyond all praise. He had
charge of the master's division and assisted in con-
ning the ship from the gallant forecastle." At the
close of the war he was ordered to the steam-sloop
Brooklyn, flag-ship of the Brazilian squadron, with
which he served until 1867; in the following year
received his commission as lieuten-
ant; and, March 12, 1868, was ap-
pointed lieutenant-commander. In
1870 he was assigned to the Mich-
igan, fourth-rate, and continued
on that vessel until early in 1873,
then being transferred to the Mon-
ongabela, second-rate, he served
on her one year. In February,
1875, he was detailed as instructor
at the U. S. Naval Academy,
and remained in that position four
years; during the summer cruises
in 1877 and 1878 he acted as ex-
ecutive officer of the practice ship
Constellation. In 1879 he was
appointed executive officer of the
Trenton, attached to the European
squadron, and served two years
in that capacity. He was pro-
moted commander, March 10,
1882, and for a time was on
torpedo duty; and from October, 1882, until Feb-
ruary, 1884, he was chief navigation officer at the
Boston navy yard. In February, 1884, he was
placed in command of the training-ship Jamestown.
In 1886, from June to November, Comr. Grid-
ley was senior officer of the cruising training squad-
ron. From July, 1887, to August, 1891, he was
inspector of the 10th lighthouse district, and sta-
tioned at Buffalo, N. Y. From there he went to
Washington, D. C., where he was assigned to special
ordnance duty at the navy yard for three months.
From June, l"892, until July, 1894, he commanded
the Marion in Asiatic waters. At the end of her
cruise he took her to San Francisco. En route he
encountered a terrific typhoon, and but for his skill
in handling his ship she probably would never have
reached port. In the autumn of 1892, while in
command of the Marion he visited Vladivostock,
which had not been visited by an American man-of-
war for many years. During his sojourn there he
was called upon to settle a delicate question of in-
ternational law, which he did to the satisfaction of
all parties. The subject in question was the im-
prisonment of some American sailors, the release
of whom he succeeded in obtaining. After his re-
turn he was assigned to his former position, light-
house inspector at Buffalo. In March, 1897, while
he was in command of the receiving-ship Rich-
mond, stationed at League island, he was ordered to
join the Asiatic squadron, and on July 18th was
assigned to the command of the Olympia, an un-
armored steel vessel, the flag-ship of Adm. McNair.
^-^
'•
OF AMERICAN !![(>< . I: \ I'll V.
The latter was relieved, rive months laler, by Com.
Dewey, who made ('apt. ( ',\ -idley one of ill's chief
advisers. At the time Gridley was preparing the
squadron fov action, at Ilon^ KOHL: — for lie was Hag
e.qiiain as well a-, captain nf the tl:iu>liip — his health
was much impaireil and he went into the battle of
Manila bay knowing full well that if he was not
killed at (lie time, he would die from t be effects of
the shock. In that memorable conflict, Mav 1,
IS'.tx, he toui;h! bis ship from the conning tower,
( '.MIL 1 )e\\ ey directing the movements of the squad-
ron from the bridge. Jle was injured durin- the
battle and was placed on I he invalid list anil sent
to Hun;:1 Konif to be taken liome. He left that port,
May 2iM h, for .Japan, but was not able to continue
his journey, and lie died there soon after arriving.
Cap!, (.i riil ley's disi ino uished bravery and demon
st rated ability were fully appreciated by the president
and the secretary of Ihe navy, and, bad he lived, he
would have gained high promotion. The simple
heroism of bis nature was well exemplified by his
words on his death-bed: "Coin*; to Manila killed
me, but I would do it again if necessary." ('apt.
Gridley was married, at Krie, I'a., in 1873,"to Harriet
Frances, daughter of Jud^o John P. Vincent. She
survived him with two daughters and one son. His
mother and brother live in Washington, 1). C. Hi,
death occurred at Kobe, Japan, June 5, is'.is.
WATSON, John Crittenden, naval otlicer,
was born at Frankfori, Ky., Ails;. 24, 1*4'-' son
of Kdward Howe and Sarah Lee i( 'rittendeii i \\ al
son. His father was an eminent physician of
Kentucky; his mother was a daughter of John Jor-
dan Critt'enden, governor of the slate tl*4*-.~>0) and
attorney-general in the cabinet of Pres. William
Henry Harrison, lie was appointed a midshipman
at the U. S. Naval Academy, Sepi. •»(. IS.M;, and
duly graduated in IStjO. His first assignment was to
the frigate Sabine. on which ueserved ihiou^h Isiil
and until transferred to the steam-sloop Hartford of
tin- West Gulf blockading squadron. < In this vessel
lie saw service in the passage of forts Jackson and
St. Philip in April, 1X62; of the Vicksburi; batteries
in June and July; of Port Hudson, March 14, isr,;;.
and of Grand Gulf, March 19th and 80th. Mean-
time, in 1861, he bad been promoted master, aiid ou
July 16, 1862, lieutenant. At the battle of Mobile
bay, Aug. 5, 1864, it was he who lashed Adm Far-
ragut to the rigging of the Hartford, fearing that
in his exposed position he would be disabled by a
sbot and fall to the deck. In a letter written to his
mother he describes his act in these words: "At
length I lashed him to the rigging with my own
hands, having in vain begged him not to stand in
such ;m exposed place." Between the young lieu-
tenant and his gallant commander there existed a
close and affectionate regard, and in his official re-
port on this battle Farragut made particular mention
of his services: "Lieut. J. Crittenden Watson, mv
flag lieutenant, has been brought to your notice in
former dispatches. During the action he was on the
poop attending to signals, and performing his duties,
as miidit be expected, thoroughly. He is a scion
worthy the noble stock he sprang from, and I com-
mend him to your alleiitinu." In tin's battle \Y;;i son
was wounded by a fra-i,,cnl of shell. For two years
following the war he was attached to the steam- frigate
( 'olorado, lla<_iship of the Kuropean squadron, heinir,
meanti , on July 25, isnii. commissioned lieuten-
ant-commander. In 1*(I7 (i* he was on the steam-
fri-ate Franklin, and in IsiiS-li!) on the steam sloop
Canandaigua of the same squadron. He was on
special duty at the Philadelphia navy yard during
1*7<I, and then transferred to the Asiatic squadron;
served on the Alaska ( 1*71 1, and commanded the
-i ship Omaha at Yokohama, Japan (l*72-7:!>.
<)n Jan. 2!!, 1*74. he was commissioned commander,
and during the •: renter par) of that vcar was on ord-
• dut\ at the iirooklyn navy yard. In 1S75-77
be was at the Mare i-l;uid
navy yard. San Francisco,! •;,! .
commanded the \V\omiiu; of
the European squadron (1877-
*('.. was lighthouse inspector
i HSU 86); and ai:ain al the
Brooklyn navy yard ( IsS(i-SK).
His promotion as captain oc-
curred in March. 1**7. and
during l*s* !M he was auain
on special duly in command
of the Mare island navv \ ard,
San Francisco. In 1 s'.'rj |H.
was assigned lo the , imaiid
of the cruiser San Francisco,
in which be visited Hono- :
lulu, and later joining the I'.S.
squadron under Hear Adm.
Benham, was present al Uio
Janeiro during the liia/ilian
revolution. ( in his return tothe
( niled Slates in lsn.1, he was detailed as governor
"I Hi' Na\al Home. Philadelphia, there remaininir
uniil May, Islis. when lie was appointed to the com-
mand of the north Cuban blockading squadron,
which he held from May tit h to June 21st. When
the' Spanish admiral, Camara, started eastward
through Ihe Mediterranean sea to threaten Dewey in
Philippine waters, ( '.mi. Watson was assigned to the
command of the eastern -ijnadron, which was
formed, as announced at the time, to cross the At-
lantic to harass the coast of Spain. This squadron,
which was created on June 27th. was composed of
the cruisers Newark irlanship), Yosemite, Yankee
and I li\ie, and the battleships Iowa and Oregon; all
ships being held at Santiago, however, in daily ex-
pectation of a battle with Cervera's fleet. It has
since been said that it was not really expected by
the navy department that it would be necessary to
send this squadon.it being believed that the publicity
given to the avowed programme would suffice to
bring Camara scurrying back; Camara returned,
after spending some x2oo.on() in canal fees, and
the " Kastern " squadron was disbanded. Com.
Watson remained in command of the station off
Santiago after the dissolution of Sampson's fleet.
While there be rendered a report on the possi-
bility of raising the Cristobal Colon. He was ad-
vanced to the rank of commodore, Nov. 7, 1897, and
in March, 1899, was confirmed as rear-admiral. Af-
ter the close of the war he was placed in command
of the Mare island navy yard, San Francisco. On
Hay 8, 1899, he was appointed commander of the
Asiatic squadron, as successor to Adm. Dewey, and
shortly after sailed for Manila, arriving at Hong
Kong on June 14th. Rear- Adm. Watson was married,
in 1874, to Elizabeth, daughter of Judge James
Thornton, of San Francisco, Cal. They have had
eight children, the eldest of whom, John Edward
Watson, is an ensign in the U. S. navy (1899).
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
!'->
SCHLEY, Winfield Scott, naval officer, was
bora in Frederick county, Md., Oct. 9, 1839, son of
John Thomas and Georgiana Virginia Schley. Hav-
ing entered the Naval Academy, Annapolis. Md.,
Sept. 20, 1856, he was graduated in 1860, and during
the following year served on the frigate Niagara".
In 1861 he was promoted to " master," and attached
to the frigate Potomac-, storeship at Ship island.
In 1862-63 he was on board the steam gunboat
Winoua, of the west gulf blockading squadron, and
had an engagement with a field battery near Port
Huron, La'., Dec. 14, 1862. From March 16 to July
19, 1863, he was present at the en-
gagements which preceded the cap-
ture of Port Hudson, part of the
time on the Winona, and again on
the Mouongahela and Richmond.
He received his commission as
lieutenant July 16, 1862. During
1S64-66 he was on the Wateree,
steam gunboat of the Pacific squad-
ron, and distinguished himself in
1S(>5, during an insurrection of
Chinese coolies on the Middle C'iiin-
cha islands; and in the same year
was at La Union, San Salvador,
whither his vessel was ordered for
the protection of American inter-
ests during the progress of a revo-
lution. On July 25, 1866, he
was commissioned lieutenant-com-
mander, and then (1867-69) was in-
-inictorin languages at the U. S. Naval Academy.
He was assigned to the Benicia, third-rate, in 1870,
and was on the China station for three years. He
saw some sharp fighting in June, 1871, during the
capture of the Corean forts on Snlee river, lead-
ing the assaulting column. In 1873-76 he was again
at the Naval Academy, being appointed commander,
June 10, 1874. In 1877 he commanded the Essex,
third-rate, on the South American station, and res-
cued a shipwrecked crew from the island of Tristan
d'Acuuha. He was lighthouse inspector (1880-83), at
Boston; attached to the bureau of equipment in 1883,
and in 1884 volunteered for and was placed in com-
mand of the relief expedition sent into Arctic re-
gions to search for Lieut. Grecly and his companions.
This party, consisting of twenty-five officers and
privates of the U. S. army, including Lieut. Gively,
had sailed from St. Johns, Newfoundland, in June,
1881, with directions to disembark near Cape Sabiue,
Grinnell land, and pushing northward on sledges as
far as Lady Franklin bay, to make a series of meteoro-
logical, magnetic and general scientific observations.
They were successfully landed in August, and then
making their way inland were lost to civilization for
nearly two years. An attempt to relieve them was
made in 1882 by an expedition under Lieut. William
M. Beebe, in the steam whaler Neptune, which be-
fore reaching the designated rendezvous was stopped
by the solid ice-pack." In 1883 another, under Lieut.
Ernes', A. Garlingtou, U. S. A., in the whalers Pro-
teus and Yaulie, attempted the same object; there-
suit being the total wreck of the Proteus in Kane
sea, near Cape Sabine. July 23d, and the narrow
escape of the crew. The task before Comr. Schley
was. therefore, none of the simplest — he must suc-
i''<il \\iieie two well-equipped parties had already
failed — but, with characteristic thoroughness and
system, he made every preparation for the undertak-
ing. Under his command were the three steam
whalers, Thetis, Bear and Alert, and on May 12,
l*sl. he set out from St. John's, Newfoundland,
bound for the first rendezvous at Disco, Greenland.
Only his determination and intrepidity saved this ex-
pedition from the same failure that had overtaken
the two former; and, although earnestly urged to
turn back when the solid ice pack threatened to im-
pede navigation, he replied, that, far from turning
back, he should proceed with increased haste, as a
few hours might mean life or death to the lost crew.
This proved to be (he true estimate of the case, as
Greely's party could have held out hardly more than
two days longer. From papers and records fc mud c m
June 22d, in a cairn in Payer harbor, near where the
Proteus had been wrecked the year previous, the loca-
tion of the survivors' permanent camp was indicated
at a point distant some eight miles by water. Im-
mediately dispatching the cutter of the Thetis,
Schley followed as soon as possible. The survivors,
seven in number, were found in a starving condition
beneath a wrecked tent, where for weeks they had
eked out a wretched existence on a nauseous broth,
made by boiling strips of their sealskin clothing.
Some of them, as facts subsequently proved, had, in
their dire extremity, sunk even to cannibalism. The
survivors were safely got on board the ship, also the
bodies of nine who had died were stowed in the hold,
and the expedition headed home, arriving at St.
John's on July 16th. That the credit of this achieve-
ment belonged entirely to Comr. Schley was univer-
sally acknowledged, and in recognition of his heroism
the Maryland legislature gave him a vote of thanks
and presented him with a gold chronometer watch,
and the Massachusetts Humane Society gave him a
gold medal of the first class. To further honor him
and perpetuate his fame for all time, a wide territory
west of Cape Sabine was named "Schley land."
Later, in collaboration with Prof. James R. Soley,
U. S. N., he wrote an account of the expedi-
tion, under the title "The Rescue of Greely"
(1885). During 1885-89 he was chief of the bureau
of equipment and recruiting, being appointed captain
in March, 1888; and in 1889-91 he was in command
of the unarmored steel cruiser Baltimore, during the
difficulties with Chili, arising from the murdering
of two of her crew and the wounding of some thirty-
six others by a mob at Valparaiso; lie also was
commissioned to carry to Sweden the remains of
John Ericsson, the famous inventor, for which ser-
vice King Oscar awarded him a gold medal. In
1NSI2 he was made lighthouse inspector, and from
1895 was in command of the armored cruiser New
York, flagship of the north Atlantic squadron, until
March, 1897, when he became chairman of the light-
house board. In February, 1898, he was advanced
to commodore. Previous to the outbreak of the
Spanish-American, war he was ordered to the Brook-
lyn and given command of the "Flying squadron."
On May 19th, he was ordered by Sampson to blockade
Cienfuegos, where it was thought the fleet of Ad in.
< Vrvera might have secreted itself. Another order
from Sampson, on May 20th, says: " Schley should
hold his fleet, off Cienfuegos. If the Spanish ships
have put into Santiago, they must come either to
Havana or Cienfuegos to deliver the munitions of
war, which they are said to bring for use in Cuba.
I am, therefore, of the opinion that the best chance
to capture these ships will be to hold the two points,
Havana and Cienfuegos, with all the force we can
muster." But Sampson was wrong; and Schley,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
9
having been ordered to Santiago by the navy depart-
ment, discovered the Spanish Heel there on .May 29lh,
and there i; remained, completely blockaded b\ the
American licet, until July :!d. At *.-!"> A. M. on that
dav Sampson signalled frmn his flagship, " Disie-
gard uiovemeiits I i the coi mi ia inle r in chief,' and
steamed eastward to Sil ly, thus placing Sehley in
miand of the fleet, When, scarcely one hour
later, the Spaniards emiT'jed from the harbor, the
Brooklyn displayed the signals, "Clear ship for
aciion '; "the enemy escaping to westward" and
"close action." and steamed fmwanl to meet the
advancing fleet, From his po-t ai
the w es|erl\ e\l reme of the great
crescent of blockading ships, this
movement brought the Brooklyn lor
a : ime into a position to " blanket
the tire of the others, and so Sehley
w heeled her into an easterly di
reel ion, thus leaving the enemy
in clear taiiue, and she resinned
the westward course in full pur-
suit. One after another. I he Teresa,
Oqiiendo. Yiscava a'nd Colon were
run aground under the terrible
storm of American pi ojeeliles.
Scldev's movements at tliehegin-
ning of the tight were made thesnb-
ji-d of criticism in some quarters;
but an investigating commiltee,
specially appointed to consider it.
concurred in the now established
opinion that it was "the crucial and deciding feature of
the combat and of tin- mist decided advantage."
Sampson arrived mi board the New York at 2. 30 1'. M.,
and resumed command. The credit was at once
claimed by Sampson, who had, undoubtedly, origi-
nally issued the proper orders for every emergency,
in case of the appearance of the Spanish fleet outside
its shelter. Since, however, he was absent at the
time, it became ultimately recognized by the Ameri-
can people that Sehley had fought and won the vic-
tory. The Brooklyn was nearest to the Spanish
squadron at every stage of the action, and was the
most badly injured of all the American ships. At
the close of the war Sehley was appointed by the
president a member of the military commission to
Porto Rico, under orders to arrange details of the
evacuation of the Spanish forces and to examine
and report upon existing; conditions in that island.
On his return from this duty he was placed on
waiting orders. During this period of rest he
visited New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Rich-
mond. Chicago, and other cities, where he was ban-
queted and feted and praised for the stupendous
work of the fleet under his command. On Dec. 22d
he was presented with a magnificent jeweled and
gold sword by the people of Pennsylvania, at the
Temple, North Broad street, Philadelphia. On the
evening of Jan. 20, 1899, lie was presented, at Car-
negie hall, New York, by the Royal Arcanum, with a
magnificent jeweled sword, in the presence of tin-
governor of Maryland, many naval officers and
4,000 of his brothers of the order. On Feb. 28th,
at a banquet given in his honor, Com. Sehley was
presented with a gold medal, set with jewels, by
the people of Maryland; the governor making the
presentation. He was married at Annapolis, Md. ,
Sept. 10. 1863, to Anne Rebecca, daughter of George
E. and Maria Caroline Franklin. They have two
sous and one daughter: Lieut. Thomas Franklin
Sehley, I". S. A., now iu the 23d regiment; Virginia
Montagu Stuart AVortley, and DrT Wiufield Scott
Sehley, of New York city.
SAMPSON, William Thomas, naval officer,
was born at Palmyra, Wayne co., N. Y"., Feb. 9,
1840, eldest son of James and Hannah (Walker)
Sampson. He entered the Naval Academy at An-
napolis. Md,. Sept. 24. isriT, and was graduated at
the head of his class in 1*61. He served fora short
timein the Potomac flotilla, was promoted to mas
ter, assigned to the frigate I'olmnaeas watch and
divi-ion officer, all ill 1SIJ1; and July Iti, 1862, was
commissioned lieutenant, lie was transferred to the
\\ 'an T Witch as executive- officer, and saw active ser-
vice in all parts of the (Julf. In 1SIJ2 he wasenua^ed
at I lie Naval Academy fora time as instructor; ser\ ed
on the practice-ship John Adams in 1S62-63; and in
IM;| became e\eciili\e officer of the ironclad
I'atapsco. stationed with the South Atlantic block-
ading squadron. He was on the Patapsco in Charles-
ton harbor, between foils Slimier and Moultrie,
when she was desirou-d by the explosion of a sub-
marine torpedo, Jan. l."i. IMi.'i. Sampson was emu-
manding the Ship at the lime, and was blown over-
board, and res-cued ]>\ a picket-boat beloiiMJiii; ["the
sipiadrmi. For his coolness and intrepidity in this
all'airhe was specially mentioned in the report of his
c landing officer to the secretary of the navy. Me
w as ne\t assigned i" i lie Colorado, flagship of A dm.
Goldsboroilgh, on the Kuropean station, and was
commissioned lieutenant-commander July 2"i. 1*66.
Reluming to the t'niled States in 1*67. he was or-
dered to the Naval Academy as instructor in 1 he de-
partment of natural philosophy and made head of
the department in 1*611. lie was ordered to the
Congress as executive officer in January, l,s7i; and
on board that ship, then commanded by ( 'apt. II. K.
Davenport, I'. S. N.. w a- -cut mi "special sen ice "
to Greenland, In August the Congress arrived at
(Jodhaven. where she landed coal and sii | iplies of all
sorts I'm- 1 lie Polaris, of (apt. I la II s arctic exploring
e\]"-dilion. (In her return the Congress joined the
Kiiropean squadron, and Sampson, commissioned
commander Au^. !l. 1^74, was during the \ ear fol-
lowing in command of the Alert, third-rater. He
was head of the department of physics and chem-
istry at the 1". S. Naval Academy (1876-78); and in
the latter year was sent with a party to WymningtO
obscr\ e I he' total eclipse i if the sin\ which took place
July -.".I. 1878; the expedition being under the direc-
tion of Prof. Simon Newcomb. In
187!) Sampson was ordered to the
command of the Swalara, assigned
to the Asiatic station, and he
continued in this command three
years. During 1882-85 he was as-
sistant superintendent of theiia>. al
observatory at Washington. D. C.,
being also a member of the inter-
national prime meridian and time
conference, held in Washington iu
1^1. and during 1885-86 lie was
on torpedo duty and a member of
the board on forlitiealions and
other defences. He was superin-
tendent of the U. S. Naval Acade-
my 1 1x86-90), acting also as a dele-
gate from the United States to the
international maritime conference
in Washington in 1889. He was pro-
moted captain in March, 1889, and
for three years (1890-92) was in command of the San
Francisco on the Pacific station. From this service
he was placed in charge of the bureau of naval ord-
nance, there continuing until appointed to the com-
mand of the Iowa. On Feb. 17, 1898, two days
after the destruction of the U. S. battleship Maine
in Havana harbor, Capt. Sampson was appointed
chairman of a commission to investigate the affair,
his associates being Capt. F. E. Chadwick and Lieut. -
Comr. W. P. Potter, of the cruiser New York, and
Lieut. -Comr. Adolf Marix, of the Vermont. The
commission proceeded to Havana harbor, where
10
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
daily sessions and expert examination detained it
from Feb. 20th to March 19th. Its report, delivered
to the president, March 25th, and by him submitted
to congress, March 28th, stated in brief that the
.Maine iiinl been destroyed by the explosion of a sub-
marine torpedo or mine, but declined to fix the re-
sponsibility for the act. Capt. Sampson now re-
turned to his command, but soon after, under orders
from the navy department, and with the title of
acting-rear-admiral, he began to assemble a fleet
at Key West, Fla. On April 22d, immediatly after re-
ceipt of news that the U. 8. minister had received his
passports, with the Xew York as flagship, they set
forth to begin the blockade of Cuban ports. Formal
declaration of war followed three days later. With
several of his largest vessels he bombarded San Juan,
Porto Rico, on May 12th. On April 30th the Spanish
squadron under Adm. ( 'ervera left the Cape Verde
Islands bound for the West Indies; on May llth it
was seen off the island of Martinique; but from this
date its whereabouts was only suspected, until on
May 19th it entered the harbor of Santiago de Cuba.
On the 30th Sampson's fleet arrived outside the har-
bor and began the memorable blockade of nearly
five weeks. In the meantime Sampson had carefully
matured his plans of action to thwart Cervera's daily
expected attempt to escape; every commander re-
ceiving detailed instructions for any possible emer-
gency. Early in the forenoon of July 3d this at-
tempt was made. At once the signal flags of the
Iowa warned the other ships of the fleet, and just
then the Spanish war-vessels appeared in line emerg-
ing at full speed from the narrow passage which
opens into Santiago harbor. The New York, with
Sampson on board, was at the time several miles to
the eastward, whither he had gone to meet an ap-
pointment with representatives of Gen. Shatter, and
returned only when the tight was over. The Iowa.
Indiana, Texas, Oregon and Brooklyn, therefore, bore
tin- brunt of the action. The Maria Teresa re-
ceiving a 12-inch projectile from the Texas' forward
turret which practically disabled her, pushed for the
beach; the Oquendo ran aground about half a mile
further on; the Viscaya soon displayed the white
flag: the Colon, rive miles in advance of the others,
with the Brooklyn in hot pursuit, speedily followed
suit. This naval battle lasted exactly fifty-five
minutes, resulting in the complete destruction of the
Spanish fleet, with an estimated loss of 400 killed and
1,600, of whom 500 were wounded, taken prisoners.
The loss of the American fleet was one killed and two
wounded, with very slight injury to any of the ships.
Such a naval battle was never before known, and the
news reaching the United States on the Fourth of
July made that day more than ever an occasion of
rejoicing. Sampson and Schley were at once rec-
ommended for promotion to the rank of rear-ad-
miral, and after some delay, owing to political
machinations in the committees, congress finally
voted to confirm the nominations. On Jan. 16. 1S9»,
Adm. Sampson received orders from the navy de-
partment to form a squadron of evolution, including
the cruisers New York, Brooklyn, Chicago and
Newark, and the battleships Indiana and Texas, for
the purpose of inspecting the navy yard at Havana
and the southern harbors of Cuba, with a view to
establishing coaling stations. Adm. Sampson has
been twice married; first, in 1862, to Margaret,
daughter of David and Catherine Aldrich, of Pal-
myra, N. Y., by whom he had four daughters;
second, in 1882, to Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas
and Cynthea Burling, of Cauaudaigua, N. Y'., who
has borne him three sons.
HOBSON, Richmond Pearson, naval officer,
was born at Greensboro, Ala., July 15, 1870, son of
James Marcellus and Sallie (Pearson) Hobson. Both
parents are natives of North Carolina, where the
Pearson family is one of the foremost in the state.
The Hobsou family is of English extraction, and
many of its members, notable among them Adm.
Hobson, who planted the British flag in New Zealand
in the seventeenth century, attained distinction.
James M. Hobsou, a noted' lawyer and planter of
Alabama, at one time represented Hale county in
the state legislature. The son, after completing
his course in the schools and the Southern University,
Greensboro, where he studied two years, entered the
U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Mel., and was
graduated in 1889. He was at once appointed
a midshipman on the Chicago, then under the
command of Kear-Adm. Walker, and ordered
to the European station. Immediately alter
his return he received the high compliment
of an appointment as one of the U. S. naval officers
permitted by the British government to receive a
course of instruction at the Royal Naval College,
AVoolwich. Here he remained three years, devoting
himself particularly to the study of naval architect-
ure, in which he has since been recognized as an au-
thority. On returning home he received an appoint-
ment at the navy department, Washington, under
Sec. Herbert, and performed his duties with such
intelligence and assiduity that he was given the
post of assistant naval constructor. After becoming
thoroughly informed in the duties of this position,
he was ordered to the Brooklyn navy yard, where he
remained one year. He was next ordered to New-
port News to inspect the Kearsarge and Kentucky,
then under construction. His next employment was
as instructor in a post-graduate course in naval con-
struction, which he inaugurated at the Naval Acad-
emy in 1897. In March, "1898, he was ordered, with
his pupils, to join Com. Sampson's fleet at Key West,
and remained with the command until the perform-
ance of the remarkable feat at the mouth of the har-
bor of Santiago de Cuba, which at once gave him
a world-wide "reputation for heroism and fidelity to
duty. This exploit was performed in the early
morning of June 3, 1898. The idea originated with
Com. Sampson, who submitted it to Lieut. Hobson,
as an expert on its feasibility. Santiago had been
blockaded by the squadron under Com: Schley since
May 2i'ith a lid three days later it was established con-
clusively that the Spanish fleet under Adm. Cervei a
was in the harbor. On June 1st Sampson relieved
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
11
Schley in the command of sixteen warships, and at
uarr determined to carry inlo ell'ect liis idea of sink-
ing a collier in the, narrow entrance to the harbor,
thus obstructing it and preventing the escape of the
Spaniards. In the early morning of June 3d the
Collier Merrimac, prepared for the service assigned
to her, was placed under cuuiniund of Hobson, who
hail not only fully concurred in the plan, but
earnestly entreated permission to direct its execu-
tion. Accordingly, willi a crew of six men the
Merrimac entered the narrow channel and steamed
in under the guns of the Morro. The name- of
llobson's brave crew were: O--
born Dcignan, George F. Phil-
lips, Francis Kelly, George Cha-
rette, Daniel Montague and J. C.
.Murphy. Another seaman, Ran
dolpb Clausen, who had been at
work on I lie collier, secreted
himself until she was under
way and then reported for duly.
The services of all were suitably
recognized, publicly and otli-
cially; Diegimti being admitted
to the Naval Academy by spe-
cial act of congress. The Merri-
mac bad anchors fore and aft,
and the design was t,i drop one
at a point to the right of the
channel; and then -WJIILJ the
collier round by reversing the en-
ginesand sinkherdirecth across.
Unfortunately this was ren-
dered impossible by the shooting away of her rudder,
but she continued her course up the channel under
heavy tire from the Spanish ships Viscaya and
Almirante Oqucndo and the shore batteries. To
add to the difficulties of the situation submarine
mines and torpedoes were exploded all about the
doomed vessel ; and having reached his intended
position, llobson determined to blow her up,
though there appeared but little hope for the lives
of any of the party. A catamaran having been
brought along to carry the men back to the flag-
ship he ordered it to be launched and then tired the
explosives which were to sink the collier, jumping
aboard as she sank and pushing for tin- entrance of
the channel. A strong tide was setting in at the
time, preventing this, and the men were in the water
hanging on to the frail craft for more than an hour,
when a boat from the Reina Mercedes picked them
up and took them prisoners. They were confined
four days in Morro castle and then transferred to
the Keiua Mercedes, used by the Spaniards as a hos-
pital ship. Later they were removed to the city,
and on July 6th exchanged for a Spanish lieutenant
and fourteen enlisted men. The exchange was
effected between the Spanish and American lines by
Col. John Jacob Astor, of the general staff. An in-
teresting incident of the capture of the Merrimac
heroes was the dispatching by Adm. Cervera to
Com. Sampson of one of his aids to give assurances
of the safety of Hobson and his crew and to highly
commend the bravery of their work. The news
of this self-sacrificing effort was soon carried all
over the world and praised as one of the most
signal instances of audacious courage known to
naval history, and worthy to rank beside Cushing's
action in the destruction of the ram Albemarle. On
his return to the United States Hobson received one
general ovation which extended wherever he made
his appearance. Having the belief that by the em-
ployment of certain mechanical and other appliances
he could save some of the sunken and stranded
vessels of Cervera's ill-fated fleet, he made a num-
ber of attempts and the Maria Teresa was floated
and started for the United States only to be aban-
doned in a storm off Cat island in the Bahamas,
where she became a total wreck. In December, 1898,
Hobson was ordered to Hong Kong on special ser-
vice, and crossed the Continent in the last days of
that month to sail from San Francisco. On .March
1. 1899, Fits. McKinley nominated him to be ad
vaneeil ten numbers, from No. 1 on the list of as-
sistant naval constructors. I'orcxlraordinarv heroism.
This action placed him above all the lieutenant -com-
manders and nearly at the top of the commander's
list, so tar as relative rank is concerned, and was
saiil to constitute the greatest material promotion as
a recognition of gallantly in the history of the naval
service.
CLARK, Charles Edgar, naval officer, was
born at Bradford, Vt. , Aug. 10, 1843, son of James
Da MOII and Mary (Sexton) Clark; the former a
nal'ivc of Bradford, the latter of Brooklield, Vt. He
was educated in his native state, ami w as appointed
to the I . S. Naval Academy, Sept -J!l, istio. I in his
appointment as acting ensign in 1863 he wa- assigned
to the steam -loop Ossipee, of the Western Gulf
blockading squadron, on which he continued until
the close of tin- war ( 18(;:t-r,:». At the battle of
Mobile bay, Aug. 5, 1864. lie commanded the for-
ward division, I ;i- Ihe Ossipee was the last vessel
to ram the ironclad Tennessee, Adm. Buchanan's
flag-ship, he answcied the first hail from the officer
who surrendered her. lie commanded the quarter-
deck division at the bombardment and .surrender of
Fort Morgan, Aug. -J:!, 1*114. Dining Isii.Viis he was
attached to the Pacific .squadron, for two ycai- on
tin1 steamer Vandeibilt, then on the Suwanee; being,
meantime, promoted master. Nov. 10, I slid, iieii-
tenanl, Feb. ~1, 1S67, and lieutenant commander.
March 12, 1868. He witnessed the bombardment of
Valparaiso by the Spanish Heel and its defeat by the
batteries at ( 'allao. When the Suwanec was u leeked.
July 7, 18(18, near the northern end of Vancouver
island, Licut-Comr. Clark was left in command of the
party on Hope island, after the remainder of the crew
hail been taken oil by II. M. S. Sparrow hawk; lie was
later rescued by the steamer New World. lie was
on I he receiving-ship Vandalia at Portsmouth. N. II.
(1868-6111; attached to the north Atlantic squadron,
on Ihe steamer Seminole and the ironclad Dictator
(1869-70); at the Na\al Academy (1870-73); on the
ironclad Mahopac, north Atlantic station (1873-74);
and on the steamers Hartford. Monocaey and Kear-
sarge of the Asiatic, station (1874-77). On his return
to the United States, in 1877, he was ordered to the
Boston navy yard, and for the next two years was on
duty there. 'During 1879-80 he was attached to the
torpedo instruction station, Newport, R. I., and then
(July- December, 1881) was executive officer of the
New Hampshire, which he commanded (March, 1882-
April, 1883). Meantime, Nov. 15, 1881, he was pro-
moted commander; commanded the steamer Ranger,
in charge of the survey of the west coast of Mexico
and Central America (1883-86); and was inspector
of the ninth lighthouse district, Chicago (1887 — 91).
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
The succeeding two years and a half (May, 1891-
November, 1893) were occupied with ordnance duty
at the Mare island navy yard, San Francisco; for
auother year he commanded the Mohican of the
Pacitic station, six other warships and two revenue
cutters, cruising in Behring sea to enforce the regu-
lations just agreed on by the Paris tribunal; and
then (November, 1894-November,1895) was occupied
on various boards and general courts- martial. After
his return to duty at Mare island, he was for ten
months commander of the receiving-ship Independ-
ence—meantime, in 1897, being promoted captain —
after which, until March, 1898, he commanded the
double-turret coast defense monitor Monterey. Early
in March, 1898, when declaration of war with Spain
was almost daily expected, Capt. Clark was ordered
to the command of the splendid battleship Oregon,
then about to sail from San Francisco to join the
fleet assembling in West Indian waters. Joining the
ship on the 17th, he sailed on the 19th for Callao,
Peru. There he was warned of the Spanish torpedo
vessel Temerario, supposed to be lurking near the
straits of Magellan, and of the reported plots of
Spanish sympathizers to destroy the Oregon in some
South American port. After a stormy passage
tli rough the straits, where he was joined by the U. S.
gunboat Marietta, he made Rio Janeiro on April 30th,
being there first informed that war existed and that
the Spanish squadron under Adm. Cervera had left
the Cape de Verde islands bound westward. To
meet this contingency, precise orders were cabled to
Capt. Clark, who was even given the option of re-
maining in Brazil. With full confidence in the fight-
ing powers of his vessel, however, he left Rio on the
4th, and five days later cabled from Bahia : "The
Oregon could steam fourteen knots for hours and in
a running fight might beat off and cripple the Span-
ish fleet." Capt. Mahan and other noted naval
authorities commented favorably on this plan of
action, when carefully pursued, and, if we may judge
from the conduct of the Spanish ships in the battle
of July 3d, it seems more than probable that (.'apt.
Clark would have had more than a "fighting
chance" of making his ship's glorious record before
that day, had he met the ene-
my in mid-ocean. On May
18th the Oregon was sighted
at Barbadoes, and on the 24th
reached Jupiter inlet, Fla.,
completing a voyage of 14,500
miles in seventy-three days.
Joining Adm. Sampson's Ili-et
i iff Santiago, she was engaged
in all attacks made on the
land batteries, and, with the
gunboat Marblehead, covered
the lauding of marines at Guan-
tanamo. On the first appear-
ance of the enemy's vessels on
the morning of July 3d , the Ore-
gon, by a "wonderful burst
of speed, "under forced draft,
took her position at the head
of the American battleships,
and engaged each of the Span-
ish vessels in turn until the end of the battle. Fighting
her forward guns against the Colon and Oquendo, she
kept up a furious fire from her after-batteries against
the torpedo-boat destroyers Furor and Pluton — it was
a 6-inch shell from one of her guns that struck the
Furor amidships, exploding her magazine and sink-
ing her. Then gaining on the Teresa, which had
dropped back fromtheiead of the Spanish squadron,
she poured in a deadly fire at 2,000 yards range
until that vessel swerved from her course and in
flames headed for the beach at Juan Gonzales, six
miles from Morro, Santiago. The Oquendo next
became the target for the American battleships, the
Oregon opening on her with the forward guns at
long range and with her starboard battery so soon
as it could be brought to bear; pouring into her the
"hottest and most destructive fire of that eventful
day." The Oquendo fought desperately, but, like
her sister-ships, with little effect, and was run ashore
only half a mile to the west of the Teresa. Mean-
time the Colon and Viscaya were forging ahead
rapidly, closely followed by the Brooklyn, and, after
the destruction of the Oquendo, by the Oregon and
Texas also. A careless move of the Viscaya, which
was engaged in
desperate double i,_ ..
combat with the — 2* —
Brooklyn and Ore-
gon, in an apparent
attempt to bring all
her guns to bear
on her antagonists,
exposed her, broad-
side, to the fire
of the Oregon. A
large shell from that vessel struck her in the port
bow, and another, probably from the Texas, caught
her amidships, " keeling her to starboard and send-
ing up a volume of steam and smoke." This was
the end of another splendid ship; a few more shots
brought down her flag and left her a burning wreck
on the beach at Aserraderos, after a plucky run of
eighteen miles. On the surrender of the Viscaya
the Brooklyn and Oregon, followed by the Texas,
began the unparalleled chase after the Cristobal
Colon. At the start the Spaniard was fully six miles
in the lead and her chances of escape seemed good,
but the Oregon and Brooklyn gained steadily on her,
constantly edging nearer her course and forcing her
toward the shore, and when within range opened
with their heavy batteries. At last the fate of the
three other ships overtook her also, and unable longer
to fight against desperate odds she made for t.ie
beach at Rio Tarquino, fifty miles from Morro. and
dropped her colors at 1:17 P. M. Of the Oregon's
pursuit of the Colon, Adm. Sampson says: "This
performance adds to the already brilliant record of
this fine battleship, and speaks highly of the skill and
care with which her admirable efficiency has been
maintained during a service unprecedented in the
history of vessels of her class." He also writes:
"Subsequent events at Santiago proved that if he
[Cervera] could have stopped the career of the Ore-
gon, he would have been amply repaid for crossing
the Atlantic." When the Viscaya was forced ashore,
Com. Schlcy signaled "Well done, Oregon"; when
the Colon surrendered, "Thanks for your splendid
assistance." and when the Oregon returned to San-
tiago. " Welcome back, brave Oregon." In his offi-
cial report the commodore says: "I cannot close
this report without mentioning in high terms of
praise the splendid conduct and support of Capt. C. E.
Clark, of the Oregon." Meantime, previous to the
battle, the report of the sailing of a Spanish squadron
for the Philippines under Adm. Camara occasioned
the organizing of a squadron under Com. Wfttson,
with Capt. Clark as chief of staff, to pursue
and overtake him. It was to be composed of the
battleships Oregon and Iowa, with the cruisers
Yankee, Yosemite, Dixie and Newark — the last
to be flagship. On July 7th the navy department
ordered its detachment from Sampson's command,
in order to be in readiness to start at once, but
('amara's return to Spain after his passage through
the Suez canal delayed departure and ultimately re-
sulted in the disbandment of the proposed squadron.
When negotiations for peace were begun early in
August, the Oregon was ordered to New York,
where she took part with the Brooklyn, New York,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
13
Iowa, Indiana, Texas and Massachusetts in the naval
parade anil review mi An;:. 201 h. About this time
('apt. C'lark requested and received a leave of ab-
sence on account nf ill-health, and was detached from
his command. Returning to duty in March, 1899,
he was appointed captain of the League island yard,
Philadelphia, Pa., where he still continues In l^i'.t
he was married to Maria Louisa, daughter of William
T. Davis, of Greenfield, Mass. They have two
daughters.
PHILIP, John Woodward, naval officer, was
born at Kinderhook, X. V.. AUK. 26, 1H40. He en-
tered the I". S. Naval Academy. Annapolis, Md.,
Sept. 20, 1856; was appointed midshipman, Jan. 1,
1861, and attached tirst. to the frigate Constitution
and afterwards to the Santee. un.lune 1, isiii, he
was promoted acting master, and ordered to join the
sloop-of-war Marion, of the -.vest gulf blockading
scpiadron ; was transferred to the Sonoma, James
river Meet, in 18(52; was commissioned lieutenant.
July 16, 1862, and (September, istv.'-.lanuary, isiir,)
\vasexecutiveoflieerof the Chippewa and I'awnee
and the monitor Montauk, of the South Atlantic
blockading scpiadron, engaged in the sie;;e of Charles
ton. S. C. During 1865-67 he was executive officer
of the \Vachusett, of the Asiatic squadron, being
commissioned lieutenant-commander, July 25, 1866 ;
was executive officer of the flagship I la rl ford, Asiatic
squadron (September, 1807-August, IstiS); of the
Uichmonil, Kuropean squadron (December, ]M;*
November, 1871) ; of the flagship Hartford. Asiatic
squadron (September, is72-.lune, 1878). and com-
mander of the Monocacy (1873-74). He was de-
tached from the Monoeacy to enable him to accept,
on special leave of absence, the command of one of
the Pacific mail steamers, but the leave being re-
voked in July, 1S7H, he was ordered to the command
of the Adams. Again, in April, 1877, he "as de-
tached, with leave to command the Woodruff seien
titic expedition around the world, and in December
was ordered to the command of the Tuscarora, en
Siged in surveying the west coast of Mexico and
entral America, and Inter commanded the Hanger
(1880-84) on same duty. He was
lighthouse inspector of the 12th
district (April, 1884-April, iss7i ;
was in command of the U. S. re-
ceiving-ship Independence at the
Mare island navy yard, San Fran-
cisco (1887-90), "and was commis-
sioned captain, March 31, 1889. In
December, 1890, he was ordered
to command the Atlanta, in Hcar-
Adm. Walker's squadron of evolu-
tion, and at the end of one year.
being detached, was ordered as
uencral inspector of the armored
cruiser New York, then build-
ing at the Cramps' ship-yard, Phila-
delphia, and commissioned to
command her when ready for
sea. On Aug. 23, 1894, he was
appointed captain of the navy yard
in Boston, where he continued
until Oct. 15, 1897, being then
command of the battleship Texas, of the north
Atlantic squadron. When the imminent outbreak
of the Spanish war caused the assembling of power-
ful squadrons at Key West and Hampton roads, the
Texas was assigned to the latter force, which, under
command of Com. Schley, put to sea on May 13, 1898,
bound for the southern coast of Cuba in pursuit of
Adm. Cervera. On May 28th they arrived outside
the harbor of Santiago, and on the following day
Schley definitely announced the location of the
Spanish ships at that port. On June 1st Rear-Adm.
Sampson joined them and assumed command of the
combined fleet. The Texas was one of the four bat-
tleships that engaged the living Spanish fleet as it
emerged from the harbor on July 3d, and although
the oldest ship, she did remarkable service in
this battle, anil so ably was she handled, thai her fire
was second to none other Tor precision and effect.
In his description of the tight, ('apt. Philip records
that lie gave explicit orders io tire the main 12-inch
battery only when a good target could be plainly
seen, preferring "to fire a few shells and placethem
than a L'real many anil lose them"; and the result
amply vindicated the wisdom of his course, since
"the t\\o big shells which did find their way inl'i
the Spanish vessels, so far as discovered by the official
hoard of survey, were 12-inch shells." The first shot
fired by the Spaniards fell just short of the lovta and
the Texas, which, on their first appearance, opened
tire with her li-ii.ch battery. When the pursuit be-
gan the Texas closed with the Maria Teresa, which
was the tirst ship to be beached, running ashore at a
point six miles to the westward of Santiago; and
then continuing the chase in a line nearly parallel
with the three other battleships, overhauled the
Colon, in company with the Oregon and the Brook-
lyn. Like the other shipsof the American fleet, the
Texas sustained very slight injuries ; she was struck
only lour limes. The liiM shell exploded over the
forward superstructure, creating some havoc and
setting tire toihew Iwork. So excellent, however,
was the discipline maintained on board, that a hose
was quickly trained on the bla/.e and extinguished
it. The second shell, one- about six inches in diame-
ter, ••struck forward of the ash-hoist, and after
passing through the outer plating of hammock-
berthing, exploded, the mass of pieces penetrating the
bulkhead and easing of the starboard smoke-pipe."
One casualty narn iwly escaped by the Texas at the be-
ginning of the engagement gave opportunity for a dis-
play of splendid seamanship by her commander
and executive officer. In rushing forward to over-
take the Spanish squadron, she narrowly escaped, in
the blinding clouds of smoke, running across the
path of the Brooklyn. The order, " Back both en-
gines hard," went down the speaking tubes, and the
giant battleship quivered throughout her length and
breadth with the shock, literally "racing against
herself," as Capt. Philip expressed it. At the close
of the war he was promoted commodore from
Aug. 10th; and Sept. 3d was placed in command
of the North Atlantic squadron, raising his flag on
the New York, which sailed to Havana with the rest
of the- squadron, Dec. 15, 1898. Later, having re-
turned under orders, he assumed command of the
Brooklyn navy yard as the successor of Rear-Adm.
Bunce, retired, Jan. 15, 1899. On Feb. 4th, Gov.
Roosevelt presented him. in behalf of numerous
friends and admirers, with a handsome sword, in
commemoration of what the governor called the
" Captains' fight " off Santiago. On March 3, 1899,
he was promoted to rear-admiral.
EVANS. Robley Dung-lison, naval officer, was
born at Floyd Court House, Floyd co., Va. , Aug. 18,
1S47, son of Samuel Andrew Jackson and Sally Ann
(Jackson) Evans. His father, a native of Virginia, and
14
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
a graduate of the University of Virginia Medical
College, located in 184(i in Floyd county, where
until his death, in 1856, lie combined the callings of
physician and farmer, being also a member of the
state legislature in 1846 ; his mother was a daugh-
ter of John Jackson, of Fairfax county, Va., and
a sister of James Jackson, who
shot Col. Ephraim E. Ellsworth,
of the famous zouave regiment,
for tearing the Confederate flag
from the roof of his hotel, the
Marshall house, Alexandria, Va.
The son was named for Robley
Dunglison, a celebrated physician of
Philadelphia, who was a close friend
of the family. He was educated in
the schools of his native county,
where lie lived on his father's farm
until his tenth year, and later at
<!onzaga Classical School, Wash-
ington,^. C. On Sept. 20, 1860, he
was appointed to the U. S. Naval
Academy by Win. H. Hooper, con-
gressional delegate from Utah ter-
ritory, and was sent into service
in 1803. He was appointed mid-
shipman, Sept. 20. 1860 ; was
promoted ensign, Oct. 1, 1863, and ordered to the
steam frigate Powuatan of the West India squad-
ron, and in 1864-65 served with his ship in the
north Atlantic blockading squadron. While in
the West Indies he saw considerable active service,
and in January, 1865, was engaged in both attacks
on Fort Fisher, where he received two severe rifle-
shot wounds, which for a time disabled him. In
1866 he was on duty in the navy yard at Philadel-
phia, and on July 25. 18'i6. was commissioned lieu-
tenant. He was on ordnance duty in the navy yard,
AVashington, during 1867, and thereafter until' 1869
was on board the flagship Piscataqua, cruising on
the Asiatic station. On March 12, 1868, he was com-
missioned lieutenant-commander; was on duty in
the navy yard at AVashington (1870-71); at the Naval
Academy, Annapolis, Md. (1871-72), and during
1873-76 cruised on the sec.oM-raters Shenandoah
and Congress, on the European station. He was in
command of the training-ship Saratoga (1877-81);
was promoted commander in July, 1878 ; was at I lie
navy yard, Washington (1881-82); lighthouse inspec-
tor (1882-86); chief inspector of steel for the new
cruisers (1886-87); secretary of the lighthouse board
(iss;_s'.i). and on leave of absence, 1890. In is'.il-
92 he was in command of the Yorklown at Valparaiso
and afterward of the U. S. naval force in Bchringsea
to suppress sealing. He captured a supply vessel and
every British sealer that entered the forbidden waters.
—
On June 27, 1893, he was promoted captain, and
the following year, at the opening ceremonies of the
North sea canal, commanded the eruisrr New York,
afterwards flagship of the north Atlantic squadron,
from which he was transferred to the Indiana, the lir.-t
battleship commissioned by the United States. In
issitihc was alt ached to the lighthouse board. During
the Spanish-American war Capt. Evans was in com-
manil of the battleship Iowa, which distinguished her-
self especially during the battle off Santiago when the
fleet of Adm. Cervera made an attempt to rua
past the blockading squadron. The outlook of tiie
Iowa was the first to discover the Spanish ships
emerging from the harbor, and the signal, ' ' enemy's
ships coming out," held in readiness for this emer-
gency, was quickly hoisted. She rushed forward to
meet the approaching squadron, keeping up an in
cessaut but deliberate tire from her 8-inch starboard
battery at a 5,000-yard range. Capt. Evans original
intention of ramming one of the Spaniards was re-
linquished only when their high speed rendered the
move evidently impossible, and then joining in the
chase the Iowa followed the swift flying Oregon, until
the last hut one of the hostile fleet had run aground
and surrendered. At one time in the course of the
tight the Iowa was engaged with all the Spanish
ships single-handed, their fire being concentrated on
her as the ship considered the most dangerous antag-
onist. In Capt. Evans' own words, "A torrent of
projectiles was sailing over us, harmlessly exploding
in the water beyond." None struck, and his char-
acteristic comment is, "We cannot, therefore, state
with certainly what would be the effect upon harvey-
ized armor of heavy shot actually striking under
battle conditions." When, finally, the Viscaya, dis-
abled and set on
fire by a well-di-
rected shot from
the Texas, ran
aground on the
beach at Aserra-
deros, eighteen
miles from Mor-
ro, Santiago, and
struck her colors,
Capt. Evans made
all haste to lower
the Iowa's boats
to the assist-
ance of the sur-
vivors on the
burning cruiser.
Discovering that
Cuban sharp-
shooters on shore were firing at the men struggling
in the water, he at once sent word that they must de-
sist, else he would shell their position. AVith lauda-
ble zeal the sailors of the Iowa set themselves to the
task of rescuing their late enemies, assisted by boats
from the auxiliary Hist and the torpedo-boat
Ericsson, and taking prisoners to the number of
276, brought them safely on board. Among these
was Capt. Eulate himself, whom Capt. Evans
received with every mark of consideration and
courtesy, escorting him to his own cabin, and
summoning medical assistance for his wounds.
Thus simply and unconsciously — for such is the
heroism of the American sailor — Capt. Evans was
exampling the loftiest qualities of human nature as
war only can evoke them ; his prisoners were treated
like guests, every effort being made for their comfort
and assistance. Later, on returning to the old station
in the line of blockade, Adm. Cervera and his sor
were brought aboard by Lieut. -Comr. AVainwright,
of the Gloucester, and was received with the honors
due his rank and the enthusiastic cheers of the sea-
men. During the brief period in which Adm. Ca-
mara was ostensibly making an attempt to reach the
Philippine islands, the Iowa was detached and held
in readiness to proceed with the proposed squadron
under Com. \Vatsoii to harass the coast cities of the
Spanish peninsula, and thus compel his return. On
account of his vigorous patriotism and constant
readiness for duty displayed, Cnpt. Evans was affec-
tionately styled by his men, "Fighting Bob." On
Sept. 15, 1898, he requested the secretary of the
navy to detach him from the command of the Iowa,
OK AMKUICAN I'.KKJKAIMIY.
15
<in account of having had more than the customary
sea service. His request was granted, and lie was as-
-i'jneil to duly a> a member of Ilie lioard of iii.-|ieclion
ami survey. He was married, in INTO, to < 'harl"l le,
daughter of Franck Tiiylor, of Washington, \>. ('.
'I'liev have three children — ( 'liarlotic Tnvlur, wife of
Lieut. C. C Marsh. r.S.X,: Franck Taylor, naval
cadet, and Virginia Siiiims Kvans.
TAYLOR, Henry Clay, naval olliccr. was In >ni
in Washington. I). ('., March 4, 1X4~>, sun of Franck
and Virginia i.\e\illci Ta\]or. His father was a
publisher of Washington and a personal friend of
Henry Clay, Millanl Killniorc and oilier prominent
men of the lime; his inuiher was a granddaughter
ol Col. Charles Sinims. of Ale\andria, Va., a close
friend of (Jen. Washington, and an original member
of the Cincimmli. Through his father lie is de-
scended from the Taylors of Bulton le Moors in the
north of Kngland; through his mother t mm (Jens.
Daniel Mor-jan anil I'resley ,\c\ illc and olhcr promi-
nent revolutionary officers, lie wasappoinied to the
I'. S. Naval Academy on Sept. -'*, INIIII. and having
been promoted ensign. May 'J«, IMiii, »as attached
to (lie sleam-sloop Shenandoah of the north Al
huitic blockading squadron, and look part in the
engagements \viih Fort Fisher ( lst;:!-(J4). After
ahoui a year and a half ou this sialion — |he ship
being then onlered on a cruise in the Pacific — Knsig::
Taylor was detailed to special service on the Iro-
rpiols, receiving commission as master. Nov. 10,
l*li.Y During 1HI>I>-I>7 he was on the Rhode Island,
of the north Ailantic squadron, allaining the rank
of lieutenant, Nov. 10. isiili, and then for I \vo years
(IS(iT-liS) on the steam sloop Siisipiehanna, llau^liip
of the north Atlantic squadron. Ileuas commis-
sioned lieutenant-commander, March 1:2, isiis, and
during the next ten years was successively on the
store ship (inard of the European
sijuadroi) (1SOS-70); at the I . S.
Naval Academy (1*70-71 I; execu-
tive ollicer of Ilie Saianac, 1'acitic
s(|iiadroii (1871-7:2); in command
of tlii' coast-survey sleamer Ilassler
(1*7:2-77), and on hvdrou'raphic
duly I1S77-7S). lie served at the
navy yard, Washington, D. C.,
in 1S7SI-M); was promoted coni-
mander in December. 1879; coni-
inanileil the training-ship Saratoga
(1880-83); was on special duty in
the improvement and manage-
ment of New York harbor (1884-
80), and a member of the naval
hoard of inspection (1885-87). Af-
ter a two years' leave of absence
(1888-90), which he spent in pro-
moting the Nicaragua canal enter-
prise as vice-president and general
manager of the company, he was
assigned to the command of the Al-
liance of the Asiatic station, continuing there until
1891, when he was sent to the Caroline islands to pro-
tect American citizens there from the oppressions of
the Spanish soldiery. Besides his regular official
duties, Capt. Taylor wa sinterested in the organi-
zation of the Naval War College at Newport, R. I.,
of which he was president ( 1894-96). He was assigned
to command the battleship Indiana Jan. 2, 1897.
When, in March, 1898, Acting Hear-Adm. Sampson
was ordered to assemble a fleet at. Key West, Fla., he
was directed to join him there. The Indiana accom-
panied the squadron to blockade duty before Ha-
vana, and on May 4th, with the New York, Iowa,
Puritan, Cincinnati and other of Sampson's fighting
ships, set out from Key West for San Juan,"Porto
Rico, where the Spanish squadron was believed to
have put in. This n.-iaciuuenl arrived outside the
harbor on Ilie morning of May 1','lh. and aflerabom-
liardmen! of three hours, which caused some little
destruction to the batteries and in tin- city, \\iih a
lolal lo-so| two killed and se\en wounded ou the
American ships, wiihdiew. Ailrn. Sampson then
proceeded on a westward course, guided bv conslanl
reports from scouting vessels lo ihe ell'ect" ihal (>r-
vera's Heel had been sighted al \arioiis points in the
West Indies and the Caribbean sea, and on June
1st he arrived oil' Santiago anil took command of the
American Heel, numbering sixteen vessels.
There, in addition to Ihe tedious strain of the regu-
lar blockade duly, the Indiana was en.jaiu'd with
the shore balteii"s on June 2:2(1 and July ~d, and
later with the Keina Mercedes on July -lib. and the
loiii: distance bombardment of the city of Santiago
from outside the hai hor mi July loih and 11 III. She
also headed a division on reconnoissance work, and
convoyed the Heel of transports bearing Gen. Shat-
ter's army to occupy Santiago. This duty involved
the com mam I of fifteen naval vessels convoying thirty-
five transports with Ui.nOO soldiers, and called for
weeks of preparation. So successfully was the woi k
performed, however, that e\eiy transport and all
vessels under command of ('apt. Taylor were deliv-
ered to Adiu. Sampson off Santiago in i;ood condi-
tion, the rear-guard being reported within an hour
afler the arrival of Capt. Taylor himself al the head
of the column. During the ni'jht of July 2d-3d the
Indiana had been detailed to hold her searchlight on
the entrance to the harbor, a duly involving unflag-
ging vigilance and the keeping of all gun crews in
readiness. On the following morning, however,
when the signals announced the appearance of ( 'er-
vera's squadron, all hands were al posts in readiness
for the tight. The Indiana was vigorously engaged
with every one of the Spanish cruisers in succession,
placing at least one shell of large calibre on the
Colon and Viscaya, her powerful broadsides being
also largely responsible for the defeat of the
Teresa and Oquendo, as well as performing a full
share in the destruction of the Pluton and Furor.
She narrowly escaped injury from the fire of the
laud batteries. After the destruction of the Viscaya,
in obedience to orders signaled from the flagship
New York, then just reaching Ihe scene of the fight,
the Indiana turned east asaiu to resume her blockade
station off Santiago harbor. On the way word was
received from the light armored cruisers Harvard
and Resolute that another Spanish war-ship had ap-
peared and was attacking the American transports
near Siboney and Daiquiri. Approaching the ship
16
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
with guns bearing, Capt. Taylor made her out the
Austrian cruiser Kuiseriu Maria Theresa, aud, pur-
suant of a signaled desire to communicate, a lieu-
tenant went on board, requesting permission to enter
the harbor and bring out Austrian refugees from
Santiago. To him the captain broke the news «f
the battle, aud their conversation well expresses the
Austrian's amazement at the accomplishment of a
destruction more complete than the most sanguine
would have dared to predict. After the close of the
war the Indiana, still in command of Capt. Taylor,
was attached to Adm. Sampson's squadron of evolu-
tion, which, after an extensive cruise in West Indian
waters, returned to New York city in May, 1899.
Later he was placed in command of the north Atlan-
tic squadron, cruising on the coast of New England
during the summer of 1899. Capt. Taylor was mar-
ried, in 1869, to Mary Virginia, daughter of J. C.
McGuire, of Washington, D. C., aud has six children.
CHADWICK, French Ensor, naval otiV. i,
was born at. Morgautown, W. Ya., Feb. 29, 1844,
son of Daniel Clark and Margaret (Evans) Chadwick.
His father was a son of James Chadwick and Jane
Scudder, who emigrated to West. Virginia from New
Jersey; his mother was a daughter of Capt. John
Evans aud Gilly Strother, of Culpeper county, Va.,
and a granddaughter of Col. John Evans (county lieu-
tenant of Monongalia county), who crossed the moun-
tains in 1768 from Fairfax county, Va., to what is now
Monongalia county, W. Ya., being one of the earliest
settlers of that state. French E. Chadwick entered the
U. S. Naval Academy on Sept. 28, isei.at Newport,
R. I., whither it had been removed from Annapolis,
on the outbreak of the civil war. Thirty of the mid-
shipmen, of the large class of over 260 who entered
this year, were made into an advanced class, of
which Capt. Chadwick was one, and were graduated
in November, 1864. Part of the summer of this
year was spent in looking after Confederate privateers
that had appeared on the New
England coast, and after gradu-
ation he was employed at tin-
Brooklyn navy yard in drill-
ing recruits. In April. lsii.">,
he was ordered to the Susi|ue-
hanna, flagship of Rear-Adm.
Godon's powerful squadron,
sent to Havana in search of the
Confederate ram Stonewall,
which was delivered up on de-
mand by the Spanish govern-
ment when the war was ended.
l.'i iiirning north, the Susque-
hanna shortly after went to
Brazil as the flagship of the
newly- formed south Atlantic
squadron. Chadwick was Inms
ferred to the Juuiata in 1806.
and returned to the United
States in July. 1867, meantime
having been promoted master. He was ordered
to the training-ship Sahine in September; was pro-
moted lieutenant in March, l*iis,when he was ordered
to the Tuscarora, then fit ting out at Mare island. Cal..
for the South Pacific. Remaining on that station
until June, 1869, he was ordered to the West Indies,
am1 there employed during the summer in connection
with the negotiations for the proposed annexation of
San Dominiro. < 'liaihviek was promoted lieutenant-
commander in March, ISIul, when he was ordered
home, and detailed as one of the officers of the newly-
organized torpedo station at Newport, R. I. In
1*70 he was ordered to the Guerriere, in which In-
served on the European station until March, 1872.
In September of that year he became instructor in
mathematics at the U. S. Naval Academy, anil re-
mained there until May, 187o, when, as executive
officer, he joined the Powhatan on the north At-
lantic station. Leaving her in November, 1878, a
year's leave was granted him; and spending this in
Europe, he was ordered to report upon the " training-
systems" of England, France and Germany, prepar-
ing a work still recognized as a standard on the sub-
ject. In 1879 he was for a short time at the Brooklyn
navy yard and was then transferred to the 8d light-
house district as assistant inspector, a duty in which
he was instrumental in effecting the cession to the
U. S. government of Coaster's harbor island, since
used as the shore-station for the training of naval
apprentice boys. In July, 1882, he made a tour of
the northern capitals of Europe to report on their-
life-saving and lighthouse systems. In the fall of
1882 he was appointed naval attache to the Ameri-
can legation in London, where he remained until
April, 1889. Sec. Tracy, in his annual report for
1889, says : "At the very time when the first cruisers
were being designed, the department took steps to
supply its want of experience by the systematic ac-
quisition of information as to naval progress abroad.
The establishment of the office of naval intelligence
and the assignment of naval attaches to duty in
Europe, both of which measures date from 1882,
have been of incalculable value in the work of re-
construction, and it is proper to refer especially to
the untiring aud successful efforts of Comr. Chad-
wick, the first attache sent out, whose extraordinary
ability and judgment during six years of difficult
service in England and on the Continent have had a
lasiing influence upon naval development in this
country." Sec. Whitney ordered him to the command
of the Vorktowu, attached to the squadron of evolu-
tion under Adm. Walker, popularly known as the
"while squadron." While attached to this he
made a cruise in the Mediterranean and the Gulf of
Mexico. In 1891 he was a member of the first board
which established the labor organization of the navy
yards on its present, civil service basis, and was in-
spector of ships building at the New York yard ;
the battleship Maine was building during this period.
Capt. Chadwick was also senior member of a board
on ship's boats, until September, 1892, when he was
ordered as chief intelligence officer in the navy de-
partment, succeeding Comr. Chas. Henry Davis.
Pres. Cleveland appointed him chief of the bureau of
equipment, July 1, 1893, as successor to Com. George
Dewey. In September. 1897, having left the bureau
of equipment, he was appointed member of a board
in recommend the number and character of dry-
docks desirable ; the country having been much
aroused on this subject by the Indiana's going to
Halifax to be docked, there being nothing large
enough to receive her in the United States. A four
months' leave which lie then took was broken in
upon by orders to command the New York, the flag-
ship of the north Atlantic squadron, under Adm.
Sicard. Tin Maine was destroyed in Havana harbor
while the squadron was at Dry Tort u gas, and Capt.
Chadwick was appointed a member of the board of
inquiry into that disaster. The judicial tone of the
report' of the board was much praised, but it could
OF A.MKKH AN BIOGRAPHY.
17
not avert the war, which the horrors sulTered bv
such near neighbors of our country had made inevi-
table. During the Spanish- American war he served,
in addition to being in coiiHiiand ot 'I lie New York, as
chief of stall' to Ail in. Sampson, who hadalwavs In en
a warm personal friend, and was in all the most
serious ennauements in which the squadron took
part. While on the blockade ,,11' Santiago, know-ing
thai all in forma I ion came to ilie llai^ship and that t In-
other ships were enl ire]\ without news, lie added l<i
his other duties that of writing a dailv liulletin
of all occurrences ol the previous day. 'This was
printed on the New York and distributed to the
other ships, where Hie papers were eagerlj lend
lie was recommended liy the |rresi,lcn(, among
others of the ollieeix ,,|' ihe north Atlantic .si|uailnni,
to he promoted live numbers for his conduct in hat-
tie. Capt. Chadwick was married, in November,
1878, to Cornelia Jones, daughter of John Illeeekcr
Miller, of Utica, N. Y.
COOK, Francis Augustus, naval olliccr. was
horn at Northampton, Mass., Mav io, INI::, -on ,,f
llenjaniin Kly and Eli/.abclh (Gnffln) Cook, liolh
parents were natives of \ew York stale. His father
ser\ed for many years in the mililia. tirsi of New
York and later of .\Ia--achu-eiis, linallv all.aininir
the rank and title of general. Early in' life, while
captain of a company at Hudson, N". Y., he was ap-
pointed to cscon lie, i. Lafayette thence to Albany.
('apt. Cook is eighth in de-
scent from Kills ( 'imk. an carlv
settler of Salem, .Mass. His
great grandfather. Col. Kllis
< !ook, of tin- eastern haltali.ni
of \ew Jersey, served lllnh I
Gen. Philip Sehuyler in the
revolution, anil another of the
family, hearing -the same name,
was attached to the stall' of
(!en. Washington; his grand-
lathcr was Dr. Geor'e W.
Cook, of Hyde I'ark, X. Y.
Educated in the public and
hiirh schools and Dudley In-
stil ulc of his native low n, Fran-
cis A. Conk entered the I". S.
Naval Acailemv. Annapolis.
M.I.. Sept. 20, I siio. Owing to
the civil war, the academy was
removed to Newport, R. ]..
in 1*111, and the course shortened one year, so as
to graduate Cook's class in ],*<;:!. AmonV his class-
males were Charles 1) Sigsbee. Charles K. Clark,
A. S. Crowninshield and others, made notable hetore
or during the Spanish-American war After liis
graduation he was promoted ensign in October,
1*6:'.. and attached to the west Gulf blockading
squadron, with which he served during the next two
\eats, being successively attached to ihe steamsloop
Seminole, the gunboat Genesee and the steam sloop
Lackawanna. He performed blockade duty off the
coast of Texas and was present at the battle of .Mo-
bile bay. Late in 18G5, lie was attached to the
Vanderbilt, flagship of Com. John Rodgers, which,
in company with the monitors Monadnock. Powha-
tan and Tdscarora, made the vovaue from Philadel-
phia to San Francisco through the si rails of Magel-
lan. They witnessed the bombardment of Valparaiso
Dy the Spanish fleet, which Rodgers would have
stopped by armed interference but for the refusal of
the English admiral to cooperate. On Nov. 10, 1866,
Cook was promoted master on the Saranac; on Feb. 21,
1867, he was commissioned lieutenant; on March 12,
1868, lieutenant-commander, and during 1867-68
was attached to the north Atlantic squadron. The
year 1869 he passed as instructor in mathematics at
VOL. ix.— a.
the I'. S. Naval Academy, and then having been
aiiain oideied to the I'acilie station, was navigator
of the Saranac i 1*70-71 i; attached to the recei •. ,
ship Independence d*72i, and to the Richmond of
the SOUth Pacific station ( 1*72-74). He Was on Hie
receiving- ship Sabine at I'orts ith. N. II. (1*75-76);
being transferred to the 1101 1 li At lanlic station, he
was lAccuiivc of Ihe Plymouth (ls~li-7S), after
which, for four years (1879 83), he was in charge o|
the departmenl of seamanship at the U. S. Naval
Academy. In I iciober, l**l, he w as [iromoted i om
mander, and for three years ilSSH-Sfi) was inspector
Oi the llth lighthouse district with headquarters at
i
Detroit. During the next three \ ear- lie saw arduous
service as commanding officer Ot the sloop Ranger on
special sin \e\ service along the COaSl of Lower ( 'a I i-
1 01 nia, lii 1889 he was ordered to lii.-ion a~ inspector
ofordnance at the Charh-slow n navy yard. lie re-
mained i here until 1893, when he was appointed to the
» -poiisihle position of assistant to Kear-Adm. liain-
.1 •• ' liief of ' he bureau of navigation in Washington,
D. ( '. When the cruiser Brooklyn was put in com
mission, on Dee, 1, 1*'.M!. Cook was chosen to com-
mand her. and in Ihe following summer represented
'-, 1 1 ic i ican navy at the jubilee 01 (^ui-eii \ ietoria.
From that time until March. 1MIS. he was luty
principally with Ihe th Atlantic squadron, and
then repairing: to Hampton lioads, Ya., joined the
"flying squadron." assembling under command of
Com. Schlev. (apt. Cook coinmanded the Brook-
lyn through Ihe led ion- In e w . eks' blockade of San-
tiago, and brought her Io Ihe front of the line of
battleships on the memorable day of the battle with
( lei vera's licet. The I'.rookh n pursued the Cristobal
Colon until she ran ashore a! l!io TarquinO, fifty-
five miles from Mono Caslle, Santiago, and Capt.
Cook "."in:: aboard received the surrender of her
commander. Capi. Moreu. At the close of the war
he was relievc-d ol sea duty at his own request and
appointed Io the I". S. naval examining board. On
Sept. 2, 1.*6s. Capt. Cook was married to Carrie
Earle, of San Francisco, Cal. The\ have two sons,
Frank and Earle. both in the naval service, and
both served on the blockade of Cuba.
WAIN WRIGHT, Richard, naval officer, w as
born in Washington, D. C. He entered the U. S.
Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md.. Sept. 2*, 1*64,
and being graduated in 1*HS, was immediately as-
signed to Ins first duty on the Jamestown, of the
I'aei'ie squadron. In 1869he was promoted ensign,
and in the following year was ordered to duty in the
hydrographic bureau at Washington and promoted
master. During 1870-72 he served on board the
Colorado, of the Asiatic fleet, being commissioned
lieutenant in the latter year, and, in 1873, ordered
back to the hydrographic bureau. He was in com-
mand of the coast survey vessel Arago (1875-78);
was flag lieutenant to the admiral commanding the
Asiatic station (1878-81); attached to the bureau of
navigation (1881-84); and on the Tennessee at tlie
nortii Atlantic station (1884-85). For one year fol-
18
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
lowing lie acteri as secretary to Rear-Ailm. J. E.
Jouett, of the north Atlantic squadron; in 1888-90
was on duty at the U. S. Naval Academy; com-
manded the Alert, on special service (1890-93); was
again in the hydrographic bureau (1893-96), and was
chief intelligence officer (1890-97). In December,
1897, he was ordered to the battleship Maine as ex-
ecutive officer, and was on board that ill-fated ves-
sel when she was destroyed in Havana harbor, Feb.
15, 1898. He was appointed in May, 1898, to the
command of the converted yacht Gloucester, which
was attached to Adm. Sampson's squadron block-
ading the harbor of Santiago, Cuba, throughout the
mouUi of June, 1898, and accomplished splendid
work in the battle with Adm. Cervera's fleet on July
3d. Even at frequent risk of receiving the fire of
the American battleships, she threw herself courage-
ously upon the two torpedo-boat destroyers, Furor
and Plutou, which, through their reputation, had be-
come a terror to the fleet. So effective was the rain
of her rapid-fire projectiles that both vessels swung
their helms with one accord and ran for the shore"
The Plutou having her rudder shot away rushed
around in a circle until a shell from one of the bat-
tleships penetrated her magazine and sent her to the
bottom. The Furor drove upon the rocks where she
pounded to pieces. When the brief but decisive con-
flict was over the Gloucester, steaming under the
bow of the flagship Maria Teresa, sent out boats to
rescue the drowning sailors from the water, and the
officers and men still clinging to the wreck. Among
those of the officers who had reached the shore was
Adm. Cervera, who was taken aboard the Gloucester
and afterwards sent to the Iowa. The Gloucester
later saw active service in the attacks on the defences
of Porto Rico, and some of her men first raised the
American flag on that island. In December, 1898,
the city council of Gloucester, Mass., presented to
Comr. Waiuwright a handsome silver cup as a
souvenir of his distinguished braverv and pa-
triotism.
SHAFTER, William Rufus, soldier, was born
In Kalamazoo, Mich., Oct. 16, 1835, son of. Hugh and
Eliza Shafter. His father was a frontier farmer, and
after a good educational training in such schools as
the neighborhood afforded, he began life in the same
calling. On the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted
in the 7th Michigan infantry, which was mustered
into service Aug. "22, 1861, for a term of three years.
He was appointed majorof the 19th Michigan infan-
try, Sept. 5, 1862; was promoted lieutenant-colonel,
June 5, 1863, and honorably discharged, April 18,
1864. On the following day he was commissioned
colonel of the 17th U. S. regular infantry; received (lie
brevet of brigadier- general, March 13," 1865, and was
honorably mustered out, Nov. 2. 1866, the war having
closed. On Jan. 26, 1867, he again entered the service
I as lieutenant-colonel .if the 41st U. S. infantry. Dur-
ing the civil war he ;aw service at the siege of York-
town, in the action at West Point, and in the battles of
Fair Oaks, Savage station, Glendale and Malvern hill.
Transferred to the army of the southwest; he was en-
gaged in the action at Thompson station, Tenu. ;
being taken prisoner in March, 1863, was held captive
two months. He was brevetted colonel, March 2,
1867, "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the
battle of Fair Oaks, Va.,"and received the brevet of
brigadier-general of volunteers, March 13, 1865, "for
gallant anil meritorious services during the war."
On April 14, 1869, he was assigned to the 24th infan-
try, and March 4, 1S7!», was appointed colonel of the
1st infantry. The outbreak of the Spanish-American
war found him in command at San Francisco, having
been promoted brigadier-general, May 3, 1897. In
April, 1898, he was summoned to Washington by
the war department, and on the 25th of the month
received orders to take command of the first expedi-
tion to Cuba, which was then organizing for the
1'in pose of examining the ground anil taking supplies
to the insurgents. On April 29th Gen. Shafter es-
tablished his headquarters at Tampa, Fla., when/ lie
remained, awaiting definite orders, until more than a
mouth had elapsed. Meantime, a fleet of trans-
ports were being collected at Tampa; the last days
of May and first of June were spent in hurried prep'a-
rations for sailing, and on June 12th thirty-two
transports left Tampa, having on board 819 officers
and 15,058 enlisted men, besides clerks, teamsters,
packers and other attaches. Eighty-nine war corre-
spondents and a number of foreign 'officers accompa-
nied the expedition, which was the largest that had
ever left our shores. It arrived at Daiquiri. Cuba,
June 21st, being landed as speedily as possible, and
rapidly advanced toward Santiago. Siboney was
captured by Gen. Lawton's division on the 23d. The
time occupied in lauding the troops prevented a gen-
eral advance movement ; but by Gen. Shaffer's
orders, Gen. Lawton's division held the advance,
supported by Bates' command, with Gen. Kent's
division near Siboney and Gen. Wheeler's near Dai-
quiri ; the Spanish defenses being all under the fire
of the fleet, for nearly twenty miles along the coast,
from Daiquiri to Cabanas. The atl'air at Guasinias
occurred June 24th, and the great battle of El
Caney and San Juan hill on July 1st. Gen. Shafter,
witli his staff, had gone within 200 yards of the
Spanisli pickets on the day before to thoroughly
examined the ground, and on his
return called his division command-
ers together and outlined his plan
for the battle, which was to begin
with a combined attack of infantry
and artillery, and continued with
a movement against San Juan
heights. Being so ill as to be
incapable of severe physical exertion,
he communicated his orders during
the fierce fighting that ensued and
kept in touch with the front through
his aids and by a telephone laid*for
the purpose. El Caney fell in the
afternoon of July 1st, leaving the
block-house on San Juan hill also in
the hands of the Americans, who
then held the entire line of hills along
the S-in Juan river, about a mile from
Santiago. Firing continued on the
morning of the 2d. and on the 3d Gen. Shafter sent
a letter to Gen. Toral, in command of the Spanish
forces in Santiago, demanding his surrender. This
was refused, but the flight of Cervera's fleet, and
its total destruction, changed the situation materi-
ally, and after much correspondence and negotiation
between the two commanders, Santiago was surren-
dered on .Inly Kith. On the following day the city
was occupied by the American forces. When Gen.
Shafter returned from Cuba he was in command st
('amp Wikolf, Montauk Point. N. Y., but he re-
mained there only ten days, when he succeeded Gen.
Merrill in the command of the department of the
East, Sept. 11, 1898. In January, 1899, he returned
to San Francisco to resume his old position as com-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
19
mandini: general of the district of tlie departments
of Calit'oniia and Columbia.
WHEELER, Joseph, soldier and statesman,
was born at Augusta, Ga., Sept. ID, 1836, youngest son
of Joseph and Julia Kuox (Hull) Wheeler. Henum-
bers among his Anu-i ican ancestors i ii i less than t\\ elve
early settlers of New England: Moses Wheeler,
Richard Hull, John Fuller, Andrew Smith, Thomas
I her, Peter Johnson, Edward Woosler, Edward
Riggs, John and Edward Jackson, Francis Nichols
and John Newgate. These men were among the
earliest and most substantial settlers of Newton,
Roxburyand Boston, in Massachusetts; and of Strat-
ford, New Haven, Derby, Fairtield and Wallingford,
in Connecticut, having settled in those localities dur-
ing the period between 1630 and 1660. The mother
of John N'ewirate, mentioned above, was Joan,
daughter of Guallher de I loo, of Suffolk, England,
a large landholder, and was a descendant of one of
the most famous families in England. Gen \\ heeler's
lather removed when young to Augusta, Ga. After
attending schools in New England, including the
Episcopal Academy at Cheshire. Conn., and in New
York state, Joseph Wheeler entered tile I . S. Mili-
tary Academy, West Point, where he was graduated
in IHfiil. lie wa- assigned lo the dragoons, and
spent a year at the school for cavalry practice at
Carlisle, Pa.; then served in Kansas and New
Mexico in several scout ins: expeditions against the In-
dians. On April3, 1801, he was appointed first lieu-
tenant of arlillen in the Confederate army, having
on Feb. 27th resigned his position in the I'. S. army.
On Sept. 4th he was commissioned colonel of the
19th Alabama infantry, and became attached to the
army of the Mississippi. At the batlli of Shiloh,
Temi., April 6-7, 1862, in which he commanded a
brigade, he had two horses .shot under him, and dis-
tinsiuished himself in the last charge made and by
the capture of Gen. Benjamin M. Prentis-' div:-ion.
From his valor on this occasion he received the cog-
nomen of "Fighting Joe." lie was prominenlh en-
gaged in contesting the advance of the Federal arm\
on Corinth, and when the evacuation of that city was
determined on, he was selected by Gen. Beauregard to
cover the retreat. In July he was placed in command
of the cavalry of the army of the Mississippi, and led
several raiding expeditions in western Tennessee and
Kentucky. He again distinguished himself in the
engagements at Green river, Mumfordsville and
Perryville, in the last-named battle holding back an
entire corps of the enemy during the day. The re-
treat of the Confederate forces into Tennessee was
covered by him with marked ability. On Oct. 30th
he was promoted brigadier-general. He resisted
the advance of Gen. Rosecrans' army on Murfrees-
boro, Tenn., and during the eneagements there
(Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 2, 1863) commanded the cav-
alry, attacking the enemy's flanks and raiding in the
rear, capturing many prisoners and destroying hun-
dreds of wagons loaded with supplies. Immediately
after, he destroyed the Federal gunboats and trans-
ports on the Cumberland river. On Jan. 19, 1863,
he was commissioned major-general, and was con-
tinuously engaged in opposing Rosecrans' advance
on Chattanooga. At Cuickamauga, Sept. 18th-20th,
he fought the most desperate cavalry battle of the
war, aud afterwards crossed the Tennessee and at-
tacked the rear of Rosecrans' army, destroying more
than 1.200 wagons with stores, and defeating the
force sent against him. He was driven back, how-
ever, into northern Alabama, but soon returned, un-
der Gen. Bragg's orders, to operate in middle Ten-
nessee. He took part in the siege of Knoxville, and
covered Bragg's retreat from Mission ridge and
Lookout mountain to Dalton, Ga. During the winter
of 1863-64 and the following spring he aided in oppos-
ing Sherman's march ou Atlanta, as commander of
the ca\ah\ o| the right wins;', under Johnston and
Hood, (in 'May !Hh he put tonight 5, 000 Federal caval-
ry am 1 c in May 27th, at Pickett's mill, commanded both
infantry and cavalry, in a severely contested battle
with (Jen. Howard's infantry corps. He covered the
right and centre of the Confederate army in its retreat
across the Chattahoochee.and during the closingdays
of July detcatcd a raiding force, under Gens. Stone-
man, McCook and Canard, taking Sloiieman pris-
oner, with all his artillery anil transportation. In
t lie several fights which occupied the three day- of
this raid, (.Jen. Wheeler captured altogether 3,200
prisoners. In August and September. 1S64, he made
a raid through northern Georgia, parts of Tennt -ss, ,
aud into northern Alabama, i'or the purpose of de-
stroying Sherman's supplies and preventing other*
from leaching him; but he tailed of his object, being
repulsed b\ the Federal troops. He next operated
in front, of Slier man's army, to prevent it foraging and
pillaging; defended Macon, Augusta and Savannah,
and defeated Kilpatiiek at Aiken and Johnsonville,
S. C. On Feb. 28, 18(ir), he was promoted lieutenant-
general. In the operations in North Carolina in
March, 1865, his cavalry division (about IS. (loll elfcc-
li\es) was active in impeding the advance of the
enemy, and at the battle of Beutonville forced a way
for Stewart's and Lee's corps to retreat. He charged
Kilpatrick's troops during Sher-
man's inarch on lialeigh, and
drove them back, this being the
last important ball le in which the
army of th<- Tc •iincs-ee took part.
( »n April 291 h Gen. Wheeler hade
farewell to his corps and toarmy
life, having been under tire in
over MIO skirmishes and com-
manded in more than 2011 battles.
In ISlis he settled at Wheeler,
Lawrence CO., Ala., where he.
studied law, and on his admission
to the bar. opened olliees both
at that place and at Courtland.
At the Fourth of July cele-
bration at Montgomery, in 1879,
Gen. Wheeler was the orator
of the day, and expressed the
hope that those who had fought
against each other would clasp hands as brothers
and swear fidelity to the principles pledged by
their forefathers. And again, in 1881, when the So
eiely of the Cumberland was about to hold its first
reunion in the South, at Chattanooga, Gen. Wheeler
wrote an eloquent letter, urging ex-Confederate sol-
diers to give their late foes a hospitable welcome
and to attend the exercises. During the presidential
campaign of 1880 Gen. Wheeler took the stump, aud
made some of the ablest speeches that were deliv-
ered. He waselected, asa Democrat, to the 47th con-
gress by a small plurality over the Greenback- Demo-
crat candidate, aud took his seat Dec. 5, 1881, but
was unseated by W. M. Lowe, June 3, 1882. On
the death of Mr. Lowe, a few months later, he was
re-elected, and in 1884 was returned to the 49th con-
gress. He was steadily re-elected, and was serving
when the war with Spain broke out. Several times
before that, when there was an indication of conflict
with another nation, he had promptly offered his
services to the national government, and even at a
time when the law prohibited his being commis-
sioned, which would have compelled him to serve as
a private. In April, 1898, he again volunteered
for duty in the invasion of Cuba, and was appointed
major general of volunteers on May 2d. The ap-
pointment being confirmed on May 4th, he was
assigned to the command of the cavalry division
about to leave for Cuba. With his staff he disein-
20
THE NATIONAL CYCLUP/EDIA
barked at Daiquiri, June 22u. Ou the 24th lie was
engaged in the skirmish at Guasimas, which he had
planned; with 964 dismounted cavalry routing 2,000
Spaniards, under the command of Lieut. -Gen. Lin-
arcs, and thus opening the road to Santiago. Imme-
diately after, lie was ordered to take command of all
troops on shore and throw them forward as far as
could be done without risking contact with the
enemy. In the first engagement at San Juan, July
1st. lie was senior in command, and was engaged all
da}-. Even after dark he remained on the advance
line to get up intrenching tools and to encourage the
construction of breast-
works. He was equal-
ly active during the
engagement on the
3d, and the result
was to leave the
Americans in posses-
sion of the Spanish
position in front of
Santiago. In his or-
der regarding the bat-
tle of San Juan, Gen.
Shatter said : " To
Maj -Gen. Wheeler,
of the cavalry divi-
sion, was given prob-
ably the most diffi-
cult task, that of
crossing a stream un-
der fire and deploying
under the enemy's
rifle pits. These lie
immediately charged,
and carried in the
most, gallant manner, driving the enemy from his
strong positions to the shelter of stronger works in the
rear." On July 13th, with Gens. Shatter and Miles, ho
held a conference between the lines with Gen. Toral,
and on the 15i.li was appointed senior of a com mission
to negotiate the terms of capitulation, the other mem-
bers being Gen. Lawton and Lieut. J. D. Milcy,
2d artillery, aide-de-camp, lie dictated terms for
an immediate capitulation in form similar to those
adopted on the 16th. <*n Aug. 1st a meeting of the
officers at Santiago was called by Gen. Lawton, for
the purpose of establishing the Society of the Army
of Santiago, of which Gen. Wheeler was unanimously
chosen chairman, and later he was elected vice-
president, with Gen. Shatter as permanent president.
Alter Santiago capitulated. Gen Wheeler, on Aug.
8th, sailed with his command for Montauk point.
L. I. He was placed in command of the troops at
Camp WikolT, having general supervision until the
troops were mustered out, and on Oct. 5th was placed
in command of the 4th army corps. Soon after his
return to Alabama he was unanimously renominated
for congress, and received the votes of all the politi-
cal factions of his district, this being his tenth elec-
tion. He published, in 1898, "The Santiago Cam-
paign." Gen. Wheeler was married, at Wheeler,
Ala., in istili, to Daniella, daughter of Richard and
Liucy W. (Early) Jones. Her father, a resident of
Lawrence county, was a son of Harrison Jones, of
Virginia, a revolutionary soldier, and her mother was
a daughter of Gov. Peter Early, of Georgia. Mr-.
Wheeler was al-o descended from prominent set-
tlers of Virginia: Ebene/.er Adams, Richard C'ocke,
Matthew Edloe and Nicholas Smith, all of whom
came to this country within twenty year- of the date
of the first settlement in Virginia. Another noted
ancestor was Jeremiah Early, who emigrated from
Ireland and settled in Virginia about the year
1720. Mrs. AVhcelcr's grandfather was Harrison
Jones, who lost a leg at the battle of Guilford
Court House. March 15, 1781. She died, May 19,
1896, leaving two sons, Joseph and Thomas H., and
four daughters, Lucy Louise, Annie Early, Julia
Hull and Carrie Peyton. Joseph, a graduate 'of West
Point in 1895, is lieutenant of artillery in the U S.
army- He was brevetted and promoted for gallantry
at San Juan. Thomas H. entered the Naval Acade-
my at Annapolis in 1897, but left it to serve on the
cruiser Columbia. He later joined his father at Camp
Wikoff, where he was drowned while bathing, Sept.
12. 1S98. The second daughter, Annie Early Wheeler,
volunteered as a nurse dining the war with Spain,
and did noble work in the hospitals of Cuba ami
Montauk.
WOOD, Leonard, surgeon and soldier, was born
at Winchester, N. H.. Oct. 9, 1860, son of Charles
J.and Caroline E. (Hagar) Wood. He was educated
in the public schools of Massachusetts, and made his
medical studies at the Harvard Medical School,
where he was graduated in 1883. For one year
I hereafter lie was house surgeon at. the Boston City
Hospital, and then began the general practice of
his profession in Boston. At the end of another
year, however, he -began his military service by
joining the army as a contract surgeon, in June,
1885, iiaviug been appointed lieutenant and assistant
surgeon on Jan. nth. The fortunes of war cast his
l"i with (Jen. Miles, and he was sent out with Law-
ton's expedition against the Apaches under Gero-
nimo, in the summer of 1886, commanding the in-
fan'ry, and at times the scouts. To the time of his
appointment he had displayed no special military
faculty, but, as his record proved, needed only the
opportunity. This he gained through the scouting
and fighting which his regiment experienced in the
southwestern territories against the most ruthless
and bloodthirsty Indian tribe in North America.
During the terrible forced marches through the arid
country which characterizes the mountainous dis-
tricts of Arizona, New Mexico and Northern Mexico,
Wood displayed a capacity for endurance which
aroused the wonder, not. only of the hardy frontiers-
men, but of the friendly Indian trailers who accom-
panied the expedition. In him they speedily recog-
nized the born fighter and commander, with the
result that he was selected as the most available
officer to command expeditions
chosen for specially arduous and
dangerous duty. Throughout
the campaign he followed the
fortunes and endured the hard-
ships of his men, making him-
self one of them in all their du-
ties, while displaying his inborn
instinct for command anil admin
istration wherever such oppor-
tunity fell to his lot. By the
close of the campaign, with its
wonderfully successful capture
of Geronimo and his men. Wood
had gained the admiration and
entire confidence of his supe-
rior officers, from the command-
in^ general down, and the all'ec
tionate loyalty of his fellow-sol-
diers. He had also won that
most desired decoration of the soldier, the medal of
honor. Thereafter he continued the practice of his
profession until the outbreak of the Spanish-Ameri-
can war, and then grasped an opportunity which
brought him world-wide fame. He was at this time
a close friend of Theodore Roosevelt, and, as the
probabilities of the \\ ar increased, these two devised
the scheme for the organization which proved so
efficient in action and gained such high renown
under the name of "Rough Riders," with Leonard
Wood as colonel and Theodore Roosevelt lieutenant-
colonel. It was projected as a cavalry regiment,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
and its ranks were recruited from among noted
characters, such as cowboys, adventurers, scouts
and others, wlio hastened to join from every state
and territory in the West, while not a few young
men of wealth ami posiiion in New York and other
eastern cities, gladly availed themselves of the oppor-
tunity to put in practice the skill in horsemanship
and use of the rifle, which they had gained in western
ranch life. It was, therefore, a peculiar fact that
their experience of actual warfare should be gained
on foot. The story of the " Rough Riders" was
written in blood in front of Santiago, and is a record
of bravery and daring from the tirsl skirmish of the
war, in which several of their number perished, to
the end of the campaign. Although composed very
largely of men who hail never seen service, the regi-
ment so distinguished iiself as to elicit praise from
the most experienced oil'n-ers of the regular army.
At Guasimas the 1st volunteer cavalry, as it was
termed, behaved magnificently, and in the attack on
San .(nan Hill was in the severest of the righting.
Col. Wood was promoted brigadier general afler
San Juan Hill for service there and at (inasimas.
At San Juan he commanded • of the two brigades
that made up (Jen. Wheeler's cavalry division, and
after the .surrender of Santiago was appninlei' to the
command of the city. Here bis remarkable gifts for
administration were given full scope, and the skill
with which lie handled his complicated and difficult
duties made such a marked impression upon ilie
American goven nt that, on Oct. !>, 1S!IS. he was
officially assigned to command Ilie department of
Santiago. This appointment made him at once
commanding general of the department, civil gover-
nor of the province and military governor of the
city; and in the exercise of all liiese powerful and
difficult fi met ions (Jen. Wood continued to show the
same cool, clear-headed judicial ability which had
already made him famous. The skill with which lie
gradually brought the people of Santiago to accept-
ance of such sanitary and other necessary conditions
as he imposed upon them awakened general admira-
tion; while the evident nobility and integrity of his
character and his painstaking efforts to preserve
order and facilitate commerce in the interest of his
department, aroused a responsive sense of appreeia
tion which brought him into most cordial and .satis-
factory relations with the people. Holding the
difficult position of mediator in all the personal and
and political quarrels which were continually crop-
ping out within his jurisdiction, the success with
which he managed to reconcile them and still keep
all parlies his friends and admirers, was nothing less
than marvelous. To use his own words, Gen. Wood
consistently "tried to impress upon the people that
the first thiug they had to do was to learn to get to
govern themselves, and that the underlying principle
of self-government was thorough respect for civil
law." In writing of his old commander and friend,
Col. Roosevelt said: "Gen. Wood, by his energy,
his firmness, his common sense, and his moderation,
has succeeded in working as great an improvement
as was possible in so short a time. By degrees he
has substituted the best Cubans he cati find in the
places both of the old Spanish officials and of the
Americans who were put in temporary control. He
permits not the slightest violence either on the part
of the American soldiers or of the inhabitants; he
does absolute, even justice to all." With such a
record, it was no wonder that Gen. Wood should be
held up before his own people and the world as the
model of what an American administrator in a
foreign land should be. Gen. Wood was made
major-general on Dec. 8, 1898, for service at Sauti
ago. He was married, Nov. 18, 1890, at Washing-
ton, D. C. , to Louisa A. Condit, daughter of John
CoucMt Smith, of Buffalo. N. Y. They have two sons.
ROOSEVELT, Theodore, thirty-fourth gover-
nor of New York (IS'.tS- >, was born in New Vork
city, Oct. 27, 1858, of Dutch and Scotch Irish ances-
try. Klaas Marlensen Roosevelt came to Ameiiea
from Holland, in 1649. His son, Nicholas, was
an alderman of the Leislerian party, and, al-
though a burgher of the " major i in I it," lie espoused
the popular side in the contest of the colonies
with the mother country. After him came Jo-
hannes and then Jacobus Roosevelt, father and
son, who attained no special prominence; and next
James 1. Roosevelt, who was a captain in the New
Vork state troops during the revolution, and of
blood relationship lo the Bogerls, Van Schaicks,
Verplanks, Van Dykes and Sehuylers, prominent in
the history of Manhattan island. Then came Cor-
nelius Van Schaick Roosevelt, who wedded Mar-
garet Barnhill, of Scotch-Irish blood, from Penn-
sylvania. Her grandfather was Thomas Potts, a.
member of the Continental congress. Next in de-
scenl was Theodore Roosevelt, the father of the
governor, who wedded Martha, daughter of James
and Marlba (Oswald) Bulloch, of Roswcll. (Ja. His
grandfather was Daniel Stewart, who joined Hie
revolutionary army when a boy, and was captured
by the British, but escaped from a prison-ship, and
afterwards served as a captain under Sumter and
Marion. Martha Bulloch's paternal grandfather
was James Bulloch. who was a captain in Ilie
Georgia and Virginia troops in the revolutionary
war, and a member of the Society
of the Cincinnati. James Bulloch's
father was Archibald Bulloch. first
revolutionary governor of Georgia,
whose wife was Mary de Vaux,
am! her paternal grandfather was
a Huguenot, who tied from France
after the revocation of the Edict
of Nantes. Her maternal grand-
father was Edward Bellinger, one
of the ( 'arolina landgraves. Archi-
bald Bulloch's lather was James
Bulloch, who came from Scotland
about 1715, and became a member
of the Georgia provincial con-
gressand was of blood relationship
lo the Douglasses, Baillies and
other prominent Scotch families.
Thus, Theodore Roosevelt comes from a stock that
has been noted for generations for the instincts of
freedom, the traditions of patriotism and upright-
ness of conduct. By all the laws of heredity
he is a natural leader, providentially prepared to
assist in stemming the flood of political and civic
corruption. He was primarily educated at home,
under private teachers, and then entered Harvard.
He was one of the editors of the undergraduate jour-
nal. "The Advocate," and was prominent in ath-
letics. After graduation, in 1880, he spent a year in
study and travel, and has since been a persistent
student even under the pressure of official life, and at
intervals an ardent traveler in both Europe and
America. For many years he has been deeply inter-
ested in the purification of political and official life
and the application of civil-service rules to executive
conduct. As an intimate associate and friend of
George William Curtis, his scholastic and oratorical
abilities brought him to the front as a prominent
champion of civil-service principles. He served as
assemblyman in the New York legislature during
the years 1882-83-84. He introduced the first civil
service bill in the legislature, and it was passed in
1883, almost simultaneously with the passage of a
similar measure in the national congress at Wash-
ington. He was chairman of the New York delega-
tion to the national Republican convention in 1884.
He was nominated for mayor of NewT York city in
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1886 as an Independent, and although endorsed by
the Republicans, was defeated in the election. In
May, 1889, Pres. Harrison appointed him civil ser-
vice commissioner, and lie served as president of the
board until May, 1895. During his incumbency he
was untiring in his endeavors to apply the civil-ser-
vice principles of merit and capacity to all executive
departments, with the aggregate result that instead
of 14,000 employes, as when he began, 40,000 tilled
their positions under its rules, largely through the
permissive clause of the civil-service act. Legis-
lative investigation having disclosed the appalling
corruption of the New York city police, he resigned
this position to become president of the New York
board of police commissioners in May, 1895, and be-
gan the work of reorganization with characteristic
vigor. The prominent features of his administration
were impartial and relentless enforcement of laws
and ordinances, an insistence upon rigid honesty and
fearlessness in the discharge of the duties of the
police, and a rigorous application of civil-service
principles in appointments to and promotions on the
force. Such drastic changes from previous practice
in the department raised violent opposition among the
base and \inthinkingclasses, which served only to in-
cline Pres. Roosevelt's purpose more strongly toward
the enforcement of law and equity. Heretofore it had
been considered that an effectual and impartial en-
forcement of the excise law was a moral and physi-
cal impossibility. In a short time he proved that
universal Sunday-closing of saloons was a fact, and
a quiet and respectable American Sabbath possible.
In 1897 Mr. Roosevelt resigned this position to be-
come assistant secretary of the navy, and to him
was largely due the splendid condition of the United
States navy when the war with Spain began.
Shortly after he assumed his duties he asked for
an appropriation of $800,000 for ammunition for
practical target shooting in the navy, and a few
months later for another appropriation of $500,000 for
the same purpose. The results at Manila and San-
tiago justified what was considered at the time reck-
less extravagance. At his suggestion Com. Dewey
was placed in charge of the Asiatic squadron, and
furnished with additional ammunition. When the
war with Spain broke out in 1898 Mr. Roosevelt re-
signed (May 6th), to enter the army, and began the
formation of a volunteer cavalry regiment. The
Rough Riders, as they were called, were chiefly
western cowboys and hunters, chosen for their cour-
age and endurance; but they were joined by men
from every part of the country, and representing
every nationality and social grade. Roosevelt had
been a member of the 8th regiment, N. Y. N. G. ,
from 1884 until 1888, and for a time had served as
captain, thus gaining experience in military matters.
The regiment was commanded by Col. Wood, of the
regular army, with Roosevelt second in command
as lieutenant-colonel, and on June loth a part of the
troops embarked from Tampa with the advance
guard of Shafter's invading army. The Rough
Riders took part in all the engagements preceding
the fall of Santiago, and at the battle of San Juan,
July 1st, Col. Roosevelt distinguished himself by lead-
ing the desperate rhargr of the 9th cavalry and the
Rough Ridersup San Juan hill. Every hardship
experienced by the privates was shared by him. and
to make the government realize the danger from dis-
ease to which Shafter's army was exposed, he broke
official rules, sending a vigorous personal complaint
to the secretary of war, and initiating a round-robin,
signed by various officers, the result being that the
army was recalled. On July llth he was com-
missioned colonel. On Sept. 27, 1898, Col. Rodse-
velt was nominated for governor of New York state,
receiving 753 votes to 218 cast for Gov. Frank S.
Black. His Democratic opponent was Judge Augus-
tus Van Wyck. Col. Roosevelt entered into the
campaign with great enthusiasm, visiting nearly
every part of the state. He drew to his support the
majority of the independent Republicans and many
of the Democrats, and carried New York by a plu-
rality of 18,079. Like many other men born to
wealth and social prominence, Col. Roosevelt might
have readily lapsed into habits of indolence ; but,
coming of a race whose mental and physical endur-
ance is seemingly inexhaustible, he is incessantly
industrious. He owns a ranch on the little Missouri
river in North Dakota, and has a personal acquaint-
ance with life on (he plains and in the wilderness.
As a daring hunter of "big game" he is a con-
spicuous figure among American sportsmen, and the
trophies of the chase that adorn his home at Saga-
more hill, near Oyster Bay, L. I., testify to the
skill with which he handles a rifle. He organized
the Boone and Crockett Club, and was long its
president. He has described his varied experiences
most entertainingly in "Hunting Trips of a Ranch
man" (1883); "Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail"
(1888), and the "Wilderness Hunter" (1893). His
first work was published the year after he left col-
lege, and was entitled, "The Naval War of 1812."
As a biographer he has been highly praised for his
" Life of Thomas H. Beuton " (1886), and "Life of
Gouverneur Morris" (1888), in the "American
Statesmen" series. He has also published a "His-
tory of the City of New York" (1890); "Essays on
Practical Politics" (1892); "American Political
Ideals " (1898), and has collaborated with Capt. A.
T. Mahan in writing the "Imperial History of the
British Navy" ; he is also joint author with Henry
Caliot Lodge of "Hero Tales from American His-
tory." The most important of his works, however,
are the four volumes bearing the collective title,
"The Winning of the West." These have for
their subject the acquisition by the United States
of the territory west of the Allegheuies, and in their
intrinsic merit, and their importance as contribu-
tions to history, they rank with the works of Park-
man. His books have been characterized as " marked
by felicity, vigor and clearness of expression, with
descriptive power"; his historical writings being fur-
ther praised for their " accurac_y, breadth and fair-
ness. " ' ' The Rough Riders " (1899) is a volume which
will keep its place among the authoritative records
of the Spanish- American war. " It will be generally
conceded, " says a reviewer, ' ' that it forms one of the
most thrilling pieces of military history produced in
recent years." Col. Roosevelt has lectured before
the Lowell Institute, of Boston, and main- other
learned associations. He is a member of the Re-
formed Church (Dutch), with which his family has
been connected for generations. He holds member-
ship in the Union League Club, the Century Asso-
ciation, the Holland Society, and other organiza-
tions in New York city, and in the London Alpine
Club. He is a trustee of the American Museum
of Natural History in New York, and is on the
board of the State Charities' Aid Association.
Columbia University awarded him the degree of
LL.D. in 181111. He was married, when a young
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
man, to Alice Lee, of Boston, who died two years
later, leaving a daughter; and again, in 1*86, to
Edith Kerniit Carow, of New York. They have six
children, four of whom are sons.
LUDLOW, William, soldier and military gov-
ernor of Havana, Cnlia. was born at Islip, Long
Island, X. Y., Nov. 21. lS4:i. son e,f William Handy
and Frances Louisa ( Niceill ) Ludlow. His father w as
brevetted major-general for services in the civil war.
Bv both lines he descends from notable colonial
stock. The Ludlows, of English and Welsh extrac-
tion, with family records reaching hack to 1450. win-
early settled in New Amsterdam and Long Island,
where the}' intermarried \viih many old Dutch and
English stocks; the Nicoll family has long been
settled in the neighborhood of Islip. the original
grant having been made in the time of Sir Kiehard
Nicolls, first English governor of New York. Wil-
liam Ludlow entered the U. S. Military Academy as
a cadet, July 1, I**!", ami was graduated June 1!!,
1S(!4, being then promoted lir.st lieutenant of en-
gineers. From July l!)th until September, 1S(!4, he
was chief engineer of the 'JOlli army corps; went
through the campaign in Geeiriria; was present ;il the
battleof Peach -tree creek, and was brevetted captain
Julv 20. 1NI14, " for gallant anil meritorious services
in {he defense of Allatoona pass, Ga.': He partici-
pated in the siege of Atlanta, Ga. (July 23-Sept. '-,
isilli; was in charge of the construction of the de-
fence's of Rome, Ga. (Oct. 4-Nov. 15, 1804); was in
the engagement of Allatoona heights (Oct. 5, isiili.
and was chief engineer of the left wing of the army
of Georgia (Nov. 15, 1864-March 20, 1865). He wa's
brevetted major I>ec. 21, IS04, " for meritorious ser-
vices in the campaign through Georgia in 1864."
From March 20 to April 2(1, 1S05, he- was assistant
chief engineer to Maj.-Gen. W. T. Sherman's army
in the celebrated "march to the sea," terminating
with the surrender of Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21, 1X04,
and the invasion of the Carolinas (.lanuary-M-in h.
1865), and was engaged in the battles of Averys-
borough (March Kith) and ISentonville (March 19,
1865). On March i:{, ixii5, he was brevetted lieu-
tenant-colonel " for gallant and meritorious conduct
in the campaign of the Carolinas." He was at the occu-
pation of Goldsborough, N. I'., March 22, 1S«5, and
present at the capture of Raleigh, N. C., April 13,
1865. After the close of the war he was given a
leave of absence while awaiting orders, which lasted
from April 25 to Nov. 16, 1865. He assisted in
organizing the engineer depot at Jefferson barracks,
Missouri,' from Nov. 19, 1865, to Sept. 4, 1866;
from Dec. 12, 1X65, to November, 18G7, he was
in command of the engineer depot and company E
of the engineer battalion at. Jefferson barracks, Mis-
souri, and in charge of engineer property in Missouri
and Arkansas, and was promoted captain of the
corps of engineers, March 7, 1867. From 1867 to 1872
he was assistant to Gen. Gillmore and in charge of
fortifications and river and harbor work at New
York city, and along the south Atlantic coast —
North Carolina to St.. Augustine, Fla. From Nov.
10, 1872, to May 9, 1876, he was chief engineer of
the department of Dakota, making explorations in
the Black hills and the Yellowstone region. During
1877-82 he was employed on the Delaware bay and
rivers, in general engineer service, river and harbor
improvements, fortifications, and other similar work.
Appointed major of the corps of engineers, June 30,
1882, he served as engineer secretary of the light-
house board from Aug. 28. ixx2, to March 8, 1883.
Under authority of a joint resolution of congress, he
was given a three years' leave of absence, from April
1, 1883, to hold the position of chief engineer of the
Philadelphia water department, in which position
he remained until April 1, 1886, working without
pay and making an admirable record. From April
1, 1886, to Jan. 27, 18*8, lie was engineer commis-
sioner for the District, of Columbia, in which posi-
tion his success was undisputed, while he gained a.
practical acquaintance, begun in Philadelphia, witli
the ^anitary ami engineering problems connected
with the administration of a great city. From
Maich 1 to Dec. II. l*ss, he w:i- engineer of
the fourth lighthouse district. Later, 1888-93, he
was in charge of surveys and river and harbor im-
provements on the Great Lake's, and acting as engi-
neer In the ninth anil eleventh lighthouse districts.
During 1893-1(0 he was military attache to the V. S.
embassy in London, in the' intervals of such duties
filling various technical appointments, the most im-
portant of whie-h was his appointment to inspect anil
report eiu the cost, condition and feasibility of the
Nicaragua canal schemes. His report, which was
siilimitleel in November, IS!!."}, aeldi'il lai'^e-lv to his
reputation as an eimineei. In 1897-98 he had charge
of fortifications and river and harbor work at New
York city. On theeeiitbreak of the- Spanish war he was
appointed by the president brigadier ueniTal of vol-
unteers, on the stall' of the- commander of the army
of invasion, and was sent with
Gen. Shaffer's army to Cuba.
During the' at lack on Santiago by
tin1 land force's Gen. Ludlow was
in i- maiiel of the first brigade
in (Jen. Lawton's division. So
etlicient and important were' his
services during the' baltleof HI
Cane-y, that his division com-
mander, in his report on I lie battle
saiel: " Iilc.sircio jnvite'.spei'ialat-
tentiem to Gen. William Ludlow,
commanding the first bri_:p|i.
Gen. Luellow's accomplishments
are well known, and his iis-jMU.
mi-lit loe-oni ma ml a brigade in my
division I consider a high com-
plimenl lei myself. In this battle
Gen. Linllow proved himself a
e-apable and able commander: his coolness, good
juelgment anil prompt action in difficult situations
were remarkable. Te> this and his personal example
em the tiring line-, was due the decisive successofthe
attack em that part of the line. I recommend Gen.
Luellow for substantial recognition." He led his
men in the charge on El Caney, notwithstanding, as
Gen. Breckenridge said, that ':his white sailor hat
made him a most conspicuous target." Another eye-
witness of his actiems during this fight said that he
was one of the bravest line officers our army had
ever known. His brigade did most of the military
entrenching work about the city, which completed
the investment and forced the Spaniards to surren-
der. On Sept. 7, 1898, the president promoted Gen.
Ludlow to a major-generalcy in the U. S. volunteers,
assigned him to command the 2d division of the 1st
army corps, and in December appointed him military
and civil governor of Havana. He was married, in
1866, to Genevieve Almira Sprigg, of St. Louis, a
cousin of Mrs. Winfield S. Hancock. They have
one daughter, who is the wife of Clement Acton
Griscom, jr., of New Ye>rk.
BRECKINRIDGE, Joseph Cabell, soldier,
was born in Baltimore, Md.. Jan. 14, 1842, son of
Robert Jefferson and Sophonisba (Preston) Breckin-
ridge. His father, a Presbyterian minister, was one
of Uie most distinguished divines and most prolific
writers of the century ; a leader of the Kentucky
emancipation party in 1849, a strong " Union man " in
1861, and chairman of the Republican national con-
vention in 1864 ; his mother was a daughter of Gen.
Francis Preston and a granddaughter of Col. William
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Preston, mortally wounded at Guilford Court House,
and of Gen. William Campbell, "the hero of Kind's
mountain," and his wife Elizabeth, sister of Patrick
Henry. The Breckinridge family, which is a distin-
guished one in America, is of Scotch origin, having
fled to Ireland ou the restoration of the Stuarts to the
throne of Great Britain ; thence, in 1738, Alexander
Breckinridge emigrated to Pennsylvania, and later
to Virginia. His sou, John Breckinridge, was mar-
ried to^Mary Hopkins Cabell, and removing to Ken-
tucky in 1793, began his distinguished career as U. S.
senator and attorney-general under Prcs. Jefferson.
Among his sous were Rev. Robert J. Breckinridge
and Hon. Joseph C. Breckiuridge, whose sou, John
Cabell, was vice-president of the United States. Jo-
seph C. Breckinridge, fourth iu descent from the
original ancestor, was educated at Centre College,
Kentucky, and at the University of Virginia, and
then began the study of law. On the outbreak of the
civil war he joined Gen. William Nelson's army
of Kentuckians, of which he soon became acting
assistant adjutant-general. In April, 1862, he re-
ceived a commission iu the U. S. army for gallantry
at Mill Springs, Ky., and was assigned to battery B,
2d artillery. Subsequently serving with other com-
mands, he" was brevetted captain, July 26, 1864, and
major, March 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious
conduct in front of Atlanta." He did staff duty with
Geus. Nelson, Thomas, Mc-
Dowell, Halleck, Schofieldand
others; participated in thecam-
paigus of Shiloh, the Gulf and
Atlanta, being made prisoner
during the latter. After the
war he served on the Pacific
and iu the central military
divisions. In 1881 he became
inspector - general, with the
rank of major. In January,
1890, he was promoted briga-
dier-general, and continuing to
hold the office of inspector-gen-
eral of the army, has brought
his department to a high grade
of proficiency, recommending
and effecting several notable
-S $Af*£-<^i~£9<- improvements in drill and dis-
cipline. On the outbreak of the
Spanish war he was commis-
sioned major-general of volunteers, and assigned to
the staff of the commander of the army. On May
17, 1898, he was directed to inspect the national camps
at Chickamauga Park and elsewhere, with the special
view to officially organizing them. He accompanied
the first expedition to Cuba, which embarked at Tam-
pa on June 6th and landed at Baiquiri. He saw active
service in the Santiago campaign, receiving special
mention after the battle of El Cauey, July 1st, and
having his horse shot under him at San Juan on July
2d. After the surrender of Santiago he commanded
an army of 44,000, of all arms of the service, at Camp
George H. Thomas, Georgia; Lexington, Ky., and
Kuoxville, Tenu. ; and after being mustered out on
Nov. 30, 1898, resumed his former rank and office iu
the war department. Gen. Breckinridge was mar-
ried, July 21, 1868, to Louise Lucllow, daughter of
Dr. Ethelbert Ludlow Dudley, of Lexington, Ky.
Their sou, Ensign Joseph C. Breckinridge, of the
torpedo boat Gushing, met a tragic death in Havana
harbor, Feb. 11, 1898, while en rout? with dispatches
to the Maine. Another son, Lieut. Ethelbert Ludlow
D. Breckinridge, was volunteer aid to Gen. Law ton
in the Santiagorampaigu, and receiving special men-
tion for gallantry, was later commissioned lieutenant
iu the regular army.
CHANLER, William Astor, explorer, con-
gressman and soldier, was born iu New York city,
in 1867, son of John AVinthrop and Margaret (Ward)
Chanler. His father, who was a lawyer of New
New York city, was a member of the state assembly
(1859-60), and" representative in congress (1862-68);
his mother was a daughter of Samuel and Emily
(Astor) Ward and a granddaughter of William
Backhouse Astor, son of John Jacob Astor, 1st. He
was educated at private schools, and was graduated
at Harvard College iu 1887. From early youth he
had been noted for an adventurous and courageous
spirit; and this, coupled with his interest in African
exploration, caused him to fit out an expedition at
his own expense to penetrate the unknown regions
of the Dark Continent. His caravan started from
Zanzibar in September, 1892, and under command
of himself and Lieut. Ludwig von Holme), of the
Austrian navy, an experienced explorer, made an ex-
tended tour of nearly ten mouths in a northeasterly
direction toward Mount Keuia. His expedition re-
sulted iu the discovery and mapping of a tract uearly
equal in extent to Portugal, and their adventures
and scientific observations are entertainingly recorded
in Mr. Chanler's book " Through Jungle and Des-
ert "(1896). Ou several occasions reports were cir-
culated of the loss of the party, but after numerous
hardships from climate and desertions of native ser-
vants, the}' reached the coast in July, 1893. After his
return home he devoted himself to authorship and
politics, also traveling extensively in America and
Europe. His independent spirit was exhibited in
1896, when he joined the Tammany Hall Democracy
of New York city, despite the traditions of his fam-
ily and personal associations. His ability, was, how-
ever, quickly recognized, and in 1897 he was nomi-
nated and elected to the state legislature from the
5th assembly district. The outbreak of the Spanish
Avar found him ready to serve his country, and on
the prospect that additional troops would be re-
quired after the first call, be set about recruiting and
equipping a regiment at his own expense. To his
disappointment it was refused by Gov. Black, and
thereupon Mr. Chanler, with a few companions, pro-
ceeded to Tampa with the intention of joining the
staff of Gen. Lacret iu Cuba. This intention was,
however, delayed on account of the difficulties of
transportation, and while waiting for a favorable op-
portunity, he was appointed by Pres. McKinley as-
sistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen. Wheeler.
He served througli the Santiago campaign, display-
ing great gallantry and executive ability, and being
several times mentioned in the dispatches to the war
department. The New York state assembly, in ex-
traordinary session during July, passed resolutions
complimentary of the absent member, and resolved,
"That Mr. Chanler be and is granted indefinite
leave of absence from the house." After his dis-
charge, in October, Capt. Chauler returned to New
York city, where, in the following mouth, he was
elected representative in the 56th congress from the
14th congressional district, as successor to Hon.
Lemuel E. Quigg, who had been elected by large
majorities for several successive terms. He is a mem-
ber of the American Geographical Society, and of
the Union, Players'. Knickerbocker and Turf and
Field clubs, all of New York.
BROOKE, John B., soldier and U. S. military
governor of Cuba, was horn in Montgomery county,
Pa., July 21, 1838, sou of William and Martha (Rut-
ter) Brooke. His earliest American ancestor was
John Brooke, who emigrated from Yorkshire, Eng-
land, in 1698, and from whom he is sixth iu descent.
His mother is a direct descendant of Thomas Rut-
ter, who settled at Germantowu, Pa., in 1682. He was
one of the earliest to respond to Pres. Lincoln's first
call for troops, and iu April, 1861, entered the service
as captain in the 4th Pennsylvania volunteer infantry.
OF AMERICAN 15IOGKAPHY.
His regiment was attached lo the army of the Poto-
mac, xxithxvhich he continued to serve until the elo-e
of Ilie war. and his tirst active service was cm the de-
feiu-es (if Washington, D. C. On Nov. 7, 1801, he
became colonel of the 53d Pennsylvania volunteers,
and commanded it through the Rappahannock, An-
tietam, Fredericksburg and other campaigns of 1862,
being present at the siege of Yorktown, the battles of
Fair Oaks, seven days before Richmond, second Hull
Run, Anlietam and Frederieksburg. He, mean-
time, temporarily coiuinanded the 3d brigade, 1st
division. 2d corps during a ])ortion of July-August,
and again, in September-October, 1802; commanded
a special detachment of live infantry and three
cavalry regiments and two batteries of artillery in
Gen. Hancock's advance of reconnaissance from
Harper's Ferry to Charleston, Va., Oct. 2, 1802, and
led the 27th "Connecticut in conjunction with his
own regiment in the assault on Marye's Heiirhls, Va..
Dec. 13, 1862. From Dec. 2H, 1862, to March 20,
1863, he commanded the 3d brigade, 2d division, 2d
corps; during April 4-13, 1*0:',, the lirsl brigade, 3d
division, 2d corps; and from April 14, 1803, to June
3, 1864, the 4th brigade, 1st division, 2d corps. Par-
ticipating in the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg
campaigns, he was present at the battles of Chan
cellorsville and Gettysburg, commanding the 1st
division, 2d corps, during the latter part of Pickelt's
assault on July 3d, when he was wounded. Laler,
during August-September, 1863, he led his brigade
in pursuit of Lee's retreating army as far as the
Rapidan river, participating in the skirmishes at
Bank's Ford on the Rappahannock, at Thorough.
fare Gap and Falling Water, where part of the
enemy crossed the Potomac. His corps resisted Lee's
unsuccessful effort to turn the right, wing of the
army of the Potomac at the Auburn Mills and
Bristol Station combats in October, and in the Mine
Run campaign, in the following month, figured
prominently in several skirmishes. From Dec. 29,
1803, to March 26, 1864. C'ol. Brooke commanded
the camp of veteran volunteers of Harrisburg, I'a.
In the Wilderness (Va.) campaign of 1864 he com-
manded his brigade at the battle of the Old Wilder-
ness; the skirmishes on the Po river; the tights al
Spottsylvania Court House, May 12th ami 16th,
where he captured many pieces of artillery; and the
skirmishes at North Anna and Tolopotomy. Mean-
time, May 12th, he had been commissioned brigadier-
geueralof volunteers " for services during the bat-
tles of Old Wilderness and Spottsylvania Couit
House. Va.," and on Aug. 1, 18i;i, was brevetted
major general for gallantry at Tolopotomy and Cold
Harbor. In the assault on the works at Cold Har-
bor, in the early morning of June 3d, his command
penetrated the enemy's defences; but Gen. Brooke
himself was so severely wounded that he was granted
a leave of absence until Sept. 16th. After his re-
turn to service he was for about six mouths engaged
in court-martial duty and as a member of a board to
examine applicants for admission to the 1st veteran
corps. From March 11 to Aug. 10, 1865, he com-
manded the provisional division, army of the Shenan-
doah, afterward erected into the 2d division of
We_st Virginia, and for a while also commanded the
entire army. He was again on court martial duty
(Sept. 10, 1865-Feb. 1, 1866). During the war Gen.
Brooke received frequent honorable mention, par-
ticularly for his services in the battles of Antietam,
Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, and during the
Peninsula and Chancellorsville campaigns, lie re-
signed from the volunteer service, Feb. 1, 1866, and
on July 28th following was appointed lieutenant-
colonel of the 37th IT. S. infantry. Joining his
regiment in September, 1867, he served with "it at
Fort Union, N. M., until July 28, 1868; then at Fort
Stanton until June, 1869, when he joined the 3d in-
fantry, to which he had been transferred on March
loth," at Fort Dodge, Kan. , remaining until Feb. 15,
1871. He was brevetted colonel, Starch 2, 1867,
" for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of
Gettysburg," and brigadier-general the same day.
"for gallant and mcriioriou- ^-rvices, at the battle of
Spottsylvania Court Ilou-e. Va.," ami was commis-
sioned colonel of the 13th infantry, March 20, 1879.
After October, 1867, he was post-commander wher-
ever stationed, and, in addition to the services already
specified, was at Fort Lyon, Col. I Feb. 15. 1871-Jan.
13, 1873); at Camp Supply, I. T., to July 5, 1874;
at Holly Springs, Miss., to Sept. 14. 1874; at New
<)] lean-' La., lo March 16, 1875; at Jack-on Hat-
racks, La. (April 16, lS75-June 20, 1870); at Baton
Rouge, La., to Nov. 12. 1870, being in command of
the military district so named; at New Orleans, La.,
to April 24, 1877; in Pennsylvania during the great
railroad strikes <Juh 23 Aug. 31, 1877); at Fort
\li"onla, Mom., (Oct. 25. 1877-March 11,1878); at
Helena Barracks, Mont., to May, 187s;in the field to
Oct. 1, 1M78; at, Fort Shaw. Mont., to Aug. 25, 1**4.
having been, meantime, June 14, 1879, transferred
to the :!d infantry. Fiom October, 1877, I o March
12, 1879, from Dec. 8, 1883, to April 3, 1884, and
again from May 14. 1*85. to April 24, 1888, he com-
manded the military district of Montana. He was
on court martial duty al Washington, D. C. (Nov.
15. 1884-Feb. 25. 1885, and again
al Fort Shaw, Mont. ( April 4, 1*85-
April oil. isss). From May 5. 1*88,
to Max 5, I-'.!:,, and May '17, 1*95,
to April 11, 1897, he commanded the
department of Dakota, with head-
quarters in SI. Paul. Minn. From
April 11, 18117, to April 111, 1*98.
he commanded the department of
Missouri, laler changed to depart-
mrni ,,f the lakes, xvith headquarter
at Chicago. III. On April 0. ISSN
he \\asappoiiited bri i; ai lie r- general.
IS army, and on May 22, 181!*,
major-general. On the outbreak of
the ^I'anish xvar, (ien. Brooke wa-
designaied to I he commaiide! ( 'amp .
(Jeor^e II Thomas, CbickamaugaV
Park. Ga. , also of the department of
the Gulf and the 1st army corps
from April 20th to July 23d, inclusive. On
18th, 6,000 troops embarked for Porto Rico; on
the 23d another five transports sailed, and on the
25th a portion of the army under Gen. Miles xvas
landed at Puerto de Guanica, proceeding at once to
Ponce, thence inland, and meeting with little or
no resistance at any point. Part of the corps under
Gen. Brooke's personal command sailed from New-
port News, Va., July 28th; arrived at Ponce, Porto
Rico, July 31st, and was landed at Arroyo on Aug.
2d. Three days later they captured the city of Guay-
ama. 16,000 inhabitants, after light fighting. On the
7th Gen. Brooke's forces, in concert with those un-
der Gens. Wilson, Henry and Schwanu, began a
movement in the direction of San Juan, with the de-
sign of driving the Spanish forces back upon the
city, so that in" case of refusal to surrender, it would
be left exposed to the bombardment of the U. S.
fleet. AVith the exception of slight skirmishes on
the 8th and 9th — the toxvu of Coamo fell on the lat
ter date— and a sharp engagement on the 10th at
Hormigueros, where the first American soldier was
killed, "the uniform rule of non-resistance to Ameri-
can invasion was observed by the Porto Ricans.
Finally, on Aue. 12th. Gen. Brooke's command met
a considerable Spanish force at Pablo Vasques, and
had actually formed into line of battle when a
mounted courier brought the news of the signing of
the peace protocol. The battle was stopped in the
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
very nick of time, much to the disgust of the majority
of the soldiery, and the conquest of Porto Rico
proved a nearly bloodless one. Gen. Brooke was
appointed one of the American commission to ar-
range for the evacuation of Porto Rico, and on Oct.
I sih was made military governor of the island.
In I lecember, 1898, Gen. Brooke was appointed mili-
tary governor of Cuba, a position which he still
(1899) holds, greatly to the advantage of American
authority in the island and the pacification of the
many disturbing elements naturally arising under the
existing conditions He was twice married: first, to
Louisa, daughter of L. P. Roberts, of Pennsylvania;
-••rond, to Mary daughter of ex-Gov. Onslow
Stearns, of Concord, N. 11.
MILES, Nelson Appleton, soldier, was born
at Westminster, Mass., Aug. 8, 1S39, son of Daniel
and Mary (Curtis) Miles. His earliest American an-
cestor was Rev. John Miles, a Baptist minister and
educator, who emigrated from Wales iu 1662 and
settled at Swansea. Mass. ; he served in King Philip's
war. Nelson A. Miles was reared on his father's
farm, and received a district school and academic
education. In 1856 he went to Boston, where his
uncles, George and Nelson Curtis, obtained a posi-
tion for him in the crockery store of John Collamore.
He had mastered military science at the school con-
ducted by N. Salignac. a French colonel, and at the
outbreak of the civil war he raised a
company of volunteers and offered
his services to his country. In Sep-
tember, 1861, he was appointed a
captain iu the 22d Massachusetts
volunteers, but was considered too
young for the responsibility of that
command, which lie was required to
resign, being given a lieutenant's
commission instead. On May 31,
18(32, he was commissioned by Gov.
Morgan lieutenant-colonel of the
61st New York volunteers. He was
promoted colonel Sept. 30, 1862; was
made a brigadier-general, May 12,
1864, and major-general, Oct. 21,
1865. He received the appointment
of colonel of the 40th U. S. infantry,
July 28, ISIilJ; was transferred to the
5th infantry, March 15, 1869; promoted brigadier-
general, U. S. army, Dec. 15, 188(1, and, major-
general, April 5, 1890. He saw severe active service
during the seven days' lighting on the peninsula of
the James river and before Richmond in the summer
of 1862, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks.
During the period between the battle of Fair Oaks
and the change of base to Harrison's Landing, Miles
acted as adjutant-general to the 1st brigade, 1st divi-
sion,2d army corps; but at Fredericksburg he led his
regiment, the 61st New York volunteers. In the
battle of Chancellorsville he was so severely wounded
that he was not expected to recover, and was
brevetted brigadier-general "for gallant and meri-
torious services in the battle of Chancellorsville";
and Aug. 25, 18(14, was brevetted major-general
"for highly meritorious and distinguished conduct
throughout the campaign, and particularly for gal-
lantly and valuable services in the battle of Ream's
Station, Va." He fought in all the battles of the
army of the Potomac, with one exception, up to the
surrender of Lee at Appomatox Court House, Va.
He was brevetted brigadier-general and major-
general, U. S. army, both dating March 2, 1867, the
latter for "gallant and meritorious services in the
battle of Spottsylvania." After the close of the war
Gen. Miles, in command of his regiment, was em-
pluyed in Indian service, and defeated the Cheyenne
and Comanche Indians on the borders of the Slaked
Plains in 18T5, and in 1876 broke up the hostile
Sioux and other tribes in Montana. His successes
in warfare on the plains were so great and so con
tinuous that Gen. Miles became known as the
"Indian fighter." He drove the celebrated chief
Sitting Bull across the Canadian frontiers, and dis-
persed extensive bauds led by Crazy Horse, Lame
Deer, Spotted Eagle, Broad Trail and other chiefs
well known in the far \Vesi. This was in the years
1876-77, when the Indian outbreak became general,
the cause being the disaffection of the Dakota Sioux,
of which Sitting Bull was the principal chief. It was
iu June, 1876, that Gen. Ouster's party was defeated
and massacred on Little Big Horn river, an event
which was followed by the prompt and decisive
campaigns of Gen. Miles. In September, 1877,
another outbreak, this time on the part of the Nez
Perces Indians under Chief Joseph, was met by
Miles and speedily overcome, and iu 1878 he cap-
tured a party of Bannocks near the Yellowstone
Park. But perhaps his most difficult campaign was
that against the fierce chief Geronimo, of the hostile
Apaches, doubtless the most bloodthirsty and cruel
tribe of Indians in the whole of North America.
After innumerable depredations and raids on the
part of the Indians, Gen. Sheridan, commander-in-
chief. determined to have Geronimo suppressed at
any cost. An expedition under Gen. George Crook
was fitted out early in 1886, but as it was unsuccess-
ful, Gen. Crook asked to be relieved, and Gen. Miles
was ordered to take his place. The result was that,
after one of the longest and most exhausting cam-
paigns known to Indian warfare, the Apaches were
forced to yield. Miles and his troopers gave them
not an hour for rest, but followed on their trail,
forcing them to keep moving until even their dogged
endurance could bear it no longer. The whole band
was captured, and Gerouimo and his principal fol-
lowers were sent to Fort Piekens, Fla. , in the latter
part of 1886. Following these brilliant successes,
Gen. Miles received the thanks of the legislatures of
Kansas, Montana, New Mexico and Arizona for his
valuable services, and on Nov. 8, 1887, the citizens
of Arizona presented him, at Tucson, with a sword
of honor in the presence of a large gathering of the
citizens of the territory. In 1890-91 Gen. Miles sup
pressed a fresh outbreak of Sioux and Cheyeunes.
lu 1894, under orders from Pres. Cleveland, he com-
manded the U. S. troops sent to Chicago to suppress
the serious rioting and threatened rebellion which
occurred there. This difficult duty he accomplished
with the celerit3r and completeness which have
always characterized his obedience to the orders of
his superior officers. Gen. Miles was in command
of the department of the Columbia from 1880-85;
from July, 1885, to April, 1886, he commanded the de-
partment of the Missouri; in April, 1886, was assigned
to the command of the department of A rizona, and in
1888 was given command of the division of the
Pacific. In 1897 Gen. Miles represented the United
Slates at the jubilee celebration of Queen Victoria in
London, and also visited the seat of war between
Turkey and Greece. On his return he published a
volume on "Military Europe," having previously
given to the public a volume of "Personal Recollec-
tions" (1897). On the retirement of Gen. SchofieH,
in 1895, Gen. Miles became commander in-chief of
the U. S. army, with headquarters iu Washington,
D. C. On April 9, 1898, war with Spain being
imminent, he recommended the equipment of 50,000
volunteers, and on April 15th recommended that an
additional force of 40,000 be provided for the pro
tection of coasts and as a reserve. In a letter to the
secretary of war. April 18th, he asserted his belief
that the surrender of the Spanish army in Cuba
could be secured "without any grvat sacrifice of
life," but deprecated the sending of troops thither in
AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
the sickly season to cope \vitli an acclimated army.
War having beeu officially announced, he (April
2(>th) addressed another letter to Sec. Alger, declar-
ing that, tin- volunteer troops called into service
ought to be in camp in their respective states for
si\iv (lavs approximately in order to lie thoroughly
equipped, drilled and organized. As soon as definite
information came that ( 'ervera's fleet was closed up
in the harbor of Santiago, Gen. Shafter was ordered
to place his troops on transports and go to the assist-
ance of the navy in capturing the fleet and harbor.
Gen. Miles, then at Tampa, expressed to the secre-
tary of war his desire to go with this army corps ..r
to immediately organize another and go with it to
join this and capture position No. 2 (Porto Hico).
On the following day he was asked by telegram how
soon he could have an expeditionary force readv to
go to Porto Rico large enough to take and hold' Hie
island without the force under Gen. Shatter, and re-
plied that such an expedition could be ready in ten
days. On June 24th he submitted a plan of cam-
paign for Cuba; on the 26tli was ordered to organize
an expedition against the enemy in Cuba and Porto
Rico, to be composed of the united forces of Gens.
Brooke and Shafter, and to command the same in
person. He was not sent to Cuba, however, until
two weeks later, arrivini: opposite Santiago with re-
inforcements for Shafter July llth, at the time
Sampson's fleet was bombarding the Spanish posi-
tion. Conferences with Sampson and Shafter were
then had and arrangements made to disembark the
troops, and on the 13th Gen. Miles, with Gens. Gil-
more, Shafter, Wheeler and others, held a conference
between the lines with Gen. Toral. The Spanish
commander was informed that he must surrender or
take the consequences, and on the same day the
secretary of war telegraphed Gen. Miles "to accept
surrender, order an assault or withhold the same. "
On the morning of July 14th Adm. Sampson's
fleet was prepared to cover the landing at Cabanas
of Gen. Henry's command on the Yale, Columbia
and Dnchesse, but Gen. Toral surrendered his forces
to Gen. Miles that day, and aggressive action was
unnecessary. Gen. Miles authorized Gen. Shafter to
appoint commissioners to draw up articles of capitu-
lation, and instructed him to isolate the troops re-
cently arrived on healthful ground to keep them
free from infection by yellow fever. On the same
day Sec. Alger advised Gen. Miles to return to
Washington as soon as matters at Santiago were
settled, and go to Porto Rico with an expedition that
was being fitted out; but after some delay Miles ob-
tained permission to proceed from Cuba. On July
2tst he sailed from Guantanamo with an effective
force of only 3,314 men, whereas the Spanish regu-
lars and volunteers in Porto Rico aggregated 17,000.
The objective point was Cape San Juan; but it was
finally decided to go direct to Guanica, near Ponce,
on the southern coast, and there, on the 25th, a de-
tachment of troops was landed. Ponce surrendered
to Gen. Miles without resistance on the 27th, and the
troops were received with enthusiasm by the citizens.
A proclamation by Gen. Miles, issued on the follow-
ing day, assured the inhabitants of Porto Rico that
the American t'< irces came not to devastate or oppress,
but to give them freedom from Spanish rule and the
blessings of the liberal institutions of the U. S. gov-
ernment. Town after town was occupied, as ihe army
proceeded northward. Gen. Brooke with his com-
mand arrived on Aug. 3d to aid in occupying the
island. On the 25th Gen. Miles was instructed to
send home all troops not actually needed, and soon
after he returned to Washington. Gen. Miles was
married, in 1868, to Mary, daughter of Judge MM -r
man, of Ohio. They have one sou and one daughter.
HENRY, Guy Vernor, soldier and governor-
irenrral of Porto Rico, was born at Port Smith,
I. T., March y, 1K31I. son of William Seaton and
Anetta Livingston (Thompson) Henry. His father
(1816-51), a native of Albany, N. Y.,son of JmU'e
Henry, and a graduate of West Point, served with
credit in the Semiiiole and Mexican wars, and at the
time of his death was major of the 3d infantry; his
mother was a granddaughter of Daniel D. Tompkius,
twice governor of New York state and vice-president
of the United Slates. Appointed to the U. S. Mili-
tary Academy, West, Point, from New York state,
he was graduated in IHIil; from May to July of that
year being engaged in drilling volunteers in Wash-
ington, D. ('.. and (July-December) in the Ma-
nitssas campaign on the staff of Gen. McDowell,
and the defences of Washington. He commanded
a baltery at Key West. Fla. (December, 1861-
M:u. Isi'i-Ji. thereafter, until June, 1863, he com-
manded a ballery at Hilton Head, S. C., and was
engaged in the various operations against Charles-
ton, S. C. (July-November, 1863). In the battle
of Pocolaligo, S. ('., Oct. 22. IsflS, he was first
lieutenant of the 1st artillery, having two horses
shot under him and being
commended for "gallant and
distinguished conduct." He
was engaged in the descent
on Morris island and the
bombardment of Fort Sumter
(Aug. 17-23); in the siege of
Fort Wanner (July 10-Sept. 7,
1863); and was acting-chief of
artillery and colonel of the
40th Massachusetts volunteers
in the Florida campaign. He
commanded a brigade of the
18th corps, army of the James
(May, lS(J4-Jaiuiary, 1805); was
in tin- operations before Rich-
mond, Va., and in all the
principal battles of that cam-
paign, including the siege of
Petersburg, Ya. (June-Septem-
ber, 1864); was on leave of ab-
sence (February-April, 1865); then, until
was in command of a sub-district of the Plains, mil-
itary division of the Missouri. During the civil war
he received rapid promotion, becoming first lieuten-
ant, May 14, 1861; brevetted captain, Oct. 22, 1862;
major, Feb. 20, 1864; lieutenant-colonel, Sept. 29,
1864; colonel, March 13, 1864; and bragadier- gen-
eral of volunteers, Oct. 28, 1865, "for gallant and
meritorious services during the campaign in front of
Petersburg, Va." He was in garrison at Fort Ham-
ilton, N. Y., during October, 1865, then aide-de-
camp to Maj.-Gen. Parke, commanding the southern
district of New York; and in garrison at Fort Knox,
Me. (February-March, 1866). From this date to
December, 1867, he was stationed at various forts,
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
and then, until June, 1869, was instructor at the
artillery school, Fort Monroe, Va., later being on
special duty in artillery inspection and quelling
Fenian disturbances on the Canadian border. In
1869 he was transferred to the cavalry and engaged
in scouting against the Apaches under Gen. Crook
from July to December, being in command of three
companies of cavalry. He continued in service in the
West and Southwest during 1872-74, and in the win-
ter of the latter year commanded au expedition to
the Black Hills, in which he and his command were
so badly frozen that he was on sick-leave until
April. 1876. In that year he led a battalion in the
Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition against Sit-
ting Bull and the Sioux Indians; being eii^ai'eil at
Tongue river and the battle of Rcse Bud creek,
Montana, June 17, 1876, where he was severely
wounded in the face, losing the use of his left eye,
and was placed on sick-leave at Fort Russell until
October. " For gallant and meritorious services " in
this battle he was later brevetted brigadier-general.
He was engaged in scouting and campaigning in
Wyoming in 1877-78, and then traveled in Europe for
a year; resuming active service again in Wyoming,
Utah and New Mexico (1880-81), and commanding
Fort Sill (November, 1881-January, 1883). He was
on special duty at the bureau of equipment and sup-
plies, Washington, D. C., and inspector of rifle-
practice, department of the Missouri, Leavenworth,
Kan. (1883-89), and then, for a while, in garrison at
Fort McKinley, Wyo., and engaged in Pine Ridge
Indian campaign. In 1893, when lieutenant-colonel
of the 5th cavalry, he was transferred to the 3d
cavalry, anil June 1, 1897, was promoted colonel and
placed in command of the 10th cavalry. He re-
ceived a medal of honor from congress for noteworthy
and conspicuous gallantry, leading the assaults o'f
his brigade at Cold Harbor, Va., where he hail tun
horses shot under him, one while in the act of leap-
ing over the breastworks of the enemv. Dining his
leisure time he published several miliiary works, in-
cluding " Military Record of Civilian Appointments
in the U. S. Army" (2 vols., 1865-71); "Army
Catechism for Non-Commissioued Officers anil Sol-
diers" (1881); and "Manual on Target Practice"
(1884). On the outbreak of the Spanish-American
war he had attained the rank of brigadier-general of
volunteers; in October, 1898, he was promoted briga-
dier-general, U. S. army, and on Dec. 5, 1898, major-
general of volunteers. He commanded a division in the
Santiago and Porto Rico campaigns. He was fora
time commandant of the district of Ponce and later
placed at the head of the entire department of Porto
Rico, in command of all the troops. On Dec. 5, 1898,
Gen. Henry was assigned by the president as gov-
ernor-general of the island, besides commanding
the troops, and in this responsible position soon made
his mark in the history of the war. Hisabilitv as
an administrative officer was speedily recognized as
he began and continued the reforms which the con-
dition of the island made necessary. He reorganized
the department of justice and the procedure of the
courts; introduced important changes in the mar-
riage laws; established a well-ordered system for
the distribution of food among tlie many suffering
pi >or of the island; arranged, as far as was possible,
factional differences among the people; granted a
year's time for the protection of mortgages against
foreclosure, and in every possible way endeavored to
bring about a condition of order and system in public
a flairs. The success which followed" his efforts was
attested by many visitors from the United States, as
well as by the Porto Ricans themselves. Dr. H. K.
Carrol, who hail been sent there as a special commis-
sioner by Pres. McKinley, said: "I think that Gen.
Henry's policy is an admirable one. I believe that he
has only the welfare and prosperity of Porto Rico at
heart. The reforms which his government has already
inaugurated are of the greatest possible moment to
this island." Dr. W. H. Ward, one of the e<lit,n> of
the " Independent," who visited Porto Rico in the
interest of mission work, spoke in the following
terms, after he had completed his inspection of the
island; "Gen. Henry is a man well fitted for his
present duties. He has the interest of the people at
heart, and attempts to do all the sjoven.ing that is
necessary through the local councils. He keeps the
military rule in the background as much as possible."
These flattering opinions were given in the sprim;- of
1899, after a sufficient length of time had elapsed
for him to get in touch with the needs of the island,
and exhibit his resources for meeting them. They
show the broad mental equipment which enabled
the brave and efficient soldier to grapple with condi-
tions quite outside the line of his experience, and to
determine his natural capacity for the role which
was placed in his hands to till, at a time when the
most intelligent and best informed among American
statesmen were troubled with doubts as to the means
most suitable for administrative direction of our new
territory.
MEK.KITT, Wesley, soldier, was born in New
York city, June 16, 1836, son of John Willis and
Julia Ann (De Forrest) Merrill. He was educated
in the schoolsof his native city and in the West, and
in 1855 received appointment
to the U. S. Military Academy,
West Point, where he was gradu-
ated in 1860. He was assigned
at once to the cavalry service
as brevet second lieutenant of
dragoons. On Jan. 28, 1861, he
wa> commissioned second lieu-
tenant; on May 13th, first lieu-
tenant: and on April 5, 1862,
appointed captain in the 2d
U. S. cavalry. Meantime, un-
til September, 1862, he was at-
tached to the army of the
Potomac in the Virginia penin-
sular campaign on the staff of
Cen. Philip St. George Cooke.
Then being transferred to the
headquarters of the depart-
ment of defences, Washington,
D. C. , under command of Gen.
Heiutzelmann, he continued until April, 1862, when
he was attached to the staff of Gen. Stonemau. He
was an active participant in the raid on Richmond,
Va., April 3, 1863, and having left the staff, com-
manded as captain his own regiment, the 2d cavalry,
at the cavalry battle of Beverly Fold, June 9, 1863,
and in July was brevetted major for bravery at the
battle of Gettysburg, where he was in command of
the cavalry regular brigade. He was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel, May 4, 1864, for gallantly at the
battle of Yellow Tavern. Va., and colonel, May
28th, having, meantime, been raised to the rank of
captain in "the 2d cavalry. April 5, 1862, and of
brigadier-general of volunteers. June 29, 1863, for gal-
lantry at the battle of Beverly Ford. During 1864 he
was 'in command of a cavalry brigade in Virginia
under Gen. Sheridan; was present at the battles of
Opequau, Cedar Creek and Fisher's Hill; com-
manded a division of cavalry with Sheridan in the
Shenaudoah valley campaign; on Oct. 19th was
brevetted major-general of volunteers, and distiu
guished himself at Five Forks and Sailor's Creek.
At the battle of Winchester a part of Merrill's
cavalrv division, after repeated charges, supported
by the infantry, turned Gen. Early's lineal the de-
cisive moment", throwing him iulo retreat. Later,
he defeated Gen. Kershaw's division, infantry and
cavalry, in an attempt to force a passage of the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
29
Shenandoiili, near Cedarville, inflicting a heavy loss.
In the remainder of the campaign, lie won repented
distinction, and was one of the three Federal com-
missioners to arrange terms of surrender at Appo
mattox. On April 1, 1865, he was commissioned
major-general of volunteers for gallantry at Five
Forks. Later he participated in a movement against
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston iu North Carolina, then
being transferred to the military division of the
southwest and the department of Texas in command
of the cavalry forces, and was finally chief of the
military division of the Gulf until Dec. 31, 1865. In
the fall of 1806 he was appointed lieutenant colonel
of the 9t.h cavalry, and employed on inspection duty
at the headquarters of the department of the Gulf
until February, 1867. In 1869 he was in Texas with
his regiment, aud at St. Louis, Mo., where he was a
member of the general tactics board until December,
1870. From that time until 1*75 he uas stationed
again in Texas, and during the next two years was
inspector of cavalry in the military division of the
Missouri. He was commissioned colonel of the ~>ih
cavalry, July 1. 1876, and took part, in the expedi-
tion against the Sioux under Gen. Crook; beingafter-
wards appointed chief of cUvalry of the Big Horn
and Yellowstone expeditions, then assi-ned to forts
D. A. Russell and Laramie. AV. T. He was ap-
pointed superintendent of the U. S. Military Academy
at West Point, in July, 1882, aud continued in that
position until 1887, when he was commissioned brig-
adier-general and assigned to the command of the
department of the Missouri. In 189.) he was promoted
major-general and assigned to command of depart-
ment with headquarters in Chicago, and iu 1897 ap-
pointed to the command of the department of the
East, with headquarters at Governor's island. New
York harbor, iu June, 1898, during the Spanish
war, he was appointed military governor of the
Philippine islands, and sailing from San Francisco
with an army of 8,000 men on June 29th arrived at
Manila, July 25th. On Aug. 25th a prearranged
attack on Manila was made, the trenches beiim
stormed by the land forces under Gen. Merritt,
while a division of Adin. Dewey's fleet shelled the
forts at Malate. on the south side of the city. The
Spanish were forced back by the army and retreated
into the walled city, and there, seeing that further
resistance was useless, capitulated. Gen. Merritt
went at once to the palace, where the Spanish sol-
diers surrendered their arms. On Aug. 27th he is-
sued a proclamation to the Filipinos, and on Aug.
30th sailed from Manila on board the steamer
China, under orders to proceed to Paris, win-re the
peace commission was then sitting. He left the
China at Hong Kong and continued his journey rfn
the Suez canal, arriving at Port Said, Sept. ~*tli;
going thence by way of Marseilles to Paris, where
he arrived on Oct. 3d. On Ihe two following days
the American peace delegates devoted their entire
session to a conference with Gen. Merritt. who de-
tailed to the commission his own opinions and those
of Adin. Dewey concerning the physical, geographi-
cal, moral and political conditions prevailing iu the
Philippine islands. On his return home, on
Dec. 30th, he was relieved of the command of
the department of the Pacific, and from all
further duties pertaining to the Philippine is-
lands, and was ordered to proceed to New
York and assume once more the command of the
department of the East. Gen. Merritt is one of the
ablest and most experienced officers in the TJ. S.
army, and hasalways held the esteem and respect of
his associates in the many important positions he has
so adequately rilled. He has been twice married:
first, in 1.871, to Caroline Warren, of Cincinnati, O.,
v ho died in 1893; second, Ocl. 23, 1898, to Laura,
daughter of Norman Williams, of Chicago, 111.
OTIS, Elwell Stephen, soldier, was born in
Frederick, Md., March 25, 1838. He received a
i;<>"d education in the schools of his native state and
of New York, and entering the University of Roch-
ester was graduated in 1858. Then, having read
law, lie was admitted to the bar in 1859; .subse-
quently continuing his studies at the Harvard Law
Sell. ml, where he received the. degree of LL.l!. in
1860. For over a year he practiced in New York,
ami on Sept. 13. 1S62, entered the Federal ser-
vice as captain in the 140th New York volunteers,
one of Ihe best, drilled organi/alions in the service.
He was in all Ihe general engagements of the army
of the Potomac alter Antietam, his regiment being
attached to the 5th corps, and on Dec. :>3,
1863, he was promoted lieutenant colonel. At the bat-
tle of Gettysburg the colonel, Patrick II. O'Rorke,
was killed while leading his men to an assault on
Little Round Top. and 133 men lost their lives; at
the battle of the Wilderness the command saw : :>me
of its holiest righting, losing ;J.V> men, including
eleven commissioned officers and all of the non-com-
missioned stall'. After the death of Col. Ryan at
Spoltsylvania, Oils succeeded to the command of the
regiment. He commanded a brigade during Ihe oper-
ations against Petersburg. Va., in the early part, of
1864, but on Oct. 1st of 'that year was" severely
wounded while serving on the line of the Weldou rail-
road. Virginia; a rifle ball passing
through the left side of bis bead, and
making a wound which never after
fully healed. After an extended
sick leave, due to this wound, he
was honorably discharged Jan. 24,
1865, He received the brevets of
colonel and brigadier-general of
volunteers March 13, 1865, "for
meritorious services at Spottsyl-
vauia and Chapel House, Va."; on
July 28, 1866, he was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of the 22d U. S.
infantry; and on March 2, 1867,
brevet-colonel U. S. army "for
gallant services at Spottsylvania,
Va." Thereafter he was engaged
iu service at frontier posts; on the
plains fighting Indians, and in 1874-
75 was assistant inspector-general
of the department of Dakota. During the campaign
against the Sioux in 1876-77 it was largely due to his
firmness and splendid generalship that Sitting Bull
was effectually reduced to submission and the mas-
sacre of Ouster avenged. As has been well said, "his
success with the Indians arose largely from their
knowledge that he always meant exactly what he
said." He was always noted as a strict disciplinarian,
"not content with ordering what, he wants done but
always seeing that it is done." In June, 1876, when
lieutenant-colonel of the 22d infantry, he was or
dered to the front, in command of six companies of
the regiment. He was attacked by Indians near the
mouth of Powder river, but was able to rout them
and destroy their camp, and on Aug. 7th reinforced
Gen. Crook at Glendive. Mont. About the middle of
October, while escorting a wagon train from that
30
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
post to Tongue river, he was attacked by a force of
over 1,000 Indians, with whom he had a running
fight all that day. Next morning a letter was re-
ceived from Sitting Bull, complaining that the sol-
diers scared the buffaloes, and demanding that he
withdraw, leaving all the rations and some ammuni-
tion. Otis replied that he would not turn back, and
would be ready to fight the Indians at any time. At
this they surrendered. On the death of Col. George
Sykes at Fort Brown, Tex., he was appointed colonel
of the 20th infantry, and assumed command on March
31, 1880. In the following year he was chosen to
organize the U. S. Infantry and Cavalry School,
Leavenworth, Kan., which he conducted until 1885,
then returning to the command of his regiment at
Fort Assiniboiue, Mont. On Oct. 1, 1890, he was de-
tailed as superintendent of the recruiting service,
and on Nov. 28, 1893. was commissioned brigadier-
general, being promoted over the heads of several
officers of longer standing in the service. On Dec.
1st following, he was placed in command of the
department of the Columbia, with headquarters at
Vancouver, Wash., and there continued until 1896,
when he spent several months at the war depart-
ment, Washington, I). ('., revising the "Army
Regulations." In April, 1897, he was assigned to
command the department of the Colorado. On the
outbreak of the Spanish- American war, be was eager
, v v :>•
^l *> ~ ~ if. ' ' -"S.~ £ /
" ^?lC '• i/'/H^Y* "
^^^:^^r^
=4&* >-.^.J€r^ '- -^)£'-*-*
to again enter active service, but was delayed, much
to his chagrin, by bis duties as president of a court-
martial at Savannah, Ga., to try Capt. Oberlin M.
Carter, of the engineers, on the charge of embezzle-
ment. In this position his knowledge of law came
into requisition, as he bad not discontinued his read-
ing in legal matters despite close attention to master-
ing the details of a soldier's life during nearly fortv
years of service. His report on the proceedings was
submitted by the secretary of war to ex-Senator Ed-
munds for examination, who declared that after a
longand critical stud}' he could find no technical flaw.
On May 28, 1898, he was commissioned major-general
of volunteers, and assigned to duty as commander of
the department of the Pacific. He sailed from San
Francisco for Manila on July 23d, with reinforce-
ments for Gen. Merritt. then in command of the army
in the Philippines. Merritt was ordered home late
in August. 1S9S, and Otis, with Maj.-Gens. Thomas
M. Anderson and Arthur MacArthur; Brig. -Gens.
M. P. Miller, Harrison Gray Otis, Samuel Oven-
shine, Irving Hale, Charles King and others, be-
gan a vigorous and well-conceived campaign. After
his arrival the situation remained practically un-
changed for several months. Aguinaldo, the Fili-
pino agitator, was using his best endeavors to secure
such a recognition for himself and his followers
from the United States and the European powers as
should practically insure the establishment of a native
republic in the islands, and the duties of the army
and navy were confined to keeping order. Mean-
time everything waited on the ratification of the
treaty of peace between the United States and
Spain, pending which Filipino agents in America
and elsewhere worked in the interests of their chief,
wlio, in turn, was making every effort to hold to-
gether a large body of native troops, in order to he
prepared for a general uprising in case the action
of the United States should not ba favorable to their
independence. When Gen. Merritt was ordered home
Otis was placed in command at Manila, and in the
early part, of December, 1898, it was announced in
Washington that he was eventually to be made
military governor of the Philippines, though the ap-
pointment could not be confirmed until the ratifica-
tion of the treaty of peace. Although the Filipino
forces about Manila assisted the U. S. troops in the
assault on the city in August, and for several months
thereafter maintained the fiction of being allies, dis-
agreeable rumors were bruited about that they were
preparing for a coup d'etat. It was clear, however,
that Gen. Otis had the situation well in hand, although
the Filipinos were massing within a few miles of the
city of Manila. They were allowed to maintain
their lines just outside the city limits, on the plea
that in the event of Spanish power being re estab-
lished they would be in position to take the offensive.
As time passed the situation became daily more
threatening. American officers and soldiers were
constantly subjected to the insults and annoyances
of the natives, although by Gen. Otis' orders held
strictly from any acts of retaliation. Early in Janu-
ary, 18119, leading Filipinos of Manila, fearing war,
prevailed on Gen. Otis to appoint a committee of
army officers to meet and confer with agents of
Aguinaldo and effect an agreement for maintaining
peace. Otis replied that he would negotiate with the
general of the Filipino army, but could not recog-
nize the insurgent government by word or deed,
which declaration called forth an insolent ana silly
letter from Aguinaldo, saying that in such a case he
could not recognize the U. S. government. With his
usual diplomacy, the American general fully ex-
plained his position, and the result was a fruitless
conference, which, far from accomplishing the desired
end of avoiding conflict, seemed rather to inflate the
insurgents with new ideas of their importance. Dur-
ing the latter part of January the defiant attitude of
the insurgents was so increased that the U. S. troops
were ready for any outbreak that might be at-
tempted. On Feb. 4th a detachment of U. S. troops
was arrested and confined at Malolos, as was alleged,
for examining intreuchments and defences on Filipino
territory. The insurgent soldiery around Manila
made constant efforts to draw the fire of the Ameri-
cans, taunting and jeering at them and coming as
near their posts as they dared. During the night of
Feb. 2d the annoyance was continued incessantly,
occasioning a complaint to the Filipino commander
by Gen. MacArthur. The reply was all that could
be desired; but on Feb. 4th another demonstration
was made, when at last they succeeded in drawing
the fire of the outposts. It is not believed that the
chief insurgents wished to open hostilities at this
time, a.s I hey were not prepared to assume the initia-
tive, wanting two or three days more to perfect ar-
rangements. They could not delay, however, for it
was their object to force an issue before the Ameri-
can reinforcements could arrive at Manila. The
fighting was. with evident purpose, brought about
by an attempt of the natives to break through the
American lines, and this being repulsed, it was suc-
ceeded by a general attack. The battle lasted four-
teen hours, and its close found several native vil-
lages in the hands of the Americans, the Filipinos
retreating with heavy losses in killed and wounded.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
31
In the city of Manila the members of a native secret
organization, about 8,000 strong, enrolled with a
view to attacking the U. S. troops and tiring build-
in u s, were effectually suppressed by Gen. Hughes,
who dispersed their parties wherever found. They
made no further demonstration until the night of Feb.
•_':;d, when they suffered a most severe punishment.
Gen. Otis cabled to Washington that the American
casualties numbered 175, very few being fatal. In-
structions were at once sent to him to press the total
defeat of Aguinaldo's force and to seize and oc-
cupy the island of Iloilo. The president is re-
ported to have said : "Gen. Otis does not need any
instructions from Washington. He is a good soldier,
and a man of action in emergency. He is right on
the spot, and he is a better judge of the conditions at
Manila than we can be, 7,000 miles away." Accord-
ingly, Gen. Otis was given a free hand; and, as had
always been the case during his military career, his
acts deserved and received nothing but commenda-
tion at the hands of the national government. The
engagement of Feb. 5th was followed up every day
and night, and on the 10th, after fierce fighting, an-
other village, Caloocan, where the Filipinos were
heavily intrenched, was captured after a severe and
sanguinary contest. The movement on Gal -an
was made to place the American northern line in
better tactical condition, and consisted in swinging
to the front the left of Gen. MacArthur's division,
which was composed chiefly of the brigade of Gen.
Harrison Gray Otis. Gen. MaeArthiir had asked
leave to do this shortly after the first tight, but had
been instructed to await the anticipated coneeni ra-
tion of the enemy on the left. Expectations were
that the enemy would collect his routed forces,
which Gen. Otis could not pursue, and would plaee
them in position on the northern front. Gen. Otis'
anticipations were partly realized, and when they
massed their forces on the left, to the number of
about 2,500, the movement was made and attended
with the accustomed success. On the llth Iloilo
was seized by a force under Gen. Miller, who had
been sent there by Gen. Otis, assisted by the cruiser
Boston and other naval vessels, and the American
flag was raised over the island. The principal town
on the island was partially burned by the natives,
who were in large numbers, but retreated with severe
loss, the Americans not losing a man. As a result of
the determined advance of the American forces, un-
der the immediate command of Gens. MacArthur and
Lawton, the rebel capital, Malolos, was captured on
March 81st, and the army scattered in all directions,
Aguinaldo himself being among the fugitives. A.
few days later the commission appointed by Pres.
McKinley arrived at Manila, and sought interviews
with the various chieftains, to set forth the terms the
United States proposed iu governing the islands.
Following the capture of Malolos came important
campaigns still further to the northward in Bulacan
province, resulting in the fall of San Fernando,
Agniualdo's third capital, and in the defeat of his
troops iu every encounter. These operations were
participated in by Maj.-Gen. Lawton, cooperating
with Maj.-Gen MacArthur. Lawton was withdrawn
to the south of the Pasig river, where he conducted,
under Gen. Otis, the later and always successful
operations against the insurgents, which were inter-
rupted by the coming-on of the rainy season. Gen.
Otis has continued successful through all operations;
the enemy have been beaten in every engagement—
thirty to forty in number — and the insurgent forces
have divided to the northward of Manila, sixty miles
on one hand and thirty miles south ward on the other.
Strong reinforcements are being forwarded to him,
giving a force between 40,000 and 45.000 men, with
which he is expected to be able to crush the rebel-
lion and restore peace before another rainy season.
As the entire pre-arrangement for the anticipated
trouble had been thus efficiently performed by Gen.
Otis, to him war naturally given the praise so richly
due him, and not by his own countrymen alone, for
throughout Europe the leading newspapers gave
words of commendation for his admirable foresight
and unremitting energy and watchfulness. Gen. Otis
is the author of one book: " The Indian Question"
(1878).
REAM, Norman Bruce, soldier and financier,
was born on a farm in Somerset county, Pa., Nov.
5, 1844, son of Levi and Highly (King) Ream. His
great-grandfather, John Ream, fought as a patriot in
the war for American independence, and his de-
scendants were conspicuously identified wilh colonial
history. Mr. Ream attended the common schools of
his native county, when work on the farm was not
pressing, until the age of fourteen, and then for
three years lie taught school, studying during even-
ings and at other spare moments. In September, 1861,
he enlisted iu the 85th Pennsylvania volunteers,
went to the front, and served in the various cam-
paigns of the army of the Potomac and department
of the South under (Jens. McClellaud, Foster, Gil-
more idurinu' the siege of Charlestown); under Gen.
Butler in lsf',4, and finally under Gen. Grant at
Petersburg, lie was promoted for gallantry to first
lieutenant, and honorably discharged on account of
wounds received in battle. Af-
ter taking a commercial course
.-it Pittsburgh, he followed mer-
cantile pursuits in Pennsyl-
vania, and in 1861 removed to
Princeton, 111., where, after a
clerkship of M'X weeks, he pur-
chased an interest in a general
dry-goods and grocery store. In
I lie fall of 18(37 he removed to
Osceola.Ia., and engaged in the
grain, live stock and farm im-
plement business, which proved
disastrous owing to the failure
of crops. Mr. Ream had given
credit to the farmers, and being
unable to realize on his assets,
he was forced out of business.
Looking around for a new
field of operation, he went to
Chicago and embarked in
the commission business. In
three years he was able to pay all his obligations,
with ten per cent, interest. For many years he was
a member of the Chicago board of trade and New-
York stock exchange." In 1888 he retired from
active business on the board and invested his means
in various enterprises, the management of which has
engrossed his time ever since. As organizer, stock-
holder and director, he has been connected with nu-
merous enterprises which have developed the business
of the country. He was influential in the reorganization
of the Baltimore and Ohio and the Colorado South-
ern railroads. He has also exerted his influence
and used his resources in the promotion and building
of a number of street railway systems, and is con-
nected with banking and numerous financial institu-
tions. He is the owner of a large amount of real
estate, which he has improved and developed con
tinually. In political faith Mr. Ream is an Inde-
pendent, always voting for the best interests of the
country. He is a member of the Union League,
Athletic, Calumet, Washington Park, and a num
ber of social clubs of Chicago, and a mem
ber of the Union Club of New York city
On Feb. 19. 1876, he was married to Caroline,
daughter of Dr. John Putnam, of Madison. N. Y.
He has six children- Marion B , Frances M .
Norman P., Robert C., Edward K and Louis M.
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ALLEN, Elisha Hunt, jurist and statesman,
was born at New Salem, Mass., Jan. 28, 1804, son
of Hon. Samuel C. and Mary (Hunt) Allen. He be-
gan his education at an excellent academy in New
England, and entered Williams College at the age
of fifteen. He was graduated second in his class,
and having decided upon the law
as his profession, he studied for
the next three years in his father's
office. Admitted to the bar at the
conclusion of his course, he began
the practice of his profession in
Brattleboro.Vt. Two years later.
u pun the advice of his friends, la-
removed to Bangor, Me., where
he soon built up an extensive
practice, in the course of time
forming a partnership with Mr.
Appleton. who was for years chief-
justice of the state. M'r. Allen de-
voted himself exclusive!}' to his
profession until 1835, when he
was elected to the slate legisla-
ture, and becoming interested in
public affairs, continued to hold
the office for five consecutive
years. In 1838 he became speaker of the house;
during his membership many important questions
were discussed, among others those of corporations,
banks, paper money, the control of the public money,
education, private rights and the northeastern
boundary. In 1840 Mr. Allen was elected to con-
gress, and served on thecommitteeof foreign affairs.
In 1S46 he was again elected to the state legisla-
ture, and the same year removed IIP IJuston." He
represented that city "in the legislature in 1849, and
was nominated for re-election, but declined, as he had
received and accepted the appointment of consul to the
Hawaiian islands. In 1856 he \\a-i appointed chief-jus-
tice and chancellor of the Hawaiian islands, and as
such was one of the leading influences in establishing
the civil rights and liberties of the people there.
Appointed as minister plenipotentiary and envoy ex-
traordinary to the United States, Mr. Allen brought
to a successful issue the negotiation with the United
States of the Hawaiian reciprocity treaty, which
passed the house in August, !S7ii. and was" immedi-
ately signed by Gen. Grant. In 1876 he resigned
his position as chief justice and chancellor, and from
thai dale until his death resided in Washington as
minister from the Hawaiian islands, becoming dean
of the diplomatic corps after the
recall of the English minister, Sir
Edward Thornton. He was mar-
ried.in October, 1828, to Sarah E.,
daughter of William Fessenden.a
successful publisher. They had
four children. She died April 25,
1845. and in 1857 he was mar-
''•-_ ried to Mary Harrod, daughter of
'. Frederick Hobbes.of Bangor, Me.
l!y her he had two children. He
died in Washington, D. C., Jan.
1, 1883.
ALLEN, Frederick Hob-
bes, lawyer, was born in Hono-
lulu, Hawaiian islands. May 8(1,
]s:.s, son of Elisha Hunt and
Mary Harrod (Hobbes) Allen.
Edward Allen, who served in
Cromwell s army, was the first
of the family to come to America. He left Eng-
land upon the restoration of Charles II. Fred-
erick H. Allen was graduated at Harvard in 1880,
and received the degrees of LL.B. and A.M. in
1883. In 1882 he was appointed secretary of the
Hawaiian legation at Washington; in "1883 he
became charge d'affaires ; from this position he re-
tired (1884) in order to practice law in New York.
In 1883 he defeated the bill introduced into the
senate and house to abrogate the Hawaiian reci-
procity treaty. He it a member of the firm of
Adams & Allen, attorneys and counsellors at law,
New York city. He belongs to the Knickerbocker,
Union, City and Democratic clubs; the Bar Associa-
tion; the Down Town Association; the Harvard
Club; the Sous of the Revolution; the Society of
Colonial Wars; he is also a member of the vestry of
Christ Church, Pelham Manor, N. Y. He was mar-
ried in June, 1892, to Adele Livingston, daughter of
Frederic W. and Adele Livingston Stevens. Mrs.
Allen is a descendant of Gen. Ebeuezer Stevens, of
revolutionary fame, and of Hon. John Livingston
and Hon. Albert Gallatin.
FOSS, Sam Walter, poet, was born at Candia,
Rockingham co.. N. H., June 19, 1858, son of Dyer
and Polly (Hardy) Foss. He was a grandson of
Walter Foss, and great-grandson of AValter Foss.
The family is an old one in New England, and is of
Huguenot descent. His mother was a daughter
of Sam and Lydia (Johnson) Hardy,
and was a native of Caudia, N. II.
His boyhood days were spent on his
father's farm. He was graduated
at the Portsmouth (N. H.) Hiuh
School in 1877; at Tilton (N. H.)
( 'i inference Seminary in 1878, and
at Brown University in issi, lirinu
class poet on that occasion, but tak-
ing no honors in scholarship. He
then became editor of the Lynn,
(Mass.) "Union," and while thus en-
ga;:ed was obliged one day to rill a
column with humorous matter, which
uas received with great favor. In
1887 he became editor of the " Yankee
Blade," and occupied the chair until
1892, when he gave up journalism for
general authorship. In 1898 he was
elected librarian of the Somerville
(Mass.) public library. He is the author of several
volumes of poetrv: " Back Country Poems" (1892);
"Whiffs From 'Wild Meadows" (1895); "Dreams
in Homespun " (1897); " Songs of War and Peace"
(1899). Of the first, the Chicago "Advance" says:
" Many of these poems abound in touches of nature
of the most genuine quality, and some of them are
wonderfully refreshing, not only because of their
linmely truth to nature, but because of the gleams of
beauty and snatches of an exquisite strain of music."
Walter Blackburn Harte wrote in the "New Eng-
land Magazine" : "It is always helpful to any man
to come into touch with a simple, generous, noble
nature, and whatever may be the final estimate of
' Back Country Poems,' we cannot but feel in read-
ing it that here one has not to do with some man
milliner of poetry, but with a full man who, living
in the busy world, retains a wholesome, strong belief
in his fellows, whose heart is not closed to the mis-
erable, or even the criminal, and who has learned
the deeps and shallows of human nature without be-
coming a mere 'man of the world, ' or a mere dilet-
tante. Mr. Foss is an optimist, and occasionally,
it seems to me, that he is a little too optimistic;
but, although the good spirits in these poems are
sometimes strained, Mr. Foss's optimism is of the true
and noble sort." The Chicago "Tribune," ascribes to
Mr. Foss "a vein of true humor and a fund of homely
philosophy that make a most attractive amalgam,"
and declares further that; "He is at his best in the
lilting lines of his dialect verse, though there is both
feelimi and force in some of his more serious work."
Mr. Foss was married at Providence, R. I., in ?887,
In Carrie, daughter of Henry W. and Mary Conant.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
33
BRUSH, Charles Benjamin, civil engineer,
was born in New York city, Feb. 15, 1848, son of
Jonathan Ethelbert and Cornelia (Turck) Brush. He
was descended from Thomas Brush, \\lio seiiied at
Southold, L. I., about 1600. His son, Jacob, was
born in 1689 and died Oct. 17, 1731. His eldest son,
Jacob »M, was born in lluntiugton, L. I., Sept. 0,
1727, and died April 6, 1813, leaving a daughter
Sarah (b. Sept. 27, 1795) who was married to her
cousin, Joshua Brush, son of Jonathan, another sou
of Jacob 1st. The offspring of this marriage was
Jonathan E. (b. Smilhlown, L. I., Feb. 25, 1818, d.
Feb. 6, 1889). His wife wasdc.-cended
from the Turck and Rockefeller
families, of Columbia county, N. Y.
Charles B. Brush was educated in
the public schools of New Yfork city,
and was graduated C.E. at the Uni-
versity of the City of New York in
1868. After a year's service in the bu-
reau of sewers of the Croton aqueduct,
of Xew York cit3', he began a gen-
eral engineering practice in Hobokei i,
N. J.; first in partnership with his
former classmate, Arthur Spielman,
who died Nov. 25, lss;{, ;,,„! after-
wards alone for thirteen years, until
1*!I6, when he- took a- a partner, Wal-
ter F. Wliillemore, C.E. A very ex-
tensive system of public improve-
ments in Hudson county, N. J., was
carried out under his supervision as
chief engineer of the Iloboken I .and and [mprovement
Co., the Hackensack Water Co., the North Hudson
Railway Co. and the Hobokcn Ferry Co. He pre-
pared the excellent set of insurance maps of Hudson
county and atlases of the New York city and Hud-
son county (X. J.) water fronts, giving the records of
grants and dedications of property. The methods
which he devised for the examination of underground
strata for the determination of sources of water sup-
ply, the drainage of lands and the stability of founda-
tions, were so scientifically designed and judiciously
applied by him, that he was called upon to make
such examinations in all parts of the country, includ-
ing among other places, Chicago, Kansas City, Cin-
cinnati, Syracuse, Memphis and Portsmouth, Va.
He conducted the borings for the piers of the Subur-
ban rapid transit and the third avenue bridges over
the Harlem river, and was engineer for the con-
tractors who built the foundations of the Washington
bridge. He also made the explorations for the foun-
dations for the proposed bridge over the Hudson
river at New York, and was for a while engineer
of the Hudson river tunnel. Indeed, during the last
fifteen years of his life, there were few water supplies
or foundations for heavy structures undertaken in or
near New Y'ork for which he was not called upon to
make preliminary investigations. The outfall sewer
system of north Hudson county and the sewers of
Tarrytown, N. Y'., were designed and built b3r him.
He prepared plans for the improved drainage of the
city of Hoboken in 1SS2. In 1891 he became the
chief engineer and one of the directors of the Queens
County Water Co. In 1874 Mr. Brush was made
adjunct-professor of civil engineering in the Univer-
sity of the Citv of New Yo'rk, and in 1888 became
professor of civil engineering and dean of the School
of Engineering. On his resignation in 1895, on ac-
count of failing health, he" was honored by the
university with the degree of D.Sc. He became
an associate of the American Society of Civil Engi-
neers, Sept. 6, 1871, and a member, Sept. 5, 1877 ;
was on its board of direction (1888-91) and vice-
president (1872-73). He was also a member of the
American Water Works Association. Active in all
good works, he was an elder of the Central Presby-
V..i,. IX. — 3.
terian Church ; superintendent of the Mizpah Sun*
day-school and a member of the central council of
the Charity Organization Society of New York city.
Of attractive personality, quick to conceive, prompt
to decide and possessing more than ordinary faculty
for organization, he won the respect, the confidence
and the affection of all with whom he was associated.
On Nov. 21, 1883, he was married to Carrie F.,
daughter of Joshua F. Cooley, president of the Cel-
luloid Co., of Newark, N. J., whose ancestors came
to America from England in 1042. They had three
children. Prof. Brush died in New York city, June
4, 1897.
ADAMS, Julius Walker, civil engineer, was
born in Boston. Mass., Oct. 18, 1812, son of Eli and
Sarah Delano (Swift) Adams, of Puritan and Hugue-
not ancestry. His father, born in Lincoln, Mass.,
March 16, 1770, was the fifth in lineal descent from
Henry Adams, of Braintree, Mass., who emigrated
from Essex, England, in 1630, with eight sons and
one daughter ; his mother was a daughter of Dr.
Foster Swift, of Boston, and Debora Delano, of
Nantucket, who was the fifth in descent from Rich-
ard Warren, of Greenwich, Kent, England, one of
the passengers who landed from the Mayflower at
Plymouth in 1020. The third in descent from this
Richard was Mercy Warren, who was married to
Nathaniel De la Noye (thenceforward known as De-
lano), son of Philip be la Noye, who lauded from the
ship Fort u ni' in 1621. Julius W. Adams entered the
U. S. Military Academy, West Point, in June, 1830.
The wave of internal improvement then sweeping
over the country attracted all young men of engi-
neering proclivities, and in May, !*'•':'*. he resigned
from the academy to join his uncle, Maj. William
AVliistler. as assistant engineer on the Patersou and
Hudson River railroad. From tin's position he went
as assistant engineer on the Stouiugton and Provi-
dence railroad, and was then, successively, on the
Norwich and Worcester (1836), the Western, of
Massachusetts (1839); the Albany and Schenectady
(1S42) railroads; at the Brooklyn navy yard (1844),
and at the Cochituate water works, of Boston
( 1 N 10). He was superintending engineer of the New
York and Erie railroad (1846); chief engineer of the
Central railroad of Kentucky (1852),
and of the Memphis and Ohio rail-
road (1855). In 1857 Mr. Adams
was called to Brooklyn, N. Y*. , to
prepare a comprehensive plan for a
system of sewers for the city. Up
to that time, no American town had
been sewered on a general plan pre-
pared in advance and no data existed
to guide in determining the proper
dimensions of sewers adapted to
American climatic conditions and the
hhbits of the people. The whole sub-
ject was carefully investigated by
Mr. Adams and the plans devised
and carried out by him have proved
most efficacious and satisfactory.
The civil war having interrupted this
work, he entered the military service
as colonel of the 67th N. Y. volun-
teers iu June, 1861, and served in the army of the
Potomac until wounded in the battle of Fair Oaks,
May 31, 1862. On Oct. 20, 1862, he resigned from
the army and returned to Brooklyn. He was the
chief engineer of the Brooklyn department of city
works (1869-77); consulting engineer to the New
Y'i irk city department of public works (1880-86), and
was a director of the Panama railroad (1888-93).
Col. Adams has contributed many valuable reports
and papers to state boards of health and to corpora-
tions. Among such may be cited his " Report on the
Pollution of Rivers " to the commission on the water
34
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
supply of Philadelphia in 1875 ; the report of a com-
mission on the plans for sewering Providence, R. I.,
in 1876, aud the report to the New Jersey state board
of health " On the Disposal of Sewage in Cities" in
1882. In 1880 he wrote the first comprehensive
treatise on the sewering of towns issued in America.
This work, entitled "Sewers and Drains in Populous
Districts," has passed through several editions. Col.
Adams was one of the founders of the American So-
ciety of Civil Engineers in 1852; was vice-president
(1807-73); president (1874-75), and was made an
honorary member, Oct. 2(5, 1888. On Dec. 5, 1835,
he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of John and
Esther (Brown) Denison, of Stouiugton, Conn., who
died in Brooklyn, April 2, 1888. Of their five sous
and three daughters, only the youngest, a daughter,
survives (1899).
EMERY, Charles Edward, engineer, was born
at Aurora, N. Y., March 29, 1838, son of Moses Lit-
tle and Minerva (Preutiss) Emery. He was a direct
descendant of one of the original proprietors of the
plantation of Contoocook (now Boscawen aud Web-
ster, N. H.). and his immediate ancestor settled in
Newbury, Mass., in 1675. He was educated at the
Canandaigua Academy; studied mechanical engi-
neering at the local railroad shops, and, at the re-
quest of his family, read law, with a view of becom-
ing a patent lawyer. Early in 1861 he organized a
volunteer company, which was
disbanded however on account
of the president's proclama-
tion that no more troops were
needed; but in June of the
same year he entered the I". S.
navy as third assistant engineer
of the ship Richmond. He
took part in blockading duty
with the Gulf squadron and the
battles at Pensacola, forts Jack-
sou and St. Philip, and the cap-
ture of New Orleans, Vieks-
burg and Port Hudson. He
was promoted in June. 1863,
and took part in the blockade
?off Charleston, S. C., on the
U. S. ship Nipsic, and in June,
1864, was ordered to duty at
the Novelty Iron Works, New
York, on the the U. S. navy steam expansion ex-
periments. In 1869 Mr. Emery retired from the
navy, and conducted a series of experiments for the
Novelty Iron Works on stationary steam engines, the
results of which were subsequently published in
book form by Prof. W. P. Trowbridge, under the
title "Condensing and Non-Condensing Engines."
In this same year he became superintendent of the
American Institute fair in New York city, and was
also appointed consulting engineer and chairman of
the examining board of the U. S. coast survey and
U. S. revenue marine. For the latter service he de-
signed and constructed the engines for twenty new
vessels, and repaired and remodeled many others.
In 1874, as a member of a joint board of engineers—
Charles H. Loring representing the navy aud he the
treasury — he conducted a series of experiments to
determine the relative value of compound and non-
compound engines, the results of which were at the
time the only" reliable data extant, and were pub-
lished in technical literature and text-books through-
out the scientific world. This work brought him
the appointment as one of the judges of the Centen-
nial exhibition, Philadelphia, in 1876, on engines,
pumps and mechanical appliances, aud associate to
the committee on musical instruments, electrical aud
other scientific apparatus. For his services in this
last capacity the Centennial commission awarded
him a medal, and in 1879 the University of New
York conferred upon him the honorary degree of
Ph.D. In the latter year he became chief engineer
aud manager of the New York Steam Co., in which
capacity he planned, constructed and successfully
operated the various plants of the company. He
was retained by the Edison Electric Light Co., the
Pneumatic Dynamite Gun Co. and the city of Fall
River as consulting engineer, and on his report the
mill owuers of Fall River and the city entered into
a novel compromise, whereby the city was to receive
water from the .Watuppa ponds in consideration of
the abatement of taxes on water-power. Later Dr.
Emery was appointed non-resident professor of Sib-
ley College, Cornell University, where he lectured
to the time of his death. In 1887, resigning from
the steam company, he opened an office in New
York as a consulting engineer and engineering ex-
pert, and became connected with a large number of
the most important patent litigations, as expert, and
with almost all the water condemnation suits. He
then became consulting engineer for the New York
and Brooklyn bridge. lu 1889 the Institution of
Civil Engineers of Great Britain awarded him the
Watt medal and Tilford premium for an approved
paper. In 1891 he resigned from the U. S. revenue
marine, as the same had passed into the control of
the navy department. In 1892 he was appointed
one of the commissioners in the matter of the pur-
chase of the Long Island Water Supply Co., by the
city of Brooklyn, the Skaneateles, N. Y., and the
Newark, N. J., water condemnation cases. He then
took up the subject of electricity, and in 1893 was
appointed one of the judges of dynamos and motors
at the Columbian exposition. Chicago. In 1895 Dr.
Emery was elected chairman of the'committee to re-
vise the code of 1884 for steam boiler trials. At the
time of his death he was engaged in its final revision;
upon the Bound Brook, N. J., flood cases; the Hoi-
yoke, Mass. , water-power assessment cases, and the
city of Worcester, Mass., water condemnation cases.
He was a member of all the American engineering
societies and the British Institution; fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence and of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sci-
ences. He was married, Aug. 6, 1863, to Susan S.,
daughter of Hon. Essex Ridley Livingston, com-
piler of the archives of the state of Massachusetts;
granddaughter of William Livingston, surrogate of
Kings county, N. Y., and great-granddaughter of
Gen. William Livingston, colonial governor of the
state of New Jersey. He died in New York city,
June 1, 1898.
LANE, Moses, civil engineer, was born at
Northfield, Vt., Nov. 16, 1823.' He was educated at
the Norwich (Vermont) Academy and the University
of Vermont, where he was graduated C.E. in 1845.
After a short term of service on the Vermont Cent ral
railroad, he was engaged on the Sullivan railroad in
New Hampshire. In 1849 he took charge of the
academy at Bpringville, N. Y., and after four years
of teaching spent a year in engineering work, in
charge of the Albany division of the Albany and
Susquehanna railroad ; then resuming educational
work as principal of the academy at Clarence,
N. Y. In 1856 he was called by James P. Kirk-
wood, the chief engineer of the Brooklyn water
works, to be his principal assistant in the design and
construction of those works. On the retirement of
Mr. Kirkwood, in 1862, Mr. Lane succeeded him as
chief engineer. During the years 1869-71 Mr.
Lane was associated with E. S. Chesbrough in
general engineering practice, and prepared plans for
the water supply of Pittsburgh and acted as consult-
ing engineer for Indianapolis, Ind., Patersou. N. J.,
and other cities. In 1871 lie was appointed chief en-
gineer of the Milwaukee water works, and designed
and constructed the new water supply of the ^:ity,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
35
ami iu 1875 was made city engineer, which position
he held, with an intermission of three years (1878-81 ),
until his death. During the last ten years of his life,
Mr. Lane was extensively called in consultation on
hydraulic and sanitary works all over the country.
He was consulting engineer for the water works
of the cities of Toledo, Ciuciunati, St. Louis and
Boston, and on the sewerage of Buffalo, N. Y., and
Pittsfield, Mass. He was a member of the commis-
sion appointed by the city of Memphis, Tenn., in
correct the city's drainage after the yellow fever epi-
demic, and constructed water works for New Or-
leans, La., and Kansas City. He became a member
of the American Society of Civil Engineers on l>rr.
4, 1867, and was vice-president of the Western So-
ciety of Civil Engineers at the time of his death. Hi-
was married in 1852 to Marinda Ingalls, who with
three daughters and one son survived him. He died
in Milwaukee, Wis., Jan. 25, 1882.
WHIPPLE, Squire, civil engineer, was born in
Hardwiek, Mass., Sept. 16, 1804, sou of James and
Electa (Johnson) Wbipple. The father was a tanner
and also operated a small cotton mill, in which I lie
son worked for six months in the year, unending
the district schools during the winter, and when in
1817 they removed to a farm in Otsego county, N. Y. ,
the son worked on the farm in summer and taught
school in winter. During 1822-28 young \Vhi|>ple
attended the academic schools of the dislriel . and
then entering the senior class of Union College,
Schenectady. was graduated iu 1829. Immediately
after he began the practice of civil engineering, tir-t
as rod-man, later as leveler, on the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad, and at the end of two years was em-
ployed on the surveys and computations for the en-
largement of the Erie canal. This work occupied
him for six years in all, and then from 1837 to 1850
he conducted numerous surveys and estimates of
railroad and canal projects. His special talent lay,
however, in the design and analysis of meelianieal
contrivances, and in his intervals of leisure he con-
structed a number of surveying instruments. In
1840 he designed a scale for weighing canal boats,
•which was adopted on the Erie canal and he also de-
signed and patented the first iron highway bridge-
truss. In 1847 he published a treatise on bridge
building, in which for the first time the fundamental
laws of framed structures were elucidated and exact
rules given for determining the strains on the differ-
ent members composing such structures. In 1869 he
extended this treatise, adding 128 pages, for which
he set the type and made the woodcuts, printing the
book on a hand-press in his own house. This work
was enlarged in 1872 and had a large circulation and
passed to a fourth edition in 1883. He has been aptly
styled "the father of American bridge building."
In 1847 he published a little book entitled "The
Way to Happiness," in which he advocated absten-
tion from animal food, of which he never himself
partook, mainly on account of his abhorrence of the
taking of life. In 1866 he published "The Doc-
trine of Central Forces." He had at his home
a fine cabinet of mathematical and physical instru-
ments of his own construction. Mr. \Vhipple was a
clear thinker, a forcible writer and social!}', while
retiring in his disposition, was a genial companion.
He was made an honorary member of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, May 6, 1868. He died
in Albany, N. Y., March 15, 1888.
CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engi-
neer, was born in Baltimore county, Md., July 6,
1813, son of Isaac M. and Pharina (Jones) Cues-
brough. His father, a native of North Adams, Mass. ,
was a descendant of an Englishman who landed
at Plymouth, Mass., in 1630; his mother was a native
of Maryland and of German and Welsh ancestry. He
had very little school education before he was fifteen
years of age, and then went as chainman in an en-
gineeriug party on surveys for the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad, displaying such ability in his work
that he was rapidly' advanced. In 1831 he went
with Col. S. H. Long, U. S. topographical engineers,
as his assistant on the surveys "for the Allegheny
Portage railroad, and during'the next eleven years
was constantly occupied on railroad surveys and con-
struction on the Patersnn and Hudson, 'the Boston
and Providence, and the Louisville, Cincinnati and
Charleston railroads, being aeiing chief engineer of
the last named. During the next two years, a period
of financial depression, Mr. Clieshrongh familiarized
himself with the practical use of tools by entering
the shops of the Stonington railroad, and ihen tried
fanning in Niagara county, N. Y. Not finding it a
congenial occupation, he returned to engineering
on the construction of the Boston and Providence
railroad (1844-46), next being offered the position of
chief engineer of the western division of the Boston
water works, embracing the Cochituate aqueduct and
the Brookline reservoir, the plans for which had
been matured by John B. Jervis, who also acted as
consulting engineer during their construction. This
was the first hydraulic work on which Mr. Ches-
brough had been engaged, but he devoted himself to
the study of this branch of the profession with such
success that, on the completion of the Boston works
in 1849, he was made sole water
commissioner of Boston, and iu 1851
became the first city engineer. He
held the latter position until Is.Vi,
when he resigned to become engi-
neer to the Chicago sewerage com-
mission. The history of Mr. Ches-
brough's life for the next tweni\
years is the history of the growth of
Chicago and the development of
the great public works, which made
the city habitable and famous.
There was at that time no city or
town in the United State- systemati-
cally sewered; but Mr. Chesbrough,
visiting Europe, studied the sewer-
age systems in use there, and then
matured his plan, which involved
the raising of the entire level of
the filth-sodden town so that the
-ewage could flow off into Lake
Michigan. The work was done, and then, in course
of time, the quantity of filth carried into the lake
was so great as to endanger the purity of the water
supply which was drawn therefrom. In his capaci-
ty as city engineer, he advised tunneling out two
miles under the bed of the lake to where pure water
could be obtained, and the work was successfully'
accomplished. The traffic across the Chicago river,
which divided the city into two parts and yet was
essential as a waterway for its commerce, was ob-
structed by the requirements of navigation. He
built two tunnels under the bed of the river. And
so it was with every problem connected with the
development of the material resources of the city.
He studied the conditions thoroughly- and carefully.
To some he appeared to be slow and even vacillating;
but when he had reached a conclusion his action was
prompt and determined. His advice was sought
on questions of tunneling the Detroit river and the
great Croton aqueduct tunnel for New York; on the
sewerage of New Haven, Indianapolis, Milwaukee,
Memphis and many other cities, and on the water
supply of Pittsburgh, Jacksonville, Detroit, Toronto
and a number of towns besides. He resigned his
position as commissioner of public works and city
engineer of Chicago in 1879. His time for the next
three years was mainly occupied in the study of
plans for the new Croton aqueduct in New York
36
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
city, in connection -with which he, in 1883, made a
trip to Europe to examine some high masonry dams
in France and Spain. During this trip he was seized
•with an illness from which he never entirely recov-
ered. He became a member of the American So-
ciety of Civil Engineers on June 17. 1868, and was
president of the society in 1878. Throughout his
career he was distinguished for scientific ability,
broad common sense, farsightedness, courteousness
of manner, fairness, impartiality and a high standard
of professional honor. In 1837 he was married to
Elizabeth A. Fryer, of Baltimore, Md., who died
childless. He died in Chicago, 111., Aug. 18, 1886.
WELCH, Ashbel, civil engineer, was born at
Nelson, Madison co., N. Y., Dec. 4, 1809, son of
Ashbel and Margaret Welch. Removing with his
parents to Deerfield, N. Y., in 1816, he was educated
at the schools in Utica. In 1826 he spent one year
at the Albany Academy and in August, 1827, began
his engineering career as a rodman on the Lehigh
canal. He went to Trenton, N. J., in 1830, to work
on the Delaware and Raritan canal. In 1832, being
then in charge of the upper division of the feeder,
he took up his residence at Lambertville, N. J.,
which was his home for the rest of his life. In 1835
he became chief engineer of the Delaware and
Raritan canal; for thirty-nine years controlling the
engineering works on this important waterway be-
tween Philadelphia and New York and the system
of railways which was built up in connection with it,
comprising the Belvidere and Delaware, the Trenton
and Philadelphia, and the Camden and Amboy rail-
roads and the New Jersey Railroad Transportation
Co. In addition to the manifold duties of this posi-
tion, he assisted John Ericsson on the plans for the
steamer Princeton; superintended the experiments
in gunnery instituted by Com. Stockton; visited
Europe for six months in 1845 to study ordnance;
was engaged in investigating systems of telegraphy
with Prof. Joseph Henry; built the Chesapeake and
Delaware canal; conducted experiments at Hoboken
in 1861 on the Stevens battery; in 1865 designed and
put into operation on the" railroad
between New York and Philadel-
phia a system of safety signaling,
and visited Europe for six months in
1869 to study the Belgian system of
cable towing on canals. He applied
steam power to the locks of the Del-
aware and Raritan canal in 1868, thus
doubling their capacity; and design-
ed many improvements in railroad
rollingstock, rails and road-bed. In
1867 he was elected president of the
United RailroadsandCanalsof New
Jersey, administering their affairs
until the transfer of the company
to the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.
in 1871, and from that time until
his death he was consulting engineer
to a great number of important
enterprises, the last being the West
In 1882 he was appointed by the
governor of New Jersey a commissioner to report
on plans for the storage of the waters of the state
for the purpose of furnishing cities and towns with
water supply. Mr. Welch was a clear writer and
deep thinker and his numerous contributions to the
literature of railroads and canals in the technical
journals are models of forcible presentation of
clearly and logically conceived opinions. A con-
sistent Christian, actively connected with the Pres-
byterian church as an elder; considerate of others;
equable in temper and at the same time inflexible in
demanding straightforward procedure in all things,
he possessed a wonderful moral influence. He be-
came a member of the American Society of Civil
Shore railroad.
P.
Engineers, Aug. 7, 1872; being elected vice-presi
dent in 1880 and president in January, 1882. In 1834
he was married to Hannah Seabrook! He died Sept.
25, 1882.
KIRKWOOD, James Pugh, civil engineer,
was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, May 27, 1807. At
the age of eight years he was sent to school in Gala-
shiels and later to Rotterdam, Holland, and then
spent two years in his father's store. In 1821 he
was apprenticed to the firm of Granger & Miller,
land surveyors and civil engineers, with whom he
remained until 1832, and then coming to America
was engaged in the location of the ^Norwich and
Worcester railroad. He was afterwards employed
on the Boston and Providence, the Stonington and
Providence, and the Long Island
railroads, and in 1839 was en-
gaged under the U. S. engineers
on the construction of a light-
house on Flyuu's knoll in New
York harbor, which, however,
was so damaged by heavy storms
that it was abandoned and never
completed. During 1840-43 he
was resident engineer of the
Western railroad of Massachu-
setts; in 1844 was architect and
constructing engineer of the Del-
evau House at Albany, and on its
completion took charge of the
construction of the Springfield
and Northampton railroad. He
superintended for the U. S. gov-
ernment the construction of a
naval depot at Pensacola, Fla.,
until the suspension of appropria-
tions for the work in 1847. In the
following year he undertook to construct for the
Erie railroad the Starucca viaduct, 100 feet high,
of sixteen masonry arches of 50- foot span, and car-
ried the work through in one season. This led to
his appointment as general superintendent of the
Erie railroad, in which position he introduced many
improvements in the operation of railways, notably
the running of trains by telegraph, never before at-
tempted. For five years from 1850 he was chief en-
gineer of the Missouri Pacific railroad. Mr. Kirk-
wood's ability as an engineer and his notable
thoroughness and integrity led the commissioners
for the new Brookl}'!! water works to appoint him to
superintend the carrying-out of their contracts
which had been let to a single contracting firm for a
lump sum. Undertaking with some reluctance
this, to him, new branch of his profession, he de-
voted himself to hydraulic engineering with that
steady perseverance, thoroughness and careful
judgment which had brought about his success in
railroad work. He studiously investigated the
theory as well as the practice of water works design
and construction in every branch anil within a very
few years became known as the first authority in
the United States on this subject. In 1865 he made
an exhaustive examination and report on the water
supply of Cincinnati, O., and in the following year
on that of St. Louis, Mo. This led to his being sent
to Europe to investigate the methods of filtration of
river waters in use There. His report on this sub-
ject was for nearly thirty years the only American
text book on the filtration of river waters. While
in London he also made a report to citizens of New
York on the underground railways and their work-
ing. During the following ten years he was called
upon to make numerous important examinations and
to act as consulting engineer for the water works of
New York, Brooklyn, St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Port-
land, Me., Albany and Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Salem,
Lowell, Fall River, Lawrence and Lynn, Mass.. and
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
37
Hoboken, N. J. In connection'with James Bicheno
Francis he made, iu 1874, a report on additional
supply for Boston, and in 1875 an extended examina-
tion and report to the Massachusetts state board of
health on the pollution of rivers. The coating of
navy and his grandfather, Com. Thomas Tiugey,
was at that time in command of the Washington
navy yard. His father was a naval officer and two of
Ins brothers, Rear-Adm. Thomas Tingey Craven and
Capt. Tunis Augustus Macdonough Craven, became
. . . , , uwiAiilJ V^lcivci-i, 1 1 LI il 1111
cast iron water pipes with coal tar to preserve them distinguished in tlie naval service the latter sinking
was introduced in America by him, and to him are with his ship, the Tecumseh, in the battle of Mobile
largely due the improvements made in pumping en- bav in 1802. At an enrlv au-P Alfro.l v»™
rgely due the improvements made in pumping en
uines for city water supply during the years 1857-75.
He was one of the founders of the American Society
of Civil Engineers in 1852 and was president of the
society in 1867-68. Mr. Kirkwood was twice mar-
ried; first, to Mary Harper, daughter of Eli and
Sarah Delano (Swift) Adams, of Lincoln, Mass., who
died Feb. 27, 1847; second, to Sarah Elizabeth,
daughter of Charles Richards, of New York, and
widow of William Verbryck, the artist. He had no
children by either wife. He died in Brooklyn,
N. Y., April 22, 1877.
LANDRETH, Olin Henry, civil engineer,
was born at Addison, Steubeu eo., N. Y., July 21,
1852, son of Rev. James and Adelia Laudreth. He
received his preparatory education at the high school
at Rushville, N. Y., and Perm Yan, Dundee and
Canisteo academies, New York. He commenced
the practice of civil engineering iu 1870, and con-
tinued it in New York and Pennsylvania unlil 1874,
when he entered the sophomore class of Union Col-
lege, Schenectady, N. Y., where lie was graduated
in June, 1876, receiving the degree of C.E. and in
June, 18T~
appointed
tory, Albany, N. Y., which position he occupied
until August, 1879, when he resigned to accept the
chair of civil engineering at Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Teuu., then just established, lie was
also appointed dean of the engineering faculty of
that institution iu 1886, when the original school of
engineering was elevated to the rank of a separate
department of Vauderbilt University. He devoted
a portion of his time at this university to the prac-
tice of civil engineering as consulting engineer, and
has been active in all matters pertaining to the eleva-
tion and advancement of his profession. In June,
1894, he resigned his position at Vanderbilt Univer-
sity to accept the chair of civil engineering at Union
College, Schenectady, N. Y., to which he had been
elected in December, 1893, which position he still
occupies (1899). During his connection with Union
College he has continued to devote a portion of his
time to professional practice as consulting engineer,
and since February, 1896, he has beeirconsulting
engineer of the New York state board of health.
He is a member and past director of the American
bay in 1862. At an early age Alfred removed with
v
the family to the navy yard at Portsmouth, X. II.,
and was sent to school at Exeter and Berwick.
When thirteen years of age he entered Yale Col-
7, that of B.A. In the latter year he was lr-''- where he remained one year, and then going to
assistant astronomer in Dudley Observa- Columbia College, New York city, was graduate,! in
any, N. Y., which position he occupied 1829- He then studied law and after his admission
to the liar practiced a few years in New York.
Iu ls:!o he turned his attention to civil engineering,
and during the following seven years was engaged
on the construction of the Mad River railroad in
Ohio, the Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston rail-
road, the Boston and Albany railroad and the
Central division of the Erie railroad, holding the
position of first assistant engineer on the last-named.
During 1843-49 he was successively chief engineer
of the Mohawk and Hudson railroad; of the dock
and basins of the Heading railroad on the Delaware
river; of the Schuylkill Valley railroad and of the
Camden Branch railroad in South Carolina. On
July 17, 1849, he was appointed commissioner and
chief engineer in the newly-organ-
ized Croton aqueduct department
of New York city, which position
he held for nineteen years, resign-
ing on May 1, 1868. In addition to
the control of the maintenance of
the water supply and its extension,
Society of Civil Engineers; a member and past vice- t!lis department was charged with
president of the American Society of Mechanical the construction and care of these w-
Eugineers; a member and past secretary of the En- ers and the paving and maintenance
irinooi-inn. *„„„„;.,*;„., ,.c 4-1 — o«..»u _.i..-_i -•_ of streets. During Mr. Craven's ad-
gineering Association of the South, which associa-
tion he took an active part iu organizing; a fellow
and past secretary of the Engineering Section of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science; a member and past president of the Scheu-
ectady Technical Association, and a member of
the Deutscheu Geometer Verein of Prussia. He
published, iu 1883, a volume of " Metric Tables for
Students and Engineers, "and lias contributed to en-
gineering and astronomical journals and to the
proceedings of various technical societies of which
he is a member. In 1880 the honorary degree of
M.A. was conferred on him by Union College. In
1879 he was married to Eliza, daughter of William
B. and Eliza Taylor, of Canisteo, N. Y.
CRAVEN, Alfred Wingate, civil engineer,
was born in Washington, D. C., Oct. 20, 1810,
second son of Tunis and Hannah (Tingey) Craven.
His family had long been connected with the U. S.
ministration of this important office
a very large amount of work was
done iu the extension of the streets,
the rectification and development
of the sewer system and the enlarge-
ment of the water supply. Among
other improvements, the large reser
voir in Central park was built;
the High bridge was raised, a 90-
inch wrought iron pipe laid across
it ; and the high-service pump-
ing station and water-tower erected for supplying
the upper end of the city with water. The first of
a series of large storage reservoirs in the Croton
water-shed was also begun by him. Possessing a
more than ordinarily attractive personality and a re-
fined and genial manner, Mr. Craven had also great
executive ability, a thorough understanding of men
and, more than all, an unswerving integrity. It was
38
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
this happy combination which enabled him to com-
mand the respect and affection of the entire com-
munity, and to retain through all the vicissitudes of
political control the important position which he so
ably administered. After leaviug the Croton aque-
duct department he made a tour through Europe
with his family and on his return was appointed a
commissioner of the Fourth avenue improvement
in New York city. He also acted as consulting en-
gineer to the Gilbert Elevated Railroad Co., which
constructed the elevated railroads on Second and
Sixth avenues, since merged in the Manhattan sys-
tem. He was also consulted extensively regarding
projects for water supply in all parts of the United
States. During the whole of his connection with
the New York water supply and until the end of his
life, there were few important water-works enter-
prises in the country on which he did not give
advice. On Feb. 1, 1870, he was elected a mem-
ber of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great
Britain, being the first American engineer so
honored. He was a member of the Century Club
after 1860 aud of the Union League Club for one
year ( 1863-64). He was one of the founders of the
American Society of Civil Engineers in 1852 and
was its president "for two terms iu 1870-71. In 1840
he was married to Maria, daughter of John S.
Schermerhorn; she died in 1864, leaving two
daughters. Failing health compelled Mr. Crave'i
to abandon the practice of his profession in 1878,
and he spent the last few months of his life in Eng-
land, dying at Chiswick, March 27, 1879.
LAURIE, James, civil engineer, was born at
Bell's quarry, near Edinburgh, Scotland, May 9,
1811. His early life was spent in Scotland, and it is
stated that on one occasion, Sir Walter Scott, while
on a fishing excursion, found him disabled by an ac-
cident, and abandoned his sport until he had secured
aid for the wounded boy. He served as apprentice in
a civil engineer's office in Edinburgh, and about
1833 came to America, where he was engaged on the
construction of the Norwich and Worcester railroad,
which was probably the first American line on which
a tunnel was built. On the com-
pletion of this road he engaged
in a miscellaneous practice, with
an office in Boston, until 1849.
when he became the engineer
of the Central railroad of New7
Jersey, and made the plans for
its extension to Eastou on the
Delaware river. During 1852-
58 his office was iu New York
city, where he conducted an ex-
tensive miscellaneous engineer-
ing practice, including examina-
tions of bridges for the state of
New York. HP was engaged
upon examinations and plans for
a railroad in Nova Scotia (1S5S-
60) ; was the chief engineer of
the New Haven, Hartford and
Springfield railroad (1861-66),
and also consulting engineer to the state of Massa-
chusetts on the Troy anil Greenfield railroad and the
Hoosac tunnel. During this period he designed and
constructed the iron bridge across the Connecticut
river at Warehouse point, the material for which
was purchased by him in England. This bridge is
still in service. After 1866, Mr. Laurie, having ac-
quired a competency and being unmarried, retired
from the active practice of the profession, except
that he was called upon occasionally to examine and
report upon some important structure, such as the
Lyman viaduct on the Air Line railroad and the
Bads bridge across the Mississippi river at St. Louis.
An earnest believer in the cooperation of engineers
and the advancement of the profession, Mr. Laurie
was, in 1M48, one of the founders of the Boston So-
ciety of Civil Engineers, which is the oldest existing
engineering society in the country. In 1852 his name
appears first among the founders of the American
Society of Civil Engineers in New York city, and he
was the first president of the society, holding the
office until 1867. Over his grave in'the Cedar Hill
Cemetery, Hartford, is a granite shaft with an in-
scription ending, "By his talents and industry he
gained the foremost rank in his profession." He died
in Hartford, Conn., March 16, 1875.
FANNING, John Thomas, civil engineer, was
born in Norwich, Conn., Dec. 31, 1837, son of John
Howard and Elizabeth (Pridde)
Fanning. He is descended from
Edmund Gilbert Fanning, the
first of the name in America,
who came from Ireland in 1652,
and settled in Grotou, Conn.,
aud from Lieut. Thomas Tracy,
who came from England in 1636.
His grandfather was Capt. John
Fanning, who was assistant sur-
geon in the revolutionary army.
He was educated in the schools
of Norwich, and at the out-
br3ak of the civil war he had
completed a course of study in
architecture and engineering.
He enlisted in the 3d regiment
Connecticut volunteers, served
its full term, and subsequently
was a field officer in the state
militia. He began professional
work in Norwich, iu 1862, and was for eight years
acting city engineer, and planned the public water
supply, cemetery and other improvements. He also
planned and supervised the construction of many
mills, public and private buildings and bridges in
eastern New England. He removed to Manchester,
N. H., in 1872, to supervise the construction of its
public water supply, and while there designed the
principal church, opera house and many business
blocks and residences, aud was a member of the
board of education and chairman of the high school
committee. He was employed, in 1881, by a citi-
zens' committee to report upon an additional water
supply for New York, Brooklyn and cities of the
Hudson valley, and advised the upper Hudson river,
where it emerges from the Adirondacks, as the
source of supply. He was retained by the Boston
water board, aud later by the metropolitan water
board of Massachusetts as an expert iu their con-
demnation cases and by the Chicago drainage com-
mission, and by other cities and corporations as an
expert witness. In 1885 he reported on improve-
ments of the water power in the Mississippi river, at
Minneapolis, Minn., and in 1886 was appointed chief
engineer and agent of the St. Anthony Falls Water
Power Co. He was appointed consulting engineer
of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba railway
and of the Great Northern railway, and vice-presi-
dent of the Minneapolis Union railway. Among
works directed from his Minneapolis office have been
improvements in various water powers and public
water supplies; a comprehensive plan for the drain-
age of 3,000 square miles of the famous hard wheat
land in the valley of the Red river of the North; the
construction of the great dam, public water supply,
aud electric lighting of the city of Austin, Texas;
the large water power on the Missouri river at Great
Falls, Mont., and on the Spokane river, at Spokane,
Wash., and a large water power on the Missouri
river, near Helena, Mont. He is patentee of im-
provements in slow-burning building constructions,
iu turbine water wheels, iu pumping engines and in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
39
steam boilers. He has written various papers and
lectures on engineering topics, aud is author of " A
Treatise on Hydraulic and Water Supply Engineer-
ing," which iu 1899 had reached its fourteenth edi-
tion. He is a fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, and ex-director of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, and an ex-
president of the American Water Works Associa-
tion. Mr. Fanning was married at Norwich, Conn.,
on June 14, 18l>5, to M. Louise, daughter of James
and Maria Beusley. They have one son and two
daughters.
BURR, William Hubert, civil engineer, was
born at \Vatcrto\vu, Litchtield co., Conn., July 14,
1851, son of George William and Marion Foot (Sco-
vill) Burr, and descendant iu the ninth generation
of Jehue Burr, au Englishman, who emigrated to
New England with Winthrop's colony in 1630.
Jehue Burr settled in Springfield, Mass., in 1640,
but soon removed to Hartford, Conn., aud thence,
in 1644, to Fairfield on the Sound, which became
the seat of the family. From earliest times the
Burrs have been eminent in church and state.
Among those having their birth in Fairfield were
Col. John and Maj. John of the second and fourth
generations; Col. Andrew, who commanded the Con-
necticut regiment at Louisburg; Aaron, first presi-
dent of Princeton College and father of Aaron, vice-
president of the United States, and Gen.Gershom and
Gen. Thaddeus Burr. The Scovills also are of
colonial stock. William H. Burr studied at the
Academy in Watertown aud privately, preparatory
to entering the Reusselaer Polytechnic Institute at
Troy, N. Y. He was graduated at that institution
in 1872, and immediately began his life work — civil
engineering. From 1872 until 1875 he was employed
in New York city in subordinate positions in "the
construction of wrought iron bridges, and iu New-
ark, N. J., ou the city water-works. In 1875 he
was appointed a member of the faculty of Rens-
selaer Polytechnic Institute aud returned to Troy,
serving from 1876 until 1SS4 as professor of rational
and technical mechanics, and meantime engaging in
considerable civil engineering practice. In 1884 he
resigned his professorship and became assistant to
the chief engineer of the PJioeuix Bridge Co., of
Phoenixville and Philadelphia, Pa. Subsequent Iv
he became general manager, and superintended the
design aud construction of some of the most impor-
tant works in the history of engineering in this
country, among them the Chesapeake and Ohio
bridge at Cincinnati, the Red Rock cantilever across
the Colorado river aud the Pecos viaduct in Texas.
In 1891 be was vice-president of Sooysmith & Co.,
contracting engineers iu New York city; iu 1892-93
was professor of engineering at Harvard University;
in 1893 was appointed to the chair of civil engineer-
ing in Columbia University, and still (1899)" holds
that position, at the present time engaging in a wide
civil engineering practice. From 1893 until 1895 he
was consulting engineer to the department of public
works of New York city for the design and construc-
tion of the Harlem ship canal bridge. In 1894 he
was appointed by Pres. Cleveland member of a
board of engineers charged with the duty of investi-
gating and reporting on the feasibility of crossing
the Hudson at New York city with a suspension
bridge of a single span of 3,200 feet. In 1894 he
was one of a sub-committee of the "Committee of
Seventy " which considered the subject of the im-
provement of the city water front, aud also member
of a committee of experts that reported on the plans
and estimates for the proposed system of rapid
transit. In 1895-98 he was a member of the board
of consulting engineers to the department of docks.
In 1896 he became consulting engineer to the de-
partment of public parks, and had charge of the con-
struction of the Harlem river driveway and of a
number of bridges aud other works, "in 1836 he
was appointed by Pres. Cleveland a member of a
board to determine the location of a deep waier
harbor on the coast of southern California. In 1898
he became consulting engineer to the department
of bridges of New York city. Mr. Burr is a mem-
ber of a number of professional and social organi-
zations, including the American Society of Civil
Engineers, of which he was a director in 1893-9(5:
the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain;
the University Club; the Engineers' Club, and the
Century Association of New York city. He has
published "Stresses in Bridge and Roof Trusses "
(1880); "Elasticity aud Resistance of the Materials of
Engineering" (1883); and "Theory of the Masonry
Arch" (1898); iu addition to frequent contributions
to periodical literature. The Rowland prize of the
American Society of Civil Engineers was awarded
him in 1892 for a paper on "The River Spans of the
Cincinnati and Covingtou Bridge." Mr. Burr was
married, in 1876, to Caroline Kent, daughter of
Lindsley P. and Martha (Booth) Seelye. She died
in 1894, leaving three children: Marion Elizabeth,
William Fail-field aud George Liudsley.
WORMELEY, James Preble, civil engineer,
was born at Belmout, near Boston, Mass., March
27, 1826, son of Ralph Randolph and Caroline
(Preble) Wormeley. His father (1785-1852), a
native of Virginia, was rear-admiral in the English
navy; his mother was a niece
of Com. Edward Preble, of the
U. S. navy. His mother's fam-
ily had resided in Massachusetts
for 200 years, and his father's
family had been prominent in
Virginia since it was founded
there by Ralph aud Christopher
Wormeley. who came from
England with Sir William Berk-
eley, as members of his coun-
cil for the colony. The Worme-
ley genealogy is traced back
in an unbroken line to the
reign of Edward II., when
Sir John de Wormele, having
served with distinction, was made lord of the manor
of Hatfieicl, iu Yorkshire, "for the honourable ser-
vice of a pair of golden spurs." The mother of
Adm. Ralph Randolph Wormeley was Ariaua,
daughter of John Randolph, king's attorney-general
for the colon_v of Virginia; her brother was Edmund
Randolph, first attorney-general and second secre-
tary of state of the United States; her uncle, Peyton
Randolph, was president of the first congress, and
her great-uncles were grandfathers of Thomas Jef-
ferson, John Randolph, of Roanoke, aud William
Beverley, governor of Virginia and ancestor of Gen-
eral Robert E. Lee. Her husband espoused the loyalist
cause during the revolution, aud later obtained for
his son the privilege of entering the royal navy.
James Preble Wormeley was graduated at King's
College, London, after two years' study, with all the
honors of the full course. He studied civil engi-
neering, under Sir Isambard Brunei, but being an
ardenHover of his native country, he determined on
mastering the science to make his professional
career there. He constructed a portion of the Bal-
timore and Ohio railroad, and was then made engi-
neer-in-chicf of the Rochester and Syracuse rail-
road. He was the first to suggest the idea of a
ship railway across the isthmus of Panama, and he
had made a plan for it, which was approved and en-
couraged by Mr. Brunei aud Mr. Aspinwall. Had
lie lived it would, without a doubt, have been car-
ried through, as he had powerful friends to support
40
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
it. Great hopes were entertained for him, for it was
acknowledged by men whose talents made them
able to judge that his powers were those of a man of
genius; but, to the disappointment of their expecta-
tions, he contracted a fever from marshes which he
was surveying, and died Jan. 10, 1851.
PEGRAM, George Herndon, civil engineer,
was born at Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie Co., la.,
Dec. 29, 1855, son of Capt. Benjamin Rush and
Mercy Adelaide (Bobbins) Peg-ram. He represents
one of the oldest Virginia families. His paternal
great-great-grandfather, Edward Pegrarn. was a
captain in the revolutionary war, and his great-
grandfather, John Pegram, was major-general of
the Virginia militia in the war of 1812. Others of
the family were conspicuous in the civil war on the
Confederate side, two being generals and one a cap-
tain in the navy, commanding the ship that took
Mason and Slide'll to England. His father, a native
of Petersburg, Va., was owner and operator of
steamboats on the Mississippi river. His mother,
born at West Brewster, Barnstable CO., Mass., was
the daughter of Abner and Eunice (Sears) Robbins.
Her father fought in the war of 1812, and her grand-
father, also named Abuer, in the revolutionary war.
Eunice Sears was a lineal descendant of Richard
Sears, "the pilgrim," who came to America in 1G30.
George Herndon Pegram was graduated at Wash-
ington "University, St. Louis, iu"l877, with the high-
est standard that had been attained. He was first
employed in the engineering force on the location
and construction of the Utah and Northern railway
in Idaho during 1877. In 1878 he became principal
assistant to C. Shaler Smith, the noted bridge engi-
neer, and in Mav, 1S80, became chief engineer of the
Edge Moor Iron Co. of Wilmington, Del., at the
time the largest bridge works in the world. In 1886
he resigned to travel in Europe, and subsequently
opened 'an office in New York city as consulting en-
gineer. In 1889 he became consulting engineer of
the Missouri Pacific railroad
system, but resigned in 1893
to become chief" engineer of
the Union Pacific system,
which was composed of a
larire number of railroad lines,
aggregating over 9,000 miles,
extending from the Missouri
river to the Pacific ocean,
and from Montana to Texas.
During this period he was
also consulting engineer of
the Pioneer Electric Power
Co. , during the construction
of plants at Ogden and Salt
Lake City, Utah. In 1898
lie resigned to accept the
position of chief engineer of
the Manhattan Elevated rail-
road of New York city,
then contemplating large ex-
tensions and the adoption of
electric motive power, and still holds the posi-
tion. In 1886 he designed the Kansas City Elevated
railroad, embodying an invention for which a patent
was granlfd; in 1889 built the first bridge of a new
patented type known as the Pegram truss, of which
a large number have been built; in 1890 designed
and built the combined highway and railway bridge
across the Arkansas river at Fort Smith, Ark.; in
1891, the bridges of the Houston Central, Arkansas
and Northern railway across the Ouachita, Little
and Red rivers in Louisiana. In 1892 he designed
the train-house of the Union station at St. Louis,
Mo. , at the time the largest in the world. This dis-
played a new type of large roof construction, which
was subsequently adopted in the Boston Union sta-
tion. In 1894 he rebuilt the bridges of the Oregon
Short Line in Idaho, aggregating over a mile in
length in one season. The three crossings of the
Snake river were each about 1,000 feet long. The
original bridges consisted of wooden trusses resting
on crib piers filled with rock and held in the deep
and swift current by immense quantities of large
rock which had been deposited around them. These
were entirely removed and replaced by iron bridges
on stone piers on the same sites without interference
with the continuous operation of the road, which,
considering the distances from sources of supplies,
was considered a remarkable season's work. In
1895 he designed the steel pipe line of the Pioneer
Electric Power Co. at Ogden, Utah. This pipe
"zoOTTSPAN -Pf
is six feet in diameter and sustains a 500-foot head
of water. Special machinery was invented to rivet
it up by power in the trench, on which patents
were granted. His invention of a bridge truss,
an elevated railway and a pipe riveting machine,
and the design of the Union station at St. Louis are
considered his most important works. He is the
author of a paper on " Formulas for the Weights of
Bridges," published in the transactions of the Ameri-
can Society of Civil Engineers in 1886, besides con-
tributions to technical discussions in societies and the
press. He was president of the Technical Society of
Omaha and of the Alumni Association of Washing-
ton University. He is a member of the American
Society of Civil Engineers; the Engineers' Club of
New York; Engineers' Club of St. Louis; Academy
of Science of St. Louis, and the Technical Society of
Omaha. Mr. Pegram was married at Barrie, On-
tario, Sept. 8, 1897, to Jessie Mirriele^. daughter of
Dugald Crawford, amerchantof St. Louis. She was
born in St. Louis in 1867; both of her parents were
Scotch.
PLYMPTON, George Washington, civil en-
gineer, was born at \Valtham, Mass., Nov. 18, 1827,
son of Thomas Ruggles and Elizabeth (Holden)
Plymptou. He is descended in the sixth generation
from Thomas Plympton. who came from Sudbury,
England, in 1640, and was one of the early settlers
of Sudbury, Mass. ; and whose descendants, down to
the fifth generation, have resided in eastern New
England, most of them near the early homestead.
He was educated in the district and high schools of
Waltham, Mass., and having determined to become
a civil engineer, he spent three years (1844-47) in a
machine shop, where he worked and studied in
preparation for a course of civil engineering, in the
Reusselaer Institute, Troy, N. Y. After being
graduated in 1847 with the degree of Civil Engineer,
he remained for one year as instructor of geodesy
and mathematics. He was engaged in professional
work in Massachusetts, New York and Ohio, and in
1852 became professor of engineering and architec-
ture at Cleveland University. Later he was for nine
years professor of mathematics in the State Normal
schools of New York and New Jersey. Since 1863
he has been professor of physics and engineering at
the Polytechnic Institute of'Brooklyn, and for thirty
years has been professor of physics and engineering,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
41
and since 1879 lias been director of the night schools
of Cooper Union; al.su fur twenty one years has been
professor of chemistry and toxicology in Long Island
College Hospital. He was editor tor seventeen years
of "Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine," and
among his engineering works may lie mentioned the
devising of water supply and sewerage for the city
of Bergen. N. J.; surveying the marl depositsin Ni w
Jersey anil constructing iron bridges. He \\ as also
commissioner of electrical sub ways of Brooklyn, and
was one of the board of experts to improve the method
of transportation arross Brooklyn bridge (1890).
His literary contributions have been entirely of a
technical and scienlilic character. He revisrd and
re-wrote a large portion of "Havies' Surveying" was
translated from the French of Janneia/.; "A Trca-
tise on the Deiermination of Rocks," and a treatise
on " Electro Magnets," both from the: French; also
others, entitled " Injrclors," " Ice making Ma-
chines," etc. The degree of M.A. was conleinil
upon him by Hamilton College jn 1S54. and M.I),
by the Long Island College Hospital in isso. Since
1868 he has been a member of the American Society
of Civil Engineers. Mr. I'lymplon was married, in
December, l.s.Vi, to Delia M., daun lit i r ol "Col. Thomas
Boissey, of Troy, N. Y. She died in 1S5S, leaving
one son, Dr. Harry Plympton, of Brooklyn, and in
1861 Prof. I'lymploii was married again to Helen
M. Bnssey. .sister of his lirst wife. Their three
daughters, Mrs. Robert, Minis. Mrs. A. 1). Dwelle and
Delia Plympton, arc still living.
DEARBORN, William Lee, civil engineer,
was born at Salem, Mass., .lime: 13, 1^12. He was a
son of Alexander Scammell Dearborn, who was for
many years prominent for his public services and
literary labors, and a grandson of Gen. Henry
Dearborn, who served with dislinetion in the wars
of the revolution and of 1813. Educated in Brook
line, he began his engineering career at an early a Lie
on the Boston and Providence railroad, under his
relative, Gen. William Raymond Lee, and was then
engaged on the fortifications of Portland harbor,
under Col. Sylvauus Thaver, I" S. A. As chief en-
gineer of the state of Maine, he made the surveys for
a railroad from Portland to Lake Champlain; in
1840 he was connected with the Northeast boundary
survey, and then on the Worcester and Nashua and
the Grand Junction railroads. Entering the U. S.
government service again, he built the breakwater
at Richmond island, Me., a beacon at Point Allerton,
in Boston harbor, and was for several years con-
nected with the lighthouse board. In 1861 he was
selected by the Croton aqueduct department of New
York city to take charge of the raising i if the masonry
of the high bridge over the Harlem river and the
laying of a large wrought iron pipe across it, and in
the following year he succeeded Gen. G. S. Greene,
who had entered the army, as engineer of the Croton
water works extension, which comprised a variety of
important structures in the upper part of the city of
New York. After the transfer of the water works
to the department of public works, created by the
Tweed charter of 1870, Mr. Dearborn became the
principal assistant engineer of the commission having
in charge the improvement of Fourth avenue so as
to enable the trains of the New York Central railroad
to run from the Harlem river to the Grand Central
depot. Mr. Dearborn was greatly esteemed for his
high professional attainments and' his social qualities.
He became a member of the American Society of
Civil Engineers. In 1860 he was married, and his
wife and one son survived him. He died in New
York city, March 15, 1875.
COOLEY, Lyman Edgar, civil engineer, was
born at Cauandaigua, Ontario co. , N. Y., Dec. 5,
1850 son of Albert B. and Aksah (Griswold) Cooley.
He is a great - grandson of John Cooley, who
removed to western New York from Connecti-
cut early in the nineteenth century, making his
home on a farm a few miles west of Cauandaigua.
The family is t raced toSir William Cooley in England,
before whose time the name is found written Cowley
and Colley. A collateral branch was the Wellesley
or Wesley family, and from one Richard Colley,
who assumed this name to inherit estates, Arthur
Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington, was de-
scended. After a course of stud}' at Canaudaigua
Academy. Ionian E. Cooley taught in that institu-
tion in 1870-72, and then attended the Reusselaer
Polytechnic Institution at Troy, where he was gradu-
ated in 1874, having covered the course in two years'
time. In 1874-77 he became professor of engineer-
ing at the Northwestern 1'iiiversity at Evanstou,
111. ; in 187'i 7-* was a--m -late editor of " Engineering
Mews." In 1878 be aided William Sony Smith in
the construction of the railroad bridge over the Mis-
souri, at Glasgow, Mo. Later in the year he was
en L; a Lied under Maj. (now Col.) Suter on the improve-
ment of tin- Missouri and Mississippi rivers, with head-
qua Her-, at St. LI in i-. For four years following he had
charje of local improvements and surveys in Ne-
braska, low a. \\Kcoii.sin. Arkansas and Tennessee.
For two years more he was chief a^Ktanl in general
charge of all local work on the Missouri river below
Yankton. Returning to Chicago toward the end of
lss| \|, Cooley became editor of the "American
Engineer," but in ISSM M.\,.,,.,| |u\ ,. ,,-etion with
thai journal. Later he became
interested ill sanitary agitation.
AS a member of a Mib com-
mittee of the ( 'it i /.ens' Asso-
ciation, he drew the report,
in September, Is-Ci, which be-
gan the public agitation in
fa \or of a sanitary canal, and
aided in securing the organiza-
tion of a drainage and water
supplv commission, of which
he was chief assistant in issii-
87. In isss he was consult-
ing engineer to the city and
to the commission that framed
the sanitary district act, and
represented the city and its
seven civic organizations in
promoting the bill to a pas-
sage by the state legislature of
1889. He acted as engineer
to the commission that determined the boundaries of
the sanitary district in 1889, and in the autumn of
1890 became a member of the board of trustees, serv-
ing until the expiration of his term in December,
1895, and during the entire time was chairman of the
engineering committee. He also acted as consulting
engineer of the sanitary district in 1897. Since 1889
he has taken an active interest in the extension of the
taxing power in the district; in fact, has stood sponsor
for all legislation thus far had in relation to this ques-
tion. In 1895 he was appointed by Pres. Cleveland a
member of the international deep-water ways com-
mission (a joint commission with Canada), together
with Dr. James B. Angell, of Michigan, and Hon.
John E. Russell, of Massachusetts, and had charge
of the investigation. Surveys are now in progress,
the object being navigation from the ocean to Chi-
caso and Duluth via the Great lakes. Of the inter-
national association to promote this project he is
the American vice-president. In the fall of 1897
Mr. Cooley, with a number of contractors and
engineers selected by him, went to Nicaragua, in-
cidentally visiting Panama, for the purpose of
advancing the Nicaragua canal. The events of the
Spanish war interrupted their plans, and the pro-
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ject has since beeu a matter of governmental concern.
In tlie summer of 1898 he acted as advisory engineer
to the committee appointed by Gov. Black to investi-
gate the expenditures for the improvements of the
canals of the state of New York under what is known
as the " Nine Million Act." In 1896-97 he served as a
member of the expert committee appointed by Mayor
Swift, nt Chiraiio. to devise a remedy for the pollu-
tion of Lake Michigan by means of intercepting
sewers, etc. He lias been a member of the Western
Society of Engineers since 1875, and in 1888 was its
secretary, ami was its president two terms (1890-91).
Mr. Cooley is a member of the American Society of
Civil Engineers and of the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. He lias lectured at the state universities
of Illinois and Wisconsin and before the faculty of
Michigan University. His most important publica-
tions on his special subject are: "Lakes and Great
Waterways" (1888-89) and a more elaborate work
with the same title in 1891. He was married at
Canaudaigua, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1874, to Lucena,
daughter of Peter and Lucena (McMillen) McMillan.
They have two sons and a daughter.
CORTHELL, Elmer Lawrence, civil engineer,
was born at South Abiugton, Mass., Sept. 30, 1840,
son of James Lawrence" and Mary Ellis (Gurney)
Corthell. The earliest American ancestor was Robert
Corthell, a native of Scotland,
who settled at Hingham, Mass.
He was educated in the schools
of his native state, at Phillips
Academy, Exeter, N. H., and
in 1859 entered Brown Univer-
sity, where he remained two
years. Then enlisting in the 1st
Rhode Island light artillery, he
saw active service during four
years and three months in the
Virginia and North Carolina
campaigns, rising through all
the grades from private to cap-
tain. Returning to Brown Uni-
versity, he was graduated in
1S(>7, receiving the degree of
M.A. the next year. He began
his professional career in the
officeof Sam ui'IB. dishing, civil
engineer, of Providence, R. I.
In 1808 he was assistant engineer in construction of
the Hannibal and Naples railroad; in 1869, division
engineer on the Hannibal and Central Missouri rail-
road; in 1870-71, chief assistant engineer in construct-
ing the bridge over the Mississippi at Hannibal, Mo. ;
in 1871-74, chief engineer of the Sny island levee (,n
the Mississippi river in Illinois, and in 1873-74, chief
engineer of the Chicago and Alton bridge over the
Mississippi at Louisiana, Mo. , with a draw of 444
feet, the largest in the world at that time. In 1874,
at the request of James B. Eads, Mr. Corthell fur-
nished a statement regarding the proposed jetty-con-
structions in the Southwest pass of the Mississippi
river, which was used before congress, and when
Mr. Eads received the contract for improving the
Sniilh pass, he chose him to take charge of the en-
gineering and const ruction of the jetties. This work
.secured to the entrance of the Mississippi a channel
of thirty feet depth, anil made possible the growing
importance of New Orleans as a commercial seaport
and a terminus for 35,000 miles of important rail-
roads. In 1892 the Southwest Pass Improvement
Co. was incorporated with Mr. Corthell as president,
and a bill introduced in congress providing for the
improvement of this larger outlet. Meantime, in
1880, Mr. Corthell, still in association with Mr.
Eads, made surveys of the mouth of the Costzacoal-
cos river and of the harbors on the Pacific coast for
the proposed interoceanic ship-railway across the
isthmus of Tehuautepec, under the Mexican govern-
ment's concession. Becoming chief engineer for this
important project, he superintended the surveys
during the next four years, ami in iss.vs? devoted
nearly his entire time to it, studj'ing and writing on
its engineering and commercial features, delivering
addresses on the subject before numerous learned
bodies, and publishing pamphlets which were cir-
culated in every country. In 1881-84 he was chief
engineer of the West Shore and the Ontario and
Western railroads in the construction of roads and
terminals near New York city, and since 1887 has been
extensively engaged in the construction of bridges
throughout the country, having completed, as asso-
ciate chief engineer, in 1890, among others, the
bridge for the Illinois Central railroad over the Ohio
river at Cairo, the longest steel bridge in the
world. He has also conducted a large practice
as consulting engineer to a number of important
railroad and other companies. In 1889 he con-
ducted the surveys aud examinations and made
the plans for the improvement of the harbor of
Tampico, Mexico, there constructing two parallel
jetties and increasing the depth of the channel
through the sea bar from eight feet to twenty-six
feet. This work, in course of which he examined
twenty-six European harbors in search of helpful
suggestions, resulted in raising Tampico from an un-
important town to the second entry port in Mexico.
He made a thorough personal examination in 1890
of the water route ^between Quebec and the Ameri-
can lake cities, on which he prepared an elaborate
pamphlet. In 1S91 he visited Europe, and investi-
gated the methods and construction of six of the
leading universities and technical schools with a
view to obtaining suggestions applicable to the
founding of a school of engineering in connection
with the University of Chicago. In 1897 and 1898
he made further examinations, and wrote a report on
I he subject to the president of the university. In
1893 he had charge of the construction of the Na-
tional railroad of Tehuantepec, Mexico, destined to
be the most important railroad route across the
isthmus. Later he constructed several ornamental
bridges and improvements in Chicago. He pro-
jected and assisted in founding the world's engi-
neering congress at the Columbian exposition, which
proved one of the most successful features of the
fair. Its results were invaluable professionally,
being embodied in nine large volumes, and sug-
gested to Mr. Corthell the desirability of an inter-
national institute of engineers aud architects, which
he proposed to found in a communication addressed
tn all engineering bodies of the world, in July, 1894.
In 1891, anil again in 1897-98 he made extensive ex-
aminations in Europe of railroad terminals, harbor
works, port facilit ies, mountain railways, protection of
sandy coasts, ship canals, and other engineering works.
He was a delegate of the U. S. government to the
seventh international congress of navigation held at
Brussels in July, 1898, being elected vice-president
of the congress, and placed upon the bureau to ar-
range for a permanent organization to be adopted at
its next meeting in Paris in lilOO. He is consulting
engineer of the Union Station Rail way Co. , of Buffalo,
N. Y., which proposes to build a union station there
costing $6,000,000. He is also associate chief engineer
of the Boston, Cape Cod and New York Canal Co.,
which is now preparing to build a ship canal across
the isthmus of Cape Cod. Few engineers have
more important or more varied work to do. Mr.
Corthell is a member of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, of which he has twice been
vice-president; the Canadian Society of Civil
Engineers ; the Institution of Civil Engineers of
Great Britain; fellow of the American Association
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
43
for the Advancement of Science ; member of the
Western Society of Engineers, of which lie was
president in 1899, and of numerous other professional
anil learnrd bodies in the United Stales, Canada,
France, Mexico and Great Britain. In 1880 Mr.
('oillicll wrote and published the " History of the
Mississippi Jetties." lie has written extensive!) mi
general engineering; on the Tehuantepec ship-rail-
way, and on jellies and levees for periodicals and
cyclopedias, and in the form of monographs. In
1884 he received the honorary degree of D.Sc. from
Brown I'niversity. Mr. Corlhell is a member of
the I'niversity Club of Ne\\ York, anil of the Mili-
tary Order of the Loyal Legion; Society of Ihe
Army of the Potomac, and Sons of the American
Revolution; New England Society ; American Club
of Mexico, and Brown I'niversily Soeietv. He «as
married, in July, 1*67, to Emilie Theodate (de-
ceased, lSS4i. daughter of U'illiam S. and Betsey
A. (Wood) Davis, of Providence, It. I. He has
two children, Alice E. :md Howard L.
TALCOTT, William Hubbard, civil engineer,
was born at Hebron, Conn., April 7, ISO'J, son of
William and Dorothy (Blisln 'I'alcott. He was
seventh in descent from John Talcott, a native of
Colchesler, Essex, England, who emigrated to Ihe
colony of Massachusetts bay in Hi:!',}, removed to
Connecticut in 1636, and helped found Ihe I own of
Hartford, where he died in 1660. His father! 17*4 |s;:r»
was boni at Gilcad, Conn. ; was married, Oct. 24,
1805, to Dorothy, daughter of Thomas and 1'rudence
Blish, of Kastbury, Conn.; removed, in ls|il, io
Home, Oneida CO., N. Y., anil in is:',.', io Illinois.
where he died. William II. Taleoll allmded Ihe
districi seliool at Rome; busied himself b\- master-
ing the higher mathematics while lending a urist
mm, and from 1880 to is:i7 he studied engineering
with John B. Jervis, at Albany, X. Y. ll<- \\a- en-
gaged on surveys for railroads, and became engini er
and superintendent of the Mohawk and llud-on rail-
road. In ls:!7 he entered upon canal eiiiiineei lie.1.
in which he was destined to become famous, for loin-
years was constructing engineer of the Genesee val-
ley canal; and after its completion for four years
more was resident engineer on the Erie canal enlarge-
ment at Fort Plain, N! Y. la 1845 he was called to be
the superintendent and engineer of the western divi-
sion of I he Morris canal in New Jersey, and in the fol
lowing year became chief engineer and superintendent
of ihe whole canal, continuing as such for the re-
mainder of his life. In 1864 he was made president
of the company also. The system of inclined planes
in place of locks, for which this canal is celebrated,
was completed under his management. The traffic
of the canal increased from 58,000 tons to 825 000
tons per annum in tweuty-two years, and, in spite of
a competing railroad ou each side, carried sufficient
coal to enable good dividends to be paid on all its
capital stock. The ability displayed in the manage-
ment of this great corporation led to Mr. Talcott's
wide reputation as an authority on matters both of
hydraulic engineering and finance. He was called,
in 1857. to report upon the Shubeuacadie canal in
Nova- Scotia, and in 1858 on the practicability of a
ship canal ou Cape Breton island. In 1860 he was
offered the position of chief engineer of the James
river and Kanawha canal in Virginia, which was to
be extended by a French syndicate, but declined on
account of his dislike to the use of slave labor. In
the great suit between the Delaware and Hudson
Canal Co. and the Pennsylvania Coal Co., he was
called upon to testify at great length. During the
civil war he was one of a board of engineers ap-
pointed by the governor of New York to devise
means of protecting New York harbor from attack
by foreign fleets. He was a director of the Second
National Bank of Jersey City, and of the Provident
Institution for Savings of the same city; for many
years president, of the Patent Water aiid Gas Pipe
Co., and one of the founders and a director of Ihe
Thomas Iron Co. of Pennsylvania, and one of the
founders of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
and on its board of directors until his death. For
twenty years he was a member and ruling elder of the
First Presbyterian Church in Jersey City. He was
married, on July L'7, 1836, to Harriet Newell, daugh-
ter of Thomas and Rebecca Williams, of Vernon,
( incida Co., N. Y., who, with seven children, sur-
vived Jiim. He died Dec. 8, 1868.
BOLliER, Alfred Pancoast, civil engineer,
v>as horn in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. •£',, ]S(0, son of
Henry John and Anna Margaretta (Pancoast ) Boiler.
On the paternal side he is of German descent ; on the
maternal of English. He was graduated at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 18.r>s, and at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1861. His
career as civil engineer was begun in the fall of 1861,
when he became rodman for the Lchigh Coal and
Navigation Co., at Mauch Chunk, Pa. He became
assistant engineer on the Philadelphia and Erie
railroad in 1*61!; wasallached to the engineering staff
of ihe Atlantic and Great \\estern railioad in Isilli,
being specially charged with plans of important
bridges; was engineer of the Hudson River railroad
fora short period, and then New York agent for the
I'liicnix Iron Co. A Her four years he resumed his
professional life as engineer and vice-president of
Ihe PhillipslHiri; Mamilacl in ing Co., for building
bridges and structural iron work,
which succumbed to the panic of
I*;:!, after which he opened an in-
dependent office as consulting en-
gineer and contractor, more particu-
larly as relating Io bridge-building
and railroad work. Since that time
be has been chief engineer Yonkers
Rapid Transit commission ; Yon-
kers and \\Ysi >j,|c railua\; Man
hattan Elevated railroad; Albany
and Grccnbush Bridge Co.; Stalen
Island Rapid Transit Railroad Co.;
Thames river bridge and approaches;
New York. Providence and Boston
railroad ; consulting engineer, de-
partment of public works and de-
partment of public parks, New
York city. Also, as a contractor,
he has been engaged in building
the Bergen county branch of the
Erie railroad; Ihe extension of the Pittsburgh and
Lake Erie railroad; the monolithic concrete founda-
tion of theBartholdi statue; the great gas tanksof the
Bay State Gas Co., Boston, and the sub-structure and
masonry of the Arthur Kill bridge, New York.
Mr. Boiler is especially noted as a bridge engineer,
and one who considers bridge-building as architec-
ture as well as engineering. Among his important
works in engineering are the Albany'and Greenbush
bridge; the superstructure of Madison avenue bridge,
New York; the Central avenue bridge over Morris
canal, Newark, N. J. ; the Duluth and West Su-
perior bridge; the bridge over the Thames river,
New London, Conn., noted for its great double-
track draw span, 503 feet long (the largest in the
world), and difficult substructure work; the Staten
Island Rapid Transit railroad and ferries, and the
great viaduct and bridge over the Harlem river at One
hundred and fifty-fifth street, New York, built for
the New York and Northern railroad, now a branch
of the New York Central and Hudson River. This
is nearly 4,500 feet in length, cost upward of $2,000,-
000, and is not only noted for its architectural char-
acter, but, constructively, as one of the most difficult
works in engineering, both in the foundation diffi-
44
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
culties overcome and in its unprecedented draw span,
weighing 2,400 tons, the largest moving mass in the
world; being double the weight of the New London
draw previously mentioned. Mr. Boiler is a director
in numerous corporations; a member of the American
Society Civil Engineers; American Institute Mining
Engineers; Institute of Civil Engineers of London,
England; the Century Club of New York and the
Orange Athletic Club. He is the author of an im-
portant treatise "Iron Highway -Bridges" (1875). His
favorite studies are geology, mineralogy and art. Al-
though an amateur, he has executed works in water
colors and charcoal of decided merit. He was mar-
ried, in 1864, to Kathcrine, daughter of Wm. Henry
Newbold, of Philadelphia, and has four children.
FITZGERALD, Desmond, civil engineer, was
born at Nassau, New Providence, R. I., May 20,
1846, son of Lionel C. H. W. and Caroline (Brown)
FitzGerald. He received his education in Provi-
dence, R. I., and at Phillips Academy, Andovrr.
Mass., and began his engineering studies in the office
of Gushing &De Witt, Providence. In 1867 he en-
tered the employ of the Indianapolis and Vincemies
railroad as axeman, in three years being promoted
to the position of assistant chief engineer of the Cairo
and Vincennes railroad. He became engineer of the
Boston and Albany railroad in 1871, but resigned two
years later to accept the superintendence of the Bos-
ton water-works, remaining in this position until the
system was absorbed into the Metropolitan water-
works, Jan. 1, 1898. He was for some years also
resident engineer in charge of additional supply,
which controlled the extension as well as the main-
tenance of one of the most important divisions of
Boston's water supply system. In this position he
has designed and constructed some of the largest and
most important storage reservoirs erected by the city
of Boston. He is at present (1899) engineer of the
Sudbury department of the Metropolitan water-
works. Mr. FitzGerald was the first to design and
to make practical the stripping of reservoir sites of
all soil containing organic matter and the shallow
flowage treatment now adopted in Massachusetts.
He founded the first and for
many years the only biologi-
cal laboratory operated in con-
nection with a water-works
system in this countiy, and
fi,V^ many of the results of his
'" & 7 investigations in hydraulic
engineering have been com-
municated to the profession
through the American Society
of Civil Engineers. He has
been widely consulted in other
cities and towns, and has been
a noted expert in many water
litigations in the courts, such
as the Stony Brook case in Bos-
ton, Stoughton, Haverhill,
Quincy, Newburyport, Glou-
cester and Worcester, in Massa-
chusetts, and the case of
the Union Water Power Co. of
Lewiston, Me. As consulting engineer, he has re-
ported on the water-works systems of Washington,
D. C. ; Cleveland, O. ; Newport, R. I. ; Windsor,
Vt., and various other places. In Brookliue, Mass.,
where Mr. FitzGerald resides, he fills a number of
prominent positions, such as chairman of the park
commission, trustee of the public library and chair-
man of the Topographical Survey Commission of
Massachusetts. He is a member of the corporation
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and has
been president of the Boston Society of Civil Engi-
neers and of the New England Water- Works Asso-
ciation ; he became a member of the American Soci-
ety of Civil Engineers, Sept. 4, 1884, and was elected
president in 1898. He has frequently contributed
to the "Transactions," and some of his best known
papers are those on " Evaporation "; " Temperature
of Lakes"; "Rainfall"; " Flow of Streams and
Storage," etc. The first two of these are considered
valuable contributions to pure science as well as to
hvdranlic engineering. Mr. FitzGerald was married,
June 21, 1870, to Elizabeth, daughter of Stephen and
Elizabeth (Clarke) Salisbury. They have four chil-
dren.
NOBLE, Alfred, civil engineer, was born at
Livonia, Wayne co., Mich., Aug. 7, 1844, son of
Charles and Lovina(Douw) Noble. His grandfather,
Norton Noble, was in the war of 1812, and several
members of the family participated in the revolu-
tionary war. He was educated in the public schools
of his native place, and was
graduated at the University of
Michigan in 1870. Meantime,
during the civil war, he served
in the 24th Michigan infan-
try, participating in all the bat-
tles of the army of the Poto-
mac from October, 1862, to
February, 1865. He entered
upon his professional work
in connection with the improve-
ment of harbors in Lake Michi-
gan (1369-70); was afterwards
in local charge of the enlarge-
ment of the St. Mary's Falls
canal, and improvement of the
St. Mary's river, Michigan
(1870-82). On the completion
of the work at the St. Mary's
Falls canal, in 1882, he took
up bridge-engineering, being-
resident "engineer of the Shreveport bridge across
Red river; general assistant engineer and in charge
of much bridge construction on the Northern Pacific
railroad (1883-86); resident engineer of Washington
bridge. New York city (1886-^87); of Cairo bridge,
over the Ohio river (1887-89); of Memphis bridge,
over the Mississippi river (1888-92): assistant chief
engineer of Bellefontaine and Leavenworth bridges,
over the Missouri river, and of Alton bridge, over
the Mississippi river. In April, 1895, he was ap-
pointed by Pres. Cleveland on the Nicaragua canal
board, with Col. William Ludlow and Comr. M. T.
Eudicott as colleagues. He visited Central America
and spent about three months in the work of examin-
ing lines of Nicaragua and Panama canals, reporting
jointly with his colleagues at the end of October,
1895, on the results of the examinations and re-
searches. He was engaged in private practice as
consulting engineer until July, 1897, when he was
appointed by Sec. Alger, with Col. C. W. Raymond,
of U. S. engineer corps, and George Y. Wisuer, of
Detroit, as members of the board of engineers on
deep-water ways to survey and prepare plans and
estimates for ship canal routes from the Great lakes
to the seaboard. He is still engaged in this work
(1899). In June, 1899, he was appointed by Pres.
Mclviuley a member of the Isthmian canal commis-
sion, to investigate the problem of a ship canal
across the American isthmus. He has contributed
numerous papers to the proceedings of engineering
societies, notably of the American and Western socie-
ties of civil engineers, of which he is a member, as
well as of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. He
is enrolled also with" the Chicago and Technical
clubs of Chicago and the University and Engineers'
clubs of New York. He was president of the AYe-t-
eru Society of Civil Engineers in 1898. The degree
of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
45
Michigan in 1895. Mr. Noble was married in Ann
Arbor, Mich., May 3, 1870, to Georgia Speedily.
Tbey have one son.
STAUFFER, David McNeely, civil engineer,
was boru in -Mount Joy, Lancaster co. , Pa., March
24, 1845. son of Jacob Staull'er. pal cut lawyer and a
naturalist of reputation (Isos-SO), who was a de-
scendant of John Stauffer, who emigrated from
Than, Swil/.erland. in 1710, anil took up 51 Ml acres
of land in tin' province of Pennsylvania, in what K
now Montgomery county. His motlier was Mary
Ann Kiiox MeNedy. of a Scotch-Irish family that
settled in Pennsylvania in 1721. David McNedy
8 tauflfer was graduated at the high school of Lan-
casier. and entered Franklin and Marshall College,
but having enlisted for service iu the civil war, he
did not finish his course, though the honorary de-
gree of A.M. was conferred upon him in 1868. At
the age of seventeen he enlisted in the army as a pri-
vate, and was engaged in the battle of Antietain; be
then served in West Virginia with battery I, Pennsyl-
vania light artillery, and while
still iu the army he was ap-
pointed on Fell. ">, INfi-l, a mas-
ter's mate in the r. S. navy,
and ordered to the I'. S. S.
Alexandria, in the Mississippi
squadron, under Hcai-Adm.
David D. Porter. lie later
commanded this same vessel,
anil was honorably discharged
with the rank of en-i^n mi
Nov. 5, 18IJ5, at. tin' expira-
tion of the civil war. He then
co ..... lenccd the practice of
civil engineering on the Penn-
sylvania railway; in ISlis lie
was a division engineer on the
Philadelphia and Iteading rail-
struction in the Philadelphia
department of survey. Later he was appointed as-
sistant chief engineer of the Delaware and Bound
Brook railway, between Philadelphia and New York,
having especial charge of bridge work. From 1877
to lsi?'.l be was engineer of construction iu the water
department, of Philadelphia, and then became a con-
tracting engineer for the building of the Dorchester
bay tunnel section of the improved sewerage of Bos-
ton, a work carried out under great natural difficul-
ties. After some service with the Philadelphia
Bridge Works, he opened an ollice as a consulting
engineer in New York city in 18N3, and in is*:: he
became one of the proprietors and the editor-in-chief
of the '•Engineering News," a weekly technical
journal published in New York. Of this corpora-
tion be is still vice-president. Outside of his edi-
torial work, Mr. Stauffer has contributed a number
of papers to technical societies of which he is a mem-
ber, and was among the first to apply compressed
air in bridge foundation work in this country and to
describe the methods of its application. He is a mem-
ber of the American Society of Civil Engineers; the
Institution of Civil Engineers of London; one of the
founders of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia, and
its vice-president; a member of the Loyal Legion;
the Grand Army of the Republic; Sons of the Ameri-
can Revolution ; Pennsylvania Historical Society;
Pennsylvania Genealogical Society ; Pennsylvania
German Society, and other organizations. Mr.
Stauffer has traveled extensively in Europe, Asia
and Africa, and for many years he has been an en-
thusiastic and successful collector of autographic
and illustrative material relating to the colonial and
revolutionary history of America, including iu this
collection some thousands of pen-and-ink and water-
color drawings of buildings, portraits, etc., made by
himself. Another collection of many thousands of
prints illustrates the first four centuries of the art of
engraving on wood and copper. 1 Ie was married, on
April 111, is'.cj, to Florence, daughter of Hon. G.
Hilton Scribner, secretary of state of New York
under Gov. Dix.
NICHOLS, Othniel Foster, civil engineer,
was born in Newport, R. I., July 29, 1845, son of
Thomas Pitman and Lydia (Foster) Nichols. (In his
mother's side he is directly descended from John
Foster, of Salem, Mass.. who settled in Rhode Island
early in the seventeenth century. < In his lather's
side he is a descendant of Semi. Thomas Nichols,
who after emigrating from Wales to the Island of
liarbadocs. came to Newport in KiOO: two of his
descendants were deputy gin ernors of the Itlmde
Island colony, and others of them were lamely in-
terested in shipping. He attended the public schools
of Brooklyn, N. Y., and was apprenticed as a ma-
chinisi in ISIJ-j, afterwards entering the Hensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, where he was graduated in
IM'.S as civil engineer. A Her being employed on the
const] -iii-iion oi' Prospect Park in Brooklyn, on the
first elevated railway in New Yolk city, and leach-
ing mathematics iu the night schools of CoopeT
Union, he became assistant engineer in INTO in the
otlice of Cooper & Hewitt. After 1H71 he was four
years in Peru, most of the time engaged in tunnel
wink, locating and constructing the tunnel division
of the Chimliotc railroad. After returning to the
United States in 1S7IJ he served as assistant engineer
and .superintendent lor the Edge Moor liridge Works
in the construction of the Metropolitan elevated
railway in New York city, and was employed by the
park department of New York city as engineer in
charge of a main drainage sewer for the annexed
district. In 1S7S he went to Bra/.il as resident, engi-
neer and attorney of the Madeira and Mamore rail-
way, an English enterprise,
which ended in a protracted
litigation which took Mr.
Nichols to London. After his
return to the United States
in 1879, be again entered
the employ of Cooper A: Hew-
itt, and served two years as
assistant engineer in the
bridge shops of the New-
Jersey Steel and Iron Co.,
at Trenton, N. J.; then be-
coming assistant to the presi-
dent of the Peter Cooper
glue factory in Brooklyn. In
1882 be was resident engi-
neer of the Henderson bridge
over the Ohio river, and
in 1886 chief engineer of the
Wrater Works Co. of West-
erly, R. I., resigning this
position to become principal
assistant engineer of the Suburban Rapid Transit
Co. in New York city. In 1888 he was made chief
engineer of the Brooklyn Elevated Railroad Co., and
in 1892 general manager as well as chief engineer
of the company. He now holds the position of prin-
cipal assistant engineer of the new East river bridge.
Mr. Nichols has written various papers upon engi-
neering subjects, and is a member of many promi-
nent societies, such as the American Society of Civil
Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical En.
gineers, the Institution of Civil Engineers, etc., and is
a fellow of the American Geographical Society, and
secretary of the Engineers' Club of New York city.
He was married, Nov. 21, 1876, to Jennie Swasey,
daughter of Samuel Sterne, long judge of probate of
Newport, R. I.
46
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
JERVIS, John Bloomfield, civil engineer,
was born at Huntiugton, L. I., Dec. 14, 1795, sou of
Timothy and Phoebe (Bloomfield) Jervis. His
father, a man of great rectitude aud industry, was a
carpenter, and in 1798 removed to Fort Stauwix
(now Rome, N. Y.), where he built and operated a
sawmill. He was aided iu this work by his sons as
they grew up. The wife of Timothy Jervis was
Phebe, daughter of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Wood)
Bloomfield, and her native state was New Jersey.
John Jervis attended the common schools until he
was fifteen years of age, aud then worked iu the mill
and on the family farm in summer, aud hauled logs
and wood in winter. In 1817 the construction of
the Erie canal was begun, and Benjamin Wright,
one of the engineers, employed young Jervis as an
axman. The youth was so dexterous and so willing
to work that he was promoted to the position of rod-
man, and began the study of surveying and en-
gineering. In two years' time he had become so
proficient that he was made resident eugineer on
seventeen miles of the canal, extending from Madi-
son county into Onoudaga. Two years later, he
was promoted to a more important position, having
entire charge of fifty miles of the canal, from Amster-
dam to Albany, which was open to traffic. A year
later, being at that time less than thirty years of
age, he controlled about one-
seventh of the entire canal. In
1825 the canal was completed,
and Mr. Jervis resigned his
position to become assistant
to his friend, Mr. Wright, who
was engineer of the Delaware
and Hudson Canal Co. Mr.
Jervis made many improve-
ments in former surveys aud
plans, which were adopted
by the company; and, on the
resignation of Mr. Wright in
1827, he was appointed eugi-
neer-in-chief. For the Carbon-
dale road, operated by this
company, he imported the first
locomotive brought into this
country — the Stourbridge Lion.
In 1830 Mr. Jervis was ap-
pointed chief engineer of the
Albany aud Schenectady rail-
road, the first one constructed
in the state; and later, of the
Schenectady and Saratoga railroad. He designed,
and had built by the West Point Foundry Co., the
first locomotive having a four-wheeled truck under
the forward portion of the engine as a support.
After these railroads were constructed, in 1833, Mr.
Jervis was appoiuted by the canal commissioners
chief engineer of the Chenango canal, ninety-eisht
miles long, with 100 locks. For the supply of the
summit level with water, use was made of artificial
storage reservoirs, this method beiug the invention
of Mr. Jervis. In the enlargement, in 1835, of the
Erie canal, Mr. Jervis made'surveys and estimates
on the eastern section, and proposed many correc-
tions of errors in the original construction. At
Little Falls lie wholly rearranged the series of locks.
In 1836 he became chief engineer of the Croton
aqueduct, which was constructed after his plans and
under his superintendence, at a cost of $8,766,626.
This aqueduct is over forty miles in length, and
crosses the Harlem river upon High bridge; a grand
structure completed iu 1842, which gave'Mr. Jervis
a world-wide reputation as an engineer. Another
memorial quite as remarkable is the Croton dam.
When Boston, inspired by the example of New
York, determined to introduce the Cochituate_ water,
Mr. Jervis was invited to become consulting en-
giueer. He accepted the position, and completed
the work in three years. The distance was twenty
miles, and the aqueduct cost about $5,000,000. In
the meantime Mr. Jervis had become connected
with another enterprise of great importance — the
building of the Hudson river railroad from New
York to Albany, of which he was appointed chief
engineer in 1847. He built the road as far as Pough-
keepsie. and was proceeding to locate the track to
Albany, when his health failed, and he was obliged
to make a trip to Europe. In 1851 he was engineer
of the Chicago and Rock Island railroad, and in
1854 became its president. He also engaged in the
construction of the Michigan Southern aud Northern
Indiana railroads. In 1858 he returned to Rome,
N. Y., where he lived a retired life for about three
years, when he accepted the position of superin-
tendent and engineer of the Pittsburgh and Fort
Wayne railroad. The stock at that time was selling
at eight per cent.; it was practically in the hands of
the bondholders. After it had been under its new
superintendent two years a dividend of ten per cent,
was declared. He also organized aud brought into
good condition generally the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
aud Chicago railroad, which had been leased to the
Pennsylvania Central, and was consulting engineer
on the plans proposed for the new Croton aqueduct
for New York city. In 1868 he aided in organizing
the Merchant Iron Mill at Rome, and was one of its
trustees until his death. In 1872 he was made secre-
tary, and was accustomed to visit the works daily as
long as the state of his health permitted. After re-
tiring from active railroad management, in 1866,
Mr. Jervis published two books, respectively entitled
" Railway Property " and "The Question of Labor
and Capital," and contributed to periodicals. At
the age of eighty-three he wrote and delivered a lec-
ture on "Industrial Economy." The degree of
LL. D. was conferred on him by Hamilton College
iu 1878. He became a member of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Dec. 4, 1867, and was
made an honorarj" member, Dec. 2, 1868. In 1834
Mr. Jervis was married to a daughter of George
Brayton, of Weston, N. Y. She died in 1839, and
two years later he was married to Eliza R. Coates, who
survived him. In his will he bequeathed his valu-
able library and part of his estate to erect a library
building and lecture room. The building stands
on a plot of ground that originally belonged to
his maternal uncle, John W. Bloomfield. He died
in Rome, N. Y., Jan. 12, 1885.
FRANCIS, James Bicheno, engineer, was
born at Southleigh, Oxfordshire. England, May 18,
1815, son of John Francis and Eliza Frith (Bicheno)
Francis. His father was an engineer of considerable
note, having been superintendent and constructor of
the Duffrynllyu and Port Cawl railroads, of the
Grand Western canal in Devon and Somersetshire,
and other important public works ; his mother was
a daughter of James Bicheno, a clergyman, of Wan-
tage, England. Educated at the Radley Hall and
Wantage academies, Berkshire, James B. Francis
became" assistant to hi.s father iu 1829, aud, after four
years of practical experience, emigrated to America.
Lauding iu New York city, April 11, 1833, he ap-
plied for employment to George Washington Whis-
tler, who, with 'William G. McNeill, was then en-
gaged in constructing the New York, Providence
and Boston railroad, and was at once assigned to a
position on this work. When, in the following year,
Maj. Whistler became chief engineer of the corpora-
tion known as the Proprietors'of Locks aud Canals
on Merrimac River, Mr. Francis accompanied him
to Lowell, Mass., and began his work by making
detailed drawings of an English-built Stephensou
locomotive, of the Boston and Lowell railroad, for
reproduction in the company's machine shops. This
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
47
was tliu beginning of locomotive-building in New
England. When, in 1W. Whistler resigned his
position ami went to Kussia to superintend the
building of railroads there. Mr. Francis, although
lint twenty-two years old, was appointed his suc-
res^or. llU reputation as a practical and thoroughly
equipped engineer rapidly spread throughout .Massa-
chusetts, ami iii 1845 he was invited by Charles Stor-
row to assist in developing the water-power of the
Merriinar river at Lawrence, which even then gave
promise of becoming an important manufacturing
centre, lie, however, yielded to t lie protest of his
employers, who forthwith, evidenced their high re-
gard fur his worth and services by increasing his
salary as engineer, with full power to improve and
direc't the power facilities at Lowell, and also con-
stiiuied him their agent. In this position, which In-
held for the next forty years, he was the must elli-
cieut factor in assisting Lowell to its industrial im-
portance— in fact, he was the maker of Lowell — in
addition to his regular duties being consulting engi-
neer to all the corporations in the city. He entered
mi the work of improving the power facilities in
1840 by the enlist ruction of the northern canal, a
monumental work of its kind, whose walls, faced
with granite ashlar, are thirty-six feel in height, with
head-gates of his own contrivance, operated by
screws, the nuts being driven by tin bines. His in-
vestigations having convinced him that the ordinary
lock-gates were insufficient to withstand such Ircsh-
ets as had occurred in 1785, — the water then rose to
a height of over thirteen feet above the le\el of the
dam— he added a great gate, twenly-se\en feel wide
and twenty-five feet high, which was hung in the
air above the lock. When first put in place, in lsr>n,
it was popularly called "Francis' folly," and sup-
posed to be a quite superfluous addition; but scaieely
two years later, in April, 1852, the water rose to
fourteen feet and one inch above the dam, and then
it was the gate saved thousands of dollars' worth of
property and many lives. His wise forethought
had thus guarded against a danger that had wailed
sixty-seven years to exceed all historic or traditional
records. Meantime, in 1849, Mr. Francis went to
England, on behalf of the manufacturing companies
of Lowell, to investigate the methods of preserving
timber from decay, and, as a result of his observa-
tions, works were constructed for kyani/.ing and
burnettizing wood. Among his regular duties was
the distribution of water-power to the various mills,
according to their respective rights, and to this end
he conducted extensive experiments on hydraulic
motors and the flow of water through submerged
tubes and over weirs and short canals, which lot in an
era in American engineering. Among his other notable
works are the ingenious application of hydraulic
lifts to the guard-gates of thePawtucket canal (1870)
and the reconstruction of the Pawtucket dam across
the Merrimac river (1875-76). He was alsov the
earliest in America to make experiments on the
strength and durability of iron beams. Mr. Francis'
habits of thought were singularly methodical and
accurate, and his practice of exhaustively investigating
each question as it arose enabled him to supplement
the deficiencies of his early training and become one
of the best-equipped engineers of his time. He wrote
over 200 exhaustive papers and magazine articles,
treating of professional subjects, or, as expert ad-
viser, discussing the litigated power-rights of over
fifty manufacturing companies and numerous water-
works and irrigation enterprises ; most notable among
the former being "Lowell Hydraulic Experiments"
(1855) and "On the Strength of Cast-iron Pillars
with Tables for the Use of Engineers, Architects and
Builders" (1865). He was a member of the Boston
Society of Civil Engineers, being its president in
1874 ; of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
/£
being its president in 1881 ; of the American Philo-
sophical Society ; of the Boston Society of Natural
llistor\, and of several other scientific and profes-
sional bodies. Among the prominent, works on which
his opinion was solicited was the (Quaker bridge dam
on Crotoii river, New York ; the retaining dam at
St. Anthony's falls, on the Mississippi river, and the
foundations of Trinity Church tower, Boston. On
his retirement from active
duties, Jan. 1. 1885, the citi-
/.en.s of Lowell presented him
with a handsome silver ser-
vice, with the declaration that
"to the eminent ability and
wisdom, which have distin-
guished your administration,
l he marked success of the
Lowell manufacturers has been
largely due." Outside his pro-
li - ion \lr. Francis was uni-
versally esteemed, and tilled
numerous public and business
oll'lces, including membership
in the stale legislature, one
year; live years in the city
Council; twenty years as presi-
dent of Stony Brook railroad;
thirty-two years as director of
the 'Railroad National lia.ik.
and forty-three years as director of the Lowell Gas
Light Co. He was a trustee under the will of Uriah
A. Hoyden, providing to found an astronomical ob-
servatory on an elevation above the ordinary dis-
turbances of atmospheric motions, and, largely
through his influence, this was finally located at
Areijnipa, Peru, as a department of Harvard Univer-
sity. Mr. Francis was married, in 1*;!7. to Sarah
\\illnii. daughter of George lirownell, a manufac-
turer of Lowell. They had four sons and two daugh-
ters ; t lie second son, Col. .lames Francis, succeeded
his lather on his retirement in 1SH4. Mr. Francis
died in Lowell, Mass., Sept. 18, 1892.
McNEILL, William Gibbs, civil engineer,
was born in Wilmington, N. C., < >ci. :!. 1*01, sou of
Dr. Charles Donald and - — KJibbsi McNeill. His
father, a descendant of the McXeills of Skye, Scot-
laud, was educated in Edinburgh ; served as sur-
geon in the British army, in the West Indies, and
then resigned and settled in North Carolina. His
great-grandfather was a Scotchman of good family,
who fought with distinction at the battle of Cullo-
den, and emigrated to America in 174li, taking up
his residence in North Carolina. William Gibbs
McNeill was educated at Newt.own, L. I., and was
intended for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal
church; but, having visited the Military Academy
at West Point with Gen. Joseph G. Swift, became
enamored of a military life, and secured an appoint-
ment as a cadet through Gen. Jackson, on July 23,
1814. He was graduated July 16, 1817; was pro-
moted third lieutenant of artillery July 17, and was
assigned to duty with the corps of topographical en-
gineers under Col. J. J. Abert, on surveys of the
Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico. He was pro-
moted second lieutenant March 1, 1818; first lieu-
tenant Dec. 4, 1819; first lieutenant of 1st artillery in
1821 ; and on Jan. 27, 1823, was transferred to the corps
of topographical engineers, with the brevet rank of
captain and became assistant topographical en-
gineer on the general staff. Under the policy pur-
sued by Sec. Calhoun of loaning government officers
to corporations engaged in public improvements, he
made the surveys for the Chesapeake and Ohio and
the James river and Kauawha canals, and was
chosen president of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Co. In 1828 he made the location of lines for the
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and in November of
48
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
that year was sent by the company to England to
investigate methods of railway construction and
management. He was there cordially received by
the distinguished engineer, Thomas Telford, and
placed in communication with Robert Stephenspn
and other eminent railroad engineers. In this in-
vestigation he was associated with his intimate friend
and future brother-in-law, Capt. George W. Whistler,
and on their return to America their services were
called in requisition on numerous railroads then pro-
jected and in course of construction. On Jan. 28,
1834, he was promoted brevet-major, topographical
engineers. Between 1830 and 1836 Capt. McNeill
was chief engineer of the Baltimore and Susquehanna
railroad; superintendent of surveys and construction
of the Patersou and Hudson River railroad, the Bos-
ton and Providence, the Providence and Stonington,
the Taunton and New Bedford, the Cape Fear and
Yadkiu and the Long Island railroads; and was chief
engineer of the Boston and Albany railroad until
1840. Ou Nov. 23, 1837, he resigned from the army,
and in that year was made chief engineer of the
state of Georgia. During the three years following
be conducted the surveys for a projected railroad
from Cincinnati to Charleston. In 1842 he was ap-
pointed major-general of the militia of the state of
Rhode Island, to suppress the Dorr rebellion. His
vigorous action in this matter created a strong hos-
tility to him among the Dorr
partizans, which resulted in
his removal by Pres. Polk,
in 1845, from the position of
chief engineer of the Brooklyn
dry-dock, to which he had been
appointed in the previous year.
The same influences were ac-
tive in 1846 in causing the
declination of his offer of ser-
vices to the U. • S. govern-
ment in the army for the
Mexican war. In 1851 Gen.
McNeill again visited England
in the interest of several large
mining enterprises with which
he was connected. He was
connected with many public
works of internal improve-
™ent m Canada and the West
Indies, as well as in his mvn
country. He was made a member of the Institution
of Civil Engineers on May 4, 1852, being the first.
American to receive that honor. Failing health
caused his return to America, and he died in Brook-
lyn, Feb. 16, 1853. He was married, in New Jersey,
to Maria Matilda Camman, of New York, and they
had seven children, all of whom are dead. The re-
markable success attending Gen. McNeill's profes-
sional career as a civil engineer was due not only to
his great scientific skill, but also to his uncommon
faculty for managing men in all grades of life and
his ability to express" in clear and forcible language
his conclusions and the reasons for them.
WHISTLER. John, soldier, was born in Ulster,
Ireland, about 1756. His family was of English
origin, and towards the end of the fifteenth century
existed in three branches— resident in Oxfordshire,
Sussex and Essex. The seats of the Oxfordshire
branch were Goring and White Church on the
Thames, and from the former place Ralph, son of
Hugh, removed to Ireland, being the original tenant
of an extensive tract in Ulster under one of tbe Lon-
don guilds. John Whistler, Ralph's descendant, is
said to have run away from home in his youth and
joined the British army. It is certain that he served
in this country during' the revolutionary war, under
Gen. Bursroyne, and was taken prisoner of war at
Saratoga." He was honorably discharged upon his
return to England, but soon after returned to the
United States, having eioped with a daughter of Sir
Edward Bishop. He settled at Hagerstown, Md.;
but military life still having its fascinations, he en-
tered the U. S. army as a private and was severely
wounded in St. Clair's campaign against the Indians
in 1791. He was promoted lieutenant, and then,
July 1, 1797, captain, and in the summer of 1803 was
sent from Detroit, with his company of the 1st in-
fantry to the southern shore of lake Michigan.
There, the same year, he erected Fort Dearborn,
which became the nucleus of Chicago. Later he
was brevetted major, but on the reduction of the
army in 1815 was not retained, as he had two sons
in the service. He was appointed military store-
keeper at Newport, Ky., and from that post was
transferred to Jefferson barracks, a short distance be-
low St. Louis, where the rest of his life was spent.
He was a well-educated man, a fine linguist, and a
musician of decided ability. He had a large fam-
ily, and three of his sons, William, John and George
Washington, entered the army. John, a lieutenant,
died of wounds received in the battle of Maguago,
near Detroit, in 1812. Maj. Whistler died at Jeffer-
son barracks. Mo., Sept. 3, 1829.
WHISTLER, Joseph Nelson Garland, sol-
dier, was born at Green Bay. Brown co. , Wis.,
Oct. 19, 1822, son of Col. William Whistler and
grandson of Maj. John Whistler, first of the name
fn this country. His father, a native of Hagers-
town, Md., entered the army in 1801, and took part
in the battle of Maguago, Mich., Aug. 9, 1812. He
was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 7th infantry
in July, 1834, and colonel of the 4th infantry in July,
1845. He retired from the service in 1861, at the
age of eighty-one, and at his death, two years later,
was the oldest officer in the army with the exception
of Gen. Winfield Scott. Joseph, son of William,
was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy, AVest
Point, in 1846, and entered the army as second lieu-
tenant, being connected, as second lieutenant, with
the 8th infantry, and six months later with the 3d
infantry. During the Mexican war he was actively
engaged, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and
the battles leading up to and including the capture
of the city of Mexico. He was promoted first lieu-
tenant in June, 1852; was captured in Texas by the
Confederates in 1861, and paroled as a prisoner of
war. He was assigned to duty as assistant instructor
of infantry tactics at West Point, and remained un-
til March, 1863, having been promoted captain,
meanwhile, in May, 1861. In May, 1863, he entered
the volunteer army as colonel of the 2d New York
artillery, and served in the Richmond campaign, be-
ing wounded during the siege of Petersburg. He
commanded a brigade in the defense of Washington
from July, 1S64, until September, 1865, and in De-
cember, 1865, was mustered out as brevet brigadier-
general of volunteers. In September, 1866, he was
transferred to the 31st infantry, and in March, 1S69,
to the 22d infantry. In February, 1874, he was pro-
moted lieutenant-colonel of the 5th infantry, and
in May, 1883, became colonel of the 15th infantry.
He was then transferred to Fort Buford. Dakota,
and while in command there was retired, Oct. 19,
1886.
WHISTLER, George Washington, civil en-
gineer, was born at Fort Wayne, Ind., May 19, 1800,
son of Maj. John Whistler, at that time commander
of the post, which was one of the defenses of the
Northwest territory. In 1814, when his parents were
living at Newport, Ky., he was appointed a cadet to
the U. S. Military Academy. West Point. He re-
mained there five years, and In a class of thirty mem-
bers stood first in drawing and fourth in descriptive
geometry. His frank manner and cheerful disposi-
tion made him a favorite, and his musical skill, es-
OF A.MKKK'AX I1H >< , I; A PHY.
49
IN ..illy iii playing tin- tbite, brought him the uick-
n.ii i ir " Pipes. '' lie \v:is rifled in the use of brush and
pencil to a leinarkable degree, and among other in-
heritances from his father was a refined and delicate
orsrani/.ation. On his graduation, in IM'.I. he- was
appointed second lieutrnant in the corps of artillery,
and n mil l^-'l -erved part of the time on topographi
cal duly at Furl Columbus. From No\emher. |s^l,
until May. 1822, he was assistant professor at West
Point, in i1-'.'1.' 26 he was connected with the com-
mission employed in tracing the international boun-
dary between Lake Superior and the I. ike of the
\\ oods, and in is-.'li -,'s was employed in the cabinet
of the commission in making surveys, plan-- and es-
timates. On Aug. Hi, 1>-'.I. he was promoteil first
lieuh naiit, and engaged in topographical work,
much of it beinir for chartered companies. There
Were b u i ducati 'I engineers in the country besides
tin' graduate- of West 1'oint Acadcnu, anil tlicir
services were in great demand. In ISMS a pa.t of
of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was con-
structed under the supervision of l.ient. Whistler,
ami the directors decided to .send a deputation to
England to examine the railroads of that eonntiy.
They selected Mr. Whistler on account of his Mipe
rior qualifications in all respects, also William Gibbs
McNc-ill and .lonalhan Knight, and, accompanied by
Ross Winans, the inventor, thev dev iied about six
months (1S2S-2!)) to the work, 'in ls:;o McXeilland
Whistler made the preliminary surveys and a defi-
nite location for the Haiti more and Susqnehaiina rail-
road; in 1831-:;:! \Vhistlcrwas cn^a'jcd mi the 1'atcr-
Son and Hudson railroail (now a pail of the F.rie),
and then removed to Stonin^ton, Conn., to locate
theeMcn-ion lolliat place of the Boston and 1'rovi-
dence line. He resigned from the army Dee. 31,
1833, and removed to Lowell. Ma"., to become en-
gineer to the proprietors of locks and canal-. AS
director i ;' the machine shops, a large part of his
time, from 1834 to 1837, was given to reproducing
for different railroads a locomotive made by the
Stephensous, in England. In 11-137 Maj. Whistler
resumed the supervision of the Providence and
Stoniugton railroad, residing at the latter place
While thus engaged, he became connected with the
Western railroad of Massachusetts, and, associated
with 'lis brother-in-law , Maj. MeXeill and ('apt.
"William H. Swill acted as consulting engineer, iu
1836-40. In 1S-1II-4-.' lie was chief engineer, with
headquarters at Springfield. Mass. The highest en-
gineering skill was requisite, for, as the road was to
cross the highlands between the Connecticut and the
Hudson, a number of complex problems had to be
solved. The result of the labors of the three asso-
ciates placed them in the front rank in their profes-
sion, especially Maj. Whistler, whose admirable
judgment and power of overcoming difficulties were
shown as never before. Meanwhile (1839), a Russian
agent, sent to inspect American railroads, had re-
ported that their cheapness was due. to the "practi-
cal sense which predominates in their construction,"
and advised that a railroad projected between St.
Petersburg and Moscow be constructed on the Ameri-
can plan. Later, two Russian officers visited the
United States on a tour of inspection, and were so
impressed with the ability of Maj. Whistler that
they advised the emperor to make him consulting
engineer for the road. He accepted the position and
began work iu 1842, traveling over the entire route,
420 miles. One of his reports, urging the adoption
of a gauge of five feet, against the advice of the
Russian engineers, who favored six feet, is said to
be masterly in its arguments. A double track was
to be laid and completed within seven years, at a
cost of $40,000,000. The rolling stock and fixed
machinery for the shops were furnished by the
American firm of Winans, Harrison & Eastwick,
VOL. IX.— 4.
beinir manufactured at Alcxandroffsky, under Maj.
Whistler's supervision. In 1844 the various opera-
tions along the line were under way, and on Sept.
2."), Is.'iO, the road was opened for passenger and
ill traffic. Maj. Whistler also supervised the
construct! f the fortifications, na\al arsenal and
docks at ( ronstadt, the plans for improving the Do-
vina at Archangel, anil the iron bridge over the
Ne\a. His high .sense of honor,
his polished manners and altrac-
li\e [ii-rsonal qualities, added to
his professional skill, made him
highly popular with all classes of
society. lie was urged to wear
tin' llnssian uniform, but declined
i.. do so : the decoration of the
order of St. Anne, conferred by
the emperor in I* IT. he was un-
able to refuse. Maj. Whistler was
twice married: lir-t, to Mary,
daiiuhicr of Dr. Foster Smith,
I'. S. A., and Deborah. dam hlei
of ('apt. Thomas Delano, of Nan
tucket. She bore him three chil-
dren: Deborah, who was married
to Seymour Haden. M. I)., of Lon-
don, I lined as an etcher; George
William, who became an engi-
iii i r and railroad manager, and
died in isilli; and Joseph Swift
i 1825 Hi' Mrs. Whistler died in 1S27, aged twenty-
three, and was buried in Greenwood cemetery,
lirooUhn, X. V His second wile was Anna Ma-
tilda, daughter of Dr. Charles Donald MeXeill, of
Wilmington. X" C. , and sister of his friend, William
Gihbs .MeXeill. She bore him live sons, two of
whom survived their father: .lames Abbot MeXeill,
the noted artist, and William Gibbs MeXeill. a phys-
ician, both liur.i: in London. Maj. Whistler was
stricken with Asiatic eboleia in 1S-)s, Inn continued
his work for several months, dying in St. Peters-
burg, April 7. 1*411. His body was taken to Boston
but finally was intern 1 1 at Stoning! on. Conn. A monu-
ment wa's erected in Crecnv.ood cemetery, Brook-
lyn, by his professional brethren. His widow rc-
tuin.'d to the United States to educate her children,
after which she removed to Kngland, and died there
in 1881.
WHISTLER, George William, civil engineer,
was born in New London, Conn., iu 1822, elder son
of George Washington Whistler and Mary Smith,
his first wife. He followed in his father's footsteps,
became his assistant in 1S40, and acquired a high
reputation for executive ability, and for his knowl-
edge of railway machinery. He was superin-
tendent of the Erie and the New York and New
Haven railroads, and was connected with other lines.
He went to Russia, in 1856, to complete the St. Peters-
burg and Moscow railroad, in accordance with his
father's plans, and remained almost continuously for
twelve years, when his health broke down, and
he was compelled to resign his post. He settled at
Brighton, England, and died there, Dec. 24, 1869.
WHISTLER, James Abbott MeNeill, artist,
was born at Lowell, Mass., in August, 1834, son of
George Washington Whistler, the eminent civil en-
gineer, and Anna Matilda MeNeill, his second wife.
His father and his grandfather, Maj. John Whistler,
were skilled musicians, and as the former, iu addi-
tion, had more than ordinary ability as an artist, it
is not strange that iu the third generation creative
§enius should be manifested in a marked degree,
everal years of Whistler's early life were spent in
Russia, while his father was superintending the con-
struction of the St. Petersburg and Moscow railroad.
He returned to the United States shortly after his
father's death, and iu 1851 entered the Military
50
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Academy at West Point, receiving his appointment
from Pres. Fillmore as n cadet-at-large, and at
once his skill as a draughtsman attracted general
notice. In his second year he was absent on account
of ill-health, and was examined in only one sub-
ject,— drawing, — in which he obtained the highest
possible mark. His ability was unquestioned; but
he could not fix his mind upon so exacting a science as
mathematics, and in 1854 he was found deficient,
and was recommended for discharge. In less than
two years after leaving West Point, Whistler went to
England, but remained only a short time, removing
to Paris, where for two years he was a pupil of
Charles Gabriel Gleyre, the painter. Among his
fellow-students were Edward John Poynter and
George Du Manner, and the latter, in his original
version of "Trilby," contributed to "Harper's
Magazine," describes Whistler as "Joe Sibley" in
most amusing fashion. Removing from Paris to
London, Whistler lived for a time at Chelsea. In
1859 he exhibited at the Royal Academy "two etch-
ings from nature," and since that time he has con-
tributed to nearly all the important exhibitions held
in London, and often to those in other cities — Paris,
Munich and the Hague, for instance. An exhibi-
tion, held in the Grosvenor gallery. London, in 1877,
furnished material for bitter criticism. John Ruskin
could hardly express his contempt, and in a number
of "ForsC'lavigera" he observed :
" I have seen and heard much of
cockney impudence before now;
but never expected to hear a cox-
comb ask 200 guineas for flinging
a pot of paint in the public's
I'acr." Whistler brought suit for
libel, and nominally won, being
awarded damages, in amount one
farlhing. Mr. Whistler has done
remarkable work in the line of
interior decoration, the so-called
" prarock room" in the house of
F. R. Ley land, of London, furnish-
ing the best example. The color
scheme was blue and gold, and
the chief motif was peacocks and
1 heir feathers. The music-room in
Paris of Pablo Sarasate, decorated
in white, pink and gold, affords
additional evidence of his skill. His paintings,
which include pastels as well as oils, have been bet-
ter appreciated in Paris than in London; but even
there he did not become popular at once. In 1859-
60 pictures were refused by the jury of the Paris
Salon, and in 1863 he was again unsuccessful; but
the Salon des Refuses accepted the discarded works,
which included the "White Girl"; and the latter
caused him to be spoken of in Paris as one of the
" original " artists of the day. Perhaps his greatest
portrait is that of his mother, which has as its sub-
title, "Arrangement in Gray and Black." Il was
painted in 1872, and that same year was sent to the
Royal Academy exhibition, to which it was admitted
under protest. In 1884 it was exhibited at the Paris
Salon, and was awarded a medal of the third class;
in 1891 it was bought by the French government for
the Luxembourg gallery. His "White Girl" is now
owned in New York city. Among other paintings
are: "Coast of Brittany" (1863); "Last of Old
Westminster" (1863); " At the Piano" (1867); "Little
White Girl"; " Japonaiserie : caprice in purple and
fold "; " Portrait of Thomas Carlyle " (1872), owned
y the corporation of Glasgow; "Gold Girl " (187W);
" Caprice in Purple and Gold "; " Nocturne in Blue
and Gold" (1878); "The Pacific: arrangement in
gray and green"; "Blue Girl" (1882); "Entrance
to Southampton Water" (1882); "Great Fire Wheel"
(1883); "Portrait of Senor Pablo Sarasate: arrange-
meni in black" (1885); "Portrait of Miss Alex-
ander: harmony in gray and green" (1888); "Por-
trait of Lady Archibald Campbell: arrangement in
black" (1888); "Portrait of Henry Irving as Philip
II. of Spain: arrangement in black." Mr. Whistler
has painted several portraits of himself. He is as
favorably known for his etchings and dry-points as
for his paintings, and has produced a large number —
as many as 215 between 1857 and 1887 — some of
which are ranked with those by Rembrandt. He
has produced a few lithographs also. He is a bril-
liant writer and a master of satire. On the con-
clusion of his law suit against Ruskin he retaliated
iu a pamphlet: "Whistler r.v. Raskin : Art and Art
Critics." This was followed by "Ten o'Clock Lec-
tures" (1888), which, together with occasional letters
on art and personal subject-, reappeared as "The
Gentle Art of Making Enemies" (1890; enlarged ed.
1892). William C. Brownell, the art critic, has
spoken of Whistler as "perhaps the most typical
painter and the most absolute artist of the time," and
lias taken pains to refute the statement that he is an
impressionist, except in this, that "impressionism
implies, first of all, impatience of detail." The
"London Quarterly Review" said of him: "Mr.
Whistler stands before the world as the representa-
tive of art without ideas and the determined opponent
of the literary element in painting, which had found
supporters in Ruskiu and the pre-Raphaelites. But
however much we may differ from Mr. Whistler in
his theory of art, critics and painters of every school
must agree in admiration of the superb craftsmanship
and skill of his actual handling of paint, which has
already done so much to raise the standard of tech-
nical attainment in this country. And if he refuses
to recognize the presence of ideas iu art, he is equally
a resolute foe to the prosaic realism and photographic
reproduction of the naturalist school. Selection, not
imitation, is the key-note of his art. As he has told
us in a pamphlet on the subject, 'Nature, indeed,
contains the elements, in color and form, of all pic-
tures, as the key-board contains the notes of all
music. But the artist is born to pick and choose,
and group with science these elements, that the re-
sult inay be beautiful, as the musician gathers his
notes and forms chords, until he brings forth from
chaos glorious harmony." Mr. Whistler is, above all
others, the painter of the night and of the sea. No
one has better succeeded in making us feel the
poetry of the midnight sky with its depths of blue."
Whistler is a mem her of the Royal Society of British
Artists, and was its president in 1886-89. At the
Paris exposition of 1887 he was awarded a gold
medal, and at the Salon of 1892 v, ao hors contours.
He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor in
1889 and an officer in 1892. In 1889 he was made a
member of the Munich Academy, and received the
cross of the Order of St. Michael. At the Hague
he was awarded a gold medal. A controversy over
a portrait of Lady Eden led to a lawsuit, and some
time after, to a new book by the artist: "Eden vs.
Whistler; The Baronet and the Butterfly; A Valen-
tine with a Verdict" (1899). He was married, in
1888, to the widow of E. W. Godwin, architect, and
daughter of J. P. Philip, the sculptor. She died in
1896. Within the last decade Whistler lias taken up
his residence in Paris where the art atmosphere is
more congenial. The accompanying portrait is a
reproduction of an etching by Paul Rajon. (Keppel
& Co.. New York city.)
MOSLER, Henry, artist, was born iu New
York city, June 6, 1841, son of Gustav and Sophie
(Wiener) Mosler. When a boy of ten he attracted
the attention of artists, to one of whom, James
II. Beard, Mr. Mosler looks up to as his first seri-
ous preceptor iu color and form. When Maj.
Anderson visited Cincinnati in 1861, immediately
OF AMERICAN BIOURAIMIY.
5L
after the fall of Sumter, young M osier made a sketch
of the public reception given him, and sent it to
" Harper's Weekly." It. was accepted, and an en-
gagement was made with .Mr. Mosler to act as the
special artist in the West for that journal during the
civil war. At the instance of Buchanan Read, the
poet-artist, he went to Dusseldorf to stud}-, in May,
1863. There he studied drawing under Prof. Mucke,
inspector of the Royal Academy, and paintingunder
Kindlrr. From Dusseldorf he went to Paris, and
for six mouths studied under Ileliert, who afterwards
had charge of the Ville do Medicis, the French tine
arts academy at Rome. As a result of this iustruc-
tiou, although it lasted but for a brief time, a strong
personal friendship sprung up between master and
pupil, which is as bright and warm to-day as when
the tire was first kindled. In the early part of 1886
Mr. Mosler returned to Cincinnati, where his work
had been watched with the greatest interest, and
where his advancement during his absence abroad
had been closely noted. He was besieged with orders
for portraits, and the artistic ambitions of his soul
were subordinated to the practical side of his other.
wise idealistic avocation, He managed, however, to
find time to paint some pictures, the most conspicuous
and best known one being "The Lost Cause," an inci-
dent of the war, showing the return of :i Confederate
soldier to his home, only to find it teuanllessand de-
serted. This picture was chromo-lithographed, and a
large number of copies wen- sold. In 1869 Mr. Mosler
was married to Sarah Calm, of Cincinnati. He re-
mained in America until 1M74, most of the time in Cin-
cinnati, although he spent the year 1870 in the city of
New York, painting portraits. In 1*7). w itli hi- \\ itv
and son, he returned to Europe, going to Munich,
where he remained three years. Whileal Munic-h he
studied under Wagner, and also re eived private and
special criticism from Piloty. Daring his stay at
Munich he painted a number of pictures, and won a
medal of the Royal Academy. In 1877 he removed to
Paris, the art atmosphere of which is different from
that of Dusseldorf and Munich, and, after several
months of persistence during which a less talented
and ambitious artist would have failed, he at last
realized that he was in touch with the sentiment of
art about him. In 1878 he sent two pictures, "The
Quadroon Girl " and " Early Cares, "to the Salon, and
both were accepted. The former was purchased
by Henry Stix, of Cincinnati. In 1879 he sent to
the Salon "Le Retour," better known in this country
as "The Return of the Prodigal Son," and the
"Women and the Secret," after La Fontaine's well-
known fable. He visited the Salon with his wife,
anxious to know whether his pictures had received
favorable locations. They sought throughout the
galleries for the pictures without finding them, and,
greatly disheartened, were about leaving, when they
turned into the Hall of Honor, attracted by a large
crowd about a picture, for which there was l.ein-
manifested the most enthusiastic appreciation. Natu-
rally being interested to see a picture that was at-
tracting such popular attention, Mr. Mosler stepped
over to a location where he could view it, and was
startled and more than gratified to find that it was
his own picture, " Le Retour." The public had set
its seal of approval upon his work. For this pic-
ture, now so well known, he received " honorable
mention," and the minister of fine arts of France
purchased it for the gallery of the Musee de Luxem-
bourg. This honor was 'the greater as it was the
first picture that the French government had ever
purchased from an American artist. His most im-
portant works previous to 1886 are : "The Spinning
Girl" (Salon, 1880), purchased by the Society of
Fine Arts at Grenoble ; " The Purchase of the Wed-
ding Gown " (Salon, 1880); an order by Edmond
Turquet, minister of fine arts of France, now in his
private collection;" The Return of the Fisher
Women" (Salon, 1881), presented by Col. Charles
Fleischmann to the Cincinnati Art Museum ; " The
for the famous collection of George I. Seney, and later
by J. S. liaines. of New York, for his private gal-
ery; "The \Vcdding Morn" (Salon, 1883), pur-
chased for tin' museum at Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia; "A Spinning Girl" (Salon, 1883); "A
Rainy Day" (Philadelphia, 1883), purchased by Mr.
Temple, and placed in the Temple colleclion at the
Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts; "The Last
Sacrament "(1884). owned by the Polytechnic Ajssoci
ation of Louisville, Ky. ; "The Village Clock
Maker "(1884), which received a pri/.e of *•.>.. vio at
the pri/.e fund exhibition. New York ; and "The
Approaching Storm" (Salon, 188o). In 1SS(> Mr.
.Mosler came to America to make studies for three
extra lanie canvases of distinctively American sub-
jects, upon the order of II. H. Warner, of Roches-
ter, N. Y. The life and customs of the modern
American Indian appealed to him as a passing story
that had not been given the recognition by artists to
which its importance to future generations entitled
it. Accompanied by his old friend, C. T. Webber,
of Cincinnati, one of the ablest genre painters that
America has pr luccd. he
made studies for these pictures
in New Mexico, among the
Apa-he tribe of Indians. The
undertaking was tilled with
exciting features, as the In-
dians were but sullenly polite
or agreeable. Added to this,
wen- the very superstitious
objections which the Apaches
ha\e to having their portraits
taken. Not withstanding their
dilliculties, both Mr. Mosler
and Mr. Webber brought back
with them a number of por-
traits, studies, and cost nines,
arms and utensils of the In-
dians. Upon his return to
Paris Mr. Mosler painted first
the large canvas, 10 x 14 feet,
entitled " Abandoned." show-
ing one of the customs of the tribe in abandoning to
death an old squaw, who. on account of her years,
is unable to keep up with her tribe on its march
•when on the war-path. This picture, together with
"The Visit of the Marquise," were exhibited at the
Salon in 1887. That same year Mr. Mosler painted
his second large Indian picture, which was entitled •
" The White Captive," showing the burning at the
stake by the Indians of a captive girl. The pic-
ture is a fine exhibition of the artist's ability in
handling strong contrasts of light and shade, for
which he has been remarkable since boyhood. This
picture was exhibited at the Salon of 1888, together
with the "Harvest Dance," a Brittany scene, for
which he received the gold medal, which placed him
hors concours at the Salon. The two pictures,
"Abandoned" and the "White Captive," are the
property of Mr. Stafford, of New York city.
In 1889 he exhibited, with three other pictures,
at the international exhibition at Paris, " The
Last Moments," for which he received a medal, and
in 1893, for the same picture, the only gold medal
awarded to a foreign artist by the Archduke Carl
Ludwig, of Austria, at the exhibition in Vienna. In
the fall of 1880 he again came to America, where he
remained during 1890, and painted the last of his
three large pictures, it being entitled "The Husking
Bee," a distinctively American scene, now owned by
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Lewis G. Tewksbury, New York. His more recent
pictures are: "Good Counsel" (Salon, 1891), now
owned by Mr. Haughiau, of Brooklyn ; "The Milk-
ing Hour" and the "Wedding Feast" (Saion,
1892) ; " The Broken Sabot" (London, 1892); "The
Chimney Corner" (Salon, 1893); "The Brittany
Legend " and "A Normandy Garden " (Salon, 18!!4 1;
"The Village Tinker" (1895), purchased by John
Olmstead for the new Springfield, Mass., museum ;
and " Mending the Net " (1895), bought by Andrew
Carnegie for his private collection. In 1884 he re-
ceived" a medal at the international exhibition at
Nice, and in 1893 the titles chevalier de la Legion
ill lonneur and officier d'Academie. Mr. Hosier is a
member of the National Academy of Design. In
1894 he returned, with his family, to New York city.
Mr. Hosier has five children. He received in At-
lanta, Ga., at the Cotton States International ex-
position the grand gold medal and diploma of honor;
the Thomas B. Clark prize, New York Academy of
Design (1896); and a gold medal at the Philadelphia
Art Club exhibition (1897). He is member-at-large
of the Loyal Legion.
de HAAS, Maxiritz Frederick Hendrick,
marine artist, was born in Rotterdam, Holland, Dec.
12, 1832, son of Jau and Marie Petronella de
Haas. He was the youngest of five children, Jan,
who became a naval constructor in the Dutch navy,
Jacque, a violinist and composer, William F. , laud-
scape painter, Marie Petronella and Mauritz. His
father having died early, the children were brought
up by their mother, who had them educated by tu-
tors "in their own home. At an early age Mauritz
manifested an absorbing interest in everything con-
nected '.vith navigation, and watched eagerly the ina-
nceuvers of vessels in the rivers and canals of Hol-
land. At one time he made a trip on board a pilot
boat, in order to see the ocean in wind and weather.
Following this bent of his, and his inherited leaning
toward painting, he became a pupil of Louis Meyer,
then recognized as the greatest marine painter of
Europe, and under his instruction made rapid prog-
ress as an artist. His pictures were accepted in
all art exhibitions in Europe and England, and he
received an appointment to the
Dutch navy on board the frigate
Evert si in. In ls."i4 he visited Eng-
land, where he was welcomed us a
distinguished artist, and on his re-
turn to Holland, Queen Sophia
purchased his painting "Dutch
Fishing Boats," and as a mark of
appreciation presented the young
artist with a gold watch. Mr. de
Haas was married, in 1859, to a
young Englishwoman, Catharine
A. Hillar, and immediately after
i this event went to the United
' States, where he subsequently re-
sided. He opened a studio in New
York city, and there produced his
most famous pictures. He was a
member of the Rotterdam Acade-
my; associate, and afterwards
academician, of the Academy of Design in New York,
and won many gold and silver medals in America and
Europe. Among his best known works are: " Ship-
wreck in the English Channel," "Boon Island Light,"
"Farragut Passing the Forts at the Battle of New
Orleans'?' "Praise Meeting at Cape Ann," "Rapids
Above Niagara Falls," which was exhibited at the
exposition at Paris in 1878, "Drifted Ashore in a
Fog," "The Royal Yacht Squadron," and "Moon-
light at Sunset." He had three children, Marie
Petronella, Willemiua F. and Mauritz Frederick
Hendrick, Jr. The latter studied art under his
father, and attained great proficiency as a marine
painter, exhibiting at the various exhibitions through-
out the United States. His most important picture
is " Fishing Fleet off the Coast of Gloucester." He
died prematurely, Feb. 11, 1897, at the age of
twenty-six. The senior artist resided for many years
in Brooklyn, but latterly removed to New York
city, where he died, Nov. 23, 1895.
JOHNSON, Eastman, artist, was born at Lov-
ell, Me., July 29, 1824, son of Philip C. and Mary
(Chandler) Johnson. His youth was passed in
Augusta, Me., until his parents removed to Wash-
ington, D. C., in 1845. In early
years he was fond of drawing,
mainly portraits and figures from
life, ailhnugh he never had any
master. Many members of the
statelegislature and others of note
were among his patrons. He
passed a winter in Portland, Me.,
wlr re ue also made portraits,
amongothersofthefather, mother
and sisterof the poet, Longfellow.
At Washington, during the ses-
sions, he was permit ted to occupy
one of Hie senate committeerooms
as a studio.and there he continued
to draw portraits in crayon.
Among his sitters were Judges
Story and HcLean.of thesupreme
court; John Quincy Adams, Dan-
iel Webster (an order from Rob-
ert C.Winthrop), some of thefor-
eigu ministers, also Mrs. Alexan-
der Hamilton and Mrs. Dolly
Madison. He then established himself inBoston, where
immediately Henry W. Longfellow gave him an order
for portraits of himself, his wifeandchildren.and after-
wards of his friends, Charles Simmer, Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Pres. Felton, of Harvard, and Nathaniel
Hawthorne. He remained in Boston three years,
very constant Iv engaged, and in the meantime had
taken up painting "in oils to some extent. He then
sailed for Europe, and entered the Royal Academy
at Dusseldorf, Prussia, where, after working six
mouths, he was told he could make his graduating
cartoon. After remaining in Dusseldorf two years,
he removed to Holland, and spent four years at the
Hague ; then established himself in Paris, from time
to time sending work home to the United States. In
1856 he returned to this country, and from Washing-
ton went to the northern shores of Lake Superior,
among the Indians, of whom lie made studies. In
1858 he settled in New York, bringing with him the
" Old Kentucky Home," now in the Lenox Library,
New York, with other works of his, and after that
for a long time devoted himself to genre pictures.
Among his other large canvases are: "The Old
Stage Coach," "The Tramp," "Corn Husking at
Nantucket," "Cranberry Harvest at Nautucket,"
"Two Men," "The Drummer Boy," "Twelfth
Night," " The School of Philosophy at Nantucket,"
" The Prisoner of Slate." "Milton Dictating to His
Daughters," "Sunday Morning," "Fiddling His
\\ ay," "The Pension Agent," "Heel Taps,"'" The
Reprimand," "Barn Swallows," "The Barefoot
Boy," " The Peddler " and the " Contrabands/' lie
has painted a large number of portraits, including
two of Pres. C)e\eland, as governor and president ;
also portraits of Pres. Arthur, Pres. Harrison. Wil-
liam M. Evarts, Gen. Hiles, Bishop Potter, Presi-
dents Porter and Woolsey of Yale, Pres. White of
Cornell, Pres. Barnard of Columbia. Pres. HcCoshof
Princeton, William B. Astor, William H. Vander-
bilt, Archibald Rogers, and many portrait interiors.
Mr. .Tohns..n was married, in 1*1!'.!. to Elizabeth W.,
daughter of P. H. Buckley, of New York.
OV A.MKKK AN 111 I KiRAPHY.
53
NEAL, David DalhofF, artist, was born in
Lowell, .Mil--., (let. -JII, 1SJS, -oil ill' Stephen liryailt
and .Mary (l>iilln)il'i Xeal. His grandfather, Stephen
Nral. served in tlir I". S. navy in I lie war of 1M\! ; was
rial Mini as a British subject, made prisoner, ami con
fined in Dartmoor prison during 1812 and isi;{. Ke-
lea-i'd at the close of the war, he was our nf a party
\\hirh captured an Kn^li-h \e-sel oil' Portland, .Me.,
and tor i liis sci vice received a bounty. On the mater
nal side Mr. Neal is descended from the Dalholls of
New Hampshire, his grandfather, David, ami his
grandfather, Abner Dalhoff, having been farm
ers in the town of Franklin.
His meat -great- grandfather,
William Dalholl, eame al an
fe '»• i early date from Holland to
7- ^»» f ' jS America, whither he had been
' W preceded, in lti:!(), by hisanees.
tor, Christoph Logadin Dal-
lioff, a member of Ihe Duteh
colony of New Netherlands.
Educated at Ihe Iliuh Si hool of
Lawrence Mass., and at a pri-
vate school in Andovcr, X. II.,
David H. Xeal early slm\\ed a
remarkable aptitude for draw-
ing. He determined In adopt
art as a life-calling, and after
considerable sluiU :lllll prac-
tice in New I irleaiis, La., he
went to San Francisco, where
he was employed in maknu
drawing- on wood. In IMi'J,
through the generosity of a friend, he was furnished
the means for studying in Europe, and going to .Mu-
nich he worked for a year at the Koyal Academy,
anil then entered the atelier of the Chevalier Maxi-
milien Ainmuller, an artist noted throughout the
ei ml ineni , and famous for his researches in the prac-
tical revival of the process of making eathedral-
colored glass. Under this master young Xeal re-
ceived his first regular lessons in oil painting, ami
devoted himself principally to interiors and subjects
in ecclesiastical architecture. He began systematic
siinly from the life under Alexander Wagner, and
under Carl von Pilotyiu 1867. He has sinccmade a
reputation as a figure painter, and has won many
valuable prizes at various exhibitions. Among the
best known paintings in his earlier style may lie men-
tioned: The "Chapel of Nouberg ('oii\eiit. Sal/.-
Imrg" (1S!>4); " Chapel of the Kings. Westminster":
"St. Mark's," and "On the Grand Canal. Venice"
(Isii'J). His first figure composition, "James Wan. "
was exhibited at the Royal Academy, London (is MI,
and purchased by Sir Benjamin Philips, lord-mayor.
' ' The First Meeting of Mary Stewart anil Rizzio "
(is ">) received the highest award in the gift of the
Royal Academy of Munich, and secured him a
European reputation. His most noted work, "Oli-
ver Cromwell and John Milton," exhibited at the
Berlin Royal Academy, the Munich International
Exhibition (where he was a member of the pri/.e
jury), and afterward in England, and at the New
York Academy of Design, is now in the Cleveland,
O., public library, donated by its owner, Mr.
Hurlbut. Mr. Neal removed from Munich in 1879,
and since then has devoted himself to the painting
of portraits, both in Paris and his native country.
He painted a portrait of Rev. Mark Hopkins for
Williams College, a replica of which hangs in the
University Club, New York. Among other well-
known works are: " Xuus at Prayer," in the Roval
Gallery in Stuttgart; "Boy with Violin," owned by
Mrs. Harrison Garrett of Baltimore; portrait of Hon.
S. Teackle Wallis, in the Athenaeum Club, Balti-
more, and the "Retour du Chasse," owned by Moses
Stevens, of Andover, Mass. In 1896 Mr. Neal re-
turned to Xew York, and continues to devote him-
self to his art. In personal character he is original
and interesting; possessing a keen insigln into human
nature, which is the secret of his suo . por-
trait painter. He pictures on canvas not alone the
features as seen by ordinary eyes, but the real per-
sonality of his subject, at once grasped and compre-
hended by his keen arli-tie insight, lie is a diligent
student, never content to stand still, ami thoroughly
conversant with all modern art methods. With
strength of mind ami laudable perseverance he has
met ami overcome many dillieullies, and richly de-
ser\es the high position he has attained. lie was
man led. in Munich, in 1862, to Marie Antoinette,
d.iii'jhterof his old master, the Chevalier Maxmilien
Ainmuller, and has had four children.
MARTIN, Homer Dodge, artist, was born in
Albany, N. Y., del. •_'*, |s;;6, tin- see 1 son and
fourth child of Homer and Sarah (Dodge) Martin,
and on both sides could trace his lineage to anfe-revo-
lutioiiary days. The first Amciican ancestor was
William Seaborn .Martin, born in Hi.Vl, during the
voyage of his parents from Plymouth, England, to
America. They settled at Stratford, Conn., and \V . S.
Martin was married to Abigail Curtiss in that town.
afterwards remo\ inn to \\ llniu. Conn. Young
Martin's tendency towards art showed ii-elf • veil in
childh I, as isevidenced by spirited drawings made
when he was not more than live years old. His ex-
ecutive skill owed practically not him; to external as-
sistance; for, with the exception oi two weeks in the
studio of .lames Hart, he had no teachers but obser-
vation and experience. His \\r~.\ studio was in the
old museum building al Albany. I [e bc^an to exhibit
at i he National Academy of Design in is.",;, when he
was only twenty. In the winter of |sr>;; he n •moved
to Xew York, and took a studio in Tenth street. He
wenl abroad for I he tirsi time in 1N7(>. and again in
Iss], remaining until the dose of is^r, ,•,,,,! ,p,.n(l
ing most of the time in France. In the summer of
1«!I2 he visited England and France for the third
lime, remaining several months. Short ly after his
return his eyes began to trouble him, and in the end
the sight of one of them was
completely destroyed. In 1893
he went to St. Paul, Minn.,
where the climate proved so
beneficial that after a few
months' rest he resumed his
brush, and painted some of his
best pictures. Among Ameri-
can landseapists Mr. Martin
was distinguished by the origi-
nality and delicacy of his color
scheme, the poetic quality of
his treatment, and a strong
individuality which from the
first gave his work a place
apart. To quote the Spring-
field "Republican," in an edi-
torial notice of his death, he
was "possessed of a style em-
phatically his own ....
characterized by singularly
beautiful color, and a light which seemed to trans-
figure the earth, and made one of his pictures the
noticeable decoration in any room. " Mr. Martin was
a member of the Century Club, a national acade-
mician, and one of the founders of the Society
of American Artists. Among his more important
pictures are: "White Mountains from Randolph
Hill," New York Metropolitan Museum; " Morning
on the Saranac, " Union League Club, New York;
" Lake Sauford: A Fire-Slash Lookout," and "Hon-
fleur Lights," the Century Club, New York, "A
Lake in the Wilderness," owned by William E-
54
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Dodge; "Source of the Hudson," Thomas B. Clark,
New York; " Evening ou the Thames," James Still-
man, New York; "Old Normandy Manor," D. M.
Stimson, New York; "Mussel Gatherers at Viller-
ville," F. C. Gunther, New York; " Cricquebceuf
Church," W. T. Evans, of New York, who also
purchased and presented to the Metropolitan Mu-
seum the example it possesses of Mr. Martin's work.
His "Sand Dunes on Lake Ontario," is in the pos-
session of James S. Ingles, New York. His latest
pictures were a large Adirondack view, bought by
Thomas B. Clark: a view on the Seine; a Newport
view, owned by Frank L. Babbatt, of Brooklyn,
and a "Normandy Cottage," by William T. Evans.
Mr. Martin was married, at Albany, June 25, 1861, to
Elizabeth Gilbert Davis, daughter of James and Eliza
(Wood) Davis, both natives of Albany. Mrs. Martin's
paternal great-grandfather, Timothy Howe, served as
a chaplain in the war of the revolution, and her ma-
ternal great - grandfather, Jean Poppino, born in
France, about the year 1 740, and brought to America
by his parents in his seventh year, foughtthrough the
war of the revolution and attained the rank of major.
Mr. Martin died in St. Paul, Minn., after a long and
painful illness, Feb. 12, 1897.
LANDER, Benjamin, artist, was born in the
city of New York, Feb. 20, 1844, son of William P.
and Mary H. (Millett) Lander. His line of American
ancestry runs back to 1632, and comprises many men
of note in various fields of public life, some of whom
achieved distinction in colonial wars and in the revo-
lution. His boyhood was spent in Buffalo, N. Y.
In 1860 he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and in
1886 to Nyack-on-the-Hudsou, where he has since
continued to reside. His art productions have given
him a national and European reputation, principally
his etchings and engravings, reproductions of his
original works, the plates of which he retains in his
own possession. The unique brilliancy of the im-
pressions is partly due to personal supervision of de-
tails connected with the printing, after the methods
pursued by the early masters of the art. He first ex-
hibited at the National Academy of Design in 1880.
His first etched plate was produced in 1882, and he
soon took a high rank among
painter-etchers. In 1885 he was
invited to exhibit at the Inter-
national exhibition of graphic
arts, at Vienna. His works were
well placed; he received "honor-
able mention," and his exhibits
were secured by the Vienna
Art Society for their collection.
He was one of the organizers
of the Brooklyn Art Guild, serv-
ing it as president; was instru-
mental in forming the Brooklyn
Art Club, of which he was vice-
president, and served as secretary
of the Brooklyn Etching Club.
He is a member of the New
York Academy of Sciences and
other leading scientific societies,
and has published much matter
based on original researches in
While serving as corresponding
secretary of the Kockland Count}- Historical Society,
he became actively interested in early American his-
tory, and has published numerous articles dealing
w it'h il)'- early limes of New York and Brooklyn
under the Dutch, and of the Indians of the same re-
gions, as well as romances based on historical facts.
He was married, in 1869, to Annie E., daughter of
Samuel W. Green, of Brooklyn, X. Y.
BLASHFIELD, Edwin Howland, artist, was
born in New York city, Dec. 15, 1848, son of Wil-
liam Henry and Eliza" (Dodd) Blashfield, both of
natural history.
New England stock. He received his elementary
education in the public schools of Boston. In May,
1867, he first studied art in Paris, where he was
a student of Leon Bounat. He at the same time
received some instruction and advice from G. L.
Gerome and Chapu, the sculptor. He exhibited in
the Paris Salon, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1888,
1 SMI, 1892, 1893, and at the Universal exhibition, Paris,
1889. He has also exhibited at the Royal Academy,
London, and in Edinburgh, Dublin and numerous
British cities. He won medals at the Paris and Chi-
cago world's fairs. He painted " Metal Work," four
colossal seated winged figures, in
one of the large domes in the
Manufacturer's and Liberal Arts
Building, Chicago, 1893. In 1894
he painted a large decorative can-
vas, with eight or more life-size
figures, for the house of Collis
P. Huntintjton ; and some years
earlier painted three decorative
panels for the house of H. McK.
Twombly, and two for Mr. Gal-
latin, all of New York city. He
also painted the large mural panel,
" Justice," for the Lawyers' Club,
New Y'ork city, and the one
entitled " The Angel of the Resur-
rection," in a church at Fox-
boro, Pa., both widely noted. Mr.
Blashfield has passed twenty years
abroad, working in France, Italy,
Greece and Egypt, and has exhibited in America
numerous traveling sketches of buildings, temples
and churches. He has lectured on art and painting
at Harvard University, at Yale University, and in
AYashiugton, Cleveland and other art centres of
America. In collaboration with his wife, he pre-
pared numerous illustrated articles for " Scribner's, "
the "Century," and other leading magazines, on
subjects connected with mediseval or renaissance
art, or noted places of the Old World. Among the
most noteworthy and interesting of these may be
mentioned: "With Romola in Florence," "The
Man at Arms," "Castle Life," "A Day with a
Florentine Artist of the Fifteenth Century," "Ra-
venna and Its Mosaics," "The Paris of the Three
Musketeers," "Afloat on the Nile," and "A Day
with the Donkey Boys." Among the most notable
of his larger works are "Christmas Bells," "The
Choir Boys," "The Angel with tiie Flaming Sword,"
"All Souls' Day," "The Emperor Commodus,"
"The Roman Lady's Fencing Lesson" and "Inspira-
tion." He has also gained a well-merited reputation
as an illustrator, and has painted many portraits,
lie aided in decorating the new building of the con-
gressional library, Washington, D. C." furnishing
a number of remarkably well-conceived symbolic
allegorical panels. He was awarded medals at the
Paris exposition of 1889, and at the Columbian
exposition in 1893. He also received one of the
medals issued on dedication day at the Chicago
exposition, mid- inscribed "To the Designers of the
Columbian Exposition." He is a member of the
National Academy and many other art societies, and
was president of the Society of American Artists in
1895-90.
PERRY,Roland Hinton, sculptor and painter,
was born in Xew York, N. Y., Jan. 25, 1870, the
son of George and lone ( Hiuton) Perry. The pater-
nal branch of his family \\.is prominent in Massa-
chusetts from the earliest days of American inde-
pendence. His mother's family was of Norman de-
scent, being mentioned in English history at the Con-
quest, at Agincourt, and in the time of Charles L,
when a Hinton was physician-in-ordinary to the king,
and, embracing the royal cause, was eventually
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
obliged to Hee to Holland. Some of his descendants
of the next generation settled in Virginia, while ol hers
returned to England. Mr. Perry's father was. al the
time of his death, editor of the New York " Home
Journal." His artistic gifts he inherilrd from his
UK it her. At the age of sixteen he began systematic
sliiily at the Art Students' League nf New York,
where he remained until, in 1889, one year after the
death of his father, heand his
nnil her went to !•' ranee. The
following rive years they
spent in Paris, where Mr.
Perry painted in the stu-
dios ot Paul Delance, < a!-
lot and (ii'-riiine. and stud-
ied modeling .-it the Aeade-
mie Jtdien, under Chapu and
Pueeh. Ill IS'.IO he passed
\ -•••#>. the necessary examinations,
and was admitted to the
Keole di"- IJcallX Alls. In
1S!M lie made his tirst exhi-
bilion ol' a portrait al I he
Salons des Champs F.lvsees,
and in each following v ear
he has exhibited :'l Ihe
Champs de Mais. In |S1»4
he relurneil to Xew York,
and opening a studio in the
city, began immediately lo model four bas-reliefs rep-
iv-'entiiiL; Ihe " Sibyls." which he was commissioned
to prepare for the congressional library at Wash-
ington. These, on their completion, were placed in
the Main Stair Hall of the building. In 1S!I(> Mr.
Perry received a further commission lo make the
fountain of Xcpl line for I he main approach, lie was
married, March 11, 1895, to bis cousin. Irma,
daughter of Howard Hinton, of Xew York city.
KKHN. Frank Knox Morton, marine artist,
•was bom in Philadelphia. Pa., April l:.', ls|s, (,f
Dutch ancestry. He studied at the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts, under Prof. Christian
Schussell, and mastered the mechanical department
of art iu the remarkably short time of two years.
He then turned his attention lo portraiture, and was
unusually successful, especially in the 1'acilily with
which he caught, a likeness. He then gave lime to
the study of landscape, marine, still life and figures,
and in each achieved considerable success. His
most important figure piece, " The
Turkish Harem," is owned bv A.T.
Partridge, of Philadelphia." Mr.
Helm was led to lake up marine
painting as a specialty through
Ids chance acquaintance with Rus-
set Smith, the scenic artist, who
criticised his versatile habits, and
advised him to concentrate his
talent in one direction. Al the
time Mr. Rehu was al an impres-
sionable age, and being an ardent
lover of the sea in all its moods, he
determined to adopt marine and
cnasi subjects for his facile brush,
and found both pleasure and suc-
cess in this new field. As Phila-
delphia lacked an art atmos-
phere, he in 1881 moved to New
York city. Mr. Rehn was very
desirous of studying abroad, but he conquered the
temptation, fearing that the tendency to imitate
would master his own individuality, and believing
that if America is to have her own school of art, it
must be unalloyed by the tendency towards imita-
tion eiigendeied by study in foreign schools. Act-
ing on this theory, he avoided the danger by remain-
ing at home, and with his own eyes and with his own
methods has won renown as a thoroughly distinc-
tive American painter, adapting and varying his
technii|iie to his subject as to him seems best fitted.
He now stands in the foremost rank of marine
painters, (here being few, if any, who can sur-
pass him in his rendering of ihe sea. He has ex-
hibited at the Philadelphia Academy, the New York
Academy of Design and oilier American galleries.
He was awarded first prize for marine painting at the
SI. Louis exposition in I**'-!; a X','5<l prize al a water
color competitive exhibition. New York, in IMS.!;
a gold medal of h ....... -at ihe prize fund exhibition.
V u York, issii. His" Missing Vessel" is owned
hv the I ii tmil Art Museum, and "Close of a Sum-
mer I lav" by the IJullalo Fine Arls Acadeiuv.
"The Derelict" (1892), is one of his best known
canvases.
KETCHAM, Harriet Ann (McDivitt), sculp-
tor, w as born al Seio, Harrison eo., O., July li, IS-KJ.
Her lather. Andrew Mi I >ivitt, a bridge -buildei and
contractor, was of Scotch Irish descent ; her niollier,
Eliza . I. Corkhill, was a native of the Isle of Man,
and emigrated to America with her parents when a
young woman. The maternal grandmother of Har-
riet A. Kelcham was Ann ChrMian. who belonged
to what is probably the most distinguished family in
the Isle of Man. The Christians trace their descent
from Edward I lie Confessor, and manv of the gover-
nors and deemsters in the little island have been
taken from Ihis family. The
Chrisliaii family gained an
unmerited and unenviable
notoriety from Ihe purely
fictitious character of Ed-
ward Chrisliaii in Scott's
"Peveril of the Peak."
The Celtic and Norse blood,
which go to make up the
Manx, gave to Harriet A.
Ketcham her vivid imauina-
tion and imitative faculty.
Her parents removed from
Ohio lo Burlington, la., in
1*51, and soon after to
Mount Pleasant, la., which
latter place was Mrs. Ket-
cham's homeunt.il her death.
She was educated at the
Iowa Weslcvan I nivei-sii\ al
August. ISiiis. slir was married to William B. Ket-
cham. a manufacturer and coal mine operator. She
developed an early taste for art, and learned to wi irk
in clay and colors while yet a young girl. In ls;r>
she entered the studio of Wilson McDonald, of New
York city, where she remained about a year, devot-
ing much of her time to the study of anatomy in the
medical colleges. In 1878 she opened a studio in
Washington, D. C., and placed herself under the tu-
telage of the sculptor, Clark Mills. In 1886 she went
lo Italy, and studied under the best masters in Rome
and Florence. Her early works iu marble, such as
her busts of Sen. Allison, Justice Miller, Sen. Har-
lan and George O. Cannon, passed into other hands
as soon as finished. Her most beautiful production,
"The Peri at the Gate of Paiadise," as described iu
Moore's "Lalla-Rookh," was made in her studio at
Rome, and was on exhibition at the Columbian ex-
position. Her greatest work was the design for
the Iowa state soldiers' monument at Des Moines,
which was accepted by the commission after a sharp
competitive examination of many designs offered by
the leading sculptors of America. Among her most
famous works iu sculpture are the following : "The
Peri"; life-size bust of Abraham Lincoln, said to be
the best portrait of him in existence; bust of ex-
U. S. Sen. James Harlan; of the late Justice Samuel
P. Miller, of the supreme court of the United
Mount Pleasant. In
56
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
States; of Sen. William B. Allison; of T. J. Potter;
of the sculptor's mother, and one of her only daugh-
ter, born in Rome. Ten of her oil paintings, sev-
eral of which were painted at the Vatican, now orna-
ment the walls of the capitol in Des Moines. Mrs.
Ketcham died at Mount Pleasant, la., Oct. 13, 1890,
leaving two sous and a daughter.
SETON-THOMPSON," Ernest Evan, artist,
naturalist and author, was born in South Shields, Eng-
land, Aug. 14, 1860, son of Joseph Logan and Alice
(Snowdon) Thompson. He is descended from the
famous Scotch Scions, his father being the eldest male
descendant and great- grandson of
George Setou, last earl of Wiuton.
After years of hard study in Lon-
don, he came to America in 1881,
and spent several years in a log
shanty on the plains of the upper
Assinuiboiue, Manitoba. Here,
with his brother, he procured
the necessities of life by farming
in a small way, which left ample
time for zoological expeditions,
covering the surrounding country
for several hundred miles; these
^ three years of wild life were the
formative period that decided
his career. Although primarily
a naturalist, "he expressed his
ardent love of nature iu paint,
plaster and prose." In iss:;,
through a series of papers on the
zoology of Manitoba, he first be-
came known as a naturalist; they were afterwards
published in book form, under the titles of "The Mam-
mals of Manitoba," and "The Birds of Manitoba " and
resulted in his appointment as government naturalist
to Manitoba province. His illustrations for these and
other papers created such great interest among the
publishers and scientists of the East that the Century
Co. invited him to New York to illustrate their
"Encyclopedic Dictionary," for which they required
drawings of animals and birds " up to the ' Century
Magazine' standard of artistic excellence, yet tech-
nically correct as illustrations." After making over
1,000 drawings for this work, and being engaged in
illustrative work continuously until 1890, he went to
Europe for the purpose of continuing his art studies.
On his arrival in London, in 1880, he had taken a
scholarship entitling him to seven years' free tuition
at the Royal Academy. But after working here for
a year and a half, had concluded that the London
methods were unsatisfactory. On his return, there-
fore, in 1890, he went to 'Paris, where he studied
with Henri Mosler, and his first picture, painted
within a year, was hung in the Salon; the subject
was a sleeping wolf. He had been a noted wolf-
hunter during his western life, and most of his
drawings and pictures, afterwards on exhibition in
the Salon, about eighteen in number, were wolf sub-
jects. " Wolf " Thompson, as he is frequently called,
painted a realistic canvas for the World's fair,
"Awaited in Vain," picturing a woodcutter return-
ing to his home being devoured by wolves. It hail
the honor of being one of the best abused canvases
sent to the "White City." His story, " Lobo, King
of the Currumpaw," published in " Scribner's," No-
vember, 1894. recounted his experience in the Cur-
rumpaw region of New Mexico, where, for four
mouths, he pursued and finally killed a large
•wolf, which with his pack had daily for five years
made havoc of catttle. This was pronounced by
the leading journals the best wolf story ever writ-
ten. Mr. Seton-Thoinpson later returned to Paris,
where he studied under Gerome, Bouguereau and
Ferrier. The numerous sketches of hisWn dissec-
tions, after four years' conscientious study, he con-
densed into fitly large plates, treating of some fifty
animals and birds of chief interest to the artist,
under the title, "Art Anatomy of Animals." It
has been published by Macmillan, of London and
New York, as a royal quarto volume, with one hun-
dred pages of text accompanying the superb plates.
Mr. Thompson has been most highly praised in his
work as painter and sculptor by such men a- ( Jerome,
Fremiet and others of note. His drawings of birds
are said to be the best of any ever produced in
America. He is a most remarkable combination of
scientist, artist and sportsman; the accuracy of the
representation of his own imagination and artistic
power satisfies the most exacting scientist. He is
fearless in revealing nature as she is, and his own
individuality is pronounced in all his works. His
book, " Wild Animals I Have Known," in seven
weeks passed through three editions. He is still
creating and evidently has not yet reached the limit
of his powers. Mr. Seton-Thompson was married, in
New York city, in June, 1896, to Grace, daughter of
Albert Gallatin, of California. Through her literary
gifts and artistic appreciation, she has been a great
inspiration and assistance to him in his work.
PYLE, Howard, author and illustrator, was
born in Wilmington, Newcastle CO., Del., March 5,
18o3,son of William and Margaret (Churchman) Pyle.
His family on both sides is of the old Pennsylvania
Quaker stock; some of his ancestors having come to
America with Penn's original company. They were
representatives of that more progressive clement in
the Society of Friends, which produced many lead-
ing men and women of the day, such as Bayard
Taylor (a relative of Mr. Pyle) and others, an ele-
ment well known for its generous participation in
reforms and intellectual movements. Howard Pyle's
parents were of considerable culture, especially his
mot lie]-, whose finely critical mind directed his youth-
ful tastes into correct and classical channels. He
received a good school education in Wilmington,
after which" instead of pursuing a higher collegiate
course, he determined upon following an artistic
career. To this end he entered, at the age of six-
teen, a school of art estab-
lished in Philadelphia by a
Mr. Van der Weilen, a native
of Antwerp, a gold medal win-
ner of that Dutch school, and
a most excellent teacher, to
whose thorough and skillful
training much of the charm of
Mr. Pyle's technique is doubt-
less to be ascribed. His three
years' education in this school
comprises his entire train-
ing; he never studied abroad,
and his art is purely and dis-
tinctively American". In 1876
he entered upon his artistic
career as an illustrator in
New York city, contributing
drawings, short, stories and
poems to the periodical press.
His style was good, his im-
agination of a high order, and his work, such as it
was. found quite a ready acceptance by the editors
of the magazines, who used the material which he
theu supplied in the odd corners of their publica-
tions. His first really serious essay of work was a
drawing made for " Harper's Weekly," entitled "A
\Vreek in the Oiling." This was SO much liked by
the publishers that it was printed a- a " double-
paue" picture. Such an honor at that period, when
Abbey. Froxi. Reiuhart and others, were filling
the pages of Harper's periodicals with really excel-
lent work, was no small achievement for a hitherto
OF AMKIMCA \ r.KH.K A I'HY.
57
unknown man. "I am sure," says Mr. P\le. speak-
ing nf his delight in this recognition of his initi.-il en-
deavor, "such moments of success me what make
life \vnrlh the living " Thenceforth his position a- an
illusi rat or and maua/ine writer was easily assured,
ami from I hi , I ic^i lining hr steadily rose to a national
repulal ion. Keith in his stories anil illustrations Mr.
Pyle exhibits a u i-l I defined si ylr. characlen/e.l by
vigorous and sustained imagination and a rrrtain
ciiarinin'41 quaint ness, eminently adapted to tales ot'
fairyland or olden days. I [is teelinii|iie is excellent
and his Composition, while detailed, is delightfully
free from conventionalisms. A 1 1 lion »\\ several credit-
able paintings bear his signature, it is to Mhisiiatm^
he irives his pret'erenee; Mie aim of his art beinj I lie
" dealing what others may enjoy." As a writer his
contributions to periodical literature have lieen COE
slant Among Ins books are " The Merrie Advent ures
of lioliin I [nod, of I! reat Renown in Nottingham-
shire" il.ss;{); '• Within the Capes" ( iss;, , " IVpper
and Sail ; or. Seasoning lor Youni; Folk"! I^SI I; "The
Kose of Paradise 'i|ss;l: "The \Vonder < 'lock; or,
Four and Twenty Marvelous Tales" ( 1S8H); "Otto
of the Silver Hand" (1MSS1; "Men of Iron, a
Komanee of Chivalrv" (1892); " Twilight Land"
(1895); "Jack Ballister's Koriuue" ilsur,); "The
Garden Behind the Moon " ( [S!i;Pi. In |ss-.' \|r pv|,.
was married to Anne, daughter of J. Morton 1'oole,
of \YilniiiH!-|oii. which city, since INSII, has been IMS
home.
NIEHAUS, Charles Henry, sculptor. \vas
horn in Cincinnati, (>., .Ian. '„'), |s.V>, son of John
Conrad and Sophia ( Block) Niehaits, unlives of Ger-
many. He received his education in the common
Schools Of his native city, and although an apt scholar
in tliti ordinary branches of knowledge, early dis-
covered a genuine <jenins for art. which marked him
for a brilliant career. His parenls beim;- in moderate
circumstances, hi' found his ambitions seriously em-
barrassed for several years, lint by ri^id self denial
and unflagging industry he finally succeeded iii en-
tering upon a systematic course of art studies in the
McMicken School of Design, where he was awarded
the highest pri/.e in drawing anil modeling, [n IsTT
he went to Munich, Germany, and .studied for
three years in the Royal Academy, making a rapid
and steady progress, and receiving among other
lionors the highest prize offered in any department —
he was the first American to win this award — and a
medal and diploma for his sculptured group, en-
titled "Fleeting Time." This first finished effort
of the sculptor, although showing traces of imma-
turity and lack of experience, displayed the qualities
of strength, dignity and carelul execution. After
traveling in Italy, France and England for a year,
Mr. Niehmis returned in 1S81 to Cincinnati, where
within two years he received commissions for his
famous statues, Gartield and William Allen, both of
which he modeled in Cincinnati and executed in
Home. The Cincinnati Gartieltl was modeled and cast
iu bronze in Rome. These statues display, not only his
great talent for portraiture, but also the exceptional
skill and delicacy with which he treats the difficult
sculptural problem of modern dress. Several critics
have well remarked that "the admirable breadth
and smoothness of his treatment recalls the antique
draperies in which the Greeks found delight." Dur-
ing My. Niehaus' Komau residence he also executed
several excellent portrait busts, and his splendidly
modeled nude statue of a Greek athlete, entitled the
"Scraper," which elicited the strongest praise at the
Columbian exposition, Chicago, 1893. He finally
located in New York city in"l8S7, and since then
has advanced steadily iu reputation and success,
winning commissions in several notable competitions.
His greatest excellence is in skillful portraiture and
complete mastery of the human figure, but far from
resting even on these lofty attainments, he is equally
notable for tin- purity and highly imaginative quali-
ties of \i\~ conception and execution of ideal and
heroic subjects. His "Moses." executed in 1*94
for the congressional library building, Washing
ton, D. ('., is a splendid specimen of a conception
a-id execution nobly adapted to a subject, around
which the imagination of the entire race weaves
the lollies] associations. It has been aptlv (aim-
pared io Michael A.ngelo's masterpiece, and in'n-spect
of impressive completenes of treatment, the observer
would be at a loss I o discriminate between them. His
" Hooker " and " Davenport," executed on o i n mis-
sion for I he ca pit ol a I Hart ford. Conn., have hi -en pro-
nounced faithful and dignified representations of two
types of Puritan character, which were so potent in
molding the virtues of this ureat republic. A similar
strenulh and adequacy of conception eliaraclerix.es
the sialue ol Samuel I lalineuiann, diseo\ erer of ho-
mieopatliy, for the memorial monument in Washing-
ton, con-ideled the most ellcetive sealed s|atllee\er
produced. Tin' tirsl pri/.e and commission were
awarded him by an advisory committee o| the Na-
tional Seiilplors' Society ontot'a large number of de-
signs oll'ereil in competition. Similar and equally
effective is his ••( Ji bl ion" in the congressional library.
In the competition lor the equestrian statue ol Rob-
ert K. I.ee, in Richmond, he re-
ceived first pri/.e. A quality which
runs llirouu'h all of Mr. Niehaus'
works — the only element of same
ness they present -is that ol a
Strong and \ itile simplicity . 01 igi-
nality and individuality of treat-
ment, suited alike to the niL'jed
general, the rapt prophet, the pm
found scholar, and the delicate out-
lines of the female figure. Ainonii
others of his notable works are I he
eqiie-l rian st a I lie of (Jen. Sherman;
a female lijure lor a monument in
Cypress Hills ( 'emelery. Brooklyn;
poiiiaii busts of Vice I'res. Daniel
I). Timipkins, and the famous
hron/.e doors of Trinity ( him h.
New York, which represent sev-
eral scenes iu religious history,
and arc justly considered most successful -pei ininis
of low relief work. He is now (189!)) emj'a^cd on a
statue of e\ Gov. Morton, of Indiana, for the capitol
at Washington. I), ('..and a pediment, the ••Tri-
umph of Law," for the new building of the appellate
division of the supreme court, Xew York city.
STETSON, Charles Walter, artist, wiis born
at Tiverton, R. I., March 25, 1858, son of Joshua A.
and Rebecca L. (Steere) Stetson. His father was a
Free Will Baptist minister; his mother, a daughter
of Judge Samuel Steere, of Glocester, R. I., a man
of much importance in the town during the first
half of the century. The greater part of his life has
been passed in Providence. His especial talent did
not show itself at an early age, for his first essays in
color were anything but promising, and he was fully
eighteen years of age before his coloring became dis-
titivuished for anything but its crudity. In 1878 he
took his first studio, but for financial reasons was
unable to keep it. He returned to his father's house,
and continued to work there under the greatest dis-
couragements; meanwhile, the artists and a few pic-
ture lovers began to find him out. About the year
1881 he again took a studio, and from that time his
real artist life may be dated, perhaps. In 18*2. iu
conjunction with George W. Whitaker. he made his
first exhibition in Providence, the works shown
being the result of a trip they had made to Nova
Scotia and Cape Breton. In 1883, in the gallery of
the Providence Art Club, of which he was one of
THE NATIONAL CYCLOl'/EDIA
the three originators, Mr. Stetson opened his next
exhibition. This brought the first real recognition
from his townsmen, and resulted in his exhibiting in
Boston and meeting with extraordinary success.
The press, while by no means unanimous in praise,
admitted that in Mr. Stetson a newr power had
arisen, especially a new and extraordinary colorist.
During that year he made a series of thirteen large
etchings and many smaller ones for the collection of
Beriah Wall, of Providence, a full set of duplicates
of which is now the property of the Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston. His etched work previous to that
date comprises some forty plates. In 1888-89 four-
teen mouths were spent at Pasadena, Cal., in sketch-
ing and study. He then returned to Providence,
and occupied his old studio in the Fleur-de-Lys, a
part of whose decorations he had designed. In 1891
he exhibited at, the American Art Association gal-
leries, in conjunction with Alexander Harrison and
W. L. Dodire. ami received the most bitter denun-
ciation and the warmest praise that had ever fallen
to his lot. In 1894 he located permanently in Pasa-
dena, Cal., and in 1897 for the first time visited
Europe, spending a year, mostly in Italy and London,
in which latter place he gave" a private exhibition.
Mr. Stetson's subjects are very varied, running the
scale between the sombre and weird and the joyous
and voluptuous. He paints portraits, figure pieces,
landscapes and imaginative
compositions. He is best
known, perhaps, by the latter;
but on account of his daring
and original coloring, some
critics prefer his portraits.
Among his best known works
are:" Eve and Cain"; "A Sap-
phic"; "The Music Lesson";
"Delilah with Samson's Hair";
"Susannah and the Elders";
"The Lovers"; "The Ra-
jah's Peacocks"; "Dreams";
"The Burial of a Suicide,"
and "Remorse." Among his
most successful portraits are
those of his father; Grace El-
lery Channiug, the author
(now the artist's wife); Hon.
Gilbert Robbins and Hon.
Arthur Doyle, both mayors of
Providence; Hon. Henry Lippitt, governor of Rhode
Island; Hon. George M. Carpenter, of the U. S. dis
trict, court, and Mrs. Margaret Collier Graham, the
author. Mr. Stetson paints both in oils and water
colors.
COUPER, William, sculptor, was born in Nor-
folk. Va., Sept. 30, 1853, son of John D. and
Euphania M. (Cowling) Couper. By his father's
line he comes of sturdy Scotch stock; his grand-
father, William Couper, a native of Scotland, settled
at Norfolk, Va., in 1801. His maternal ancestors,
the Cowdiugs, have long been settled in Virginia,
where several of them have achieved reputation.
His great- grand fa I her, John Hamilton, was a soldier
in the revolution. Mr. Couper was educated at
private schools in Norfolk, and early in life exhib-
ited a marked talent for art, which" indicated the
lines of his life career. He began the stud}' of sculp-
ture in 1873, and in 1*71 went to Munich. Germany,
where he entered the Art, Academy and also pursued
a course of anatomy at the Royal Surgical Institute.
Going to Florence, in 1S75, lie made the acquaint-
ance of the well-known American sculptor, Thomas
Ball, who, reco'jiii/.iiig the young man's merits, in-
vited him to share his studio. During the next
twenty-two years the liall-Couper studios were a
favorite meeting place for Florentine artists and the
American and English residents of Florence, and
the .yearly receptions held there were most attractive
features. Mr. Couper has made a particular success
of low relief work; some of his sculptures being so
delicate as to derive from the natural translucency
of the marble a more perfect effect. He has, however,
achieved equal reputation in other
branches of sculpture, and has pro-
duced several statues and large
works, which are noticeable not
only for broad and bold modeling
but for a beauty and individuality
quite characteristic of the artist.
Among these is his now famous
" Beauty's Wreath for Valour's
Brow," representing a graceful and
beautiful Greek maiden, seated on
the capitol of a ruined column pre-
paring a wreath of wild olive to
crown the victor of the Olympic
games. This masterpiece cost him
eighteen months of steady labor,
but the result is all that could
be desired; a truly artistic blend-
ing of the highest, most detailed
finish with an apparent unfiuish to
complete the effect of age. Simple as is this statue
in conception, the thoughtful conscientiousness of
its working out, the truly artistic feeling which
breathes from it and is visible in even the mechani-
cal details of the execution, make it live in the
memory as a thing one is the richer for having seen.
Among" other meritorious productions may be men-
tioned his "Falconer "and "Coming of Spring," two
colossal sphingi for the Leland Stanford mausoleum
at Palo Alto, Cal., and "Moses" for the new court
house in Madison square, New York. Of late years
Mr. Couper has devoted much of his time to portrait
work, and some of his best productions in this line
are busts of Bishop Newman, of the Methodist Epis-
copal church; A. S. Barnes, the publisher; Chief
Engineer Brooks, of the U. S. Navy; John Rey-
nolds, Henry Mauer and Mrs. Henry Villard,
of New York city. In 1892 he was appointed
on the advisor}' committee of two to approve
works in sculpture sent from Florence to the
Columbian exposition in Chicago. In the sum-
mer of 1897 he returned to the United States with
Mr. Ball, and in the following spring they opened a
joint studio in Xew York city.
I le is a member of the National
Sculpture Society and the
Architectural League of New-
York city. He was mar-
ried in 1878 to Eliza Chicker-
ing, only daughter of Thomas
Hall, they have three sons.
GELERT, Johannes So-
phus, sculptor, was born in the
village of Nybel, Schleswig,
Denmark (now part of Prus-
sia), Dec. 10, 1853, son of Lud-
win Christian Friedrich and
Constance A. F. (Pedersen)
Gelert. Both his parents pos-
sessed artistic ability; his father
was at one time court jeweler
to Dom Pedro, emperor of
Brazil, and his mother was
a skillful designer of flow-
ers. In his hours of leisure, :it
.school. I in' son amused himself
making drawings and clay images of animals, quite
without instruction, and following his own inclina-
tion. In lS(i(i. when the family removed to Copen-
hagen, he was apprenticed to a wood-carver, and in
1870 he entered the Royal Academy of Fine Arts,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
59
completing his Mndics with honor in 1875, all the
while 'working at his trade. In the following sum-
mer he loealei! in Stockholm, Sweden, where he ex-
ecuted several pieces of slatuarv in marble for Prof.
!•'. K jcldberg. In 1*77 lie made an extensive tour
through Germany, stopping at Berlin, Dresden and
Munich, and then spent fifteen mouths in Paris.
Having ju-l completed his studies inx( 'i ipenhagen IP
did m if feel inelinetl to enter the Kcolc des I!eaii\
Arts, having gained a most unfavorable impression
of most, of the French sculptures shown at the Salon
as betraying poor taste, minutely realistic, _ ut-
terly in contrast to Thorwaldseu's lofty idealism.
Accordingly he went to work on some original con-
ceptions. His colossal group, representing the Norse
god, Tlior, combatting a bull, exhiliiled at the Salon
of 1S7S, was the result. Although I his work received
iniicli favorable comiiienl in the French art journals,
it found no purchaser, and having spent more than
his savings. Mr. Gelerl was obliged to return to < 'n
penhagen. In th(' following year he went to Berlin,
where he worked almost three years for I 'rot'. H.
Siemening. A. \Volf. F. Hartzer and other contrac-
tors on large monumental works. In 1**- he re-
ceived ft commission for a number of deenrali\e
statues for a new theatre in Copenhagen, anil having
completed them, was awarded a scholarship by the
Danish government, such as is given only to ad-
vanced arli-ts ot recogni/ed ability. lie thereupon
went to Home to continue his studies, and while
making himself thoroughly acquainted with ancient
and modern masterpieces, also attempted some origi
nal work, notably a life si/e group of two children,
called the "Little Architect." Ai ihe end of nine
months he returned lo Copenhagen, where he was
kepi scantily busy until the spring of ]SS7, when he
concluded to seek a huge lield for his activity in ihis
country. Accidentally he went lo Chicago, and here
it was that his talent attained a greater development.
Among his first large commis-
sions was the 1 1 ay 1 1 la rket monu-
ment, commemorating the he-
roic deeds of the policemen in
the anarchistic riot of issij.
For McVicker's Theatre be ex-
ecuted two large frie/es, rep-
resenting La Salle's trium-
phal march through Illi-
nois (ItiMl), and the Fort
Dearborn massacre (1812);
for the Chicago " Herald "
building the figure of a
mediaeval herald and three
tympana for the facade,
representing the history
of printing. In the latter
works Mr. Gelert shows
his strongest style of
composition and model-
ing. The statue of Gen.
, Grant at Galena, 111. (see
illustration), with his-
torical bas-reliefs repre-
senting Lee's surrender
at Appomattox ; the
statue of Hans Christ ian
Andersen (see illustra-
tion), and the heroic
bust of Beethoven in
Lincoln Park. Chicago, are acknowledged to be
among the very best examples of modern statuary.
At the Columbian exposition in Chicago, 1893,
Gclert's colossal group of laborers, " The Struggle
for Work," created a marked sensation. The Spring-
field, Mass., "Republican" called it: "The most
powerful and original work, not only in America
but in the whole exhibition of sculpture," and said :
"This strenuous and faithful conception, represent-
ing the workingnian's struggle for bread . . . is one
of the strongest things ever wrought into sculpture,
and whether it be called socialistic, anarchistic, or
what not else, il deserves recognition for its extraordi-
nary moral c|uality and significance." The Chicago
"Inter-Ocean" said: "In 'The
Struggle for Work,' by .Johan-
nes Gelert, there is the truest
loiieh, perhaps in all Ihe expo-
sition, of that divine, stern anil
heroic symbolism, of which
sculpture is capable, to which i|s
funciioii is most nearly allied."
Clo-e upon the World's fair
came the great panic, of Is'.i:;,
and Ihe great exposition, w hieh
Otherwise might have pro\en
a great incentive in art
matters, brought no bene-
fit w hate\cr to local art.
During the the follow ing
years Mr. Gel,-rl executed
his beautiful female fig-
ure, entitled Ihe " Asceii-
-imi of the Soul," and
an athletic nude fig-
ure of a wounded
American soldier, both
of which lia\e
been h i g h 1 y
praised, Ihe hit- t . *ji
ter receiving a
gold medal at
the Nashville
centennial in
1897. In 1898 Mr. Gelerl removed to New York
city, and opeued a studio.
LA FAROE, John, arlisi and writer, was born
in New York city, March :il. is:;:,, von of Jean
Frederic and - - ule St. Vidon de la Farge.
His father, a native of France, entered the army
when a young man, and was one of an expedition
sent to San Domingo to suppress an insurrection.
Promoted lieutenant, he accompanied a force to the
interior of the island, where all suffered capture by
a band of insurgents, and all but Lieut. La Farge
were tortured to death, his life being spared in order
that he might instruct Gen. Guerrier, the insurgent
leader, in reading and writing. He was held a pris-
oner after the French e\,-ieu:ited San Domingo, and
was living on the island in l.SOO, the year in which
a general mas-acre of whites was planned. Warned
of the impending doom, Lieut. La Farge contrived
to reach the part of the island under Spanish control,
and there took refuge in a ship bound for Phila-
delphia. Arrived there, he concluded to remain, for
chances of making a living offered themselves, and
by ventures on the seas, of various kinds, he became
wealthy and bought plantations in Louisiana and
lands in the northern part of New York state,
where he lived for several _years. Removing to New
York city, he became identified with its French
colony, composed of cultivated people, among whom
were BuissedeSt. Victor, aformerplanlei in San Do-
mingo, and his wife (nee Baucel), also of French ex-
traction. Their daughter became the wife of Lieut.
La Farge, and began her married life in a house in
St. John's park, an aristocratic quarter in those
days, whence the family removed to Washington
place, near Washington square. John La Farge
was surrounded by books and paintings from his in-
fancy, but aside from taking some drawing lessons
from one of his grandfathers, he gave no special at-
tention to art, nor was he attracted to literary work.
He acquired a classical education, and then studied
60
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
law. He had a superficial interest in many things,
and, partly to concentrate his thoughts on some one
accomplishment, his father advised him to study art
in Paris, where he- had relatives. He took up his
residence in that city in 1850, and became a pupil of
Couture, whose style, with its richness of color and
free handling, must have influenced La Farge in
some measure. Couture discovered an originality in
his drawing that seemed likely to disappear if the
young American continued among students who for
the most part were slavish imitators of their instruc-
tor, and therefore set him to copying drawings by
the old masters in the Louvre. Still postponing, by
his muster's advice, the use of color, he continued
his drawing in the galleries of Munich and Dresden;
made a tour of northern Italy, and returned to his
native country by way of England, where he be-
came acquainted with the pre-Raphaelite painters,
and conceived a strong sympathy for their motives
and their style. Although he entered a law office
on settling in New York city, he soon felt a positive
inclination toward art, and removed to Newport,
R. I., to study under William M. Hunt, who had
been the favorite pupil of Jean Francois Millet. At
Hunt's suggestion, he worked in black and white for
some time, using color but sparingly, and was found
fault with for paying too much attention to refine-
ments and details— the pre-Raphaelite bias being
strong, as is evidenced by the flower
paintings and decorative work pro-
duced at this period. The civil
war came on. and he attempted
to enlist in the Federal army, but
was debarred by near-sightedness,
and returned to his easel, to work
with a fervor born of those stirring
days. Of a figure of St. Paul,
painted in 1861, the critic, George
P. Lathrop, wrote: " The artist who
could slowly lift through all the
technical processes of painting this
healthy figure into life must have
had a much more serious purpose
In sustain him than that merely
pictorial aim which has governed
« Jf. most painters since FraAngelico or
M<3'/CtV2ȣ^_ Albert Durer, even when they
// have supposed themselves relig-
ious in tone." His next important
work (1802-03) was a "Madonna" and a "St. John"
for St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, New York
city, and although these were not accepted they
were, it is said, equal in richness and depth of color
tip any of his subsequent work. A severe illness, in
1866, was followed by a long period of convalescence,
during which La Farge took up drawing on wood,
contributing illustrations to an edition of "Enoch
Arden." to "Songs from the Old Dramatists" and
to the "Riverside Magazine." Illustrations to Brown-
ing's "Men and Women" and Longfellow's "Skele-
ton in Armor" remain unpublished. In these
drawings, which in vigor and beauty surpass those
In other illustrators of that day, is seen the effect of
the study of Japanese art, which La Farge was one
of the first in this country to appreciate. In 1805
several panels of fish and flowers, painted for a
gentleman's dining-room, but rejected, were publicly
exhibited, and were admired by the architect, Henry
H. Richardson, of Boston, who made La Farge
promise to do decorative work in the first important
building at bis disposal. Among others who appre-
ciated him fully at this time was James Jackson
Jarves, who in'his "Art Idea" (1866) said: "La
Farge goes to art with earnest devotion and an ambi-
tion for its highest walks, bringing to the American
school depth of feeling, subtlety of perception, and
a magnificent tone of "coloring, united to a fervent
imagination, which bestows upon the humblest ob-
ject a portion of his inmost life. . . . His landscapes
are gems of imaginative suggestion and delieaie
vital treatment; riot pantheistic in sentiment, although
the soul of Nature breathes in them." In INi'.t,
after having his pictures refused for year* by the
National Academy of Design, or badly hung when
accepted, he was elected an academician. In 1873
he visited Europe; exhibited two pictures in London,
which were praised by the critics; made a study of
the stained glass in the cathedrals of France, as well
as of the modern glass produced in England, and
returned with a determination to lift i:la — making
to a more exalted place among the arts than it had
ever occupied. By the use of glass of different de-
grees of thickness, of quality, of surface, of opal-
escence, and of glass in which several hues were
blended, he produced effects as beautiful as those
seen in ancient windows, and secured a wider range
of color than was possible in mediaeval times. Later
he adopted the plan of fusing the glass together,
discarding leads. In 1878 he designed some very
beautiful windows for the Congregational church at
'Newport, R. I.; but these were damaged by a hail-
storm, and we're repaired with inferior glass. The
"battle window" (1880) in Memorial Hall, Harvard
University, is one of his most noted achievements in
color as well as design, almost every kind of glass
being used, and even precious stones. Among later
works, some of which are even more elaborate, are
a mosaic-glass window in the Second Presbyterian
Church, Chicago; window in the Ames Memorial
Church, North Easton, Mass.: window of mosaic
and cloissone in Crane Memorial Library, (^uiucy,
Mass.; window in the Nevius Memorial Church,
Methueu, Mass. ; Watson window ( ' ' The Ascension ")
in Trinity Church, Buffalo; window ("Presentation
in the Temple"), Church of the Ascension. New
York city; Ayer window ("Angel Stirring the
Pool "), Central Congregational Church , Boston. At
various times he has furnished windows for the
houses of Alma Tadema, London; Cornelius and
William K. Vanderbilt and Whitelaw Reid. New
York city; Henry Marquaud, Newport, R. I.;
Charles Francis Adams and Frederick L. Ames,
Boston. The Watson window was exhibited at the
Paris exposition of 1889, and for this La Farge re-
eeived a medal of the first class and was awarded
the decoration of the legion of honor, while the
jurors bore testimony as follows: "He has created in
all its details an art unknown before, an entirely new
industry, and in a country without tradition* he will
begin one followed by thousands of pupils filled
with the same' respect for him that we have ourselves
for our own masters. To share in this respect is the
highest praise we can give ibis great artist." In
ISTCi La Farge was called on by his friend, Richard-
son, to redeem the promise made ten years previous
and undertake the decoration of the interior of
Trinity Church, Boston. He had only a few months
in which to make preparations, and was unable to
carry out his scheme for lack of appropriations;
therefore adorned onl}T the tower and side walls with
figures, and simply tinted the ceilings and other
parls. As ii was. I he frescoes produced a profound
impression, and were conceded to be the most
important mural paintings ever executed in this
country. In 1877 he painted two frescoes in the
chance'l of St. Thomas' Church, New York city,
aKo designing the enframing woodwork and ar-
chitectural mouldings; in 1S82 decorated the in-
terior of I be Brick Presbyterian Church; in 1885
painted two larire panels, representing the "Visit of
the Magi," for "the Church of the Incarnation, and
in 1887 an altar-piece, "The Ascension," for the
Church of the Ascension, all in the same city. He
also decorated the ceilings in the dining room of the
1VO
Aius
com-
York
A. K/l. B I 1_ I- I M C3
Ji.
Fa.
tion
schoo
a mag
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
61
Union League Club; painted two large pictures,
•• Music" riinl "Tlic Drama." in the dining-room <>(
Whitelaw l!i-iil, ami furnished ceilhej decorations,
ornamental woodwork and tapestries, al'lcr his own
designs I" the mansion of Cornelius Yanderbilt.
He .li-iniieo! the lomb of the Kill"/ t'ainih at New-
port, K. I., lln- M'iil|itni- bi'inii' Si. (iauilcns. In
1s'j;, |n> was invited by the Fivnrli -jo\enimeut to
niaki- a special exhibit of his works in conjunction
with the Salon of I In- ( 'liainji de Mars, anil to this
conl riliutcil a stained ^lass window and 200 pictures.
Hi- was • of tin- I on ml eis of I In- Society of A M H -ri-
ran ArlisN, and is a nirnilii-r of the- Water Color
Society. In lss" La Fai^e paid his first visit to
.Japan', and ill 1890-98 Contributed a series of papers
on that country to 'lie '•Century Maua/ine," subse-
i{iientlv published iu book form. Of this work a
reviewer said: " The eye that, saw the cities, gardens,
and temples of .lapan was trained; the hand that,
skeiched them and wrote of them was practiced,
and the mind that reviewed and weighed the prod-
uels and instincts of Japanese art \\.-is as sympa-
theiie a- it was keen in its inquiries. It is very sel-
dom that an artist is willing to relate Dimply and
siiieereh what he sees and what, from his invn artis-
tic standpoint, he thinks of it. Mr. La Fari;c has
done this, and those who wish to add to their powers
of en jo\ mcnt in looking and seeini; cannot atl'iml lo
miss ; he culture and stimulus to the imagination lo
be found in this book." In 181)0-91 In- visited
Hawaii. Fiji, -lava and Ceylon, and, as in Japan,
found abundant material for water color sketches,
in which his love of color bad full excuse lor ex-
pression. In 1892 he lectured on color and composi-
tion in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Xew York
cily, and there, in 1894, gave six public lectures,
which, under the title " < 'onsideralions mi Paiiitinir, "
were published in 1895. They have bcea culled
"the most important utterances on art ever deli \en-d
iu America." Mr. La Farge was married in New-
port. I!. I., in 1860, to Margaret Perry, granddaugh-
ter of Com. Perry and great-granddaughter of Ben-
jamin Franklin. His son, Baucel, is an associate of
his father, and is well known for independent, work of
high order. A monograph on La Fa-.-ge, by Cecilia
\\ ai-rn ("Portfolio," 1896), is the best summary of
his life and life-work as yet published.
E VANS, Henry Ridgely, journalist and author,
was born iu Baltimore, Md., Nov. 7, 1861, son
of Henry Colheal and Mary (Garrettsou) Evans.
Through bis mother he was descended from the old
colonial families of Ridgely, Dorsey, Worthingtou
and Greenbeny, which played such a prominent
part in the annals of early Maryland. His father,
who was of Welsh descent, was connected with the
U. S. coast and geodetic surveys and the geological
survey. Mr. Evans was educated at the preparatory
department of Georgetown (D. C.) College and at
Columbian College, Washington, D. C. He studied
law at the University of Maryland, and began its
practice iu Baltimore city; but abandoned the legal
profession for the more congenial avocation of jour-
nalism. He served for a number of years as special
•writer ,1 nd dramatic editor on the Baltimore ' ' News, "
and subsequently became connected with the U. S.
bureau of education as one of the assistant librarians.
During his residence at the capital of the nation Mr.
Evans became interested in psychical research, and
began investigations into the phenomenon of spirit-
ism, telepathy, hypnotism, etc., the results of which
•were published in a book entitled "Hours With the
Ghosts; or. Nineteenth Century Witchcraft — an Ex-
pose " (1897). He also contributed to Hopkins'
"Mairic. Stage Illusions and Scientific Diversions,"
aod wrote an Introduction to the "Memoirs of
Robert Houdin," the famous French conjurer. His
magazine articles on ancient and modern magic
have been well received. From boyhood Mr. Evans
manifested a great interest iu the feats of pivstidiin-
tateurs, and his writings on tin- art of legerdemain
have thrown a great deal of light on the psychology
of Hie subject. In 189'.' he was married to Florence,
daughter of Alexander Kirkpairick, of Philadelphia.
BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, financier, was
born in Hoyalton. Windsor co., Yl., April 21, 1S14,
son of John aucl Hannah (Brown) Billings. His
mother was the daughter of Judge Jonathan Brown,
of Pittstown, N Y. His paternal ancestors settled
in Plymouth county, Mass., soon after the land-
ing of the Maytlouer, and from then to the present
the faniilv has been honorably associated with the
history of the nation. Deacon John Billings, of the
Connecticut militia, fought, under Kens. Shirk and
Washington, as did Jonathan Brown, of I'itl-lowu,
N. Y. (later a judge). John Billings, Jr., father of
Albert Merritt. was a farmer, and served in Ihe war
of 1812. The son was apprenticed to a liarnc-s and
trunk maker in Royalton, and at the age of nineteen
removed to Claiemonl, N. II., to join bis brother,
Edwin A., who was a manufacturer of looms. lie
was held iu such high esteem by bis fellow towns-
men that, at the aiii- of twenty-one he was elected
sherifl'— wa- re elected annually for eleven years.
Mr. Killings resided in ( 'laremmit until 1S5;{, acquir-
ing considerable property iii real estate, and be-
COming interested in various
pat-aits. Ill IS.'i-l lie lelno\ed
to Grolon, Mass., where he en-
gaged in the manufacture of
yea-t ; and after a year in business
a u-atoga Springs, N. Y., he,
in isiio, went to Chicago where he
resided the remainder of his life.
Arnold the- patents he owned was
one for gas-making. Assoeiatmg
himself wilh Cornelius K. (.uni-
son, of Ni-u York, he acquired I he
franchise of the West Side (Jas
( 'o . w hieb w as embarrassed finan-
cially, and at the same lime, in
conjunction with Com. (,'arrison,
be built and operated the first ele-
viled railroad in New York cily, and soon after the
St. Louis, Kansas City and Colorado railroad, which
was disposed Of to the AtchNon. Topi-ka and Santa
Fe Railroad Co. In 1873theHome National Bank of
Chicago, being on the point ot dissolution. Mr. Bil-
lings secured control of it, and at once placed it and
the Home Savings Bank on a firm basis. In 1890 a
loan of |175,000 was made to the Citizens' street rail-
toad of Memphis, Tenn., but the collateral securities
being -worthless, Mr. Billings secured control of the
road" and short disconnected lines; brought them
under one management; introduced electricity as
a motive power, and other appliances, the total out-
lay exceeding $2,000,000, and made the system a
model for other cities. He purchased and repaired a
buildin"-, afterwards known as "Green Street
Church," and sustained the mission work there until
his death, frequently appearing iu the pulpit himself
for the purpose of giving familiar talks on the Bible.
He supported similar work in other cities, especially
that carried on in New York by the Jerry McAuley
Mission. Mr. Billings was married, first, iu Clare-
mont, N. H., in September, 1837, to Lucinda A. Cor-
bin, who bore him a son. Henry A., of Chicago, and
a daughter, who died in childhood; and second, June
1, 1859, to Mrs. Augusta S. Farnsworth Allen, of
Woodstock. Windsor CO., Vt., who bore him two
daughters, both deceased, and one son, Cornelius
Kingsland Garrison Billings, who is prominent in com-
mercial circles of Chicago. He died in New York
city, Feb. 7, 1897.
62
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
ilifS»liSiif fej-«fc ;
SMITH, Henry, provisional governor of Texas
(1835-36), was born in Kentucky in 1784, and spent
his youth in that state and in Missouri. In 1821, he
emigrated to Texas, and resided first near Bolivar,
on the Brazos river, and subsequently in Brazoria.
When the Anglo-American colonists of Texas grew
dissatisfied with Mexican rule, Mr. Smith became,
through his independent views and his fearlessness
in expressing them, a leader in the revolutionary
party. In 1833 he read a paper in public, in which
he prophesied the independence of Texas; and from
that time he was prominent in the movement which
eventuated in the separation of Texas and the found-
ing of the republic. He was wounded at the battle
of Velasco in 1833; was a member of the. convention
in 1833, and an alcalde and acting political chief the
following year. At a popular meeting, called Aug.
15, 1835, he was elected one of fifteen members of a
committee of safety and correspondence, appointed
"with full powers to represent the jurisdiction of
Columbia, to use the most efficient means to call a
general consultation of all Texas, and to use all the
means in their power to secure peace and watch over
our rights." Mr. Smith was returned by Brazoria to
this general consultation, and when, after many
delays, it began its deliberations in November, he
did his utmost to further the cause of independence.
His party was, however, in a minority at that time,
the majority favoring the constitution of 1834. The
consultation appointed a committee of twelve to
draw up a plan for a "provisional government of
Texas," and of this Henry Smith took charge in the
main of the plan for civil government, while Sam.
Houston superintended the arrangements for military
government. The committee reported Nov. llth;
on the 13th, officers were elected to administer the
constitution prepared, and Henry Smith was elected
governor. The consultation then adjourned, after
having passed a resolution, "That the governor and
council be empowered to issue writs of election to
fill any vacancies that may occur in this body; to
provide for the representation of those jurisdictions
not yet represented; or to cause a new election in
tola for delegates to the convention of the 1st of
March next." It was under this resolution that
the council called a convention of independence,
clothed with plenary powers, to meet, in Washington,
March, 1836. In the meantime, Gov. Smith sent
his first message to the council, Nov. 15, 1835. In
the following February he was sorely tried by his
powerlessness to render aid to the soldiers fighting
JL&-. ^c
for Texas. A message arrived from Travis imploring
aid for the 150 men in the beleaguered garrison at
the Alamo; but, though the governor made a pas-
sionate and touching appeal for men to reinforce
them, his efforts on their behalf were unsuccessful.
The party in favor of adhering to the constitution of
1834 had now become a faction, composed almost
solely of men whose interests lay in speculating in
land under the loose Mexican government, and who,
though a minority, still had power enough to hamper
the actions of the patriotic party. They even passed
a resolution to depose the governor; but, as this
action had been taken by less than a legal quorum,
Smith declined to surrender the reins of government.
The annihilation of Johnson's and Grant's followers
on and beyond the Nueces and the slaughter of
Fannin, with his 400 men, were the bitter fruits of
the unhappy split in the executive council, which,
even after Saul a Anna's conquests
and subsequent atrocities at Zaca-
tecas and Mouclova, passed reso-
lutions pledging cooperation with
the Mexican Liberal or Federal
party and support of the con-
stitution of 1834. The death-
blow to this faction was final-
ly given when Stephen Austin
forsook its ranks to cooperate
with I he independence party. On
March 1, 1836, aconvention, with
plenary powers, met in Washing-
ton, on the Brazos, and adopted
the declaration of Texan in-
dependence. By it the pro-
visional government was ended,
and a government ad interim
succeeded. In the fall of 1836, Gen. Sam Houston
was elected to the presidency, for which Mr. Smith
had declined nomination, and the latter was made
secretary of the treasury. In this position he
labored zealously and with considerable success to
put the fiscal affairs of Texas in a sound condition.
His term expired Nov. 5, 1838. and he then retired
to his farm and devoted himself to the maintenance
of his family. He was continually urged to re-enter
the public service, and in 1840 accepted a nomi-
nation to congress, to which he was overwhelmingly
elected. As chairman of the committee on finance,
he made an exhaustive report, which was used as
the basis of monetary legislation during the succeed-
ing term. In 1841 he was petitioned by a large
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
63
committee to be a candidate lor the vice-presidency
of I he republic; but his public career was ended,
and he steadfastly refused all further appointments.
In 184!) lie went with his sons to California, where
they intended to prospect for gold, and, although he
desired it, lie was destined never again to return to
Texas. Dr. Aslibel Smith said, in 1SS1.': " Kven
slander never questioned the integrity of the lirsi
secretary, through whose hands passed the entire
revenue'of the republic. Henry Smith went into Hie
treasury department poor; his style of living was
simple and inexpensive; lie came out of olliee and
gave up the keys of his department poor." The
same writer gives the following description of the
man: "Gov. Smith possessed natural powers of
a high order. His strength of will and moral cour-
age were of the highest type, and lie was CODSCIOUS
of possessing these imperial qualities lie was of
medium stature, and as he approached the middle of
life became stout; always erect, and so free Innii
nervous restlessness that he must have been a n 1
physiognomist who could, from his manner, inter
pret his thoughts. lie was a calm, well-poised
man." Mr. Smith snecessivelv married three sisters
of the name of Gillette in IM5. 1S23 and is;!«.i. lie
died suddenly, in Los Angeles county, Cal.. March
4, 1851. For further accounts see " Life and Times
of Henry Smith. First A rican Governor of Texas, "
by lion" J. 11. Brown, of Dallas.
BURNET, David Gouverneur, pro\ isjonal
president of the republic of Texas (1836). (See
Vol. V., p. 147.)
HOUSTON, Samuel ("Sam Houston"), tirst
and third president of the republic of Texas ( 1830-
38, 1841-44), seventh governor o£ the state (1859-61),
seventh governor of Tennessee (1827-28), soldier and
congressman, was born at Timber Ridge Church.
Rockbridge Co., Va.. March ',', I7'.):i, son of Samuel
and Elizabeth (Paxlon) Houston. His father, a
planter by occupation, served with credit in Mor-
gan's brigade of riflemen in the revolution, and from
the close of the war until his death, in isuii, was
assistaiil inspector-general of ihe frontier troops, with
the rank of major ; he was the son of Robert lions
ton, a native of Philadelphia, who, removing to Vir-
ginia in early life, purchased an extensive estate in
Rockbridge county. The original American ancestor,
John Houston, one of a good Scotch-Irish family,
settled in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1689, and was great-
great-grandfather of the general. Three years after
the death of his father, Sam Houston, then in his
thirteenth year, removed with his mother and her
younger children to the newly settled country, now
included in Blount county, Tenn. His early educa-
tion was limited to' the "iieid schools " of his native
town and to the reading of such books as r.-esar's
"Commentaries," which strongly appealed to his
innate military instincts. In Tennessee the family
were near neighbors to the Cherokee tribe, which
was later removed to the Indian territory adjoining
northwest Arkansas, and among them Samuel formed
many warm attachments, which were so far recipro-
cated that he was adopted by Oolooteka, the chief
of the tribe, known to the whites as "John Jolly."
For several years he lived among them, adopting
their dress and customs, and thoroughly mastering
their language, which is rated by philologists among
the most difficult in the world. The Cherokees had,
even at that date, made notable progress in civiliza-
tion, dwelling in well constructed huts, practicing
agriculture, and using a written language of their
own invention. Still, their manner of life was freer
and more natural than that of the whites, and Hous-
ton, reproached by his brothers for deserting their
home, replied, with characteristic grandiloquence,
that he " preferred measuring deer-tracks to meas-
uring tape," and that they might leave him in the
woods. However, at the sure of eighteen, lie began
teaching a small country school in Tennessee, and
later attended a session at Maryville Academy. In
1S13, at the age of twenty, he enlisted in the 7th
I". S. infantry, and went into the Creek war, where
he fought under the eye of Gen. Andrew Jackson.
lie soon became a sergeant ; then ensign in the 39th
infantry, and in May. lsl-1, the year of his majority,
was promoted loa second lieutenancy. At the des-
perate battle of To ho pe-ka, in August, lsl-1, he
was i « ice severely wounded; first with a barbed
arrow in the thigh, and then, returning to the on-
slaught, despite Jackson's peremptory command,
received two rifle balls in the shoulder. He was
•ji\en up tor dead, but, after nearly two months of
sullcrin^. reached his mother's house. liy reason of
bis acquaintance with the Cherokee Indians, lie was,
at Jackson's request, appointed sub agent for that
nation. His knowledge of the language enabled him
to avert a threatened uprising over the action of the
chiefs in signing a treaty to surrendera vast territory
to tin1 I niled Slates, and later he conducted a Chero-
kee delegation to Washington, to receive payment
for their lands and anatme the bounds of their
reservation. In March. l*]s, he was advanced to a
tirst lieutenancy; but, because of certain severe
criticisms emanating from the war department, and
reflecting upon him. uoingso far as
to accuse him of complicity in smug-
gling negroes from Florida into the
United Slates, a thing he had done
his utmost to prevent, he was an-
gered by the charges; resigned his
commission, went to Washington,
and demanded llicniosi \ i-orons jn-
\e-sti -a I ion. The investigation look
place, and resulted in a complete
vindication, lie went immediately
to Nashville, and studied law wilii
such assiduity that he was admit-
ted to the bar in the following au-
tumn, and began practice at Le-
banon. The requirements for legal
I ii act ice w ere ill those days extreme-
ly lax — a general knowledge of
principle's, gemel oratorical ability
and fitness for a political career
being the more conspicuous. Ad-
dresses to juries frequently became political ha-
rangues, and case's we're' derided on the basis of
political bias. In 1819 be was elected district attor-
ney for the Davielsein district, and thereupon re-
inoveil tei Nashville. This election was soon followed
by bis appointment as adjutant-general of the state,
and in 1821 he was elected major-general. Within
a year he resigned his district attomeyship, and re-
sumed private practice. He was elected to congress
from the 9th Tennessee district in 1823, and was re-
elected in 1825. Shortly after taking his seat, An-
drew Jackson became senator from Tennessee', and
the- two e.lel comrades in arms served together on the
joint committee on military affairs. With other
Jackson partisans, he opposed Henry Clay's demand '
for an investigation of the charge of implication in a
conspiracy to insure John Quincy Adams' election,
urging that it would be a mere political farce and
that the civil courts gave the proper remedy. In all
his four years of service he displayed remarkable
qualities of statesmanship, and carefully suppressed
all tendencies to eccentricity. In the last year of his
term he fought a duel with Gen. William White, of
Nashville, and wounded him seriously. Thereafter
he steadily declined all " meetings." He returned to
Tennessee, was elected governor in 1827, and re-
elected his own successor in 1829. In January of
the latter year, he was married to Eliza Allen, of
Sumner county, Tenu , a young lady in every way
64
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
wortliy of liis position aud character; but in April,
to 1 1n1 amazement of the public, and without a word
of explanation to even his most confidential friends,
he resigned the governorship and disappeared. A
storm of vituperation arose from what was deemed
his rascally conduct, and it was not until many years
had elapsed that the truth, as claimed to have been
discovered in certain letters, was really known. In
tin- li-rht of later events, it seems that his wife had
been married to him because of his brilliant attain-
ments and reputation, but her love belonged to an-
other. Houston chose to make a sacrifice of himself,
rather than subject her to an existence without love,
and exiled himself from friends, honors aud civilized
life. To the day of his death no human being, from
either himself or his wife, ever knew the cause of
separation. It was only known that neither ever
spoke ill of the other, and that he ever said with em-
phasis that she was a pure and blameless woman.
Mrs. Houston later obtained a divorce for abandon-
ment, and was married to a man named Douglass.
Journeying to the Mississippi river, he sailed dow a to
the mouth of the Arkansas, thence, alternately by land
anil water, kept on his way until he reached, many
hundreds of miles to the northwest, the land of his
adopted father, the Cherokee chief. He lived with
the Indians three years, resuming his Indian name,
( 'olomieh, and meantime, in 1830, visited Washing-
ton in their behalf. Dressed in his Indian garb, he
was warmly received by Pres. Jackson, and suc-
ceeded in obtaining redress for the notorious abuses
perpetrated by Indian agents, himself receivim;- com-
mission for the post. While again in Washington
in 1833, he was accused by William Stanberry, a
representative .from Ohio, of attempting to obtain a
fraudulent contract for furnishing supplies to the
Indians. Houston threatened him with vengeance,
and Stanberry armed himself with a pistol. A few
days Inter Houston met him in the street, knocked
him down, aud gave him a beating. Stanberry at-
tempted to use his pistol, but Houston took it away.
For his retaliatory conduct the house, after a trial
lasting a month, and characterized by many debates
and much high feeling, gave him a mild reprimand,
and imposed a fine of $500,
which Pres. Jackson prompt-
ly remitted, declaring that
" divers good and sufficient
reasons," not specified, had
moved him thereto. The fact
is that Houston's action in this
matter had greatly increased
his popularity with the admin-
istration faction: Jackson him-
self expressing the opinion that
"after a few more examples
of the same kind, members of
congress would learn to keep
N-ivil tongues in their heads."
Houston turned his face to-
ward the forests again, return-
ing by the way of Tennessee,
where he was received with
every demonstration of re-
gard'. Reason hail resumed its
sway, and a strong desire was
manifested that he remain' ; but lie would not listen.
Referring to his past life, he said at this time: "I
was ilyinir out once, and had they taken me before1 a
justice of the peace and fined me .'Sid for assault and
battery, it would have killed me : but they gave me
a national tribunal for a theatre, and that set me up
again." During his residence among the Indians he
took to wife a handsome half-breed woman, named
Tyania Roil-eix with whom he lived until his re-
turn to civilization, and left her then only because
of her refusal to desert her people. Later, while in
Texas, he sent for her ; but she persisted, and died
a few years after his departure. The latter part of
his Indian life was by no means the most creditable
period in his history. He rapidly sank into degraded
intemperance, and among the Indians was known as
"Big Drunk" far oftener than as Colonneh. The
apparent failure of his life and the inevitable oppro-
brium of the " squaw man " had begotten in him a
deep melancholy, which, as it seemed, actually
threatened his reason. Frequent reports had been
circulated to the effect that he was planning an
overthrow of Mexican authority in Texas, and the
establishment of a republic, with himself as presi-
dent. Pres. Jackson addressed a personal letter to
him on the subject, expressing his confidence that it
was not true, and the hope thai he would not be led
to make any such attempt. As a matter of fact,
^'ime such scheme had long been prominent in
Houston's mind, and, on a favorable opportunity, he
was ready to put it into execution. On Dec. 10, 1832,
he left his wigwam in the Cherokee country, and took
his way, with a few companions, across the wilder-
ness to Nacogdoches, Tex., where he was cordially
received by the American colonists and the Mexican
authorities. By the latter he was delegated to hold
a council with the Comanche chiefs, to arrange some
disputed boundary questions. Taking up his resi-
dence in Nacogdoches. he entered with spirit into
various schemes looking to the autonomy or inde-
pendence of Texas. In April, 1833, he was a mem-
ber of the convention at. San Felipe de Austin, and,
as chairman of a committee for that purpose, chiefly
drafted the constitution for the proposed state of
Texas. The petition and propositions of this con-
vention to the Mexican authorities met with
contemptuous neglect in the midst of the dis-
ordered condition" of the government. Their del-
egate, Stephen Austin, was arrested for an alleged
treasonable letter, and imprisoned in the dungeons
of the Inquisition in Mexico for nearly seven months.
Meantime, the arbitrary policy of Santa Anna re-
ducing the militia in Texas to one in ever}' 500 of
the population, and his summary suppression of a re-
bellion in the state of Zacatecas convinced the Texans
that in absolute independence lay their only hope of
justice and tranqnility. Houston, by virtue of his
natural abilities, quickly became a recognized leader
in every revolutionary movement. He was a mem-
ber of the convention of November, 1835, which or-
ganized the provisional government, with Henry
Smith, an able and patriotic son of Kentucky, as
governor, and Sam Houston as major-general and
Commander-in-chief of all the armies in being or to he
MiiMiiizeel. It must suffice to say that the legislative
council, created at the same time, assumed undue
powers in conflict with the prerogatives of the gov-
ernor and commander-iii-chief, creating expeditions
and organizations only responsible to themselves,
which led to the defeat in detail of three bodies of
heroic volunteers, aggregating about 7011 men, who
were butchered by Mexicans — nearly 500 of whom,
while prisoners under honorable capitulation, were
shot in cold blood. Santa Anna had crossed the
Texas border, and advancing, with 5,000 men _iu
three columns, arrived Feb. 'J4th at San Antonio,
and quickly invested the Alamo, an old walled
Franciscan mission, where 185 men, together with
some women, children and negro servants, had
taken refuge. Col. Travis, a brave soldier of but
twenty-five, was in command. Among the num-
ber of those in the fort were Col. James Bowie,
the noble, greathearted Davy Crockett, and other
men equally brave. During the twelve days that
Col. Travis held the Alamo, he fired signal guns at
sunrise, which, in the clear morning air, could be
heard 100 miles across the plains. Houston was pre-
siding in the convention sitting in Washington, on
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Hie Brazos river, when the last message ever des-
patched by Col. Travis from the Alamo reached
the convention, detailing the- agoni/.ei! position of the
Iiravc band on the twelfth day of the investment.
Houston walked out of the convention, mounted his
battle-horse, and, with three or four brave compan-
ions, was on his way to the Alamo. The party rode
hard that dav, and only stopped when their wearied
horses could go no farther. At dawn Houston re-
tired some distance from the party, ami listened in
vain for a distant signal. He knew that as long as
the Alamo could hold out, the signal gun would
be fired at sunrise, but the last one had been fired
on Sunday, .March (Jth, and while he was read-
ing Travis' message, 185 men were being butchc -red
by the Mexicans,, A few days after, the town
of (ioliad was captured by the Mexicans, and 500
Texans taken prisoners, and on the following morn-
ing marched out ou the plain, a half-mile from the
foil, anil relentlessly shot down. Houston had be-
fore him a tremendous problem. He had undertaken
to "save Texas." Two-thirds of his military force
had been annihilated by an army ten times his num-
ber, and lie was left with but 700 men to meet a
steadily advancing foe, 8, 000 strong, and Hushed with
a double victor}'. Houston determined to win, and
did it by yielding at first. The conquering hero, hav-
ing left nothing but ashes and blood at the Alamo
and Goliad, was rapidly pressing his advantage, and
needed only to meet Houston and bis last third of
the Texan army to make himself the absolute ruler
of the region. He followed Houston closely, llmis
ton retreated steadily fora month to the eastward, a
distance of nearly 250 miles. While doing so, his
scouts were in ail directions, and he knew every
movement of the enemy for 100 miles along the
line. As he had planned, and as he anticipated with
a Napoleonic instinct, Santa Anna's force became
gradually spread out over an immense- area of coun-
try. Houston led him on until the marshy plains on
San Jaciuto bay were reached. At that point Santa
Anna had 1,800 men immediately available. Hous-
ton had 700. On the 20th of April, the Mexican
drew up his forces in battle array, and waited for
Houston to open fire ; but Houston declined, and
went into camp instead, although under arms, and
spent the night in giving orders. On the morning of
the 21st of April the Texan camp was all astir ;
Houston sent throughout the camp the war-cry for
the coming conflict, " Kemember the Alamo!" At
nine o'clock the charge was sounded, and the cry,
" Remember the Alamo ! " went up from 700 throats.
The charge was made, and during the battle which
followed, amid the booming of cannon, rattling of
musketry, and the roll of drums, interspersed with
the wild cries of wounded men and dving horses,
came the shrill cry of "The Alamo I" "The
Alamo ! " as the maddened Texans rushed to the
conflict. In twenty minutes — one-third of an hour
— there was a rout of the Mexicans and a pursuit.
At the first shot from the enemy Houston's horse,
pierced by three balls, was fatally wounded, and a
ball shattered his own ankle ; yet he kept on.
The battle was short and terrible, but it was won.
Santa Anna was taken prisoner. The Mexicans lost
630 killed, and 730 prisoners, while among the Tex-
aus biu six were killed and twenty-five wounded,
two mortally. Santa Anna, in his personal effort
to escape, plunged into the turbid waters of the
bayou, when he found the only bridge of retreat had
been destroyed, and, abandoning his horse, sought
safety by crawling through the long grass. He
reached an abandoned hut, and from the various
garments found within, transformed his outward
appearance into that of a cotton-jacketed and linen-
trowsered soldier, and began his journey through
the six-foot grass and abundant mud in the lowlands
VOL. IX.— 5.
of the region to a place of safety. He was captured,
however, in his ridiculous outfit, and brought into
the presence of Houston, who was suffering under <i
shattered ankle and a three days' fast. Houston was
lying on the ground under an oak tree when Santa
Anna came. Santa Anna extended his left arm,
and, laying his right hand on his heart, said in Span-
ish that be was the president of the Mexican repub-
lic, and as such he claimed lobe a " prisoner of war."
Houston, lying as he was on the ground, motioned
him to a box, the only seat in ramp: then sent for
Almonte, who spoke English freely, and appointed
him interpreter. The hypocrisy of the Mexican
general was never more completely shown forth than
in that interview. "That man," he said, "may
consider himself born to no common destiny who
has conquered the Napoleon of the West " — this title
had Santa Anna's vanity applied to himself — "and it
remains for him to be generous to the vanquished."
Houston replied that be should have considered
those sentiments at the Alamo and at I Inliad. Santa
Anna protested that his orders from the government
of Mexico bad directed him to treat the Texan in-
surgents as pirates, until reminded that he was dic-
tator ; then pleaded the usage of war. and finally
attempted to shift the blame on Gen. Urrea, whom,
he declared, he would execute if ever he laid hands
on him. The latter threat, it is needless to say, was
never carried out. Houston was brave, even while
suffering agony from his wound, and gave orders for
the proper care of the general. Before he bade
adieu to his illustrious prisoner, he had secured
Texan independence. By reason of his condition,
Houston was taken to New Orleans for medical
treatment. The first Monday in September, ISHi,
was appointed for the election of the first regu-
lar president of Texas, to succeed David Burnet,
who had filled the office provisionally since March
16tb. There were three candidates. Houston was
one. By an enormous majority he was elected,
and his first act was to appoint his two competitors,
Stephen F. Austin and ex-Gov. Henry Smith, to the
two principal offices in his cabinet. The next was
to send Santa Anna, who had been kept a prisoner
since the battle of San Jacinto, to Washington,
whence, in the following January, he was sent home
to Vera Cruz in a ship-of-war. Houston, although
elected for the constitutional term of two years, held
sway as president for twenty-six months. His suc-
cessor was Mirabeau B. Lamar, but in 1841 Houston
was again elected. In 1838 he took the first steps
to secure the admission of his republic into the
American Union, and in 1845 witnessed the accom-
plishment of the act. At the end of his rule as the
first president of the republic, he left it in a healthy
financial condition : its notes were at par ; there was
peace with the Indians, and a friendly footing with
Mexico. His term expiring, he served in 1839-41
in the Texas congress. When he was re-elected
to the presidency he devoted himself to undoing
00
THE NATIONAL CYCLOP/EDIA
the blunderings of his predecessor, Laraar, who had
made havoc of every department of government,
and all but wrecked the republic ; stirring up need-
less Indian wars ; persisting in an expedition against
New Mexico, which cost hundreds of lives, and raising
the public debt from $190,000 to nearly$5, 000,000. By
his energy and the confidence the people had in him,
he saved the government from disbanding. He in-
stituted a regime of most rigid economy, reducing
his ollieial salary one-half, and others in proportion ;
abolishing all offices not entirely needful ; postponing
payment of all claims, and vetoing all appropriations
save those necessary for the conduct
of the government. He also com-
pletely pacified the Indians. In 1838,
Houston had taken the first step to-
ward the annexation of Texas to the
United States, which had
doubtless been his deliberate
ambition from the begin-
ning, and on Dec. 29, 1845,
tin1 work was accomplished.
Texas entered the United
States as no state had
ever entered the Union
before. Houston was
chosen, with Thomas
J. Rusk, for the U. S.
senate, going from
Washington on the
Brazos to Washing-
ton on the Potomac
as representatives of
the state he had cre-
ated, and whose first
president he had been.
During his servic'3 of fourteen years, he served on
the committee on military affairs, advocating a
vigorous policy in prosecuting the war with Mex-
ico, and advising that the United States assume
a protectorate over all territory to the isthmus of
Darien. With Thomas H. Benton, he opposed the
southern doctrine that congress had no right to legis-
late regarding slavery in the territories, thereby in-
curring the enmity of many of his colleagues. He
also advocated the admission of California as a free
state, the construction of the Pacific railroad through
Texas, and other points of importance ; but the In-
dians and their rights were ever his most especial
care. During his stay in Washington he conceived
a marked interest in religious matters, and in is.")4,
in Independence, Tex , joined the Baptist denomina-
tion, of which he was until his death an active and
devoted member. In 1859 he was elected governor
of the new state of Texas, and served until March,
1861, when, on the perfection of secession and the
enrolment of Texas as one of theCont'eder.-.ie states,
he refused to take the necessary official oath, de-
clining to recognize the authority of an irregularly
summoned convention either to shape the policy of
the state or declare offices vacant. He was, however,
forced out of otliee ..n March 13th, and Lieut. -Gov.
Edward Chirk sworn into office. Gov. Houston was
married at Marion, Ala., May 9. 1840, to Margaret
Moffelle Lea, a lady cf rare mental endowments and
force of character, who bore him four sons and four
daughters. Biographies of Houston have been in
recent years written by 'H. Bruce and A. M. Wil-
liams, and an anonymous "Life" was published in
New York in IKfio. He died at his home in Hunts-
ville, Tex., July 21!, 1863.
LiAMAR, Mirabeau Buonaparte, soldier, sec-
ond president of the republic of Texas (1838-41 ). was
born in Louisville, Jefferson co , GIL. Aug. 16, 1798.
An eccentric relative secured the privilege of nam-
ing the children, and, as a consequence, historical
and classical names abounded in the family. Lamar
was of Huguenot descent. His early life was on a
farm. His first independent work was the publica-
tion of a paper, the "Columbus Independent," a
slates lights journal of ultra opinions, at that time ex-
tremely dangerous. Becoming interested in the im-
pending crisis in Texas, he settled there, and joined
himself to the revolutionary party. In the battle of
San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, he led the charge of
cavalry that broke the Mexican ranks, and decided
the issue of the combat. Gen. Houston recognized
his abilities, and lie was promoted major general.
He was attorney general and then secretary of war
of Texas under Pres. Buruet, and on Houston's ac-
cession to the presidency became vice president, as
Houston declared, on the strength of an extra line
of his mentioning him for bravery in the battle of
San Jacinto. In 1838, he was elected president to
succeed Houston, and entered upon an administra-
tion noted principally for extravagant schemes and
disastrous consequences. Unlike Houston, Lamar be-
lieved that the Indians should be severely dealt with,
and accordingly their every depredation was fol-
lowed by such drastic measures that their enmity
was incurred against all white settlers. On evidence
that the Mexican government had been systemati-
cally encouraging the Cherokees against the Texans,
a vigorous campaign was inaugurated against them,
with the result that they were obliged to seek lauds
outside the republic. The Comanches also having
proved troublesome, their chiefs were invited to
send a committee for consultation to San Antonio,
with all while prisoners held by them. They came,
sixty five in all, bringing with them only one young
girl, who testified that there were many more Tex-
ans still held among them, in hopes of securing greater
ransoms. This matter led to a dispute, with the re-
sult that the chiefs denying the charge were placed
under arrest, and, resisting, shot to death. A terrific
struggle followed outside the building, in course of
which other warriors and several squaws were also
killed. Then followed a series of raids by the sav-
ages uniil, on Aug. 11, 1839, they were completely
routed by troops, under Gen. Felix Huston and Col.
Edward Burleson, at the battle of Plum creek. As
if not satisfied with this vie
tory for Texan arms, Lamar,
in 1841, against the expressed
will of congress, and seeming-
ly to spite Sam Houston, who
bitterly opposed the scheme,
insisted on dispatching an ex-
pedition of 320 men to persuade
the people of New Mexico to
throw off the Mexican yoke
and join with Texas. The lit-
tle army reached Santa Fe.
after aln.ost. incredible hard-
ships, only to be surrendered,
b_y the perfidy of one of their
own officers, into the hands of
Col. Salezar, the most savage
officer in the Mexican army.
They were subjected to every
kind of cruelty and indignity,
and marched to Mexico city,
where they were set to perform the hardest kind of
manual labor. To cany on these and other expensive
enterprises, the annual expenses rose as high as $900.-
000 on an income of fl80.IIOO.and at the close of La-
marY administration the public debt was far into the
millions. On the other hand, during this period Un-
commercial prospects of the republic grew steadily
brighter, and the export trade increased. In 183S
the first move was made to establish a public school
system, and in 1840 the state university was founded.
The capital was moved from Houston to Austin,
where it is still located. Lamar was bitterly opposed
OF AMERICAN BIOGKAPHY.
67
to the widely-agitated annexation seheme. :iud spoke
of ii in his inaugural address us "the grave of all
Texas hopes of iiappinessand greatness." During the
hitler part ot his administration lie was, o\viug to ill-
ness,able In take but little part in public affairs, and bis
duties were discharged by Vice-Pres. Buruet. In 1S41
Houston was again eleeted president, and Lainar
was lost to the public eye until the outbreak of the
Mexican war, when he joined Gen. Taylor's com-
mand at Matamoras. At the battle of Monterey, ill
September. 1846, his gallantry again drew forth the
plaudits of his comrades, anil from October, 1847,
he was .stationed
at Laredo, in com-
mand of an inde-
pendent company
of Texan rangers,
to check the inroads
of the Comanches.
After the close of
i he war he served
one term in the
Texas legislature,
and then retired to
his plantation near
Itichmond, Foil
Bend co. During parts of Is.Vi -,">(! he was ('. S.
minister to the Argentine confederation, but soon
returned home. Pres. Lamar was possessed of high
literary ability, and produced numerous poems of
great merit. M:mv of them were included in his
"Verse Memorials'" (1S59). He H-.-IS a man of great
gentleness of manner, and noted for his acts of
benevolence ; but his official career would suggest
strongly a woeful weakness of character. One of the
counties in Texas bears his name. He was twice
married; bis first wife dying when he was a young
man ; his second being a daughter of the noted
Philadelphia clergyman, John Xewlund Matlilt. lie
died in Richmond, Tex., Dec. 19, 1859.
JONES, Anson, fourth president of the repub-
lic of Texas (1844-46), was born at Great Barring-
ton, Mass., Jan. 20, 1798. In 1820, after some years
of study at Litchtield. Conn., he was licensed to
practice medicine, He subsequently resided in
Philadelphia, New Orleans and
South America, settling in Texas
in ls:i;5. Upon the beginning of
the troubles between Texas and
Mexico, he was among the first to
advocate a declaration of Texan
independence. When the war
actually broke out, he enlisted as
a private in Capt. Calder's com-
pany,but was soon appointed sur-
geon in Burleron's regiment. He
was actively engaged in the bat tie
of San Jacinto and elsewhere. In
1837 Dr. Jones represented Bra-
zoria county in the Texas con-
gress, and in 1838 was minister to
the United States. While absent
on the latter mission, he was
elected to the Texas senate, and
later became president of that
body. During Houston's second term Dr. Jones
was secretary of state, in which capacity he showed
great, ability. His next office, as president of the re-
public, was held during the critical year of 1844,
when the one subject under discussion was the an-
nexation of Texas to the United States, a measure
which Dr. Jones opposed with such vigor as to seri-
ously affect his popularity as a political leader. His
position was made the more trying by the duty of
temporizing on the overtures from France, England
and other powers, looking to the maintenance of
Texan independence, and the almost frantic appeal
of Mexico that the republic be not merged in the
American Union. The last-named power was un-
sparing in her protestations of good will, and offered
to consummate a treaty insuring irrefrangible peace
and other favorable considerations. Meantime, on
Feb. 25, 1845, a bill providing for the annexation of
Texas passed I be U. S. house of representatives by
a vote of 120 to ninety-eight, and four days later the
senate confirmed it by a vote of twenty-seven to
twenty-five. One of Pres Tyler's last official acts
was to affix his signature to this document. The
Texan congress voted to accept the terms proposed,
and a convention, specially appointed, havingdrawn
up a constitution for the state, the matter was sub-
milted to the people, who, on Oct. 13th, carried it
by an overwhelming majority. Texas became a
slate of the Union on Dec. 29, 1845. When annexa-
tion at length became an accomplished fact, Pres.
Jones gave place to the tirst state uo\ernor. .1. Pinck-
ney Henderson, and retiring to his home in Wash-
ington county, there spent eleven years in retire-
ment. In lsr>; be was mentioned as a prominent
candidate for the U. S. senate, and in Ihe same year
sold his country residences, and removed to Gal-
vestou. On .Ian s, is.">s:, l,js mind having become
deranged, lie died bv bis own hand.
HENDERSON,' James Pinckney, first state
governor of Texas (1846-47). (See Volume I., p. 442.)
WOOD, George T., second governor of Texas
(IS47-49). was born in Georgia early in the nine-
teenth century. lie removed to
Texas during the revolutionary
year of 1836, and there speedily
became prominent in public af-
fairs, serving several years in the
Texas congress, and being atone
time general of the militia. In
is Mi he raised a regiment for the
Mexican war, and gained consid-
erable distinction as a soldier.
Later, he was elected to the state
senate, and in 1847 became gover
nor of Texas. During hisadmin-
istratiou the legislature accom-
plished much in the erection of
public buildings, in the organizing
of courts, counties and townships,
and other needed reforms in the
new stale. Much attention was
alsogiventothepublic debt, which
exceeded $5,500,000, and although the public hnds
were held in security by the creditors no satisfactory
means of satisfying their claims was devised by the
legislature. At the close of the Mexican war, a
clash between Texas and the Federal government
was narrowly avoided. The United States had
established authority over the Santa Fe country,
hitherto claimed by Texas, and then definitely ceded
by the Mexican government, and this was consolidated
with the newly formed territory of New Mexico,
much to the displeasure of a majority of the Texans,
who urged that the disputed tract be taken by force,
or else that the state withdraw immediately from the
Union. Curiously, very little is known of Gov.
Wood's private life or early career. His official
record, however, indicates the brave, judicious and
competent man of affairs. Upon the expiration of his
term as governor, he retired from public life, and
died at his home in Panda county, in 1856.
BELL, Peter Hansborough, third governor
of Texas (1849-53), was born in Culpeper, Va., May
18, 1812, sou of Col. James M. and Amelia (Hans-
borough) Bell. His ancestry was Scotch-Irish, some
of i hem being distinguished in the American revolu-
tion. Judge" John W. Bell, of Virginia, was his
brother. He was educated in Virginia and Mary-
land, and, having passed through a college course,
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
emigrated to Texas in 1836. At once enlisting un-
der Gen. Houston, he served through several cam-
paigns as a private, being present at the battle of
San Jacinto, but by 1839 had attained such popu-
larity as to be made inspector-general of the army
of Texas. lu 1845 he was chosen captain of Texas
rangers, and during the Mexican war served as a
colonel of volunteers under Geu. Taylor, winning
particular distinction at Buena Vista. In December,
1849, he was elected governor of Texas, being in-
augurated Jan. 1, 1850. The population of the
state had considerably increased, but the inhabitants
were constantly being disturbed by the Indians.
The French and German colonies had undergone
particularly great hardships, and Gov. Bell made it
one of his first duties to effectually safeguard them
from further attacks, and so promote colonization.
Among the Germans were many educated and pro-
gressive men, who proved of great value in advanc-
ing scientific and literary culture in the state. In
1850, during Gov. Bell's first ad-
ministration, the commission on
the part of the United States
passed from Indiauola to El Paso
to act in concert with one on the
part of Mexico in establishing the
boundary line between the two
countries, from the Rio Grande, at
the intersection of the thirty-
second degree of north latitude, to
the Pacific ocean. Gov. Bell was
re-elected in 1851, but resigned
before the expiration of his second
term, to take his seat in congress,
where he represented the western
district for two terms (1855-57).
He was succeeded as governor
by Lieut. -Gov. J. W. Henderson.
At the expiration of his second
term in congress, he removed to
North Carolina, where he was
married and made his permanent
home. He entered the Confederate army on the
outbreak of the civil war, and did valiant service as
colonel of a North Carolina regiment. In 1891 the
Texas legislature voted him a donation of land and
a liberal pension in recognition of his valuable ser-
vices to the state. A number of his relics of the
Texas war fur independence and the Mexican war
are preserved in the state capitol at Austin. Gov.
Bell was married, in 1857, to Ella, daughter of Gen.
William Eaton, of North Carolina. They had no
children. His nephew, Aldeu Bell, of Culpeper,
Va., was, in 1892, Democratic presidential elector on
the Cleveland ticket. Gov. Bell died at Littleton,
Halifax co., N. C., April 20, 1898.
HENDEKSON, J. W., acting governor of
Texas (1853), was, iu 1851, elected lieutenant-gover-
nor for the second administration of Gov. Peter
Hansborough Bell. He succeeded to the governor-
ship when Bell became U. S. congressman, toward
the end of his second gubernatorial term, and served
until the accession of Gov. Elisha M. Pease in
December following.
PEASE, Elisha Marshall, fourth and twelfth
governor of Texas (1853-57, 1867-69), was boru at
Enfield, Conn., Jan. 3, 1812, sou of Loniin Thomp-
son and Sarah (Marshall) Pease. His family was
one of the earliest to settle in Massachusetts, and is
descended from Robert and Margaret Pease, who
came from Great Bradow, England, sailing from the
port of Ipswich in the ship Francis, and landing at
Boston in 1634. Robert Pease died at Salem in
1644, aged thirty-seven years, and his sons removed
to Connecticut, where their descendants have since
continued to reside. John, sou of Robert Pease,
bought of the Indian chief Natattuck all the lauds
east of the Connecticut river, where Eufield now
stands, and became one of the founders of that to-wn
His descendant, John Pease, grandfather of the
governor, served with distinction in the revolution,
and Loraiu Pease held several important public
offices in the state, being judge of the county court
and a member of both branches of the legislature.
The Pease family seems to have enjoyed distinction
in the old world, its coat-of-arms having been
granted by the emperor Otho II. of Germany, and
many of its representatives having been members of
parliament and otherwise distinguished in English
history. Elisha M. Pease received his education in
the district schools of his native town and at an
academy at Westfield, Mass. At the age of fourteen
he became a clerk in a country store, and during the
next few years acquired an invaluable business ex-
perience. While in New Orleans, iu the fall of
1834, he determined to make his home in the West,
and, proceeding to the frontier of Colorado, settled
at Mina (now Bastrop), where he began the study of
law with Col. D. C. Barrett. His admirable busi-
ness qualifications and activity iu public affairs soon
caused him to be appointed secretary of the local
committee of safety. In 1835, attracted by the
revolution iu Texas, he entered the insurgent army,
and was present at Gonzales, the first baUle of the
war. Soon afterward he was made secretary of the
council of the provisional government, serving until
March, 1836, when the government ad interim inter-
vened. He was then successively chief clerk of the
navy and treasury departments, and acted as secre-
tarv of the treasury f.>r a short time after the death
of Sec. Bailey Hardemun. He also assisted iu fram-
ing the constitution of the new republic, and in
November, 1836, being appointed clerk of the
judiciary committee of the house of representatives,
drafted the laws organizing the judi-
ciary and defining the duties of
county officers. Pres. Houston ten-
dered him the office of postmaster-
general in his cabinet iu December,
but declining, he resumed the study
of law in the office of Col. John A.
Wharton, of Brazoria. Soon after his
admission to the bar, in April, 1837,
he was appointed national comptroller
of public accounts; but retiring from
this office in December, he began law
practice in Brazoria with Col. Whai
ton. In 1838 they associated with
them John W. Harris, and after the
death of Col. Wharton the firm be-
came Harris & Pease, which con-
tinued for many years one of the fore-
most iu the state. Mr. Pease was for
a time district attorney of Brazoria,
and after the annexation of Texas, iu 1845, was
elected to represent his county in the first state
legislature, beiug re-elected for a second term in the
following year. During his two terms he drew up
very nearly all the laws, defining the jurisdiction of
the courts, and as chairman of the judiciary corn-
mil tee of the second legislature secured the enact-
ment of the probate laws of 1848. He was elected
state senator in 1849, but resigned before the com-
pletion of his term and resumed law practice. In
1853 he was elected governor of Texas by a large
majority, and in 1855 was re-elected. He was
our of the purest and most efficient executives the
state has ever had. He encouraged the building of
railroads, securing the appropriation of public lands
for that purpose, and also secured the establishment
of the present free-school system and the foundation
of the state university. During the agitation of the
compromise measures and of the Kansas-Nebraska
bill, in 1854, Gov. Pease took a conservative position.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
and heartily upheld his friend, Gen. Houston, in
his opposition to it, also supporting him in his un-
successful canvass for the gubernatorial office. He
was \ iu..roiisly opposed to secession, and during the
war lived in retirement. A delegate from Texas to
the convention of southern loyalists, in 1866, he was
elected one of its vice-presidents. Later in that
year, as the candidate of the Union party for gover-
nor, lie was defeated by .T . \V. Tim >ekmort< in ; lull
in August, 1S67, was appointed provisional gover-
nor by Gen. Sheridan, and held the nlliee for two
lie was a member of the Liberal Rcpulili' an
convention of 1872, which nominated Horace Greeley
for the presidency, and frequently afterward figured
in public and political conventions. As a lawyer he
had few equals in the state, either as a jurist or
I .leader. In public trusts be was ever actuated
l.y the utmost conscientiousness, lie retired from
law practice in 1877, and in 1871) accepted bis
last public office, the collectovship of the port of
Galvestou. He was a member of the Episcopal
church, and a member in high standing ol tin-
Masonic fraternity. Gov. Pease was married, in
1850, to Miss L. "C. Niles, of Windsor. Conn. He
died at Lampasas Springs, Tex.. Aug. ','!>, I**:!.
RUNNELS, Hardin R., fifth governor of
Texas (1S57-5U), was born in Mississippi early in tin-
nineteenth century. He went to Texas in 1841, and
locating in Bowie county, cultivated a cotton planta-
tion on Red river. He represented his county in the
state legislature from 1847 until 1853, and then,
being sent to congress, was speaker of the house of
representatives for the session of 1853-54. In 1855
he was elected lieutenant-governor
under Gov. Pease's second admin-
istration. In 1857 he was nomi-
nated for governor, and made a
successful canvass against Gen.
Houston, whose action in congress
regarding the amendment of t Ill-
Missouri compromise had rendered
him temporarily unpopular. By
this law Kansas and Nebraska had
been designated as free stales for-
ever, but a bill introduced by Sena-
tor Douglas would have permitted
slaveholders to settle in those terri-
tories. Gen. Houston, believing that
this would aggravate the trouble,
/oted against it in the senate, with
the result that Hardin R. Runnels
defeated him for governor by a large
vote in 1857. In his second race for governor, in
1859, however, Gov. Runnels was defeated by Gen.
Houston. During his administration, Gov. Runnels
specially distinguished himself by opposing the large
state grants to railroad companies, contending that
they were slow to fulfill their parts of the contracts,
and deserved fewer considerations from the people.
In 1859 he retired to his plantation, where he passed
the remainder of his life. He was a delegate to the
secession convention in 1861, and also to the consti-
tutional convention of 1866. He died at his home,
in Bowie county, in 1873.
CLARK, Edward, seventh governor of Texas
(1861), was a native of Georgia. He went to Texas
in early life, and soon became prominent in politics.
His first notable public service was us a member ';f
the convention of 1845, which prepared the consti-
tution for the state of Texas. In the first state legis-
lature, he was secretary of the bouse of rcpresenla-
tives, and in the sic.. ml, senator. During the
administration of Gov. E. M. Tease (1853-57), he
was secretary of stale, and in 1*5(1 was elected lieu-
tenant governor on tin- ticket with Samuel Houston.
In Hi.' billei agitation of the quest ion of secession.
early in 1861, Houston's strenuous opposition to the
mox'einenl , and his refusal lo swear allegiance to the
Confederacy, caused his ejectment from the office of
governor, together with Secrclarx of Mate Cave and
Adjt.-Gen. Norton. Lieut. -Gov. Clark was sworn
into office in March. The secession of Texas being
then an accomplished fact, nothing was i bought of
save preparations for war. Gox . Clark issued a
proclamation on June Sth. declaring thai a slate of
war existed, and volunteers began to be enlisted and
camp instruction given in each
of the eleven new ly established
military districts of the state.
The 2,500 U. S. troops Mali id
in various pails ,.| Texas were
forced to surrender, and. their
arms and munitions confiscated,
ibex were released on parole.
l',\ November I he recruits I'm-
the Confederate army from
Texas numbered 15,000. Mean-
time, the port of Galvestou was
blockaded and the state effect-
ually shut off from communica-
tion' with the outside world.
Gov. Clark was a plain and
direct speaker, a logical reasoner,
and able, clear-headed executive.
Manx of the most important
provisions in the state consti-
tution of 1845 were the result of his statesmanship.
At the close of his administration, in December,
1861, he retired to his home in Marshall, Tex.,
where be died some years later.
LUBBOCK, Francis Richard, eighth governor
of Texas (1861-63), was born at lieaiifort, S. C.,
Oct. 16, 1815, son of Henry T. AV. and Susan Ann
(Saltus) Lubbock. His father was a physician and
owner of the first steamboat that made the trip from
Charleston, S. C., to Augusta, Ga. Francis Lubbock
attended school until he was thirteen years of age,
si inlying in the academies at Beaufort and Charles-
ton. He then entered a hardware store in Charleston,
on a salary of $12.50 per mouth. Three years later
be was receiving a good salary, but decided to re-
move to Hamburg, and there he engaged in a
general mercantile business, and had charge of a
cotton warehouse until 1834, when he went to New
Orleans, where he entered into partnership with
Charles T. Ketchum in the drug business. During
the panic of 1836 they failed, and Mr. Lubbock be-
came a clerk for a large jewelry business, and also
dealt in military goods. In 1835 his brother,
Thomas S. Lubbock, went to Texas to aid in freeing
it from Mexican rule, and as he did not return,
Francis resigned his position and went in search of
him, taking a small stock of goods. He was so
pleased with the country that he remained, and
located at Velasco, to sell'his goods. In the fall of
70
T1IK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1836, 'he capital was removed to Houston, and he
also removed, becoming the builder of the third
house in the place. He was chosen one of the
assistant clerks of the house of representatives,
and in 1837, in regular session, was elected chief
clerk. During this period a vacancy occurred, and
Pres. Houston appointed Mr. Lubbock comptroller
of the treasury of the new republic. While holding
this position — a remarkable honor for one so young —
he went with the Milam guards on the Bouuell ex-
pedition against the Indians, being adjutant of the
command; and afterwards served on the Somer-
ville campaign against the invading Mexicans. In
1839 he tried farming in the vicinity of Houston,
but, after raising one crop, returned to the city
and engaged in a general commission business. In
1841, when Gen. Houston was re-elected president,
he was again appointed comptroller; but the people
of Harris county having soon after elected him dis-
trict clerk, he resigned the comptrollership. He
served as clerk by re-election seventeen years, when
he resigned to accept the nomination for the lieu-
tenant-governorship, to which he was elected. In
1859 he retired to his ranch, but in 1860 was sent as
a delegate to the celebrated Charleston convention,
which, after disagreement, adjourned to Richmond,
Va., and held a convention, of which he was chair-
man; then met at Baltimore, when Breckiuridge
and Lane were nominated. In August, 1861, he was
elected governor of Texas, and in" November took
charge of affairs. He served one term, and then de-
clined re-election, believing that he could be more
efficient in the Confederate army, the state at that
time being threatened with an invasion by the Federal
army. He entered the army as assistant-adjutant-
general, with rank of lieutenant colonel of cavalry,
and was assigned first to Gen. J. B. Magruder's staff,
and then to that of Gen. Thomas Green; but as the
latter was killed just before he arrived, Gov. Lub-
bock joined the staff of Gen. John A. Wharton, and
served during the Banks campaign in Louisiana. In
the summer of 1864. Pres. Davis appointed him
colonel of cavalry, and he went
to Richmond with his chief, was
with him at the time he was
captured, and was incarcerated
in Fort Delaware for nearly
eight months, Mr. Davis being
imprisoned in Fortress Mon-
roe. On his release, Gov.
Luliliock returned at once to
Houston, reaching home on
Christmas eve, 1865. He then
engaged in the auction com-
mission business. In 1867 he
opened a similar house in Gal-
veston, where he was made
president of the chamber of com-
merce. In 1870 he took charge
of a large cotton compress com-
pany, and erected a beef-pack-
ing establishment of his own
at Anahuac, which he managed for two years. In
1873, he was appointed tax collector of Galveston,
and served three years. In 1874 he was elected
president of the New York and Texas Beef Preserv-
ing Co., and was sent to Europe to secure contracts.
He served again as president in 1874. In 1878 he
was elected state treasurer on the Democratic ticket,
and served by re-election for twelve years. He de-
clined a renomination in 1891, but hi a sense is still
a public man, being one of the board of pardon ad-
visers, and is one of the managers of the Confederate
Home. He is the oldest member of the Masonic
fraternity in Texas, still actively participating in its
meetings and various exercises, although having
joined the organization in 1837.
MURRAH, Pendleton, ninth governor of
Texas (1863-05), was a native of South Carolina. In
early life he removed to Alabama, and going from
thence, settled in Harrison county, Tex., where he
made a distinguished reputation as a lawyer and
orator. From the start, he took a prominent part in
politics, being frequently in requisition as a cam-
paign speaker. Once, "during the Know-nothing
agitation, he was a candidate for congress from his
district; but, greatly under-estimating the strength
of the new party, he undertook a vigorous campaign
against its contentions, and was defeated. On one
occasion, in the court-house at Marshall, he made
such a vigorous assault on Kuow-uothingism that a
certain prominent citizen arose and demanded that
all mem hers of the new party re-
sent the insult by withdrawing
from the hall. The result was
that Mr. Murrah was left nearly
alone, with only a few friends
and supporters in the town. He
would not withdraw from the
contest, however, although cer-
tain of defeat, and the record then
made confirmed his political rep-
utation. In 1857 lie was elected
to represent his county in the
state legislature, and during the
succeeding terms in this position
so distinguished himself that,
in 1863, he was fleeted governor
of the state by a large vote on
the Democratic ticket. His ad-
ministration covered a tning
period in the history of the state; for, although Texas
was the great source of supplies for all the Con-
federate armies, the productions of the farmers were
so heavily levied upon that a living for any of them
was scarcely more than possible. A large part of
the ammunition and other needed articles of war was
also manufactured in Texas, principally in the mills
at Huntsville penitentiary and at Austin. Upon the
fall of the Confederacy, in June, 1865, Gov. Murrah
sought refuge in Mexico, and there his death oc-
curred, at Monterey, in July following.
HAMILTON, Andrew Jackson, tenth gover-
nor of Texas (1865-66). was horn in Madison county,
Ala., Jan. 28, 1815. He settled at La Grange, Tex.,
in 1846, and. gaining a great reputation at "the bar,
was made attorney-general by Gov. Bell in 1849.
In 1851, and again in 1853, lie was a member of
the state legislature from Travis county, and in 1856
was an elector on the Democratic ticket. He was
elected to congress in 1859 as an Independent, and,
arraying himself vigorously against secession, re-
tained his seat after the other southern members had
withdrawn. On his return to Texas, he was elected
to the state legislature on the Union ticket, but re-
fused to take his seat under the Confederate regime.
Later, returning to Washington, he was commis-
sioned brigadier -general of Texas troops in the
Federal service, by Pres. Lincoln, but never exer-
cised the functions of his office. In July, 1865, he
returned to Texas witli the Federal troops, having
been appointed provisional governor by Andrew
Johnson, as a fitting person to conduct his conserva-
tive scheme of reconstruction. He fulfilled the
onerous duties of this position most satisfactorily to
all concerned. He issued a proclamation advising
the negroes to prove worth}* of their freedom by
obeying the laws and continuing to work for their
former masters at moderate wages. In 1866 he
called a convention to revise the constitution of the
state, and this body rescinded the acts of the seces
sion convention of 1861, and repudiated all the debts
incurred in Confederate service amounting to over
$8,000.000. This result was inevitable, as delegates
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
71
could be voted for only by those who, upon registra-
tion, could take the oath prescribed by the presi-
dent's amnesty proclamation. Nevertheless, the
constitution then framed was afterward ratified by
the people,. In July. 1806, a popular election was
held, and James W. Throckmortou chosen to suc-
ceed him. Gov. Hamilton then resumed law prac-
tice, and shortly afler was appointed an associate
justice of the supreme court. His decisions were
comparatively few, but have been characterized as
"noted for learning, dignity and force." In the
noted "sequestration cases" he held that all state
laws, except such as naturally resulted from the war,
were constitutional and valid, and in no sense in
hostility to the United States, since the state govern-
ments continued in full force despite that the Con-
federacy was a nullity. In 1868 he was a prominent
member of the second reconstruction convention, in
which he was the author and chief promoter of the
electoral bill and franchise measures engrafted mi
the new constitution, which was finally ratified,
Feb. 3, 1869. In 1870 he was again candidate for
governor on the Conservative ticket, and was de-
feated by E. J. Davis bv a majority so small a-, to
create considerable excitement and occasion military
intervention. Declining health now caused him to
retire from public life, and he died at Austin, Tex.,
in April. 1S75.
THROCKMORTON, James Webb, eleventh
governor of Texas (18(!(i-(!7), was born at Sparta,
Tenn., Feb. 1, 1825. His father, William E. Throck-
mort.on, a physician noted in Ken-
tuckv, Illinois and Arkansas, set-
tled in Collin county, Tex., in
1841, and, being one of the earliest
settlers of that section, achieved
so great a reputation that a
county was named in his honor.
The son received a good com-
mon-school, education previous
to his removal to Texas, and at
the age of nineteen began the
studv of medicine with his uncle,
Dr. James E. Throckmorton, of
Princeton, Ivy. For several
years he was engaged in success-
ful practice in Texas, and, en-
listing in the army at the open inn
of the Mexican war, was made
surgeon of Chevallie's rangers.
He continued in medical prac-
tice until 1849, when he began
preparation for the bar. In 1851 he was elected to
the state legislature, being re-elected in 1853 and
1855, and in"l857 he became a member of the senate.
He was a member of the convention of 1861 which
passed the ordinance of secession, and was one of
the seven members who opposed the measure to the
end. He was, however, loyal to the state, and upon
the outbreak of hostilities entered the Confederate
service. He was captain in one of the first regiments
organized in Texas, participating with it in the cap-
ture of forts Wichita and Arbuckle, on the frontier
of the state. Being afterward transferred to the
6th Texas cavalry, he rendered important services in
the Missouri campaign, especially distinguishing
himself at the battles of Chustennallah and Elkhorn.
In the latter part of 1862, he was transferred to
Corinth, Miss., where he resigned his command on
account of failing health, and returned home. He
later returned to service, and was prominently useful
in the campaign in Louisiana; but, being once more
obliged to retire, he was made brigadier-general of
the state troops, and soon after elected to the state
senate for another term of four years. lie resumed
law practice at the close of the war, and in 1866 was
a member and chosen president of the reconstruction
convention called by Pres. Johnson. In June, 1866,
he was elected governor of the state, and duly in-
augurated on Aug. 8th. The South being again
placed under military rule, in March, 1867, Gov.
Throckmorton was obliged to act under the direction
of the officers who successively held command of his
district. Although all agree that he fulfilled this
duty to the best of his ability, the bitter sectional
policy of the Federal congress could not be satisfied
with the services of an ex-Confederate in so im-
Eortant a position. Accordingly, on July 80th, Gen.
heridan issued an order declaring him an "impedi-
ment to reconstruction under the law," and appoint-
ing ex-Gov. Klislm M. Pease to succeed him. Gov.
Throckmorton, after this unfortunate episode, re-
turned to his home in Collin county and resumed his
professional practice. In 1875 he re-entered public
life as congressman for his district, was re-elected
in 1877; and in 1883. 1SS5 »,H\ ls*s was again rep-
resentative. In February. 1S4S, he was married to
Annie, daughter of Thomas and Gilean Rattan,
of Carrollton, III. Of this union ten children
were born, six of whom are living: Edward ('., a
ranchman, now located in Parker county, Tex.;
Benjamin E., a physician, McKinney, Tex.; James
W., farmer and stockman, of Collin county, Te\.,
and three daughters: Mrs. James W. Bainetl. of
Dallas. Tev; Mrs. L. M. Shirlev. McKinnev, Tex.;
and Mrs. Robert Bennett, Hillsboro, Tex. "in 18D2
he was appointed receiver for the Choctaw Coal and
Railroad Co. In March, 1894. he was injured by a
fall while on a business trip connected with this
enterprise, and never recovered. Although confined
to his bed. he continued |o carry on the business of
his official position until a few days before his death.
Gov. Throckmortou died at his home at McKinney,
Tex., in Is'.M.
DAVIS, Edmund J., thirteenth governor of
Texas (lS70-74i, was a nativeof Florida." He set I led
in Texas in 184s, and, entering law practice, became
prominent in politics and public affairs. He was
deputv collector of customs on the Rio Grande
(1850-52), district attorney (1*53-55), and judge of
the district court of Austin, Tex. (1855-60). When
the ordinance of secession was passed, he refused to
take the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, and
being retired from his office, left the state and
entered the Federal service. In 1862 he raised a
regiment of cavalry, which he commanded principally
through the campaigns in Louisiana. His bravery
was acknowledged by friends and foes alike, and in
istu lie was raised to the rank of brigadier- general.
Immediately after the conclusion of peace, he re-
turned to Texas, and again became active in public
matters. He was a member of the first recon-
struction convention of 1866, and president of the
second in 1868-69, acting in harmony with those who
insisted on the disfranchiscment of all ex-Con-
federates by the imposition of the famous "iron-clad
oath." In 1869 he was elected governor by this
limited citizenship, winning by a large majority over
ex-Gov. Andrew J. Hamilton, also an active Union
man and Republican, although, with Pres. Johnson,
favoring a lenient policy toward the people of the
South. Gov. Davis' administration of the office ex-
cited great antipathy, his bitter partisanship exciting
his enemies to make charges of corruption, par-
ticularly in such matters as" the famous "ex parte
Rodriguez " case, with which his second administra-
tion was closed. Under him, Texas ratified the
thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to
the U. S. Constitution, and was re-admitted to the
Union. Congress also passed a bill removing the
disabilities from the majority of southerners and
abolishing the "iron-clad oath." By this act the
old elements re-entered politics, and the Democratic
party elected, in 1874, Richard Coke to succeed Gov.
72
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Davis, and inaugurated him despite the efforts of
certain Republican politicians to annul the election.
Among the important legislative acts of Davis' ad-
ministrations were the passage of the homestead
law, by which every married settler received a
grant of 160 acres of laud from the public domain;
the town and cities subsidies act, providing for in-
ternal improvements; an act providing for the exten-
sion of the public-school system; one giving the
governor the right to proclaim martial law and sus-
pend habeas corpus ; also laws organizing a state
police force and requiring rigid qualifications for
registering voters. Immigration was much encour-
aged by an immigration bureau, which disseminated
information regarding the climate, etc.. and settlers
poured into the state from all parts of the world.
Railroads were increased throughout the state from
511 miles in 1871 to 1,078 in 1872, and other internal
improvements were pushed to consummation. Gov.
Davis resigned on Jan. 13, 1874. and resumed law
practice in Austin. He died there in February,
1883, and was buried with civic and military honors,
Gov. John Ireland leading in the ceremonies.
COKE, Richard, fourteenth governor of Texas
(1874-77) and U. S. senator, was born in Williams-
burg, Va., March 13, 1829, son of John and Eliza
Coke. His early education
was obtained in the common
schools of his county, and at
the age of sixteen he entered
William and Mary College,
where he was duly graduated
in 1849. After his admission
to tiie bar, in the following
year, he immediately removed
to Waco, Tex., and began prac-
tice. He enlisted in the Con-
federate service in 1861, and
at the close of the war had at-
tained the rank of captain.
Resuming practice in 1865, he
was immediately appointed
judge of the district court of
Waco, and in the following
year elected an associate justice
of the supreme court. Gen.
Sheridan removed him from
the latter position in 1867, on the ground that he was
an "impediment to reconstruction"; but this act of
injustice greatly increased his popularity, and served
to endear him to all classes. He was thereafter
known as a leader in Democratic politics, and by
his ability and eloquence helped to gather the scat-
tered forces into an efficient organization. At the
general election of 1873 he was elected governor on
the Democratic ticket by a majority of 50,000, to-
gether with the entire delegation to congress and the
greater part of the stale legislature. This was an
almost complete sweep for the Democrats, and in-
cited their political opponents to extraordinary
measures to, if possible, undo the verdict of the
people. One Jose Rodriguez, a Mexican, was in-
cited to apply for a writ of habeas corpus in the
supreme court, alleging that he had been unlawfully
restrained in his liberty for an alleged election
offense. The ease was called under the title ex parte
Rodriguez, and although the district attorney re-
fused to appear, on the ground that it was a fictitious
and fraudulent cause, it was tried, and resulted in a
verdict declaring the late election illegal and void.
A proclamation was therefore issued by Gov. E. .T.
Davis, prohibiting the newly elected legislature from
assembling, and when that body, ignoring his orders,
proceeded to the discharge of its duties he declined
to receive any communications from it. As a last
resort, in his party's extremity, Davis appealed to
Pres. Grant, who, refusing to interfere, left him no
course but to resign. Mr. Coke was, therefore,
peacefully inducted into the office, being inaugurated
on Jan. 15, 1874, and one of his first acts, on the
basis of a legislative amendment to the coustitutiou
reorganizing the supreme court, was to remove the
three judges of ex parte Rodriguez fame. His ad-
ministration marks the return of order and prosperity
and the abolition of party machine government.
The constitution forced upon the state by military
authority was supplanted by the new one framed in
1875, which forms the present organic law of the
state. This constitution having effected a change in
the term of official tenure, Gov. Coke was re-inaugu-
rated in April, 1876. In May, he was elected to the
U. 8. senate to succeed Morgan C. Hamilton, but,
continuing to perform his official functions until
December, he took his seat on March 4, 1877. He
was re-elected in 1883. and again in 1889, his last
term of office expiring March 3, 1895, thus complet-
ing a full eighteen years of official tenure. No
public officer ever more jealously guarded the in-
terests of his constituents. Possessed of the utmost
determination and the strongest possible conviction
concerning right and justice, he was ever a cham-
pion of popular causes against the oppression of cor-
porations and legislative corruption. As a member
of the committee on commerce, he secured large
appropriations for the improvement of the rivers and
harbors of Texas, and on the judiciary committee
his fine talents and high legal attainments made him
the author of many important and valuable measures.
He earned the reputation of a powerful orator— a
giant in debate — and his untiring vigilance never
suffered the slightest dereliction from what he con-
sidered the straight path of right and duty. Plain ninl
unostentatious in his manners, and kindly to a fault,
he is preeminently a man of the people, never failing
in practical sympathy to the needy. Gov. Coke \\ as
married, in 1852, to Mary E., daughter of James L.
Home, of Waco, Tex. They have had four children,
of whom one, Richard, still survives.
HUBBARD, Richard Bennett, fifteenth gov-
ernor of Texas (1876-78), was born in Walton
county. Ga., in 1834. He was graduated at Mercer
University in 1851, when but
seventeen years of age, and at
the Harvard Law School two
years later. Going at once to
Texas, he located at Tyler,
and began the practice of his
profession. In 1856. he was
appointed U. S. district-attor-
ney, and rapidly grew in pro
fessional and political promi
nence. He represented his dis
trie! in the state legislature in
1S5S, and in 1860 was an
elector on the Breckenridgi-
ticket, also a delegate to the
Charleston convention. Upon
the secession of his state he
raised the 22d Texas infantry
regiment, of which he was made
colonel. He served through-
out the war, and was a com-
mander of brigade on the cessation of hostilities.
During the period of reconstruction, Mr. Hubbard
was constantly active in all matters pertaining to the
interests of Texas. In the Greeley campaign, in
1872, he was particularly earnest in advocating his
election as a great desideratum to the South and all
her industries ; he was an elector on the ticket. He
was elected lieutenant governor of Texas in 1873, and
reflected in 1876. Upon the resignation of (Jov.
Richard Coke, to enter the U. "S. senate, Mr.
Hubbard became governor, and so continued until
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
73
1878. His administration was characterized by the
adoption and prosecution of many far reaching and
effective measures in the interest of his state, which
won him a wide popularity. The incursions of hostile
Indian tribes on the borders were effectually checked
by bis vigorous action in several cases. At the Cen-
tennial exposition, Philadelphia, 1876, he was one
of tl"! most eloquent and popular orators on the 4th
of July. He was at once recognized as one of the
foremost of American orators, and has since lived up
to the reputation. No notable occasion in Texas is
considered complete unless the ex-governor is heard
from. He was appointed minister to Japan by Pres.
Cleveland in 1885, aud served acceptably until 1889.
He has since resided in Tyler, Tex.
ROBERTS, Oran Milo, sixteenth governor of
Texas (1879-83), was born in Laurens district (now
county), S. C., July 9, 1815, son of Oba and .Mar-
garet (Ewing) Roberts. On the father's side, he is
of Welsh descent, aud on the mother's, of Scotch
Irish ; his maternal grandfather was Sam. Ewing, a
captain of cavalry throughout the revolution. In
his thirteenth year he lost his father, and for several
years thereafter, with an elder brother, lived with
his mother near Ashville, Ala., managing the planta-
tion and continuing his studies in the old "field
schools" of the vicinity. At sixteen, he began study
in an academy at Ashville, taught by James Lewis,
and upon its discontinuance, six months later, began
preparation for college with Ralph P. Lowe, subse-
quently governor of Iowa. Entering the University
of Alabama in February. 1833, he was graduated in
1836 ; having in the latter part of his course begun
the study of law in the office of Judge Ptolemy
Hauls, at St. Stephens, Ala.; and on completing his
studies with William P. Chiltou, of Talladega, sub-
sequently supreme court justice and Confederate
congressman, he was, in September, 1837, admitted
to the bar. After practicing a short time in Talla-
dega, he located at Ashville, where he was chosen
colonel of the county regiment and a representative
in the state legislature. In the autumn of 1841 he
removed to San Augustine, Tex.; and on being ad-
mitted to practice, in the following February, for three
years followed the circuit. So
rapidly did he master the un-
'"^-•^ jr^ familiar principles of Texas la«
and practice that he soon attained
!L distinction, and, in February,
-: ij 1844, without his knowledge or
??3£s ^ V4.- solicitation, was appointed dis-
trict attorney for the 5th judicial
district by Pres. Samuel Hous-
"V" . ton, of the republic of Texas.
This office wasthen an important
one, covering, besides ordinary
criminal cases, the prosecution of
civil suits for violations of the
revenue and import laws. The
subject of taxation in general
frequently claimed his official
attention. and he was finally con-
vinced, from wide observation,
that the ad valorem tax on prop-
erty was the only true principle. This theory he de-
veloped in a series of articles in the " Red Lander,"
and finally succeeded in bringing it to the attention
of the constitutional convention of 1845, which in-
corporated it in the organic law of Texas. On Gov.
Henderson's accession, in 1846, one of his first acts
was to recognize Mr. Robert's official ability and integ-
rity by appointing him district judge for the 5th dis-
trict. In the discharge of the arduous duties of this
office he continued during five years, showing a com-
plete mastery of the law, an'd, in the absence of
precedent in making cases under the revised consti-
tution, rendering decisions notable for their integrity
and authoritative character. Then resigning, he re-
sumed his private practice on the circuit aud in the
supreme court at Tyler, meanwhile residing on a
farm in Shelby county. In 1857 he was elected an
associate justice of the state supreme court. During
the stirring times before the civil war he wa* a
stanch stales-rights Democrat of the Jeffersonian
school, and an ardent advocate of secession. lu
December, 1800, he delivered an able speech at the
state capital, advocating that Texas "resume her
sovereignty, and assert her rights under the original
compact "; and at the state
convention in the following
year was chosen president
by acclamation. In 1862,
he raised the lltli infantry
regiment, of which he was
elected colonel. During two
full years he served in
Walker's division, trans-Mis-
sU-ippi department, perform-
ing many acts of bravery, es-
pecially at the battle of Bur-
beau Bayou, where he was
recommended for conspicu-
ous gallantry; but in August,
1864, was recalled from the field, to succeed Hon.
Royal T. Wheeler, deceased, as chief-justice of the
state supreme court. In 1865 he was displaced, with
all the officials of the state, under the reconstruction
measures of Pres. Johnson. In 1866 he was elected
member from Smith county to the state constitu-
tional convention, and as chairman of its judicial v
committee he rendered noble service in reconstruct-
ing the slate courts. In the same year he was chosen
b\ the legislature U. S. senator, but was not per-
mitted to take his seat. From 1868 to 1870 he was
professor of law aud agriculture in Looney's High
School, Gilmer, Tex., and in 1874 was again ap-
pointed chief-justice by Gov. Richard Coke. In
1878 he was elected governor of his state. He was
reflected in 1880 ; during his two terms managing
public affairs with the utmost ability. During
Gov. Roberts' administrations the state taxes were
reduced from fifty to thirty cents on the $100 ; the
bonded debt was reduced by $1,400,000, and the in-
terest upon it over $55,000, by exchange of five per
cent, for ten per cent, bonds ; and from $10,000 on
hand at the start aud an outstanding deficit of $400,-
000, he left in the treasury a surplus of revenue of
$500,000. There was a radical improvement of the
free public schools, and their permanent fund was in-
creased over $3,700,000; two Normal schools were es-
tablished— one for whites and one for colored pupils;
summer normals instituted for teachers ; the Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College reorganized ; the
State University at Austin organized and founded ;
a new capitol building, in place of the one burned in
1881, devised, contracted for and its foundation laid ;
the two penitentiaries and the three asylums much
enlarged ; a quarantine system, with a disinfecting
building at the port of Galveston ; the state military
companies increased and organized into regiments
and brigades ; two transcontinental railroads, by laud
donations, completed through the state ; commerce
and production encouraged, and an increasing popu-
lation, prosperous and satisfied with their state gov-
ernment. Declining a third nomination, on ac-
count of failing health, he retired again to rural life;
but in September, 1883, yielded to what seemed an
imperative duty, and accepted a law professorship
in the University of Texas, which he held ten years.
Gov. Roberts became a master Mason in 1845 ;
was president of the Texas Historical Society in
1874, and was a member of the Texas Bar Association
and the Scotch-Irish Society of America, of which
74
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
be was for several years vice-president for Texas.
!!•• was, in May, 1895, appointed aide-de-camp, with
the rank of brigadier-general, of the order of United
Confederate Veterans, and elected, in April, 1896,
an honorary member of the Texas Veteran Associa-
tion. The honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred
on him by Alabama University in 1881. He pub-
lished : "A Description of Texas" (1881); "Ele-
ments of Texas Pleading" (1890); "Our Federal
Relations " (1892) ; and wrote "Political History of
Texas from 1845 to 1894," a continuation of Yoa-
kum's " History of Texas." His volume of lectures,
" Our Federal Relations, " deserves special mention
as a scholarly and adequate statement of the south-
ern side of the slavery controversy and the civil war.
Gov Roberts was married: first, in 1837, to Frances
W. Edwards, of Ashville, Ala., who died in 1883,
leaving seven children; and second, in 1SM7. to Cath-
erine E. Border, widow of Col. John P. Border, a
veteran of San Jacintoand colonel in the Confederate
army. He died at Marble Falls, Burnet Co., Tex.,
May 19, 1898.
IRELAND, John, seventeenth governor of
Texas (1883-87), was born at Millerstown, Hart CO.,
Ky., Jan 1, 1827, son of Patrick and Rachel (New-
ton) Ireland, both of whom were natives of Ken-
tucky.
His boyhood and early youth were spent on
his father's farm, and his edu-
cational advantages were those
afforded by the old field-schools
of his native county, for at that
time there was no public school
system in the state ; but, be-
ing ambitious and self-reliant,
he made the best of his op-
portunities, resolving to gain
an honorable place among
men. When he was about eight-
een years old, he was declared
of age, by special act of the state
legislature, to enable him to
qualify as constable. This of-
fice he held for several years,
and he also served as deputy
of Hart county from 1847 until
1850. The practical knowledge
of process and legal methods,
acquired while performing the
duties of these offices, led him
to think of taking up the law as a profession. In
1851, he entered the office of Robert D. Murray and
Henry C. Wood, at Mumfordsville, Ky., and as a
result of his close application, mastered the prin-
ciples of common law in less than a year, and was
admitted to the bar. Although his prospects were
bright, he felt that Kentucky was already well sup-
plied with able attorneys, and, desiring a larger field,
removed to the great southwestern state of _ Texas
in 1853, settling in Seguin, Guadalupe co., which be-
came his life-long place of residence. His practice
soon became lucrative, and he gathered about him a
la VL'e circle of friends. He was admired for his in-
tellect, for a tenacity of purpose that overcame all
obstacles, for his independence of thought and action,
and for his gentleness and courtesy of manner. Soon
after Seguin became an incorporated town (1858),
his fellow-citizens turned to him as the one best fitted
to be its mayor, and had he been placed at the head
of the nation, he could not have been more faithful
and conscientious in the performance of his duties.
He had a profound belief in the coming greatness of
Texas, and any movement that promised to promote
her prosperity or add to her power secured his hearty
cooperation. Accordingly, when the civil war broke
out he favored the prompt withdrawal of the state
from the Union. He was a member of the constitu-
tional convention of 1861, and when its session was
ended enlisted as a private in the Confederate army
The same qualities that gave him prominence as a
lawyer made him efficient as a soldier, and he was
promoted captain, major, and, in 1862, lieutenant-
colonel, serving through the campaigns in the trans-
Mississippi department. When the war ended he
returned to Seguin, and took up again his law prac-
tice. In 1866 he was elected a delegate to the con-
vention which framed a state constitution in con-
formity with the Johnson policy of reconstruction,
and in the same year was elected judge of his district,
but. was removed in 1867 on the usurpation by military
power. He was elected to the lower house of the
state legislature in 1873, and to the state senate in
1874. He was appointed associate-justice of the su-
preme court in 1875, but declined re-election under
the new constitution of 1876, which required the
court to consist of three judges only. His decisions
are to be found in Vols. XLIV.-XLV., Texas re-
ports, and adequately prove his fitness for the su-
preme bench. His opinion in Lewis ««. Aylett
(XLV. Texas. 190), first settled the principle in
Texas jurisprudence that real estate cannot pass by
a nuncupative will. In 1882 he was elected governor
by more than 100,000 majority. The state was fairly
prosperous at that time, and "there was a strong de-
sire among the people for the improvement of the
public institutions. The legislature made large ap-
propriations for this purpose, and Gov. Ireland ap-
proved them. This caused a deficiency in the treas-
ury at the close of his first term of administration,
and certain politicians made this an excuse for efforts
to prevent his reelection. The enclosure of large
tracts of public lands by stockmen had led tc en-
croachments on the rights of smaller herdsmen, and
to fence-cutting in retaliation, which was extended to
lawful owners as well as to intruders, and became a
widespread evil. In January, 1884, Gov. Ireland
convened the legislature, for the purpose of putting an
end to the spirit of lawlessness which prevailed, and
stringent laws were passed, and promptly enforced
by the governor. This action also was made a
ground of complaint ; but Gov. Ireland's popularity
was too great to be affected by the calumnies of
jealous men, and at the state Democratic convention
at Houston, in August, 1884, he was unanimously
renomiuated, without call of the roll and by acclam-
mation. His majority on election day exceeded 100,-
000 votes. During his administration the office of
state superintendent of public instruction was created;
the permanent school fund was invested in bonds, at
six per cent, rate of interest ; the sale of school lauds
at low prices was prohibited, and taxes were re-
duced to the lowest possible point. His firmness of
character was signally shown in 1885, when he
promptly suppressed a labor strike at Galveston ;
and in 1887, when the great railroad strike, having
its centre at Fort Worth, was ended in three hours'
time after his arrival there with a detachment of
state troops. It was shown also in 1885, when he
obliged the contractors who were building the state
capitol to use Texas granite for the exterior walls,
defeating their efforts to procure Indiana limestone,
at great "extra cost to the state and solely for their
own benefit. Incursions of thieves and murderers
from Mexico, and the failure to obtain the surrender
of criminals, owing to defective reciprocity laws and
the apathy of the Federal government, occasioned
great trou'ble during his administration, and caused
him to assert with characteristic boldness his inten-
tion to prevent these evils with the aid of the state
militia. During the time he was chief magistrate
crime was less prevalent than at any other period,
and the state and all its institutions attained a high
degree of prosperity. Official honors came to Gov.
Ireland unsolicited'. His modesty and self-respect
kept him from making efforts in his own behalf, and
OF AMKKIOAN BIOGRAPHY.
75
he consented to hold office only when convinced that
the »vell'are of the public demanded it. He might
have succeeded Hon. Samuel 15. Maxey in the U. S.
senate, in 1886, had lie been willing to make the
effort. He was twice married: first, in 1854, to Mrs.
Matilda (Wicks) Faircloth, sister of Col. Moses
Wicks, formerly u banker of Memphis. She died
in 1856, leaving one child, Matilda, who became the
wif3 of Evan tf. Carpenter, a prosperous planter and
business man of Seguin. His second wife, to whom
he was married in 1875, was Anna W. Penn, of Mis-
sissippi, who bore him four children : Mary P., who
bcrame the wife of J. W. Graves, a druggist of Se-
guin ; Katie Penn, Rosalie anil Alva. Only the first
named survived her father. Gov. Ireland died, after
a brief illness, at San Antonio, Tex., March 5, 1896.
ROSS, Lawrence Sullivan, eighteenth gov-
ernor of Texas (1887-91), was born at Bentonsport,
Van Bin-en co., la., Sept. 27, 1838. His father was
Ca|it S. P. Ross, who, after his removal to Milan
county, Tex., in 1839, made a great reputation as an
Indian tighter, and with liis own hand killed the
dreaded Comanche chief. Big Foot. ('apt. Ross'
family removed to Austin in 1846, and in 1849 located
permanently on a farm ne.a- Waco. The sou received
his education in the schools of Texas, and at the age
of eighteen entered Baylor University; later, however,
going to Wesleyan University, Florence, Ala., where
he was graduated in 1859. Having returned home
for his summer vacation in 1858, he assembled a
company of 135 men, ard went to the relief of Maj.
Earl Van Dorn, who was leading the second U. S.
cavalry against the Comanehes. Joining with his
forces, Mr. Ross, in October following, participated
in the battle of Wichita. In this engagement he dis-
tinguished himself by the rescue of"a little white
girl, who had been held by them from infancy. He
named her Lizzie Ross, and provided for her educa-
tion. She was afterward married to a wealthy Cali-
fornia!], and died in Los Angeles in 1886. Returning
to Texas after his graduation at college, he again
went against the Comanehes, as captain of a com-
pany of sixty rangers, and at the
battle of Pease river completely
routed the Indians, killing their
chief. Peta Nocona, and captur-
ing all their effects. In recogni-
tion of this service, Gov. Hous-
ton appointed him an aide-de-
camp of the state troops, with
the rank of colonel. He re-
signed this commission in 1861.
and, after serving for a brief
period on the Indian embas-
sy, under Gov. Clark, entered
the Confederate service as a
private in company G, 6th
Texas cavalry, and on Sept.
5, 1861, was elected a major.
In May, 1863, he was elected
colonel, and offered the com-
mand of his brigade, but
declined the honor in favor
Phifer. Col. Ross rendered
the Confederacy in shielding
Van Doru for over an hour
the battle of Corinth, Miss.,
of Gen. Charles
an able service
the retreat of Gen.
and a half after
W.
to
thus enabling that olficer to reform his command
and retreat in good order. For this piece of gal-
lantry he was appointed brigadier-general on Oct. 4,
1802, being the youngest brigadier m the Confederate
army, and held that rank until the close of the war.
Most of his later services were included in the famous
Georgia campaign under Gens. Joseph E. John-
ston and John B. Hood. In all, he was in 135 bat-
tles, and his fearlessness in fight is proved by the
fact that five horses were shot under him. Af-
ter the war Gen. Ross ret in ned to Texas. In 1875 he
was elected sheriff of McLennan county, being also
a member of the constitutional convention held in the
same year. In 1881-83 he was a member of the
state senate, serving as chairman of the committee
on nnauce ; and being nominated for governor in
1886, lie was elected by a large majority, being re-
elected in 1888. His popularity was such that at his
re-election in 1888, even his political opponents
seemed to vote solidly for him — the Republican
county of Comal cast only six votes against him.
Gov. Ross' administrations covered a period of great
prosperity in almost every branch of industry in
Texas. Railroads were built rapidly ; taxes were
reduced all over the state ; immigration was vastly
promoted by societies established to attract settlers,
and the U. S. government paid into the state treas-
ury nearl_y $1,000,000 of arrears for expenses in-
curred by the state in defending its borders since
annexation, in 1840. In May, 1888, the new state
capitol was formally dedicated. It is one of the most
magnificent state-houses in the country, being second
in size to the national capitol at Washington. Among
other public institutions completed during this period
were the state orphan asylum at Corsicana, the
reformatory for boys at Gatesville, and the South-
west Asylum for the Insane at San Antonio. An im-
portant proposal for amending the state constitution
so as to prohibit the sale of alcoholic liquors in Texas
was submitted to the people in August, 1887, but,
although strongly recommended by the legislature,
was defeated by a majority of over 90,000. Retiring
from office early in 1S1I1, Gov. Ross soon after ac-
eepied the presidency of the Texas Agricultural and
Mechanical College at III van, and still continues
there. In 1895 Gov. Culberson offered him a place
on the stale railroad commission, but the friends of
the college protested so strongly against his accept-
ance that he was constrained to decline.
HOGG, James Stephen, nineteenth governor
of Texas, was born at Rusk, Cherokee co., Tex.,
March 24, 1851, son of Joseph Lewis and Lucanda
(McMath) Hogg. His family is of Irish descent, his
great-great-grandparents having emigrated and set-
tled in Virginia in the eighteenth century. His great-
grandfather, John Hogg, was early left an orphan,
and removing from Virginia to the Newberry dis-
trict, S. C., raised a family of seven children, the
eldest of whom was Thomas Hogg. Thomas, with
his brothers, James and Lewis, fought in the revolu-
tion, and later was married to Martha Chandler, of
Newberry, S. C. He removed first to Georgia, and
later, in 1818, to Tuscaloosa county, Ala., where his
son, Joseph Lewis, was educated, and, in 1833, was
married to a daughter of Elisha McMath, a planter of
Roupe's Valley. They removed, in 1839, to Nacog-
doches, Tex. , 'where Mr. Hogg became a man of
importance and a prominent member of the bar of
Texas. He several times represented his district in
the congress of the republic of Texas; was a promi-
nent supporter of annexation, and a member of
the first constitutional convention and of the first
state senate. He entered the army of Texas against
76
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Mexico in 1846, and on his return resumed his seat
in the state senate. About 1849 he removed to
Cherokee county, Tex., where he was residing at
the outbreak of the civil war. Mr. Hogg entered
the Confederate army as a brigadier-general, holding
a commission from Pres. Davis, but died at Corinth,
Miss., in 1862, just before the siege. The rich
estates of the family being entirely depleted by the
war, James S. Hogg, educated as lie had been amid
surroundings of wealth and refinement, was obliged
to labor for his own support for several years, while
attending school. He entered a printing-office at
the age of sixteen, and, having mastered the trade,
invested his savings in a plant, and in 1871 estab-
lished a paper called "The News," at Longview,
Tex. Within a year he removed to Quitman, Wood co. ,
where he continued his paper until 1873; then was
elected justice of the peace of the county-seat precinct,
and. by virtue of office, became the head officer of
the county. He held this office until the expiration
of his term in 1876, in the
meanwhile, in 1875, having
been licensed to practice law.
In November, 1878, he was
elected county attorney, and
upon the expiration of his
term, in November, 1880, was
elected district attorney of his
district, being re-elected in
1882. In 1884 he removed
In Tyler, Smith co. , and con-
tinued professional practice
until his election as attorney-
general of the state, in 1886.
He then removed to Austin,
where he has since resided.
In 1888 he was re-elected
attorney • general, and while
serving his last term \\;is
nominated for governor of
Texas on the Democratic ticket. He was triumph-
antly elected, and made such a creditable record in
all respects that his re-election in 1892 came as the
simple effect of a plain cause. He was urged to
accept nomination for a third term, and also for the
U. S. senate, but unequivocally declined, and retired
to private life. Gov. Hogg's manners are winning,
and his personal popularity is very great. He
was married, in 1874, to Sallie, daughter of Col.
James A. Stiuson, of Georgia. They have four
children.
CTJLBEBSON, Charles Allen, nineteenth gov-
ernor of Texas (1895-99), was born at Dadeville,
Tallapoosa co., Ala., Oct. 10. 1855 son of David B.
and (Kimbal) Culbersou. His parents re-
moved from Alabama to Gilmer. Tex., in 1858, and
from there to their present home in Jefferson three
years later. For many 3~ears the father has been a
prominent figure in the public life of Texas, having
been an adjutant general in the Confederate army, a
member of ihr slate legislature (1859-64) and of the
senate (1874), and a member of congress for the
fourth Texas district from the forty-fourth to the
forty-ninth session. While in congress, he was for
years chairman of the judiciary committee, and was
tendered an appointment on the interstate commerce
commission by Pres. Harrison. The son attended
the common school of Jefferson and Prof. Morgan
H. Looney's high school at Gilmer, and entered the
Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va., in 1870.
Being graduated in 1874, he spent the next two
years studying law in his father's office, and then
entered the law department of the University of
Virginia. During his course, he was distinguished
for scholarship and close application to stud}*, being
chosen judge of the moot court and final orator of
the Jefferson Literary Society, both exceptional
honors. In 1878 he was admitted to the bar of
Texas, and at once took a high place as an attorney
and practitioner. In 1882 he obtained particular
reputation in the defense of John Le Grand, con-
victed of murder by the federal district court at
Jefferson under the Ku-Klux law. Mr. Culberson
appealed to the circuit court, and by his scholarship
and able pleading secured from Justice Woods a re-
versal of the former verdict, with a declaration of
the uncoustitutionality of the Ku-KHixlaw. This
decision being sustained by the U. S. courts else-
where, served'to increase the reputation of the young
attorney and place him in the front rank of his
profession. His ability soon forced him into the
political arena, and in 1880, when but twenty-five
years of age, he was elected county attorney of
Marion county. He resigned after a short incum-
bency of this office.', and in 1882 was offered a nomina-
tion for the legislature, which he declined. His
practice continued to increase rapidly, and in 1888,
in search of a wider field, he removed to Dallas,
where he formed the well-known firm of Bookhout
& Culberson. At the Democratic state convention
at San Antonio, in 1890, he was nominated for at-
torney-genera] by acclamation, and being elected by
a large majority, served until his nomination as
governor, in 1894, by the state convention at Dallas,
Being triumphantly elected, he was nominated for a
second term at Fort Worth in 1896, and was again
elected by a majority of 60,000, in the face of a
powerful fusion ticket growing out of the financial
issue of that year. Gov. Cul-
bersou was a delegate to the
national Democratic conven-
tion at Chicago, in June, 1896,
and during the campaign
gained a national reputation
by his correspondence with
Prince Bismarck on the sub
ject of bimetallism. Gov. Cul-
berson's administrations have
been characterized, not alone
by force and prompt atten-
tion to all public issues, but
by an integrity and moral
purpose seldom equaled. In
his first inaugural message,
he urged the legislature to
redeem all the pledges of
the Democratic platform, and
called especial attention to
the condition of the public
schools, recommending an increase of the school tax
to 20 cents on every $100. Among other evidences
of his vigorous action in matters of moral concern
was his prohibition of the Corbett Fitzsimmons fight
in Texas during 1895. He was re-elected, in 1896,
for a term of two years (1897-99). Gov. Culberson
was married to a daughter of Col. W. W. Harrison,
of Fort Worth, Tex.
SAYERS, Joseph Draper, lawyer, twenty-first
governor of Texas (1899- ), was born at Grenada,
Grenada co., Miss., Sept. 23, 1841, son of Dr. David
and Mary Thomas (Peete) Sayers, the latter a native
of Alabama. Among his paternal ancestors is Rev.
John Thompson, an Irishman, who came to America
in 1715, and in 1717-29 was pastor of the Presby-
terian church at Lewes, Del. In 1744, he settled in
southwestern Virginia, and labored there until his
death, in 1753. occasionally visiting North Carolina.
He left one child, a daughter, who was married to
William Sayers, anil bore him two sons, John and
Robert. The former, great-grandfather of Joseph
Draper Sayers. was a major in the Continents, army,
and served throughout the revolutionary war. being
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
77
wounded at the battle of Cowpens. Robert Sayers,
as a lieutenant-colonel, also gave valuable aid to the
patriot cause. Dr. David Sayers, a physician in
active practice for half a century, removed to Texas
in 1851, and having heard glowing reports of the
great fertility and the educational advantages of
Bastrop county, decided to locate there, making his
residence at Bastrop in December, 1851. His son,
Joseph, was placed at the Bastrop Military Institute,
but before he had finished the course of study he
was thrilled by the call to arms then resounding
through the South, and threw aside his books to
enter 'the Confederate army. This was early in
1861, and he remained in the field until April, lxnr>,
rising from the ranks to the position of adjutant,
and next to that of captain of
artillery, finally being promoted
major. On the return of peace,
he found himself without prop-
erty and without knowledge
sufficient to qualify liim lor any
af the learned professions; but
he at once began teaching, and
at the same time took up the
study of law. He was ad-
mitli'd to the bar in 18(50, and
was associated with Hon. George
W. Jones. Thence forward his
rise was rapid. In 1873 he
was elected to the state sen-
ate, and exerted great influence
in that body. In 1875-78 he
was chairman of the Demo-
cratic state executive committee.
Mr. Sayers was grand master
of Masons in Texas for the year 1875-76. In 1879
and 1880 he was lieutenant-governor and exojficio
president of the senate, and then was elected to the
forty-ninth congress, defeating Judge John B. Rector
(Independent) by a vote of "21,523 to 12.253. His
district, the tenth, was composed of twenty-six
counties. He was elected to the fiftieth, fifty-first,
fifty-second, fifty-third and fifty-fourth congresses,
and was re elected to the fifty -fifth, receiving 20,681
votes, against 11,495 for W.'K. Makemson (Repub-
lican), 6,787 for Reddiu Andrews (Populist) and 962
for J. T. Harris (Republican). After the reapportion-
ment of 1892, he represented the ninth district, com-
posed of nine counties. He was a member of the
house committee on naval affairs in the forty-ninth
congress, and of the committee on appropriations
during the remainder of his service. His influence
increased during each successive session, and through
his efforts appropriations to the amount of 81,000,000
were secured to reimburse Texas for expenses in-
curred in frontier protection. When Mr. Savers
bade congress farewell, the house of representatives
paid him the unusual compliment of unanimously
adopting a resolution declaring his retirement a na-
tional rather than a party calamity. It is safe to
assert that no man in the state is more thoroughly
versed in its history anil its commercial and agricul-
tural advantages, or is more enthusiastic with refer-
ence to its future. In 1898 he was elected governor
of the slate, receiving 291,548 votes. Gov. Sayers
was married, in 1879, to Orline, daughter of Williams
and Maria Walton, of Bastrop, Tex.
DIXEY, John, sculptor, was born in Dublin,
Ireland, was educated in London, and studied art in
the Royal Academy. There he so distinguished
himself that his name was placed on the list of those
to be sent to Italy to complete their studies, and it
is probable that he was in Italy for a short time, but
he cut short his sojourn there to come to America in
1789. He was one of the earliest sculptors in the
United States. Having settled in Philadelphia, he
was in 1801 elected vice-president of the Pennsyl-
vania Academy of Pine Arts, and upon his subse-
quent removal to New York city, several posts of
honor were offered him there. Pecuniarily, however,
he was not successful as a sculptor; America had not
yet awakened to an appreciation of the art. He left
the heads in marble of the cherubs on the Hamilton
monument, the figures of "Justice" on the city hall
in New York and the state house at Albany, a
"Hercules and Hydra," and a "Ganymede," and
many pieces of graceful ornamentation. He pos-
sessed great skill in artistically mingling flowers and
the heads of animals. His two sons also became
artists of reputation. He died in 1820.
BURNHAM, Benjamin Franklin, jurist and
author, was born at Grotou, Vt., Nov. 2, 1830.
Through his father, he is a descendant of the sixth
generation of Isaac Bradley, of Haverhill, Mass.,
who as a boy was held prisoner by the Indians
during a whole winter; finally effecting so bold an
escape that the governor of the province presented
him with a horse and trappings in recognition of his
skill and bravery. On his mother's side he is de-
scended from Sir James Prescott, who was knighted
by Queen Elizabeth, and from whom also is de-
scended Col. William Prescott, commander at
Bunker Hill, and the historian, William Hickling
Prescott. B. F. liurnham was graduated at Wes-
leyan University in 1853, taught for a few years,
studied law, and began to practice in Chicago, 111.
In 1863 he enlisted in the 8th Vermont regiment,
ami was shortly afterwards promoted to the com-
mand of a company in the 87th colored infantry.
Being detailed as judge-advocate in New Orleans,
his onlv experience of active service was in a skir-
mish at Palmetto Ranch, mentioned by Mr. Greeley
as the last of the war. Later, while establishing
freedmen's schools in Wachita parish, at Monroe,
La., he was dangerously wounded, suffering from
it ever since. After tlic war lie removed to Bos-
ton, and devoted himself to law literature, editing
vols. 2S and 29 of the " U. S.
Annual Digest of Supreme
Court Reports," and assist-
ing with the "General" and
the " Annual " digests. After
resigning his judgeship in the
South Boston municipal court,
he wrote several treatises for
the "American and English
Encyclopaedia of Law" (not-
ably on " Sheriff's Sales,"
"Separation (husband and
wife) "and "Towns and Town-
ships," and in 1896 pub-
lished his principal legal work,
"Leading in Law and Curi-
ous in Court," which has been
most favorably reviewed by
the law journals ; Irving
Browne, in the "Green Bag,"
characterizing the work as
"a rich mine of leading cases
presented in an exception-
ally clear, concise, accurate and at the same time
readable manner. . . Wit ... of a perennial charac-
ter." His other works are: "The Life of Lives: the
Records r/f Jesus," a work projected by his wife;
" Elsmere Elsewhere;" fugitive articles in the
"Arena" (1897), etc. , and a number of poems, some
of which are to be found in the Song Book of the
Psi Upsilon Fraternity. His "Cassius on Caesar's
Death." in the "Green Bag," in 1896 (vol. VII.,
p. 523), attracted much attention as a perfect imita-
tion of Shakespeare's oration of Antony, - Ithough
defending the assassinating senators. He was married
in 1861, to Celestia, daughter of Rev. Henry Shute.
78
Till-: NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
application.
QUARTER, William, first R. C. bishop of
Chicago, was born at Killurine, Ireland, Jan. 24,
1806, one of the four sons of Michael Quarter and
Anne Beimel, his wife. Three of these sons, in-
cluding William, embraced the priesthood, and their
mother, a woman of great piety and good educa-
tion, devoted herself assiduously to their training.
William responded most cordially to her efforts, anil
very early gave evidence of a promising future. He
was sent to the school of Mr. Dewar at Tuliamore,
and later entered the academy of John and Thomas
Fitzgerald in the same town. His career at these
academies was so remarkable, and he
showed such earnest piety, that he
was called the "little bishop." He
had intended making his theological
studies at Mayiiooth, but, becoming
imbued with the missionary spirit
and appreciating the need that then
existed of priests for the missions
in America, on April 10, 1822, lie left
1 hi-- native land for the new country.
. On landing at Quebec, he at once
applied to the bishop for admis-
sion to the ecclesiastical seminary
of that city, but was denied, on ac-
count of his youih, as he was also at
Montreal, where he made a similar
He next went to the Tinted States, and
on Sept. 8, 1 *','-, was received as a student in the ec-
clesiastical seminary at Mt. St. Mary's College. Em-
mitsburg, Md. He was found so proficient in Latin,
Greek and mathematics, that one year afler he en-
tered the seminary, he was appointed professor in
these branches in the college. On Sept. l!i, IS-JD. lie
was ordained priest in New York city by Bishop Du-
bois, the disability attaching his yovith "having been
removed by dispensation. During the cholera epi-
demic in New Yorkcily, in 1833, Father Quarter was
indefatigable in his attentions to the sick and dying.
In 1833 he was appointed pastor of St. Mary's
Church, New York city. He reorganized the con-
gregation, which had been scattered when the old
church was destroyed by fire, and further disorgau-
i/cd by the ravages of the cholera ; opened parochial
and pay schools, which were conducted by the Sis-
ters of Charity from Emmitsburg ; established a
number of societies that were necessary for the welfare
and progress of congregation, and was active in his
efforts to raise the heavy debt, which encumbered
it. He held this charge until 1844, when he was
called to become bishop of the new see of ChicaiM>.
On March 10, 1844, lie was consecrated in the New
York Cathedral, together with Bishop Byrne of Lit-
tle Rock, and Bishop McCloskey (afterward cardinal)
by Bishop Hughes, assisted by Bishop Feuwick of
Boston and Bishop Whelan of Richmond, and as-
sumed charge of his diocese on May 5th of that year.
One of the first acts of his episcopate was to appoint
his brother, Rev. Walter J. Quarter, his vicar-gen-
eral. He found the church which was to be his
cathedral only half finished and encumbered with a
debt approaching $5,000. Appreciating the inability
of his congregation to liquidate this debt, he and his
brother paid it out of their private fortunes. The
congregation at once came forward and united their
elforts with those of their generous bishop, and it
was not long before the first spire erected in Chicago
was finished, and the people were worshiping in
the new cathedral, which, on Oct. 5, 1845, was con-
secrated. Bishop Quarter was much hampered in
the administration of his diocese by a scarcity of
priests; he accordingly soon took active measures
for the establishment of a diocesan seminary, which
was opened on July 4, 1840, and in the short time he
had charge of the diocese the number of priests was
increased to forty-two. He began the erection of
new churches throughout Illinois, opened Catholic
schools, founded the college, subsequently called
the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, intro-
duced the Sisters of Mercy into the diocese, and
built a. convent for them. His energetic labors re-
ceived the most grateful acknowledgment of the
people, and, "in 1847, when he went upon the visita-
tion of his diocese, he was received with every
demonstration of honor and veneration ; troops of
gentlemen, on horseback and in military uniform,
welcomed him on the roads as far as sixteen miles
from their town, and escorted him into it, amid
the ringing of bells and the hymns of the Calliolii
school children. He was thus escorted from town to
town, and received everywhere as a fatherand bene-
factor of thi: people." Bishop Quarter was earnest
in his efforts for the advancement and improve-
ment of his countrymen, who were emigrating
in great numbers to the West. He gave every
encouragement to the establishment of societies and
confraternities, and introduced among his priests
theological conferences, which are said to have been
the first of the kind held in the United States. He
was taken ill toward the close of Lent, in 1848, and
his health rapidly declined. He died at Chicago,
111., April 10, 1848. (His biography has been writ-
ten by D. McGirr. A sketch of his life may also be
found in Vol. II., Dr. Clarke's " Lives of the De-
ceased Bishops."
VAN DE VELDE, James Oliver, second R. C.
bishop of Chicago and second bishop of Natchez,
Miss., was born in the vicinity of Termonde, Bel-
gium, Apr. 3, 1793, and came of a family of high
social position and official influence. His youth was
passed during the stormy period of the French revo-
lution, and his sympathy and admiration were early
attracted toward the refugees who came to Flanders,
where he was, for the time being, staying with an
aunt. One of these exiles, a clergyman, became ac-
quainted with young Van De Velde and took charge
of his education. James soon manifested an inclina-
tion toward a religious life, and in 1810 went to a
boarding school near Ghent. He there attained
great proficiency in his studies, and at the age of
eighteen began "teaching French and Flemish at
Paris. He subsequently taught
Latin, French and Flemish in the
seminary at Mechlin while he
was pursuing theological studies.
On May 10,1817. he embarked for
America with Father Neriuckx,
wlio was taking a number of
voiing Belgians to the academy
of the Society of Jesus at George-
town. After ten years of prepara-
tion in that order he was ordained
a priest on Sept. 25, 1827, by
Archbishop Marechal at Balti-
more. He continued the study
of moral and dogmatic theology
for two years, and was meanwhile
chaplain to the convent and acad-
emy of the Visitation at George-
town. In 1829 he began his mis-
sionary labors as pastor of the
Rockville and Rock Creek missions in Montgomery
county, Md. In 1831 he was sent west lo take a
professorship in St. Louis College. In 1833. when
the legislature raised the college to the rank and
name of University of St. Louis, Father Van De
Velde was appointed vice-president of the institution.
In 1837, while still performing these duties, he was
appointed procurator of the vice-province of the
society in Missouri, and in 1840 became president of
the University of St. Louis. He entertained a warm
attachment for his adopted country and a high es-
teem for its free institutions. In 1841 he went to
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
79
Rome as the representative of the vice-province of
Missouri in the coiigreiration of procurators of the
society that assembled at Home. Returning to
America, he resumed his dink's as presicleiil of St.
Louis I'liiversily. and iu 1813 was appointed vice-
provincial of Missouri. lie greatly promoted Ihe
interests of religion. The Indian missions were the
subject of his special attention. He built several
churches and erected a larger house for the novi-
tiate. The churches and colleges nourished and
prospered to a remarkable degree under his adminis-
traiion. In 1840 he represented the vice-province of
Missouri iu the sixth council of Baltimore. In 1S1H
he was again made procurator of the vice-province
and also socius to the vice-provincial. Father
Van De Velde's valuable services to his own
order and services to the church in America were
reccimii/.ed in his appointment as bishop of Chicago
on Dec. 1, 1848. It was only upon being informed
that the bulls of his appointment contained a formal
command from the Holy Father that he should ac-
cept the nomination that he consented to do so.
Father Van De Velde was consecrated on Feb. 11,
ls(!i, in the Church of St. Francis Xavier, Si. Louis,
Mo., by the archbishop of that city, assisted by
Bishops Loras and Miles; Bishop Spaulding of
Louisville preaching the consecration sermon. Soon
after taking charge of his see lie began u must
arduous series of visitations, personally performing
the hardest missionary labors. His health became
impaired by his incessant traveling, and was further
debilitated by the climate of Chicago and troubles
arising from disaffcctions among some of bis
clergy. On these accounts he applied to Koine to be
relieved of the cares of the diocese. His petition
was referred to the first national council held at
Baltimore on May 9, 1852, which created the new-
see of Quiney and recommended the retention of
Bishop Van De Velde in, Chicago. The bishop was
made the bearer of the decrees of the council to
Koine for approval. He personally presented his
petition to the Holy See and received favorable con-
sideration and the promise that he would be trans-
lated to a more congenial climate. While enuaued
in the visitation of his diocese after his return to
America he received notice of his appointment to
the see of Natchez, the transfer to dale from July
29, 1853. Some trouble having been encountered in
supplying the new see of Quincy and tilling his
place in the diocese of Chicago, Bishop Van De
Velde was for some time obliged to minister to these
sees as well as that of Natchez. He began work in
the diocese of Quiucy by purchasing land upon
which to build a cathedral, and made efforts for the
improvement of old and the building of new churches.
During his episcopate in Chicago seventy churches
were started, most of which were completed, and sev-
eral religious and charitable institutions were built.
Bishop Van De Velde assumed charge of his see at
Natchez on Nov. 23, 1853. His fame had preceded
him, and he was received with universal rejoicing by
the clergy and laity. During the two years that he
ministered the affairs of the diocese of Natchez he
did a great deal to promote the cause of religion iu
Mississippi. He founded two schools, took steps
toward the completion of the cathedral and also
took measures for the establishment of a college.
His valuable services were suddenly interrupted by
an accident in which his leg was broken in two
places, and having afterwards contracted the yellow
fever, he died at Natchez, Miss., Nov. 13, 1855. His
remains were buried there in the vault under St.
Mary's Cathedral.
O'REGAN, Anthony, third R. C. bishop of
Chicago, was born iu tlie village of Lavallevoe,
county Mayo, Ireland, in 1809. He was given a good
education, and deciding to become a priest, entered
Maynooth College, where he spent -eight years in
study. Soon after his ordination he »> as appointed
a professor in the archepiscopal college of Tuam,
St. Jarlith's, and after tilling this position for two
years, became president of the institution. He
attained a high reputation as a scholar and educa-
tor; and his fame read i ing Amer-
ica, iu 1849, Archbishop Ken-
rick of St. Louis invited him to
take charge of the new theologi-
cal seminary of St. Louis at
Caroudolet, Mo. Dr. O'Regau
accepted the invitation and be-
came superior and professor of
the seminary. In 1854 lie was
appointed bishop of Chicago, but
he declined the appointment and
returned the papers to Rome.
The bulls were again scut to
him, and in deference to the apos-
tolic mandate he accepted, and
was consecrated by Archbishop
Kenriek on July 25, 1S54, in
the St. Louis Cathedral. Chi-
cago was then but a small place.
and there were few churches or priests in his see.
Bishop O'Regan, with admirable foresight, at once
benan to acquire properly, and thus rendered valu-
able aid to the cause of religion. The diocese of
Chicago is now reaping Ihe benetil of his fore-
thought in providing for the extension of the
church. In the short time of his episcopate, besides
purchasing lands upon which many of the churches.
and ecclesiastical institutions of the city now stand
he bought the laud for Cah.-ny Cemetery, erected
a handsome episcopal residence, and brought the
Jesuits and Redemptorist fathers into ibe diocese.
His administration was, however, not success-
ful. He met considerable opposition from his
clergy, and became engaged in certain difficulties
with them Ihat discouraged him and made him feel
that his usefulness to the diocese was impaired. He
accordingly visited Rome in !*.">(>, and requested
the Pope to accept his resignation. lie raised
such strong arguments that he was finally allowed
to resign, and in 1858 took up his residence at
Michael's Grove. Bromptoii, London, where he
subsequently resided, with the title of bishop of
Dora. He 'left quite a fortune, and bequeathed a
sum of money for the education of priests for the
diocese of Chicago and Alton, in the United Slates,
and also a sum to go toward the erection of a Catho-
lic hospital in the city of Chicago. The residue of
his fin-nine went principally to educational institu-
tions in Ireland. He was a man
of great physical endurance, a bant
student and a profound scholar.
He wrote considerably, but never
published his works. Bishop
< >' Kenan died at London. England,
Nov. 13, 1866. His biography will
be found in Vol. III., Dr. Clarke's
" Lives of the Deceased Bishops."
DUGGAN, James.fourth R.C.
bishop of Chicago, was born in
county Dublin, Ireland, in 1825. He
emigrated to the United States in
early youth, and studied for the min-
is! IT in St. Louis, Mo., where be
was ordained in 1847. He was then
chosen rector of the ecclesiastical
seminary of that diocese. In 1850 he became assistant
pastor of the cathedral of St. Louis, and in 1854 was
made vicar-general of the diocese and pastor of the
Church of the Immaculate Conception. In 1857 he
was consecrated coadjutor archbishop, with the title
of Bishop of Antigone. Subsequently be was nomiu-
SO
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ated bishop of Chicago, but failing health soon
compelled him to relinquish his duties, and he went
abroad for travel and relaxation. His administra-
tion was unsatisfactory, and several of his subordi-
nates sent complaints to the Vatican at Rome. On
becoming aware of this. Bishop Duggan hastened
home, intending to remove those who had criticised
him. It soon became apparent that his mind was
unbalanced, and his symptoms developing into
insanity, he was removed in 1869 to an asylum in
Missouri.
FOLEY, Thomas, fifth R. C. bishop of Chicago,
was born in Baltimore, Md., March 6, 1822, of Irish
parentage. He was educated at St. Mary's College,
in his native city, and upon graduation in 1840,
entered St. Mary's Theological Seminary. After a
six-year course of study, on Aug. 16, 1846, he was
ordained a priest in the Baltimore Cathedral, by
Archbishop Eccleston. Father Foley was first
appointed to a mission at Rockville, Montgomery
CO., Md., from which he attended four country
churches. He was afterward made assistant to
Father Matthews, of St. Patrick's Church, Wash-
ington, D. C., being called home by Archbishop
Eccleston to the cathedral at Baltimore. In 1851
Archbishop Kenrick made him his secretary and
chancellor of the diocese, which position he also
filled under Archbishop Spald-
ing, being at one time admin-
istrator of the archdiocese (lur-
ing the archbishop's absence.
Dr. Foley was secretary and
notary to the two plenary coun-
cils of Baltimore in 1852 and
1866; was prominent in or-
ganizing the Young Catholic
Friends' Society, the Society
of St. Vincent de Paul, and in
tin- establishment of the House
of the Good Shepherd in Bal-
timore. In 1869 he was called
to become coadjutor bishop of
( hirngo. This diocese, which
Bishop O'Regan had left in
an unsettled state, was thrown
into worse confusion by the
illness and insanity of his suc-
cessor, Bishop Duggan, and Dr.
Foley was selected as the most
suitable person to adjust the difficulties. He was
consecrated at the Baltimore Cathedral on Feb. 27,
1870, by Rt. Rev. William George McCloskey of
Louisville, Ky., and at once assumed his difficult
charge. In an address delivered on the occasion of
his installation Bishop Foley very beautifully
expressed the policy he intended to pursue: " Peace
be witli you," he said. "No words can express
more fully my feelings towards you and the object
of my mission here than these same words, Peace
be with you. I am here, as I believe all of you
know, not by my own choice, but by the appoint-
ment of a higher power and for considerations to
which it was my duty and obedience to yield. I
am here for no other purpose than that which Jesus
Christ announced to His Apostles when he said to
them ' Peace be unto you.' My mission here is to
honor His peace. I am a stranger to you, and there-
fore it is proper that I should take prudent and
cautious action, so that I may be so instructed as to
do all in order for the prosperity of the diocese. I
am convinced that both people and clergy will
fully understand the motives which prompt me to
this abstinence from proceeding to the appointment
of the officials of the diocese at once. Peace be
unto you." Bishop Foley in a short time restored
peace and good feeling in the diocese; his appoint-
ments were favorably received and his administra-
tion gave general satisfaction. It has been aptly
.said of him that his "tact was unerring." He was
a man of great business and executive ability, and
was an indefatigable and successful worker in build-
ing new churches, multiplying the number of his
priests, charitable, benevolent and educational insti-
tutions. In 1877, the diocese of Peoria was created
from that of Chicago. The Chicago fire, which
occurred in 1871 and resulted in the loss to the
church of about 85,000,000, would have discour-
aged a less energetic nature. But Bishop Foley
at once set to work to rebuild the cathedral,
churches, pastoral residences, schools, hospitals
and institutions that the fire had destroyed. He
also introduced a number of religious orders into
the diocese. His whole administration was one of
enterprise and success. His biographer says of him:
" Bishop Foley was a ready and effective speaker.
In all his addresses he was peculiarly happy in say-
ing exactly the right thing at the right time and
place. His generosity was as proverbial as his charity
was great. The greatest monument he left to
his memory in Chicago was the new cathedral of
the Holy Name, which was built at a cost of
$200,000. He was an advocate of temperance and
of the temperance cause, and gave his official appro-
bation to the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of
America. His death, the result of an attack of
pneumonia, occasioned deep regret among all de-
nominations, especially the prelates, clergy and laity
of the Catholic church in the United States. Among
the numerous testimonials of respect received from
all quarters of the country were a series of resolu-
tions of condolence adopted by the legislature of
Illinois. He died at Chicago, 111., Feb. 19, 1879.
FEEHAN, Patrick Augustine, R. C. arch-
bishop of Chicago, was born at Killcuaule, Tip-
pcrary, Ireland, Aug. 29, 1829, of a family which is
said to be as old as any that can trace their ancestry
back to ancient Gaelic days. His early education
was obtained through private tutors in the home
of his father, Patrick Feehan, a man of liberal edu-
cation, of distinguished bearing, high character and
fervent piety. Amid the ideal surroundings of such
a borne, presided over by a gentle and refined mother,
the boy soon showed a bent of character fitting him
for the priesthood. At sixteen years of age, having
received thorough classical and scientific training,
he entered as an ecclesiastic student in Castleknock
College, where he remained two years. At the end
of that time he entered the College of Maynooth, a
renowned ecclesiastical seminary, and there devoted
five years to earnest study, becoming distinguished
among the young theologians for his learning and
ability. In 1852 Archbishop Keurick, of St. Louis,
invited him to this country, where he entered the
ecclesiastical seminary at Carondolet, to prepare for
his ordination. He was appointed pastor of St.
John's Church in St. Louis in the following year,
and at once made his mark in the pulpit. An epi-
demic of cholera breaking out in the city, he showed
his fearless devotion to the cause of humanity as well
as religion by going about among the stricken, ad-
ministering the last sacraments, and even in some
cases preparing the bodies for burial, when kindred
and friends had fled in terror. In 1854 he was ap-
pointed president of Carondolet Seminary, retaining
the position for three years, with added laurels as an
educator. The year '1858 found him pastor of St.
Michael's in St. Louis, and in 1859 he assumed pas-
toral charge of the Church of the Immaculate Con-
ception in the same city, increasing his already high
reputation as a preacher and adding to it that of an
indefatigable and successful worker in the field
of church extension, a splendid organizer, a pro-
moter of important charities and an efficient hospital
worker during the civil war. Hence, when in 1864
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY,
81
the see of Nashville became vacant through the resig-
nation of Bishop Whalen, it seemed but natural to
otter the nomination lo a man who had become so
prominent a figure in the church, and, when the
young priest, with rare self abnegation, declined Hie
'high ollice on account, of his aged and invalid
mother, whom he wished to nurse and watch over in
her last years, the see was held in abe3rance. Mrs.
Feehau died in 1865, and the son then accepted the
bishopric, and was formally consecrated Nov. 1st.
The duties of the diocese of Nashville were very
onerous, the new bishop being called upon to do
nothing less than reconstruct the diocese, the alfairs
of which had become dcmorali/.ed during the war.
Zeal and energy almost unlimited brought order out
of chaos; the church was built up anew, its finances
were put upon a sound basis; educational and chari-
table institutions were established; the Nashville
Cathedral was structurally improved and its sur-
roundings made attraeiive; St. Cecilia Academy was
relieved of its heavy debts and
enabled to carry on its educational
work unhampered, and the tem-
poral affairs of I lie diocese were
so directed that an era of pros-
perity was ushered in. Bishop
Feehan further introduced into
his diocese the Dominican Sis-
ters, the Sisters of St. Joseph, of
Charity and of Mci -\, and placed
them all in charge of various
academies and parochial schools.
Then once more, in 1866, the
cholera ravaged his diocese, and
three times the yellow fever
left a track of desolation and
dcalh. Bishop Feehan again
showed ihe heroic mold in \\hieli
he was cast, and with his priests, acting lariielv
under his control and direction, went ainong'the
suffering and dying. Thirty-three of the priests fcl1
victims, martyrs to their noble self-sacrifice in the
cause of duty. The bishop visited every part of his
diocese where Catholicism had found a foothold,
encouraging and systematizing the work. He origi-
nated the order of Catholic Knights of America, a
society of Catholic laymen, since extended to all
parts of the United Slates, and by 1879 saw the num-
ber of churches and priests in his diocese nearly
trebled. By the decree of the Holy See, Sept. 10,
1880, the diocese of Chicago, which had become
vacant through the death of Bishop Foley in 1879,
was elevated to the rank of an archiepiscopal see,
and Bishop Feehan was invited lo become its first
archbishop. He was installed with elaborate and
impressive ceremonies in the presence of an im-
mense congregation, in the Cathedral of the Hoi}'
Name, Sunday, Nov. 28, 1880. His remarkable ex-
ecutive ability, his great reputation as a pulpit orator,
his prestige as a liero among the plague stricken
sufferers of the South, have all tended to make his
occupancy of the new archdiocese fruitful of splen-
did result's. In 1883 Archbishop Feehan was sum-
moned to Rome, with other archbishops of the United
States, to formulate the scheme of the third plenary
council of Baltimore, and upon his return he was
the recipient of as magnificent and spontaneous an
ovation as was ever offered to any American prelate.
The silver jubilee of his consecration to the epis-
copacy was celebrated in October, 1890.
SEWARD, Clarence Armstrong, lawyer and
soldier, was born in New York city, N. Y., Oct. 7,
1828, son of Benjamin Jennings and Patience
(Armstrong) Seward. The family is of Welsh ex-
traction and was early settled in Connecticut, where
his grandfather, Dr. Samuel S. Seward, was widely
VOL. IX.— 6.
known as a merchant and medical practitioner. Being
left an orphan at the age of seven, he was adopted by
his uncle, William H. Seward, later governor of
New York and U. S. secretary of state, and, having
received a thorough schooling, was graduated at
Hobart College in 1S-IS. lie then studied law at
Auburn, and, being admitted to the bar, formed a
partnership with Samuel Blatchford, whom he aided
in compiling his memorable work, "New York
Civil and Criminal Justice" (1850), and with whom
he removed to New York city in 1S.")4. The partner-
ship continued until Mr. Blatchford's elevation to
the bench of the U. S. district court in 1807, when the
firm of Seward, Da Costa & Guthrie was formed.
Mr. Seward was judge advocate general of New
York state under Govs. Morgan and King (1856-60) ;
in istio he was sent lo Virginia to protest against
the proposed seeession of ihe slate, aiding greatly in
the formation of West Virginia, and on thcoulhreak
of the war enlisted in Ihe Federal service as colonel
of Ihe llllh New York volunteers. After the at-
tempted assassination of his uncle, in 1865, he was
called to Washington to discharge the duties of aet
ing assistant secretary of state. In this important
trust he gained reputation for skill and ability, and
csiMlilished a national reputation, which led to his
name being prominently mentioned !o till a vacancy
on the bench of ihe 1 '. S. supreme court. His
modesty and dignified reserve, however, prevented
him from making the ell'orls in his own behalf, which
would doubtless have resulted in his appointment.
Having been reared a AVIiig. Mr. Seward became an
ardent Republican, pr ineni and intluential in the
politics of his party, lie was a delegate to the Re-
publican national convenlion of ]S7'.( and presiden-
tial elector in 1 ssi i, receiving a greater number of
voles than anv other elector in the slate. For many
years Col. Seward was a recognized leader of both
state and national bars,
prominent in many branches
of practice, although mak-
ing a specially of Ihe law
relating to palcnls and pub-
lic carriers, express com-
panies and railroads. At
the time of his death he
was vice-president of the
Adams Express Co., and
held prominent official con-
nections with other similar
corporations. His devotion
to Hobart College was
marked and active, both
as regards influence and
financial assistance. Dur-
ing several years he gave
annual dinners to the presi-
dent, faculty and alumni,
who, in recognition of his sterling devotion to his
alma mater, in 1892 presented him with a three-
handled silver loving cup, appropriately inscribed,
" Clarentis Armstrong Seward, amoris causa, Col-
legium Hobartianum." Col. Seward was also a
prominent member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity,
in behalf of which he founded a $10,000 scholarship
at Hamilton College in 1897. He served as chief
president of the fraternity from 1890 until his death.
Socially he enjoyed equal honor and popularity, his
high-toned Christian character, dignity, reserve and
perfect gentlemanly honor attracting the friendship
and high esteem of all his associates. He was a
member of the Manhattan, Century, Union and other
clubs of New York city, having been president of
the Union from 1890 until his death. Col. Seward
was married, in 1851, to Caroline, daughter of Wil-
liam Steuben De Zengof Geneva, N. Y., and had two
daughters. He died at Geneva, N. Y. , July 24, 1897
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
HACKLEY, Charles Henry, capitalist and
philanthropist, was 1)0rn at Michigan City, Ind.,
Jan. 3, 1837, son of Joseph H. .and Salina (Fuller)
Hac'kley. His parents removed to Southport, now
Keuoslm, Wis., where he was educated in the com-
mon schools. He entered active life as an assistant
in his father's business when but fifteen years of_age,
and in two years became foreman for the repairing
of twenty miles of plank road. In 1856, attracted
by the growing prospects of the lumber business in
Michigan, he worked his way on a schooner from
Kcnoxha to Muskegon, where he entered the employ
of lumber manufacturers. He exhibited such apti-
tude and executive ability and so rapidly gained a
practical knowledge of the business that his employ-
ers, fully alive to "his value, provided him with the
means for a winter's study at a commercial college
in Kenosha. During this winter he did double the
usual amount of work, and on returning to Muske-
o-on in the spring, the firm having meantime been
dissolved, he entered the employ of its successor,
Gideon Truesdell, as book-keeper. Within another
year he had so prospered as to feel warranted in en-
tering into business on his own account; and accord-
ingly' formed the firm of J. H. Hackley & Co., com-
posed of himself, his father and Mr. Truesdell, his
late employer. Soon after they purchased the saw-
mill and plant of Pomeroy & Holmes, and in 1860
the Wing Mill of Alvah' Trowbridge; Mr. Hack-
ley's remarkable enterprise and superb business
ability ensuring continued progress and prosperity,
until the firm has become one of the strongest in the
years; was an alderman for two terms (1873-76) and -
a member of the board of public works for part of
one (1891), and was elected to the board of education
in 1877, 1880, 1888 and 1891, being chosen its presi-
dent in 1894. In all of these offices he rendered use-
ful services to the city, particularly in securing the
adoption of numerous improvements in the methods
of municipal administration and in the conduct of
lumber trade of the Northwest. At the present
time (1899) they own and work extensive forest
tracts in Michigan, AVisconsin, Minnesota, Arkan-
sas, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina, and
are also largely interested in such enterprises as the
TT f^ \ 1-,-l.y f 1 1 «i 1 1*1 r- C*f\ f\f "Vriinian rwili c ^vliii'li nn_
H. C. Akely Lumber Co. of Minneapolis, which an-
nually fells and manufactures 100,000,000 feet of
timber; the Gardner & Laeey Lumber Co. of George-
town, S. C., whose annual output is 15,000,000 feet
of cypress timber, and the Bennett Bros. Lumber
Co., which does an annual retail business nf 'JO, 000,-
000 feet. During 1898 they organized the Amazon
Knitting Co., of Muskegon, Mich., which operates
an extensive plant for the manufacture of knit wool-
len and cotton goods, gloves, etc., and employs over
800 hands. By changes in the personnel the style
was successively Hackley & McGordou. Hackley
Jc Sons, C. H. Hackley A: Co., and finally, in
1880, by the death of James Mi-Gordon, whose in-
terest was purchased by Thomas Hume, it assumed
its present form, Hackley & Hume. In each of
these firms Mr. Hackley has been the moving spirit a manual training-
and principal partner, upon whose skill and high school, the, first of the
financial ability large fortunes have been founded
for several persons besides himself. He is at pres-
-he public schools. Outside the sphere of his official
capacity, also, lie has won the lasting gratitude of his
fellow citizens by generously providing for the in-
auguration and maintenance of several much needed
public institutions. In 1889 he built and endowed a
public, library and reading-room to be conducted
under the auspices of the board of education. He
erected a monument to the Federal soldiers and
sailors of the civil war, designed by Joseph Cara-
belli, of Cleveland, O., and dedicated on Memorial
Day, 1892, with appropriate ceremonies, civil and
military. It stands in the centre of a city block,
purchased by Mr. Hackley, at the cost of $50,000,
and laid out as a public park, which was further em-
bellished by Malues of Lincoln. Grant, ,-herman and
Farragut, a't the four corners, the first and last being
the work of the well-known
sculptor, Charles H. Niehaus, I
of New York. Still another
eminent example of his gener-
osity and public spirit was
shown In the rebuilding of the
Central High School, which
hail been destroyed by fire,
and which, as "the Hackley
School, is one of the largest
and best-equipped educational
insiitutionsin the state. Among
his other generous gifts are:
$10,000 to the Michigan Meth-
odist conference in further-
ance of its scheme
for a summer school
on the Chautauqua
plan at Lake Har-
bor, MonaLake. and
$75,000 to the Mus-
kegou board of edu-
cation, in 1895, to
establish and equip
•f
kind in Michigan, with an additional guarantee of
lyj ^v,-,,,, ,,t,^u., ™»™= — . ,-~~ $5.000 yearly toward its support. His other donations
ent president of the Hackley National Bank of Mus- to worthy causes, in larger or smaller amounts, Is
kegon; director of the Oceaua County Savings Bank exceed I hose already mentioned, while hispnvat
of Hart and the Michigan Trust Co. of Grand Rap- benefices, although constant, generous and without n
ids; and is an officer or stockholder in a large uum- gard to creed or sect, are carefully screene
ber of other business firms and corporations. Mr. public view by a reserve well worthy the man.
Hackley was treasurer of Muskegon county for four sonally. Mr. Hackley is most affable and courteous,
THE
YORK
'PUBLIC LIBRARY,
\*8tor, Unox and Tiiden/
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
83
a man of few words, but of direct, plain speech. His
sli-oiii;; character anil deep knowledge of mankind
preclude all suspicion of the hauteur of manner great
MICCCSS somel hues brings, and the fortune he has ac-
cumulated by virtue of his skill and careful business
methods he considers as a fund held in trust for the
good of mankind, rather than a means of selfish
gratification. As an exponent of vast business suc-
cess, he has few equals, while as a noble example of
true American manhood, he has no superiors, i in
Oct. :?. ls')4, Mr. Ilackley was married to Julia
Kli/.alielh. daughter of Hiram Moore, of ( 'enlervillc,
Alleghany CO., N. Y., who has proved a g 1 help-
mate in his labors and a sympathizer with his many
deeds of charity and benevolence.
WHITAKER, Nathaniel, clergyman, was
born on Lorm Island, Feb. 22, 1732. He was gradu-
ated at Princeton College in i;.~>2, and in February,
1761, was installed pastor of a newly formed church
at Chelsea, a. pail of Norwich, Conn. This lie at-
tempted in vain to attach to the Presbyterian denomi-
nation, lie look a deep interest in Wheelock's
school for Indians at Lebanon, and in 17lM-(ili, with
Samson Occom, an educated Mohegan Indian,
visited Great Britain to solicit funds for the institu-
tion. They were well received and obtained about.
tll.ilOl), which was placed in the hands of trustees
in England, at the head of whom was the earl of
Dartmouth. Wheelock's desire to remove the
school I o some other province led to offers from many
towns, including some in Pennsylvania, settled by
New Englandeix; and Dr. \\iiitaker was sent
thither in 17(is to look over the ground. During his
pastorate at ( 'helsea he was accused by some of his
church of engaging in trade and of having allempled
to monopolize the vending of wine, raisins and oi her
articles in the parish. The charges were laid before
a council of churches, but no decision was reached.
He was dismissed, March 24, 17(>9, and removed to
Salem, Mass., where, July 28th, lie was installed
pastor of the Second Congregational Church, which,
in deference to his wishes, agreed to lie under pres-
byterian order and discipline until it saw "cause to
alter." In the same year he was appointed by Dr.
Wheelock one of the agents to confer with (Jen.
Weutworth, of New Hampshire, in regard to a char-
ter for an academy at Hanover, which later became
Dartmouth College. Dr. Whitaker was an ardent
patriot, and among services to his country aided in
erecting works at Salem for the manufacture of salt-
petre. Nevertheless, he felt called upon to publish
a confutation of John Wise's "The Churches'
Quarrel Espoused," which was reprinted in ITT'.' as
an argument for democracy in state as well as
church. In 1773 a secession of dissatisfied members
left him with only twenty-three adherents, and with
these he organized the Third or Tabernacle Church
of Salem, which was received into the Salem pres-
bytery. In 1783 the church decided that it preferred
the congregational form of government, and as
friction ensued, it asked for a mutual council to
settle the dispute. He declined to accede and, re-
signing Feb. 24, 1784, went to Norridgewock, Me.,
where he ministered to a church until 1790; then re-
moved to Virginia. He was a supporter of White-
field and published a sermon on the death of that
great divine. Some of his works, chiefly sermons, were
widely circulated. Among them were: " The Trial
of the Spirits," which related to the " New Light"
controversy; " Discourses on Reconciliation" (Lou-
don, 1768), two sermons at the beginning and end of
the revolutionary war; " Discourses on Toryism "
(1777), and " History of the Third Church" (1784),
He left two daughters and a sou. His grandson.
Daniel Kimball Whitaker (1801-81) was an editor for
many years in Charleston, S. C., and New Orleans,
La. Dr. Whitaker died, at Woodbridge, Va., Jan.
21, 1795.
LILLY, Eli, manufacturer and soldier, was born
in Baltimore, Mil.. July s, |s;;s, son of Gustavusand
Ksther E. Lilly. He was educated at ( !n eneastle,
Ind., where he began active life as a printer's appn n
tice. Later he obtained employment in a drug .-tore,
and at the age of seventeen entered the establishment
of Henry Lawrence, chemist, of Lufau-tle. Ind. In
he opened a drug store at Greencastle. In July,
, be enlisted in the 1st Indiana hea\ y artillery .
Indianapolis, within a month being com-
missioned captain by (iov. Morion. In ISlix! he re-
cruited the ISih Indiana battery, popularly know n
as " Lilly's battery." At the close he located on a
large cotton plantation near Port Gibson. Miss., but
within a year abandoned the enterprise, returned t<>
Indianapolis, and went into the drug business. With
an armv comrade. James \V. Billfold, he opened a
drug store at. Paris, III. Having built up a flourish-
ing trade, he sold his interest to Mr. Binford, and
returned lo Indianapolis. He entered into partner-
ship with Dr. John F. Johnston, and became a manu-
facturing pharmacist, but in IsTIi he withdrew and
established himself in the same line on his own ac
count. Although his laboratory facilities were lim-
ited, and his brother, James E. Lilly, hi- only Havel-
ing salesman, orders flowed in so rapidly, that within
a month lie was obliged to enlarge
his plant. The business grew stendi-
Iv, the house becoming one of the
lamest in its line in the I'nilcd Stales,
(nl. Lillv was a man of rare public
spirit, and apart from his business
deM'ied most of his time to the ser-
vice of the community, lie was one
of the leaders of I he movement which,
in isss, resulted in the formal ion of
the Consumers' Gas Trust Co. of In-
dianapolis, and in L890 he helped or-
ganize the Commercial Club of In-
dianapolis, for advancing the ueiieial
welfare of the cily, and was it- presi
dent during the first five years. In
1894 he was one of a committee of
three. which was appointed for the re-
lief of the unemployed of the city, and
during the following winter nave the
necessities of life to nearly 5,000 per-
sons, providing work on various public impro\ emeni-,
which was compensated in credit at the committee's
store. This method has siuce become widely famous
as "the Indianapolis plan of relief," and was re-
markablv successful. Col. Lilly was twice married:
first, in I860, to Emily Lemon, of Greencastle, Ind.,
who died in 1865, leaving one son, Josjah K.Lilly;
second, Nov. 32, 1869, to Maria, daughter of E. W.
Sloane, of Indianapolis, who survived him. They
had one daughter, Eleanor, who died in October,
1883, in her fourteenth year, and in her memory he
founded the Eleanor Hospital for Sick Children,
under the direction of the Flower Mission. He died
in Indianapolis. Ind, , June 6, 189s.
JACKSON, Henry Godden, clergyman, was
born in Dearborn county, Ind., Jan. 1, 1838, sou of
John and Mabel (Garrigues) Jackson. At the age of
seventeen he began teaching school in order to pro-
vide means for the completion of his owu education,
and entering the Indiaua Asbury(now De Pauw)
University he was graduated in 1862 with the high-
est honors of his class. The same year he entered
the ministry in the Northwest Indiana conference of
the Methodist Episcopal church, but until 1865 was
assigned to educational work. He then became as-
sociated with Bishop Newman in the re-establish-
ment of the Methodist Episcopal church in the
South after the close of the civil war. He was one
84
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of the original members of the Mississippi mission
conference organized in New Orleans, La., Dec. 25,
1865, and was the first pastor of the Ames M. E.
Church in that city. He was associated with Bishop
Newman in editing the New Orleans "Advocate."
and was wounded during the riot of July 30, 1*66.
caused by the animosity between the free state party
organized by Gen. Banks ami the extreme southern
element that had increased in power under Andrew
Johnson's administration. He returned to his
former home in Indiana and resumed his ministerial
and educational work. In 1868 he was appointed to
mission work in Buenos Ayres, South America,
and in 1869 succeeded Rev. Dr. William Good-
fellow, as superintendent of Methodist missions in
South America. He remained ten
years, preaching in both the English
and Spanish languages. While there
he published a collection of evangeli-
cal hymns in Spanish, most of them
composed by himself, which are used
throughout the Methodist missions of
South America. He built in Buenos
Ayres the first Protestant church edi-
fice surmounted by a spire ever erected
in South America, known as the
"American Church," at a cost of $80,-
000. He returned to the Unit cd States
in 1878, and was pastor in Kansas City
and Sedalia, Mo. ; afterwards was
president of Lewis College, which was
then under the patronage of the St.
Louis and Missouri conferences. Later
lie was transferred to Chicago, 111.,
and became pastor of the Centenary Church, where
he remained for rive years. Fora short time he was
at Marslitield Avenue Church, subsequently being
appointed presiding elder of the Chicago northern
district, and at the close of his term was reappointed
presiding elder and assigned to the Chicago district,
the position he. now holds (1899). Dr. Jackson has
been twice elected to the general conference of the
Methodist Episcopal church, and is a member of
the general missionary, church extension and freed-
men's aid committees. lie is also a trustee of the
Rock River conference; of the City Missionary So-
ciety; and a member of other organizations con-
nected with church work. He received the degree of
M.A. from the Indiana Asliury University in 1865
and of D.I), in 1875. lie was married, in 1862, to
Alice Clark, a lineal descendant of Joseph Clark, one
of the founders of Rhode Island.
GIBBONS, James Sloan, author, was born at
Wilmington. Del., July 1, 1810. He was a son of
William Gibbons (1781-1845), a physician, editorand
able writer in defense of the doctrines of the Society
of Friends, and a brother of Henry Gibbons, a well-
known physician and medical educator. His earliest
American' ancestor was John Gibbons, one of the
first Quaker settlers in Philadelphia. He was edu-
cated at private schools in his native city, and after-
wards removing to Philadelphia, engaged in mercan-
tile pursuits. In 1835 he settled in Xew York city,
and occupied himself with banking and other finan-
cial undertakings. Having inherited a taste for
literature, he became an earnest student, and was
himself a meritorious writer on financial and other
subjects. He was a warm sympathizer with the
Federal party at the time of the civil Avar, and
although his religious creed prevented him from par-
ticipating in the conflict, he aided the cause by his
pen. His song, "We Are Coming, Father Abra-
ham, Three Hundred Thousand Strong," was pub-
lished in the New York " Evening Post" of July 16,
1*62, and made him famous before the close of the
war. During the draft riots of 1863 in New York
his house was sacked on account of his anti-slavery
views, lie and his philanthropic wife having ignored
all protests, and courageously aided the abolitionist
cause. Mr. Gibbons also voiced his views publicly
as assistant editor of the " Anti-Slavery Standard."
He published a large portion of his writings in
various journals; produced one literary work,
•• ( lourtship and Matrimony: With Other Sketches,"
under the pseudonym of Robert Morris (1860); three
works on financial subjects: "The Banks of New
York : Their Dealers, the Clearing-house, and the
Panic of 1857" (1859); "The Organization of the
Public Debt and a Plan for the Relief of the Treas-
ury," by Robert Morris (1863); " The Public Debt
of "the United States: Its Organization, its Liquida-
tion, Administration of the Treasury, etc." (1867).
He was married, in 1833, to Abigail, daughter of
Isaac Tatem Hopper, the Quaker philanthropist.
He died in 1892.
McCALL, Henry, planter and manufacturer,
was born in Assumption Parish, La., April 28, 1847,
son of Evan Jones and Angele (Longer) McCall.
Evan Hall Plantation, the homestead, has been in the
family over 100 years, part of it having been granted
to his great-grandfather, Evan Jones, who went to
Louisiana about 1785 as American ci msul to the Span-
ish government. His grandfather, Henry McCall,
Ion-lit with Jackson at the battle of New Orleans.
Henry McCall received his elementary education in
the private schools of New Orleans and in 185s went
to Mount St. Mary's College, near Emmitsburg, Md.,
where he remained until the outbreak of the civil war.
His father then sending him to France, he was two
years in the Institut Boumard, Paris, and one year
at Stonyhiirst College, near Blackburn, England. In
1865, when eighteen years of age, lie entered the
counting-house of Si nc'ken it Co., of Liverpool. where
lie gained the foundation of his business training as
junior clerk. In 1867 he returned to New Orleans
and passed two years in the
brokerage office of N. B.
Keene. In 1869 he withdrew
from commercial business and
went to the old family home,
Evan Hall, where he began to
familiarize himself with the
cultivation and manufacture of
sugar. In 1874 he look charge
of the plantation, which, by
the gradual clearing of new
lands and the enlargement of
the factory in 1893, was doubled
in area and the capacity of pro-
duction increased to 8,000,000
pounds. Although always ac-
tive in politics, Mr. McCall
has never held ollicesof emolu-
ment. He was for a long
period president of the police
jury of Ascension Parish
(known in other states as
county commissioners) and
was a member of the levee board, always active in
any movement for the improvement of his state or
parish. He took a prominent part in the great anti-
lottery movement of 1892, and on this issue was
elected to the state senate, becoming an important
factor in Louisiana politics. He is president of the
Ascension branch of the Louisiana Sugar Planters'
Association, and first vice-president of the head or-
ganization. He is a member of the Pickwick and
Varieties clubs of Xew Orleans, and has always
been identified with its social and charitable associa-
tions. Mr. McCall was married, in 1877, to Lillie
Legendre, daughter of a prominent lawyer and plan-
ter of St. James Parish. They have three sous and
one daughter.
OK AMERICAN B1OGKAPHY.
f~~L "*7
3X
Jg*- -^
- i a a J I. '3. a it i
j.'«iJll»JlsJiJ JJ J ::
, , , ^ . . , , j in [J
WHEELOCK, Eleazer, founder and first presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1770-7K), was bom at
Windham, \Vin<lhain CO., Conn., April 22. 1711, son
of Ralph and Ruth (Hunlingtou) Wheelock. Me was
a great grandson of Ralpli Wheelock, a graduate of
Cambridge I' Diversity, England, and :i preachei ..I
nolr, who, iu 1637, left Shropshire for Massachu-
setts, settling ill Dcdham, hut removing to found
Medlicld, wheiv he spent the rest of his lite, leach-
ing and preaching. Ralph's son, Klea/.er, captain of
a company of militia during Kin;: I'liilip's war, but
in limes of peace very friendly with the Indians, left
a sum of money for Ihe education of his grandson
and namesake. The hitler was graduated with honor
at Yale in 1738; then studied theology, and in 1 ;:;.">
became pastor of the Second Congregational i 'liurch
of Lebanon, and was so blest in bis labors that even
Jonathan Edwards considered himself unprofitable
by comparison. His salary being insulhcieni. be-
took young men into his house to lit ihem for col-
lege, and one of them, a Mohc^an Indian named
Samson ( locum, became celebrak-d as a preacher.
(Jnililicd at this boy's progress, and finding a piece
dent in the work of John Sergeant amoni; ihcSineU
bridge Indians, Wheelock decideil to found a school
in which whites and Indians should be edueaied ;
some of the savages to supply the tribes with mis-
sionaries ; others To be trained in the industrial and
domestic arts. In December. 17~>4, he took under bis
charge two boys of the Delaware tribe, sent him
from New Jersey, and having made this beginning,
secured the co-operation of Col. Elisha Williams, lale
rector of Yale, Rev. Samuel Mosely, of Windhani,
and Rev. Benjamin Pomeroy, of Hebron. Not Ions;
after, Joshua Moor, or More, "of Mansfield, granted the
life use of a house and two acres of land iu Lebanon
for the foundation and support of a charity school.
During the period 1754-67 sixty-two pupils were re-
ceived, fifteen of whom were girls and young women.
Joseph Brant, the famous Mohawk chief, attended the
school for a year. Efforts to obtain an act of in-
corporation from the legislature failed, as did at-
tempts to obtain a charter direct!}' from the crown.
In 176(5 Occum and Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker, of
Norwich, visited Great Britain and raised nearly
£12,000 for the school, having appealed to all de-
nominations of Christians; but in 1767 Wheelock
was constrained to convey the control of most of it
to his special patron, Lord Dartmouth and eight
others who had publicly announced themselves as
trustees. Troubles between the whites and Indians
in the colony of New York having caused a defec-
tion of the Mohawks and Oneidas, the number of
Indian pupils was reduced to six in 1767. and Whee-
lock decided to obtain a more suitable location, and
to associate with the school a seminary of learning
where English youth might be prepared for mission-
ary work. Offers of land were made by towns and
individuals in several of the colonies, including Vir-
ginia, but the board of trust in England favored
western New Hampshire, then being very rapidly
settled, and in March, 1768, Gov. John Wentworth
made a definite offer ol' a hmnship on the Connecti-
cut, and virtually promised to obtain a charier. The
instrument was drawn up by \\ In clock and was re-
\iseil by the governor, who struck out Ihe paragraph
giving Ihe trustees in England equal power w ith the
trustees in America to I linale and appoint tin-
president. The use of the word college, suggested by
Wheelock. was appro\ed. The board of trustees
was made a self perpetuating corporation, consist MIL-
of twelve members, including the iiovemor and Pres.
Wheelock. Although opposition to the change in
the character of Ihe insl itution was made b\ l.onl
Dartmouth, his name' was .Jven to the college' partly
as a conciliatory measure, partly in recognition of
his imporlaiit intlueiiee. The charier, daled I lee.
I". KU'.i, was sent in Lord Dartmouth in March,
K;O. anil was COnfirn ed b\ Kin^ George not hum
after. In August I 'res. Wheeh.ek took up his abode
in the township of Dresden (now llanoveri, which
he had selected, living in "a hut in the woods, "and
two weeks later was joined by his Students, Some
thirty in number, who came
Ihilhcr on foot. Mis family and
ot her sell lers followed, and Ihe
little community wintered there U
in log houses, one of which, a (i-^^ > — -
structure eighty by thirty-two
feet in dimensions ser\ ed as the
college building. In 1771 a class
of four, including the presi-
dent's son, John, was graduated.
and the governor, who was pres-
ent, contributed to the "com-
mencement dinner" an ox,w hieh
was roasted on the green, a bar-
rel of rum, and a silver punch
bowl, which is still in the posses-
sion of Ihe college. In 1779, the
year of Pres. Wheeloek's death,
the number of students was Ihir
teen. The college and the school
were only nominally distinct until
1807, when the latter, no longer styled Moor's Indian
Charity School, was incorporated and continued in
operation until 1849, when it was closed for lack of
funds. The revolutionary war caused a decrease in
the number of Indian students, and in 1783-97 not
one was enrolled. Several have been in attendance
since, and were graduated with credit: aiming them
Charles A. Eastman, who was married to Elaine Good-
ale, the poet. The college during Pres. Wheeloek's
life increased rapidly in favor and influence, but was
so poor that nothing but his heroic personal efforts
saved it from extinction. He was a plain but won-
derfully persuasive preacher ; a man of great intel-
lectual power, tremendous will and tact, and was
eminent as a patriot. He published several sermons
and a " Narrative of the Indian School at Lebanon,"
with several continuations (1762-75). In 1767 the
University of Edinburgh conferred upon him the de-
gree of D.D. He was twice married : first, in 1735,
to Sarah (Davenport) Maltby, daughter of Rev. Mr.
86
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Davenport, of Stamford, Conn., and widow of Capt.
William Mallby, of New Haven ; second, to Mary
Brinsmaid, of Milford, Couu. He had ten children,
three of whom were graduates of Dartmouth. Pres.
Wheelock died at Hanover, N. H., April 24, 1779.
WHEELOCK, John, second president of Dart-
iiinuth College (1779-1815), was born at .Lebanon,
New London co., Conn., Jan 28, 1754, son of Eleazer
Wheelock and Mary Brinsmaid, his second wife.
He entered Yale in 1767, but accompanied his father
to New Hampshire in 1770, and was graduated in
Dartmouth's first class in 1771. He became a tutor
there in 1772, and continued in-
structing until the revolutionary
war broke out. In 1775 he was a
member of the New Hampshire
assembly. In the spring of 1777
he was appointed a major in the
service of New York, and in
November a lieutenant • colonel
in the Continental army, under
Col. Bedel. In 1778 "he led a
detachment from Coos county to
Albany, and in the aame year,
by direction of Gen. Stark, he
conducted an expedition into the
Indian country. At the re-
quest of Gen. Gates he entered
his family, and continued to live
with him until he was recalled to
Hanover by the death of his
father (1779). The first president
had named three persons in his will, some one of
whom he desired should be his successor, and as hi*
son was of the number, and was a man of exceptional
ability, the trustees gave him the preference. In
17*2 he was given the chair of civil and ecclesiastical
history. In January. 17*3, he sailed for Europe
to solicit funds and books for the college, bearing
letters of introduction from Pres. Washington, Govs.
Trumbull and Livingston and other personal friends.
After visiting Paris, he proceeded to Holland, with
additional letters from Benjamin Franklin and John
Adams, and thence to Great Britain, being received
•with great courtesy by the nobility and by scientific
men, and securing valuable philosophical instru-
ments and curiosities for a museum. These eventu-
ally reached the college, but the moneys he had col-
lected, together with his private papers, were lost,
the vessel" being shipwrecked off Cape Cod. Jan. 2.
1784. In 1785 a new college building, Dartmouth
Hall, was begun, and it was carried to its completion
in 1792, chiefly by the efforts of the president, who
gave liberally of his own means. The college bein^
heavily in debt, Pres. Wheelock appealed to oui-
gress for aid, and getting none, to the legislature of
Vermont, which granted a township (Wlieeloek).
From the proceeds of the lease of portions of this
tract of hind a small annual iucome was obtained.
In 1787 the New Hampshire legislature allowed him
to hold a lottery, and in 1789 granted a township in
the northern part of the state, now Clarksville. In
the hitler year the degree of D.D. was conferred
upon him by Dartmouth. In 1790 a new college
chapel was erected, and in 1791 a new building for
the charity school. The curriculum was gradually
enlarged; in 1798 the medical department was es-
tablished, and during the period 1790-1800 more
young men were graduated at Dartmouth than at
Yale or Princeton and nearly as many as at Harvard.
The elder Wheelock. a man of decided tolerance in
religious matters, had had a controversy with Rev.
Dr. Bellamy, the theologian ; a pupil of the latter,
Nathaniel Niles, became an active trusiee of the col-
lege, and in 1S04 secured the election of a friend.
Mr. Shurtleff, to the chair of divinity. Friction be-
tween the president and the trustees ensued, the
question of their respective prerogatives being in-
volved. In 1809 the opponents of Pres. Wheelock
obtained a majority in the board, and in 1815 they
removed him after a war of pamphlets and in disre-
gard of a pending investigation ordered by the legis-
lature, to which Wheelock had appealed. That
body now assumed control, and in 1816 created a
new corporation, which, in February, 1817, rein-
stated the president and changed the name to Dart-
mouth University. The old trustees brought suit,
lost their case and carried it to the U. S. supreme
court and there gained it in 1820, through Daniel
Webster's services, in one of the most famous actions
in the annals of American law. Meanwhile, Whee-
lock escaped from the turmoil by dying. He left half
of his estate to Princeton Theological Seminary. Dr.
Wheelock was distinguished for the extent and
variety of his learning, but his favorite studies were
intellectual philosophy, ethics and politics. "Such
were his originality of thought and rich variety of
expression," said a contemporary, "that he could
present the most common subjects in new and in-
teresting lights." Of his executive ability the same
writer observed : "He attempted great things with
means which other men would have esteemed wholly
inadequate, and the vigor of his mind increased in
proportion to the difficulties lie met in the execution
of his enterprises." He published a youthful "Es-
say on Painting, Music and Poetry "(1774); a "Eulo-
gy on Dr. John Smith "(1810), and "Sketches of the
History of Dartmouth College " (1816) ; and left in
manuscript an historical work of great lemith.
Elea/.er and James Wheelock, graduates of Dart-
mouth in 1776, were his brothers. He was married
in New Jersey, Nov. 29, 1786, to Maria, daughter of
Christian Suhm, governor of St. Thomas, West In-
dies. Their only child. Maria Malleville, was married
to Rev. William Allen. D.D., who succeeded him as
head of the short-lived "university" (1817-20), and
wras president of Bowdoiu College, Maine (1820-29).
Dr. Wheelock died at Hanover, N. H., April 4, 1817.
BROWN, Francis, third president of Dartmouth
College (1815-20), was born at Chester, Rockingham
co., N. H., Jan. 11, 1784, son of Benjamin and Pru-
dence (Kelly) Brown. His father was a merchant
of excellent social standing, and his
mother, who died when he was a
boy, was a woman of superior in-
tellect and deep piety, who im-
pressed upon her son some of her
own most striking characteristics.
When he was fourteen years of age
he begged to be sent to college,
but his father's somewhat strait-
ened circumstances forbade. By:i
subsequent marriage, however, t lie
opportunity came, for his step-
mother, who loved him tenderly,
herself assumed the pecuniary re-
sponsibility, fie was fitted for col-
lege at Atkinson Academy, where
his assiduity in study and his amia-
ble but strong character so won
the favor of the principal, John
Vose, afterward U. S. senator, that
in recommending the youth to Pres. Wheelock, he
said: "I have sent you an Addisou." Brown was
graduated at Dartmouth in 1805, where he sustained
the reputation gained at Atkinson, and then spent a
year as private tutor in the family of Judge Elijah
Paine, at Williamstown, Vt. He became a tutor in
Dartmouth in 1806. and having united with the
church in his native place in that year, began the
study of divinity. He was licensed to preach in
1809. and resigned his tutorship to give himself to
the work of the ministry. Several flattering calls
to become settled pastor were declined, but heriiu.lly
OF AMERICAN RIOGRAPHY.
87
acceded to the request of the Congregational Church
at North Yarmouth, Me., and was ordained and in-
stalled there, Jan. 11, 1810. In tliu same year he
declined a call to the chair of languages in Dart-
mouth. In August, 1815, he was elected presiilrnl
of the college' to succeed Pres. Wheelock, removed
by thr t ni-.irrs, and on Sept. 27th was inaugurated.
llis presidency, though brief, was evenlful. Il coin-
cided with the legal struggle carried on by the
college for its very existence, as described in the
sketch of I'res. Jolin Wheelock. The strain of the
contest, into which Pres. Brown threw himself with
ardor and conviction, was too great for his physical
strength, for he had a tendency to consumption. In
addition, he spent most of his 'Sundays preaching to
destitute congregations in the neighbor)! 1, and
during liis vacations lie was generally traveling with
a view to increase the college funds. The winter of
18_18-l!t was spent in South Carolina and Oeorgia
without avail, and he returned only to die shortly
after the college gained its celebrated virlory. The
device of D.D. was conferred upon him by Hamil-
ton and Williams in the same year (1819), anil a
further token of his reputation is the fact that the
presidency of Hamilton was ottered him under dale
of March IT. I SIT. Arduous duties as executive and
as teacher left him little time or strength for contri-
butions lo the literature of his profession, which his
tastes and gifts would have enabled him to make,
had his lite been spared for quieter times in the col-
lege history. Even as it was, some of his publica-
tions are of more than local interest. They include
an " Address on Music," delivered before the Handel
Society of Dartmouth (1809), and two sermons in re-
S'y to printed attacks on Calvin and Calvinism, by
ev. Martin Ruter, a Methodist preacher. While at
North Yarmouth lie co-operated vigorously with
Pres. Appleton, of Bowdoin, in increasing the re
sources and influence of that institution, of which he
was a trustee. He was a man of commanding pres-
ence, prepossessing manners and eminent intellectual
ability. Rufus Choate, who was in college under his
presidency, wrote of him: "The historian of the
college will record of his administration a twofold
honor: first, that it was marked by a noble vindica-
tion of its chartered rights, and second, that it was
marked also by a real advancement of its learning :
by collections of ampler libraries and by displays of
a riper scholarship." Pres. Brown was married at
North Yarmouth, Me., Feb. 4, 1811, to Elizabeth,
daughter of Rev. Tristram and Elizabeth (Saver)
Oilman. She bore him three children, one of whom,
Samuel Oilman, was graduated at Dartmouth in
1831 ; later was professor in the institution, and in
ixn; became president of Hamilton College. Pres.
Francis Brown died at Hanover, July 27, 1820.
DANA, Daniel, fourth president of Dartmouth
College (1820-21), was born at Ipswich, Essex Co.,
Mass., July 24, 1771, sou of Rev. Dr. Joseph and
Mary (Stamford) Dana and descendant of Richard
Dana, an Englishman, who settled at Cambridge,
Mass., in 1G40. His father was pastor of the South So-
ciety of Ipswich for sixty-two years. Daniel Dana and
his brother Joseph were graduated at Dartmouth in
1788. The former taught at Exeter Academy about
three years, then at Ipswich until May 15, 1793! Mean-
while he studied divinity with his father, and v\ as
ordained to the ministry and settled over the First
Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 19,
1794. It had been Pres. Brown's wish that Dr.
Dana should succeed him, and in August, 1820, the
latter was elected to the presidency of Dartmouth.
He was loath to sever connection with his affection-
•ato parishoners, and, his health being impaired, to
assume new responsibilities, which might prove too
heavy for him to bear ; at the same lime he felt that
as an alumnus and as the choice of Pres. Brown, he
ought not to hesitate to serve the institution. Finally
he left the decision of the matter to the presbytery
with which he was connected, and that body de-
cided, by a nearly unanimous vote, in favor of the
change. He forwarded his acceptance on Oct. 3d,
and the pastoral relation was dissolved on Nov. 19th.
During the short period of his service he made a
deep impression upon the college, but, he began his
labors in a state of deep depression of spirit, and was
forced to take long journeys in the effort to recover
his energies. Driven to the conclusion that his life
could probably be saved only by resignation, and
feeling that the college needed
greater vigor of administration
than his infirmities admit led.
he gave up his office in May,
1821, and declined to remain,
although unanimously re-
quested by the trustees. Both
trustees and faculty were POM'
live that, if he could have re-
gained his health, he would
have made the college still
more influential and useful.
He was installed pastor of the
Second Presbyterian Church,
Londonderry. X. H., Jan. 16,
ls-.'-J; was dismissed in April.
IS'Jii: was installed over the
Second Presbyterian Church. Newburyport, Mass.,
.May 31, I*-.'!;, iuid remained until 1S45, continuing to
live in that city after his dismissal. Dr. Danawasa
trustee of Audover Theological Seminary in 1S04-56.
His publications were occasional sermons, discourses,
essays and charges at ordinations, besides some con-
troversial writings. " He was popular as a preacher,
faithful as a pastor, eminent asa theologian, courteous
as a gentleman and lovely as a Christian." He was
twice married: first, at Newburyport, Mass., Dec.
:;o I «00, to Elizabeth, daughter of ('apt. William
Coombs: second, at Xewbury. Mass.. Nov. s, 1S14.
to Sarah, daughter of Dr. Joseph Kmery, of Frye-
hur!;. Me. William Coombs Dana (Dartmouth,
1s-,'Si, of Charleston, S. C., was bis son. The latter
was pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church,
Charleston, S. C., for many years. Dr. Dana died
at Xewburyport, Mass., Aug." 2»i, 1859.
TYLER. Bennett, theologian, and fifth presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1822-28), was born at
Middlebury, then a part of AVoodbury, Conn., July
10, 1783. "His father was a farmer. ' He was fitted
for college by his pastor, Mr. Hart, and at the age of
seventeen entered Yale, having as a classmate
Nathaniel AY. Taylor, whose theology he bitterly
opposed in after years. On his graduation, in 1804,
he became principal of the academy at AVestou,
Fairfield co., Conn., and in 1805 he took up the
study of divinity at Gosheu, Conn., under Rev.
Asahel Hooker. In 1807 he was called to the pas-
torate of the Congregational Church at South Britain
(now Southbury), Conn., and in that remote village
he remained for fifteen years, greatly reviving the
church and strongly attaching his flock to himself.
Early in 1822 he was made president of Dartmouth
College, having been recommended to the trustees by
Dr. Ebenezer Porter, president of Andover Theologi-
cal Seminary, and other clergymen of high repute.
His relations with the trustees, faculty and students,
during the six years of his incumbency, were most
cordial, and he was generally popular throughout
the state. It has been said that " his whole' adminis-
tration was parental in the best sense of the word,"
and that he was inferior to none of his predecessors
in the extent to which he affected the character of the
students for good. If he had any fault, it consisted
in this : "the strong affections of the father in him
occasionally swayed the firmness of the tutor and
88
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
governor." The health of the professor of divinity
having failed soon after Pres. Tyler's inauguration,
he was called upon to supply the college pulpit, and
during the whole period of his presidency he
preached a considerable part of the time. A power-
ful revival, in 1826, was one result of his labors. He
assumed the responsibility of soliciting funds for new
buildings and scientific apparatus, and was eminently
successful. "The scheme of instruction was broad-
ened under him, and the confidence of the commu-
nity in the character and discipline of the college
was confirmed." A number of the students studied
for the ministry under him, aud to aid these and
others, who from time to time should need help in
seeking such education, he conceived the plan of
raising a fund of $10,000, and brought the project
to fruition by his personal efforts. In 1828 he was
called to the Second Congregational Church of Port-
land, Me., and having a preference for pastoral
work, accepted. Becoming exercised over the "New
Haven " or " New School " theology, which was be-
coming popular in the Congregational denomination,
he entered into a correspondence, and then a public
discussion, with its parent and expounder. Dr.
Nathaniel W. Taylor, Dwighl professor of didactic
theology in Yale. Dr. Tyler maintained the views
of the Edwardses, Bellamy. Hopkins and Dwight,
and held the still more modified Calvinism of Dr.
Taylor to be a " dangerous innovation. " The more
conservative of the Connecticut clergymen formed
a " pastoral union " in 1833, and founded a theologi-
cal institute at East Windsor, calling I>r. Tyler lo
the presidency. He be^an liN labors in Ma\ . I*:'.!.
and remained until July 16, 1857, when he resigned.
He exerted a mighty influence in behalf of the old
opinions, both by his preaching and writing. The
degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Middle-
bury College in 1823. He was a man of noble stature
and well proportioned form, with a finely poised
head and benignant countenance. Besides a " Me-
moir "(1844) of Dr. Asahel Nettleton, whose "Re-
mains" he edited in 1845, he wrote a " History of the
New Haven Theology " (1837); "Review of ' Day on
the Will'" (1837);" "Sufferings of Christ" (1845);
"New England Revivals" (1846). anil two volumes
(1847-4S) of " Letters " to Horace liushnell in answer
to that divine's " Christian Nurture." His posthu-
mous works are: "Worth of the Soul" (sermons)
and " Lectures on Theology" (1859), the latter con '
tains a memoir by Rev. Nahum Gale, D. D., his son-
in-law. Dr. Tyler was married at Southbury, Conn.,
to Esther Stone, who bore him twelve children. His
eldest daughter, Eliza, was the first wife of Rev. Cal-
vin E. Stowe, D.D. Two sons, John Ellery (Dart-
mouth, 1831) and Josiah E., entered the Congrega-
tional ministry, the latter becoming a missionary to
the Zulus. Dr. Tyler died at South Windsor, Coim.,
May 14, 1858. About ten years after his death the
institute was removed to Hartford.
LORD, Nathan, sixth president of Dartmouth
College (1828-63), was born at Berwick, York CO.,
Me., Nov. 28, 1792, sou of John and Mehitabel (Per-
kins) Lord, and was of a highly esteemed family. He
was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1809, and then
became a teacher in Phillips (Exeter) Academy. He
next studied theology at Andover Theological Sem-
inary; was graduated in 1815 and was called to the
pastorate of the Congregational church at Amherst,
N. H., remaining there until 1828, when he suc-
ceeded Pres. Tyler at Dart month. "Pres. Lord,"
says Baxter P. Smith, one of the historians of the
college, "brought to the accomplishment of his t'isk
a tine physique ; a countenance serene, vet impres-
sive ; a voice rare both for its richness and its power;
a pleasing, almost magnetic, dignity of mien ; a
mind most capacious aud discriminating by nature,
richly stored by severe application, and thoroughly
disciplined by varied professional labor, and a heart
always tender, yet always true to the profoundest
convictions of duty." His official course, the same
authority tells us, "was marked by a judicious con-
servatism. " The curriculum was further expanded ;
the system of appointments founded on scholarships
was abolished, but restored under his succcessor ; an
observatory was built aud equipped ; the Appleton
professorship of natural philosophy, the first chair
fully endowed, was founded ; professorships of as-
tronomy and meteorology, of modern languages, of
intellectual philosophy and of natural history were
e-l.'llili-lleil ;t Wi i doMllil ol'irv Yllol 1!
ton and Wcntworth halls, were
built; also Reed hall, a larger struc-
ture, to contain the libraries, miu-
eralogical museum and philosophi-
cal apparatus. In 1851 theChand-
ler School of Science ami Arts was
founded. Although Dr. Lord up
held the institution of slavery, de-
fending it iu letters and sermons,
negroes were admitted freely to the
college and were treated by him
with great courtesy. In June. 1*ii:;.
the Merrimack County Conference
of Congregational churches passed
resolutions calling the attention of
the trustees to the existence of a
popular prejudice against the col
lege, arising from the publication
and use of some of Dr. Lord's "pe-
culiar views touching public affairs,
tending to embarrass our government in its present
fearful struggle." The resolutions also urged the
trustees to inquire whether a change in the presi-
dency was not demanded. The trustees, without
censuring the president, whom all revered pa-*ed
resolutions allinning their own patriotism and that
of the college; but this was construed by Pres.
Lord as an act of censure, and accordingly (July
34th) he resigned both the presidency and his trus-
teeship Dr. Lord continued to reside at Hanover,
and cowlialiy cooperated with his successor in office.
He published numerous sermons, essays and letters,
including "Letter to Rev. Daniel Dana, D.D.. on
Parks' 'theology of New England ' " (1852); " Essay
on the Millennium" (1854), and "Two Letters to
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
89
Ministers of All Denominations on Slavery" (1854-
55). IKJ also edited I lie selected sermons of his sou,
Rev. .John King Lord (1850). The device of LL.D.
was o inferred upon him by Dartmouth in 1HIM, and
that of D.D. liy Bowdom in 1828. He was married
l.i Lli/.abelh Kim; Iceland, who bore him a number
of children. Ki^lii of their sons were graduated at
Dartmouth ; three in the class of 1843. Dr. Lord
died al Hanover, N. II., Sept. 9, 1870.
SMITH, Asa Dodge, seventh president of
Dartmouth College ( l*ii:;-77), was born at Arnlierst,
Hillsboro co., N. II., Sept. 21, 1804, son of Rogers
and Sally (Dodge) Smith. His
father, a physician, served as acting
assNi;inl surgeon in I he war of 1M2.
His childhood and youth were, like
those of Scores of "barefoot hoys"
\\lio i;rew up, some of them to dis
liiieiion, in the simple ways of fru-
gal New England homes. UN real
ediicalion began when, at sixteen
years of ai;e, he was apprenticed
to Simeon Ide, printei and publisher
of the "Vermont Chronicle." at
Windsor, Vl. A taste for literary
pursuits, already marked, was
slimulated in the printing otliec-.
Afler two years he was able to buy
his lime from his employer and to
enter ( 'hesler (\'l. ) Academy. lie
continued his studies at Kimb.all
_ r,,i,,n Academy, Meriden, X. II.,
and then entered Dartmouth, where
he was graduated in ls:',(). Afler a year spent in
teaching at Limerick, Me., during; which he wiisaNo
ensiasred in evangelistic woik, lie was graduated at
Andover Theological Seminary in 1*::!. and at once
was called to take charge of a new church enterprise
in New York city, willi such men as William A.
Booth, Christopher K. Robert (founder of Robert
College at Constantinople) and Harlan Page as co-
laborers. Beginning with a small assembly room in
a tenement, they established the Brainerd Presby-
terian Church iu Riviugton street. After sixteen
years of labor here, his church united with the Sixth
Street Church, and, under the name of the Fourteenth
Street Presbyterian Church, built, an edilice on the
corner of Fourteenth street and Second avenue.
Here he did a work as preacher, pastor and citizen
which was a valuable contribution to the growing
life of that great city. In 1863 he was chosen presi-
dent of Dartmouth College. His predecessor. Dr.
Lord, was an able, fearless and conscientious defender
of slavery. His attitude before and during I lie civil
war had made the college unpopular and diminished
its support. Pres. Smith was strenuously opposed
to slavery and in favor of the war for the Union.
He brought to the work of building up the college
an earnest love for young men, tireless energy, great
executive ability, a remarkable tact and a knowledge
of men and affairs gained during his twenty-nine
years of life in New York city. The college at once
felt a forward impulse, and the confidence of the
alumni and the citizens of New Hampshire was re-
gained. During his administration the numbers of
faculty and students were nearly doubled; two new
institutions, Thayer School of Civil Engineering and
the College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts,
were created and associated with the college. Sev-
eral new buildings were added, including Bissell,
Culver and Conant halls, the first the gymnasium;
large sums were contributed to the endowments; the
largest bequest in the history of the college was re-
ceived— that of Tappan Wentworlh, and the library
was enlarged and made more accessible. One impor-
tant service rendered by Dr. Smith was the securing
of large numbers of scholarships to aid young men
who need help in getting an education. With his
cooperation an arrangement was effected whereby I lie
alumni were to nominate, and virtually to elect under
certain conditions, three members of the board of
trustees — the beginning of alumni representation in
that body. His labors in all directions were umcmit-
tiiiir, and in consequence his life was shortened. I 'res.
Smith was a man of tine personal appearance, six
feet in height, straight as an arrow and well propor-
tioned; with a genial ami handsome countenance and
a dignified bearing, he commanded attention wlier-
evei he appeared. He was remarkably gifted as an
extemporai u* speaker, and as a leader of men he
had ureal skill in harmonizing conflicting views and
interests and in securing the adoption of his own
well-matured plans. liming his pastorate in Nc\\
York city he was a trustee of I'nion Theological
Seminary, and in 1843-44 held the chair of pastoral
theology there. He was for years a member of the
prudenlial committee of the American K.iaid ol
Commissioners for Foreign MNsj,,n.s and of the
executive committee ol the American Home MN-
sionarv Soeiclv. lie was many times called lo im-
portant positions elsewhere, bill, \\iih characteristic
steadfastness, held his course duriim his life \s ork of
forty-two years with but one change of location and
nliiions. He received the decree of I), I), from
"Williams College in ls4'J. and that of I.I.. |). 1 it he
University of the City of New York in 18U4. His
published writings were: "Letters to a Young
Student," with a preface by Nathan Lord i Is;',; i;
" Memoir of Mrs. Louisa Adams Lcavitt " ( l*|:.i, and
many sermons and addresses, including thii leen bac
ealaureate discourses delivered al Hart iih. lie
was married at North Andover. Mass., X,,v II. |s;;r,.
to >arah Ann, daughter of John Adams. She, with
live ni their seven children, survived him. une of
his sons, William T. Smith. M.I>.. is dean ol Dart
mouth Medical College. In 1876 Pres. Smith was
seized with an illness which proved fatal. His
resignation took effect March 1, 1877, and he died at
Hanover, N. II., Aug. Hilli of the same year.
BARTLETT, Samuel Colcord, eighth presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1877-H-i. was born iu
Salisbury, Merrimack CO., N. II .
Nov. 25," 1817, son of Samuel Col-
cord and Eleanor (Peltenidll )
Bartlett. He was a descendant in
the eighth generation from Rich-
ard Bartlett, who came from Eng-
land to Newbnry, Mass., in 16H5.
and who was recognized by the
late Sir Walter B. Barttelot, of
Stopliam, Sussex, as probably a
descendant of his family that
had occupied a homestead in that
place for many generations. On
his mother's side he was de-
scended from the Pettengill fam-
ily who came to Newbury from
Yorkshire in 1640. His grand-
parents on both sides were among
the earlier settlers of Salisbury,
Joseph Bartlett being the first
settled physician of the town, as
well as its ready writer in all business matters. Pres.
Bartkit's father was for more than sixty years a
trader in the town, and much of the time a justice
of the peace and quorum. Having completed his
preparation for college at Pinkerton Academy in
Derry, N. H., he entered Dartmouth College, and
was graduated in 1836 at the head of his class. For
two years he was principal of the Caledonia County
Grammar School iu Peacham, Vt., and in the next
year, at a little less than the age of twenty-one, bs-
came a tutor in his alma mater. Three years were
then spent at Andover Theological Seminary, where
90
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
he was graduated in 1842. In 1843 be became
pastor of the Congregational church in Monson,
Mass. In September, 1846, he was called to the
professorship of intellectual philosophy in Western
Reserve College, Ohio, where he remained until
July, 1852, when he resigned on account of the
financial difficulties of the institution, and became
pastor of the Franklin Street Congregational Church
in Manchester, N. H. In March, 1857, he was
called to the charge of the New England Church in
Chicago, and in the autumn of that year elected to
the professorship of Biblical literature in Chicago
Theological Seminary, which was then about to
open. "This necessitated the resignation of his pas-
toral office, in 1858, to enter on the new work.
Being the first professor on the ground, he organized
and .arranged the first exercises of the institution,
and retained his connection with it for nineteen
years, meanwhile preaching occasionally in the sur-
rounding region, aiding in the formation of many
churches and acting part of the time as associate
editor of the "Advance," a religious paper, and a
quarterly. Here he declined the presidency of the
University of Vermont and a professorship in An-
dover Theological Seminary, to both of which he
was elected; but in 1877 accepted the presidency of
Dartmouth College. This position he resigned in
July, 1892, in order to engage in literary labors from
which his official duties precluded him. During his
incumbency the expansion of the institution was
continued. Some professorships were divided and
new chairs introduced. The Latin scientific course
was established, in which modern languages and
other studies were substituted for the Greek. Elec-
tives were introduced, also the honor system, com-
prising honorable mention, special honors and final
honors, also laboratory work by the students. To
the one fully endowed professorship six were added.
By gilt of graduates or by private subscription a
number of handsome buildings were erected: Wil-
son hall, for use as a library (1884); Rollins chapel,
with organ and memorial windows (lssr,): the
Wheelock hotel (1887), and Bartlett hall, Y. M. C. A.
building (1892). Culver hall came into possession of
the trustees on the removal of the agricultural col-
lege, and Conanl hall with adjoining lands, including
the athletic grounds, was purchased. Important
sites fronting on the campus were recovered to the
college. The productive funds were more than
doubled, and the debt, which had been accumulating
for thirty -live years, until in 1870 it amounted to $117,-
000, was almost extinguished. Moreover, a grant of
$10,000 was obtained from the legislature, the first
for three quarters of a century. During this period
also the election of five members of the board of
trustees was entrusted to the alumni in perpetuity;
the costly Mary Hitchcock hospital sustaining special
relations to the medical college was given, and by
subscription the old college church was enlarged and
improved. Dr. Bartlett went abroad in June, 1873,
and spent a little more than a year traveling in Great
Britain, on (he continent, in Egypt and up the Nile,
through Sinai with ret'erence~'to the line of the
Exodus, across the Desert of the Wandering, and
through Palestine. He published the following
works: "Sketches of Missions" (1866); "Life and
Death Eternal" (1872); "From Egypt to Palestine"
(1879); "Sources of History in the Pentateuch"
(1883); "Anniversary Addresses" (181)3); "The
\ci-acity of the Hexateuch " (1897); articles in the
"North American Review, "the " Forum," "Prince-
ton Review," " Bibliotheca Sacra, "and "New Eng-
lander," besides frequent contributions to the re-
ligious newspapers and occasional public addresses
issued in pamphlet form. He was for thirty-seven
years a corporate member of the American Hoard of
Missions ; for fifteen years president of the New
Hampshire Home Missionary Society; was repeatedly
a member of the national council of the Congrega-
tional churches, and took an active part in the affairs
of the Congregational denomination and in the
settlement of some of its important and difficult
questions. He received the degree of D.D. from
Dartmouth College, and that of LL.D. from Prince-
ton and Dartmouth. Dr. Bartlett was married, in
August, 1843, to Laura Bradlee, of Peacham, Vt.,
who died in December following; and a second time,
May 12, 1846, to Mary Bacon, daughter of Rev.
Erastus and Sophia (Bacon) Learned, of Lebanon,
Conn., who died April 2, 1893. Their children are:
Edwin Julius, professor of chemistry in Dartmouth
College ; Alice, wife of Rev. Henry A. Stimson,
D. D., of New York city; William Alfred, pastor of
the Kirk Street Church in Lowell, Mass , and Sam-
uel Colcord, Jr., who is a missionary in Japan. Dr.
Bartlett died at his home in Hanover, N. H., Nov.
16, 1898.
TUCKER, William Jewett, ninth president
of Dartmouth College (1893- ), was born at Gris-
wold, New London co., Conn., July 13, 1839, son of
Henry and Sarah (Lester) Tucker. He is seventh in
descent from Robert Tucker, who came from Eng-
land in 1635 and settled at Weymouth, Mass., and
also is descended from John Tucker (1066). His
parents having removed to New Hampshire, he ob-
tained his early education at the
academy at Plymouth and at
Kimball Union Academy at Meri-
den, and he was graduated at
Dartmouth in the class of 1861.
For two years after his gradua-
tion he taught in Columbus, O.,
and then took up his theologi-
cal studies at Andover Semi-
nary, at which he was graduated
in 1866. He was ordained and
installed pastor of the Franklin
Street Congregational Church of
Manchesteriu 1867,and remained
until 1875, then being called
to the Madison Square Presby-
terian Church, New York city,
where his preaching met with
great acceptance. In 1880 he
was appointed Bartlett profes-
sor of homiletics in Andover
Theological Seminary, where he remained for thir-
teen years. He was elected to the presidency of
Dartmouth College in June, 1892, but declined, and
Prof. John K. Lord was appointed president pro tern.
In 1893 Dr. Tucker was induced to reconsider his
decision, and in June of that year was inaugurated.
Dr. Tucker received the degree of D.D. from Dart-
mouth in 1875; LL.D. from Williams in 1894, and
LL.D. from Yale in 1896. He was Phi Beta Kappa
orator of Harvard University in 1883 and 1892, and
was lecturer at Lowell Institute, Boston, in 1894. He
was lecturer on the Winkley foundation, Audover
Theological Seminary, in 1897. and lecturer on the
I, \inau Beecher foundation, Yale University, in
1898. He was one of the founders and editors of
the "Andover Review," with which he was con-
nected in 1885-93, and he was the founder of the
Audover House, in Boston, a social settlement, now
knnwu as the South End House. Dr. Tucker is
widely known as an educator and for his scholarly
addresses on many occasions of note. His adminis-
tration of Dartmouth College has hecn attended with
marked success, and in many ways the institution
has developed under him. The course of instruction
has been diversified by the increase of electives and
the addition of some new departments. By the com-
bination of the Chandler School with the college and
otherwise the corps of instructors has been enlarged
OF AMKKICAN BIOGRAPHY.
91
ami I lie si/.c of the classes increased. In accoiwlancc
with llir hcipiesi «f Ralph Butterfield, made in 1H'J2,
a iniisciini was creeled, a chair of biology founded
and tin; college campus was enlarged. lir. Tucker
was married. :il Plymouth, N. II , June 'JU, 1H70, to
Charlotte II , daughter of John and Nancy (l!u-
sell) Rogers. She bore him two children, Alice
Lester and Margaret. He was again married ;ii
\Vorccsier, Mass , June 23, 1887, to Cliarloltc 15,
daughter of Henry T. and Jane (Tyler) Cheever
By his second marriage he has one child, Elizabeth
Wasbbum
ADAMS, Ebenezer, educator and acting presi
dent of Dartmouth College, was born at New Ips-
wich. Ilillsboro co.. N. If, Oct. 2, 1765. son of
Ephraim and Rebecca (Locke) Adams His father
was a fanner in moderate circumstances, willi a
family of nineleen children, to whom he could give
(inly the rudiments of an education. Ebene/.er early
sei his heart mi going to college, but he was nearly
ill age when he bewail his preparatory course lie
was graduated with honor at Dartmouth in 17111,
and in 1792 became preceptor of Leicester Academy,
where he remained until 1806, meeting with great
success. In ISiMi he became a teacher in the
academy at Portland, Me, and while there was
converted during a revival and united with l)r Pay
son's church. Subsequently for a short time he was
professor ot mathematics in Phillips i Exeter) Acadc
my In 1800 he was called to the chair of languages
in Dartmouth College and became professor of mathe
matics and natural philosophy (1H10-:!:!). lie had
the tacully, by no means common, of imparting in
struction clearly, and by his patience and his Denial
manner he won the esteem of his pupils, while by
his sound and varied attainments in learning lie com
inanded their admiration During Prcs. Brown-
illness, and for more than two years afterward, he
tilled the olliee of president in addition to his own;
and on other occasions when the college had no
head he was called upon to serve in that capacity.
His inipiirtaiice to the institution was well viated
by Prof. Calvin E Stowe, one of his associates:
"Prof Adams was one of the stoutest of that
noble band of men who upheld Dartmouth College
in the great el isis through which it passed, and thus
established not only the principles on which that
venerable and most useful institution maintained its
existence, but gave the foundation for pennanenev
to all other educational institutions in our count i\ ,
for it was the decision of the supreme court of the
United States, in the Dartmouth College case, that
became the magna charta of all our colleges " lie
was thus described by one of his pupils: "a ' manlv
man,1 well proportioned, broad-shouldered, with a
commanding presence and amiable countenance.
He was bold, earnest, energetic, persevering; artless
and honest as the day. He said e.xactly what he
meant. His mental vision was clear, strong and
accurate " Prof. Adams was trustee and treasurer of
Kimball Union Academy, Meriden. N. H., almost
from its beginning. He was president of the New
Hampshire Bible Society for many years, and was
act ively connected with the Colonization, Temperance
and Foreign Missions societies He was a member of
many literary and scientific societies He was twice
married: tirs't, at Rutland, Mass., in 1795, to Alice,
daughter of Dr. John Frink; second. May 17. 1S07,
to Beulah, daughter of Dr Timothy Minot, of Con-
cord, Mass. Two of his sons were graduated at
Dartmouth: John Frink Adams (1817) and Kbenezcr
Adams (1831). Prof Adams died at Hanover, N II.,
Aug. 15, 1M41
MUSSEY, Reuben Dimond, physician and
educator, was boru at Pelham, Hillsboro co , N. H.,
June 23, 1780, son of Dr, John and Beulah (Butler)
Mussey. His father was a physician in good stand-
ing, but his practice was not lucrative, and the son,
in order to enter college, alternately worked on a
farm and taught school for a number ot winters
until he was twenty one. He entered the junior class
at Dartmouth in 1801, supporting himself by teaching,
and in 1803 was graduated, bcini; reckoned in the
first third of his class He immediately became a
pupil of Dr Xathan Smith, founder of Dartmouth
Medical School; but in 180-1 studied under Dr. Howe,
of Jatlrey, and had charge of the academy at Peter-
borough Compleiini: his studies under Dr Smith,
be was graduated M I! in ]H(H>. and hei'ati praelice
in that part of Ipswich now called Kssex, where he
remained for about three years. Ilenexl attended
a course of lectures at the I'nhersily of Pemis\ I
vania. and in 1H()<» wax graduated M.I). While in
Philadelphia he distinguished himself by a series of
experiments tcndiim to disprove the truth of a doc-
I line taught by Dr. Rush and generally received:
that the skin is nun absorbent. The results of the
experiments were made the subject of a thesis on his
graduation. On leaving Philadelphia he settled in
Salem, Mass . and soon aflerwaid associated him-
self with Dr Daniel Oliver. lie attained a larnr
practice, and became especially noted as a surgeon.
In 1814-20 lie was professor of the theory and practice
of medicine at Dartmouth, and in 1822-iis professor
of anatomy and surgery. He occasionally lectured
on materia ineilica and obstetrics, and through the
whole period of his residence at Ilan<>\ IT eni'a -'ed in
general practice. In the summer of 1818 he lectured
on chemistry at Middlebury College, Vermont. In
1833-35 he lectured on anatomy and surgery at
Bowdoin College, and in ls:il>_:-J7 delivered a course
on surgery at the medical college at Fairtield, N. Y.
In 1^37 be received calls to colleges in New York
city, Nashville, Tenn. . and ( 'iuciiinali (( >liio Medical
College), and accepted the last mentioned, occupying
the chair of surgery for fourteen years He then
founded Miami Medical College, with which be
was connected until his retirement from active pro-
fessional life in 1858, when he settled in Boston,
lie attained an international reputation as a surgeon.
In 1830 be proved that union could take place in
cases of intra capsular fractures, though Sir Astley
Cooper and other eminent surgeons bad declared it
to be impossible. He was the first to tie both caro-
tid arteries successfully, and one of the first to re
move an ovarian tumor successfully. In 1837 be
removed the scapula and a large part of the clavicle
at one operation from a patient on whom be had per-
formed ampiilatiou previously at the shoulder joint.
He performed the operation of lithotomy forty-nine
times, and only four of his patients died; operated
for strangulated hernia forty times, with a fatal re
suit in only eight cases; practiced subcutaneous deli
gation in forty cases of varicocele with success;
operated four times for perinea! fistula, twice for
impermeable stricture of the urethra, and made a large
92
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
number of plastic operations with tbe best results.
1 le was bold, but not to the point of rashness, indeed,
he did not trust wholly to his own power for fre-
quently, it is said, before beginning an important
operation he knelt in prayer at the bedside. Dr.
Mussev was president of the New Hampshire Medi-
cal Society for some years; was a fellow of the
Medical College in Philadelphia; an honorary mem-
ber of the Massachusetts Medical Society and of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He re
ceived the degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1806.
and that of LL.D. from Dartmouth in 1854. In
addition to addresses, he was the author of " Heidlh:
Its Friends and Its Foes " (1862). While at Ipswich
Dr. Mussey was married to Mary Sewall. She died
three years later, and subsequently he was married
to Hetty, daughter of Dr. Osgood. of Salem, Mass.,
a surgeon in the revolutionary army. Four of his
sons were graduates of Dartmouth : John, Francis
Brown. Charles Frederick and Reuben Delavau.
Francis Brown became a physician, and another son,
William Heberdou, was eminent as a surgeon. Dr.
Mussey died in Boston, Mass., June 31, 1866.
SMITH, William Thayer, plysiciau and sur-
geon, was born in New York city, March 30, 1839,
son of Rev. Asa Dodge Smith, who was later presi-
dent of Dartmouth, and Sarah Ann Adams, his \\ it'e.
His great-grandfather, Capt. John Adams, nf North
Audover, Mass., was a revolutionary soldier, and
another ancestor fought in the French and Indian
wars. His boyhood was passed in the city of New
York and his education was begun in its schools
public and private. His last year of preparation for
college was spent at Andover, Mass. .in Phillips
Academy, and there, in 1855, under " Uncle Sam'
Tavlor, he was graduated. He then entered Yale,
and was graduated with the class of 1860, made
famous bv the names, among others, of Francis
Delafield, William \Valter Phelps and Othniel C.
Marsh. Preparing for the ministry, he studied a
year at Princeton Theological Semi-
nary, but was obliged by illness
to suspend his course, and the fol-
lowing fifteen years were occupied
in seeking health at home and in
trips abroad. With returning
strength, he took up medical study
and received the degree of M.D.
from Dartmouth in 1878 and
from the University of the City
of New York in 1879. He entered
at once the active practice of
medicine in Hanover. N. H. In
1SS5 he was appointed professor
of physiology in Dartmouth Medi-
cal School and in 1896 was made
dean of the Medical School. He
received the degree of A.M. from
Yale University in 1874, and that
of LL D. from Dartmouth in
He is the author of a series of school physi-
ologies, which have been extensively used. He is a
member of the New Hampshire Medical Society
and of the American Aeademy of Medicine He is
an active member and deacon in the Congregational
church. Dr. Smith was married, at Norwich, Conn.,
Jan 14, 1885, to Susan W., daughter of Edmund
Brush and Susan .1 (Morris) Kellogg They have
two sons, Morris K. and Thayer A. Smith.
SHERMAN, Frank Asbury, educator, was
born at Knox, Waldo co Me , Oct. 4, 1841, son of
Harvey Hatch and Eliza Dudley (Doty) Sherman.
His father, a farmer and schoolmaster, was a de
scendaut of the Shermans and Hatches, of Marsh
field and Duxbury, Mass. His mother was a direct
descendant of Edward Doty, who landed at Ply
mouth rock from the Mayflower in December, 1620-
He followed the occupation of his father until July,
1862, when he became a member of company H, 4ih
Maine volunteers. He was wounded at the battle
of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862, in the right
leg, and. twice was wounded at the battle of
the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5, 1864. On account
of these wounds his left arm was amputated at
Tinley General Hospital, Washington, I). C., May
28, 1864, and he was discharged from the service
at Cony Hospital, Augusta, Me., March 7, 1885.
He entered the East Maine Conference Seminary,
Bucksport, in August, 1865, and the scientific depart
merit of Dartmouth College in September, 1866.
Being graduated four years later in July, 1870,
he then was elected instructor in mathematics at
the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he .served
for the academic year 1870-71. In the meantime he
was chosen associate professor of mathematics in
the Chandler Scientific School, Dartmouth College.
He accepted this position and commenced to dis
charge its duties in September, 1871. In 1872 he
was made full professor of mathematics and is still
engaged with the duties of his professorship. He
received the degree of M.S. in June, 1875. Prof.
Sherman was married, at Hanover, N. H., Jan. 12,
is;-.', to Lucy K.. daughter of Elihu and Emeliue L.
(Goodell) Hurlbutt. They have one son and two
daughters.
OLIVER, Daniel, physician and educator, was
born at Marblehead, Essex co., Mass., Sept. 9, 1787,
sou of Rev. Thomas Fitch Oliver, at that time rec-
tor of St. Michaels Church. He was a descendant
of Dr. Thomas Oliver, who emigrated to Boston in
1632 and became one of the ruling members of the
church there; and through his paternal grandmother
of John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. Through
his mother he was descended from William Pynchou,
one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay colony.
After the death of his father, which took place at
Garrison Forest, near Baltimore, before Daniel was
ten years of age, the boy was placed in the care of
Col." Lloyd Rogers, of that city, and almost imme-
diately began to prepare for college. He was gradu-
ated with distinguished honor at Harvard in 1806,
and then hei:an the study of law at Salem, Mass.,
under Joseph Story, later chief justice, who had
married his sister. He soon abandoned the law for
medicine, entering the office of his uncle, Dr. B.
Lvnde Oliver, at Salem; removing in 1809 to Phila-
delphia to study in the medical school of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. He became the favorite
pupil'of Dr. Rush, who predicted a brilliant future
for the 3'ouug man nor did he disappoint his pie
ceptor. On his return to Salem he began practice,
and in 1811 associated himself with Reuben D.
Mu^sey, who a little later became a professor at
Dartmouth. The two friends, who had pursued tbe
study of chemist rv as a collateral branch of medical
science, delivered a course of lectures on that sub
ject, and in 1815 Dr Olive'1 was appointed to give a
similar course at Dartmouth, probably through the
influence of Dr Mussey, who had by this time be
cornea resident of Hanover In 1817 18 Dr Oliver
resumed medical studies in Philadelphia and then,
on his return to Salem a-sisted Hon. John Pickering
in preparing a Greek lexicon This, although mainly
based on the Latin lexicon of Schrevelius, contained
more than 2,000 new articles, and since the larger
portion of the work fell to the lot of Dr Oliver he
attained a conspicuous place among scholars In
1820 he was appointed professor of the theory and
practice of medicine and of materia medica and
therapeutics in Dartmouth College. He was also
made professor of botany In 1821 he became a per-
manent resident of Hanover in 1825 was appointed
OF AMKKICAN liloc ! K A 1'IIY.
93
to the chair of intellectual philosophy in I he aca-
demical department, ami on the occasion of hisindiic-
tion into iillicc delivered an address on Ilir "Study
of Menial Science," which established his fame as a
writer of great force and elegance and as a meta-
p|i\-ieian. In 1*:>7 he removed !o Cambridge,
Mass., and resinned the practice of his profession,
lie. however, i leli vered a course of leeluresat Dart-
moiith in |s;!7-:;s. In is-io, after declining profes-
sorships in St. Mary's College, Ij.-diiinore, and in the
University of Pennsylvania, lie consented to nivc a
course of lectures on materia niedica in the Medical
College of Ohio, Inii resigned at the close of the
session and returned to Cambridge. It was his de-
sire at a late period of his life to take holy orders,
but his ane deterred him. He published little, but
left in manuscript a work on "(ieneral Pathology,"
which, if completed, would have increased his repu-
tation g really. " lie was at once profound, compre-
hensive and elegant. Upon no subject, which he
considered was his knowledge fragmentary or par-
tial." lie was honored, in |S3.°i, with a diploma
from tlie Academy of Sciences and lielles Let I res of
I'alernio, Italy, and ill ISISS lie received thedeuree
of LL.D. from Hobart College, lie was married, at
Salem, Mass., in IslT, to Mary I!' ibin-i ui. daughter
of Edward Pulling, an eminent barrisier. Their
son, Fitch Kdward (Dartmouth, is:;«.ii, lieeanic a
prominent physician of Boston. 1'iof. (lliver died
at Cambridge, Mass., June 1. 1842.
WELLS, David Collin, educator, was born at
Fayclleville, < Inondaga CO., N. V., Sepl. •_>;!. |S-X
son of Samuel and Anna (Collin) \\Vlls. He is
a direct descendant of Thomas Welles, colonial
uou-rnor of Connecticut, and on his mother's side is
of Huguenot ancestry. He was educated at the
Union Sel I, Fayetteville; at Phillips Academy,
Andovcr, Mass., where he was graduated in |s;ii;
at Yale rniversily, where he look the decree of
I!. A. in 1880, and at Andover Theological Seminary,
where he was graduated in 1885, having ineiintimc
taught in the Indianapolis Classical School in issi)-
82. He was a post-graduate student at Andover in
iss:, si;, and in (Jennany, 1886-87. lie was ;in in-
structor in history in Phillips Acadcmv in ISS7-90;
professor of history and polilieal science in liowdoiu
College. 1S1KMJ3. Since the summer of isn:; 1 e |ns
been professor of sociology in Dartmouth College. lie
is advising editor of the "American Journal of Soci-
ology," and is a member of the Institnt Interna-
tional de Sociologie. Prof. Wells was married, at
Andover, Mass., June 2, 1887, to Elizabeth, daughter
of Henry and Julia (Doolittle) Tucker, a sister of
Pres. Tucker. They have two children.
SANBORN, Edwin David, educator, was
born at Gilmanton, Belknap co., N. H., May 14,
1808, son of David Edwin Sanborn and Hannah
(Hook), his first wife, and grandson of Capt. Dyer
Hook, of Chichcster, N. H. He was a descendant
of John Sanborn, of Boston (1632) later of Lynn
and Xewbury, and of Hampton, N. H. (1638). His
father w as a progressive farmer, and a schoolmaster
of the old-fashioned kind; teaching in the winter
time for sixteen years and having great repute for
skill as a penman. He carefully instructed his chil-
dren in the doctrines of Evangelical Christianity,
and encouraged them in their efforts to obtain a
classical education. They inherited from him vigor-
ous constitutions, and a respect for justice and order ;
"from their lovable, gentle, handsome mother a
tendency to flesh and humor." The home farm
being nearly a mile square, the sons had plenty of
hard work to do, and so little money to spend on them-
selves that Edwin Sanborn, on entering Gilmanlon
Academy to tit for college, wore a homespun suit
made by his mother. He made marked progress in
bis sindies, and in six weeks' time mastered the
I. at in grammar. During the winters of 1825-26
and 182<>-27 he had charge of a public school at
Deerlield. Mass., receiving for the second term
eleven dollars per month, and in the fall of IS'JT
was principal of a select school at Barnstead. The
summers of each year were devoted to labor on his
father's farm. lie was graduated at Dartmouth in
1832, delivering the Latin salutatory a I. the com-
mencement exercises. lie kepi up with his class,
although for nine months during his senior year lie
was obliged to teach. In ]s;;2-;i:; he was principal of a
school at Topsticld. Mass., ami in is:;:; 34wasprecep-
tor of GilmantOU Academy. He wasoll'cred a tutor-
ship at Daitmoulh in 1S34, but declined il ; then
In _ in the study of law, bul abandoned it after a vear
ana entered Andover Seminary. While Ihere he was
aii assistant in Phillips Academy.
In |s:;r( In- became a tutor
at Dartmouth, and in the same
\ ear was inslalled professor of
I he Greek and Latin languages.
lie 'iipied the chair of Latin
language and literature (ls37-V.ii,
and communicated to his pupils
his own enthusiasm on the -uli
feel 111 I VV.t he rcll|o\ ei I |o St.
Louis to become profess,, rot da
sical literature at Washington
I'niversii v and principal and pro-
fessor ,,t Latin and history in the
Mary Institute, a preparatory
school lor uirls, w bicii is undei I he
universiiy. In IsiiO-Ul be wasuni-
versily professorof Latin and (las
sical literal u re, and in ISli I -(',."> held
that title in the Mary Institute.
In 1865 he returned to Dartmouth, having been ap-
pointed professor of oratory and belles-lettres.
"This change revealed his best .jilts. lie gave a
fresh impetus to the department, Kindled enthusi-
asm, promoted literary lasle, imparted bis own lo\c
of literature, introduced extempore speaking and
debates. A dcvoiirer of books, willi a memory of
unusual strength, his information became encyclope-
dic, but never to the detriment of a raeiness, wit
and brusque originality peculiarly his own.' Soon
after he look his chair. Prof. Smith remarked: "So
deep an interest lias been awakened in the belles-
lettres studies and exercises that fears have been ex-
pressed that other departments nii'jht lie over-
shadowed." He lodged and gave free board to
more than one poor student, who <itherwi.se would
have been obliged to leavelhe institution. Said one
of his pupils: "He was a man and an individuality;
ter;..s that do not apply to the majority of human-
ity." He was quick at repartee, and his conversation
is said to have been as full of telling stories as Lin-
coln's. As a preacher and teacher he was accept-
able to the most cultivated audiences. Prof, San-
boru was a member of the constitutional convention
of New Hampshire in 1850, and at the Centennial
exhibition in Philadelphia, in 187fi, he delivered the
oration on Xew Hampshire day. He contributed to
newspapers more than 1,000 articles on current
topics of interest, and to magazines a great number
of' learned articles. He published lectures on edu-
cation, a " Eulogy on Daniel Webster "(1853), and a
" History of New Hampshire" (1875). The degree
of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the Univer-
sity of Vermont in 1859. Prof. Sanborn was mar-
ried, at Boscaweu, N. H., Dec. 11, 1S37, to Mary
Ann, daughter of Ezekiel and Alice (Bridge) Web-
ster, and favorite niece of Daniel Webster. She
bore him four children: Katherine Abbott, the lec-
turer and author; Ezekiel, (died in infancy); Mary
W., and Edwin Webster (Dartmouth, 1879), a
94
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
lawyer in New York city. Prof. Sanborn died in
New York city, Dec. 29, 1885.
SANBORN, Katharine Abbott (" Kate San-
boru ") author, was born at Hanover, N. H., July
11, 1839, eldest child of Prof. Edwin David and
Mary Ann (Webster) Sanborn. Her mother was the
daughter of Hon. Ezekiel Webster, of Boscawen,
N. H., and granddaughter of Capt. Bbenezer Web
ster, who distinguished himself at the battle of Ben-
nington, and guarded Washington's tent during the
night on which Arnold's treachery was discovered.
Miss Sanborn was educated by her father and other
members of the college faculty;
took more than the usual course
in Latin, and was so encouraged
in her reading that literature eas-
ily became her life study. She
received her first pay for'a news-
paper article at the age of twelve;
began to teach at the ai;e ,:(
seventeen, and, having studied
elocution under the best teach-
ers, was peculiarly fitted for the
profession. For two years (1859-
62) she was an instructor in the
Mary Institute, St. Louis, Mo.,
in which her father was a pro-
fessor, and for several years after
returning to Hanover, in 1865,
had a day school in her own home
Fo]. two yearg ghe was teacher
of elocution at Packer Institute,
Brooklyn, N. Y., and during that
period instructed more than 800 young ladies. For
about twelve years she gave private instruction in
New York city and lectured on literary themes to
large audiences, being the first to direct "current
topics" and " condensed-book " classes. For five
years she rilled the chair of English literature in
Smith College, Northampton Mass. While there
she lectured in neighboring towns in the evenim:.
gave talks to a club of women in Springfield and
prepared her "Round Table Scries of Literary Les-
sons " (1884). After a year spent in lecturing in the
western states, with remarkable success, she returned
to New England to continue lilerarv work. For
years she has been a regular contributor to news-
papers and magazines. Among her published works
are: "Home Pictures of English Poets" (1869);
" Vanity and Insanity: Shadows of Genius " (]ss,-,r
"The Wit of Women" (18815); "A Year of Sun
shine" (1887); "A Truthful Woman in Southern Cal-
ifornia"; "The Rainbow"; " Starliirht "; "Cupid's
Calendars"; "My Literary Zoo" (1896); and "My
Favorite Lectures" (1898). Of "Vanitv and In-
sanity " a reviewer, in the "Critic," said: "It is not
an amusing collection, exhibiting the foolish conceit
and ill founded self-satisfaction of those whom the
world has thought wise; but, rather, a careful studv
of the strange fact that 'to write' a hislorv of vaniu
would be to write a history of the greatesl men.'"
An experience of nine years' duration in a New
England village was wittily chronicled by her in
"Adopting an Abandoned Farm" and "Abandoning
an Adopted Farm." The village was Metcalf,
Mass., but figures in the books as Uooseville, Conn.
A reader of the first volume observed : "She failed
with all ordinary and extraordinary e-ultivaled
crops, hut the natural produce of the farm and
neighborhood she has garnered in her book should
bring her in a pretty penny. The anecdotes, the
proverbs, racy of the soil; the wild, Barney, weedy
flavor of the jokes that come up spontaneously, cost-
ing nothing—these are a harvesi worth speaking of."
it the companion volume — the property came into
the market again in 1SJI7— another writer said: "All
she claims to be is a simple story teller, relating the
occurrences of plain everyday life from her own de-
lightfully amusing point of view, but she finds it dif-
ficult to get even this natural, unpretentious claim
conceded to her. All her statements, she tells us,
are received with a general air of suspicion; her
simple sincerity is not accepted as genuine; when
once she has introduced a veritable incident she is
immediately accused of inventing; and any unvar-
nished recital of original sayings is oftener than not
put down to her skill at manufacturing 'out of the
whole cloth.' Despite such accusations, always
causes of amusement to her, Miss Sanborn goes on
her way with unquenched zeal, relating simple
stories of real life, pathetic or humorous, as she sees
them, letting the artistic virtues take care of them-
selves." What has been described as "an all-em-
bracing collection of other author's pets" constitutes
"My Literary Zoo"; and here may be found, retold
as only a lover of animated nature could doit, the
old stories of Socrates' grasshoppers. Burns' field-
mouse. Shelley's spider, and the rest. Miss Sanborn
attributes her success in life to ambition, persistence
and enthusiasm, and has made it her aim as a
writer to impart to others the optimism of her own
nature. She possesses to a large degree the gift of
humor, considered a rare quality in woman, and it
has been said of her that, with 'the single exception
of Julia Ward Howe, "no woman so finely inter-
prets the intellectual life." In 1894 a club called
New Hampshire's Daughters was formed in Boston
and Miss Sanhoru was unanimously elected presi-
dent. Three years later she was forced to withdraw
on account of ill health, and was made honorary
president.
EMERSON, Charles Franklin, educator and
dean of the faculty of Dartmouth College, was
born at Chelmsford, Middlesex co., Mass., Sept. 28,
1843, son of Owen and Louisa (Butterfleld) Emer-
son. His father was a distant cousin of Ralph
Waldo Emerson. He was fitted for college at
Westford (Mass.) Academy under John D. Long,
subsequently secretary of the navy, and. at Ap-
pleton Academy, New Ipswich,
N. II. Before entering college he
"inked on bis father's farm, which
comprised 200 acres, and for an en-
tire year managed it himself. He
also took an active interest in local
matters— in town and school meet-
ings, and in lyceums, and had some
experience as a schoolteacher. At
Dartmouth, which he entered in
1804, he stood high as a scholar, be-
ing absent from recitations fora few
days only during the entire course,
and then was kept away by illness.
At the junior exhibition he stood sec-
ond in the class; delivering a Greek
oration on that occasion, and at
his graduation was salutatorinn.
During this period he took part in
all branches of athletics, a subject
which still commands his interest. On his gradua-
tion, in 1868, he became tutor in mathematics in the
college; in 1*73 was appointed associate professor of
natural philosophy, and instructor in astronomy in
1878, on the withdrawal of Prof. Charles A.
Young. He held this chair and that of physics, also
with little assistance, until 1892, when the chair
of astronomy was filled by the appointment of
Edwin B. Frost and his title became Appleton pro-
fessor of natural philosophy, which he still retains.
In 1893 the office of dean was created, and Prof.
Emerson was elected to the office, which he still
holds. He aided Prof. Dimoud in organizing the
New Hampshire College of Agriculture and' Me-
chanic Arts, and in arranging schedules of reci-
^ -»^--i^#-r->v
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
95
tations, ami. in l^C>8-74, was instructor in mathe-
matics in that institution. In 1SS3-1SH4 he spent
ten month-- in Kumpe. visiting universities. Prof.
KmcTson, (lurini;1 his undergraduate da\s. was a
meniber of the Alpha Delia I'lii Fialernily, and ou
graduation became a member of the I 'hi I.ela Kappa
Society. lie was made a I'ello'.v of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in 1 ss |
and wa- oni' of I lie seven w ho formed the1 Dartmouth.
Scientific Association in 1S71. FWse\erul years he
was a menilier of the Appalachian Mountain ('lull,
cil' I'.oslon. In politics he is a Ifepiihlican. Prof.
Emerson was married, at N'orlli Chelinsford, Mass .
Jan. 20, 1875, to ('aniline Fla^n. 'I'hev have two
children. Marlha Flai.rg and Emily Sophia.
SMITH, John, educator and author, was horn
at Rowley, Kssc\ CO., .Mass., Dec. '.'I, 1 7-V,1, son of
Joseph and Elisabeth (Palmer) Smith. His mother
was a descendant of the Sawyer family, which came
from Knuland in 1(14:! and settled in Kowlev. The
.son. who at an early a^e showed an uncommon taste
for the languages, was titled for eolli-je at Hummer
Academy. Bylield. under tlie noted "Master
Moody." and entered Ihe junior class ol Dartmouth
ill 1771, at I lie lime of the I'll -I commencement, ac-
companying liis preceptor. He was uraduated in
1778 with the degree of B. A. ; immediately was ap-
pointed preceptor in Moor's < 'haritv School, anil be-
gan the sluily of Iheolojy under PreS. \Vheeloek.
He was tutor in the college in 17; I 7s. and in the
last named year was called to ihe pastorale of
the Congregational chiireli at \Vesl I [art ford. < 'onn.,
also to the chair of languages in Dartmouth. 'I'he
latter position was accepted, for he had a strong
predilection for classical studies, and until 1 7S7 he
continued hi- services as tutor, his total salarv being
£100 per annum. His professorship was retained
until the close of his life. For two years lie de-
livered lectures on s\ Menialic theology in connection
with the public prayers on Saturday evening. He
was college librarian for thirty years ii;;n IMIH,;
also ollicialed as associate oieacliei- of Ihe college
church in 1773-ST. and as sole pastor (1787-1809).
He preached for the church in the village for many
years. In 1803 he received from Brown University
the degree of D.D. He was a trustee of the col-
lege in 1788-1809. It is written of him that "the
Latin, the Greek, and the Hebrew were almost as
familiar to him as his native language. He clearly
comprehended the Samaritan and Chal'daic; and far
extended his researches in the Arabic." He published
a " Hebrew Grammar" (1772); "Chaldee Grammar";
"Latin Grammar" (1803. several editions); an edi-
tion of "Cicero de Oratore," with a memoir (1804);
"Greek Grammar" (1809); also a sermon at the
dedication of the new meeting-house on Dartmouth
College plain (1796) and several ordination sermons.
Dr. Smith was twice married: first, to Maty, daugh-
ter of Rev. Ebeuezer Cleaveland, of Gloucester,
Mass.; second, to Susan, daughter of Col. David
Mason, of Boston, Mass. John Wheelock Smith
(D. C., 1804,) and Samuel Mason Smith (D. C., 1813.)
were sous by the second wife. Dr Smith died at
Hanover, N. H., April :!0, MW. A memoir, written
by his widow, was published in 1843.
RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, author
and educator, was born al llallowell, Me.. May 29,
1 *.">!. son of Moses Charles and Mary Savary ( VVin-
gate) lliehanlson. His father, a native of 'Spring-
field, N. II., was a physician and town librarian of
llallowell; his mother was a daughter of Francis
Winjale, a farmer, of the same town. By both
line- In us of New England colonial stock, and
c. mills among his ancestors several well known
names. The earliest American representative of his
paternal family was William
Richardson, who set I led at
Xewburv, Mass., about Kiln.
Charles F. Kiohardson wasedu-
caled al llallowell Academ\
and at Ihe hij.h school of All
gUSta, and was -j rai I uat ed at
I >;n tmoiith I 'ollege in I.1-; I
Th(' marked literary talent
which has characleri/.ed his
later life wasde\ eloped al a very
early aire. lie had printed two
amateur papers before hi- >
cm h \ ear, and al fourteen w as a
writer for the local press con
tinuin- his conl I'ibuiions to sev-
eral periodicals throughout his
college course. Durini; I lie year
follow ini: -his graduation hcu.is
a leaclier allhe South ISerkshire
Iiisiiiuie, New Marllioroujh, Mass. .and (hen. ac-
cepiinj a posiiioi the s|;,iy ,,f ||H. \ew York
"Independent," was there engaged, principally as
literary editor, until l*7s. During 1S7S-SII he was
an editor on the " Sunday School Times," of Phila-
delphia, and then (1880-83) Of "Good Literature."
lounded b\ himself. His editorial career was closed,
in 18S2, by his ap]ioinl mciil to the \Vinkley pmfes-
sor-hipof Knglish at Dartmouth College, where he
still (1899) continues, 1'roi. Richardson has been a
com ributor to the magazines, and he has also pi o< in. , ,1
some fujithe verses of hjoh merit. In ls7s, in
collaboration with Henry A. ('lark, he piepared and
published "The College Book," 8 collection of his-
torical sketches of some of the foremost American
colleges, illustrated with photogravure reproductions
of views of buildings and points of interest. It is a
handsome volume and embodies many valuable
points of information. In the same year he issued
"Primer of American Literature," of which 70,000
\\eiesold betoreihe pul ilieati( in of the revised edi-
tion in is'lii. His other books are: "The Cross," a
collection of religious poems (1879); "The Choice
of Books" (1881); " History of American Litera-
ture " (2 vols., 1886-88); and The End of the
Beginning," a romance (1896). His " Choice of
Books"was reissued in England and Kussia. and
widely approved by the critics. His "History of
American Literature" is by far the most ambitious
of all of his undertakings, the two volumes being
" Development of American Thought" and "Ameri-
can Poetry and Fiction, "bringing the record down
to 1885. Its method is philosophical and critical,
including a general discussion and analysis of the
literary tendencies of America, together with able
expository and descriptive material. The Indian-
apolis " Journal " said: " It is acute, intelligent and
original, showing true critical instinct and a high
order of literary culture." The New York "Na-
tion." on the other hand, declared: " The plan is too
large for the materials," seeming to agree with other
criticisms that it is as yet too early to make a com-
prehensive estimate of contemporary writers. None-
theless, the need of such a work is amply attested
by its extensive sale and in 1891 a new "popular"
96
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
edition in one volume was tesued. Prof. Richardson
is a member of the Maine Historical and Gorges so-
cieties of Portland, Me., and of the Duulap Society
of New York city. He was married, April 12,
1878, to Elizabeth, daughter of Jesse Thomas Miner,
and granddaughter of Hon. Charles Miner, a jour-
nalist and author, of Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
HADDOCK, Charles Brickett, educator, was
born at Salisbury, Merrimack co. , N. H., June 20,
1796, sou of William and Abigail Eastman (Web-
ster) Haddock. He was the grandson of Col.
Ebenezer Webster, of the New Hampshire militia,
who served at Benuington, White Plains and West
Point with distinction, and later became a judge of
New Hampshire courts. His mother was a sister
of Daniel Webster, and in many personal and men-
tal characteristics he resembled the great statesman.
He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1816 and
at Audover Theological Seminary in 1818; was made
professor of rhetoric at Dartmouth in 1819, and
later professor of intellectual philosophy and politi-
cal economy. In 1850 he resigned his chair, having
been appointed minister to Portugal by Pres. Fill-
more. He returned in 1856 and resided at Lebanon,
N. H., until his death. Prof. Haddock took a very
active part in the New Hampshire legislature during
1844-46, and proved himself a
far-sighted and progressive citi-
zen, rendering great service to
the community in which he
lived. He took great interest in
devising plans for the welfare of
the town of Hanover. He was
fond of trees, and organized the
Ornamental Tree Society, to
which the town owes the beauty
of its streets. Prof. Haddock's
address on "Rural Ornament,"
delivered before the society, in
1844, is one of the most scholarly
productions on that subject, and
gives a good insight into his
personal character and public
spirit. Prof. Haddock frequently
preached in the Hanover village
church which the students attend-
ed, and regularly at White River. He preached en-
tirely without notes, and every discourse was as com-
plete as though it had been carefully written and com-
mitted to memory. He was a man of great open-
ness and candor, good sense and the reading of a
scholar. His success as a teacher was due largely
to his dignified and refined character and gentle-
manly instincts, which beamed forth from every
feature and spoke in every tone of his voice. With
apparent ease he claimed the attention of students
to the deep things of logic and psychology in so
adroit and tasteful a mannei as to give a charm or
fascination to his teaching. Prof. Haddock pub-
lished, in 1846, a volume of thirty-three "Addresses
and Miscellaneous Writings, "gathered from reviews
and from speeches before the New Hampshire
legislature and OD various public occasions. These
are marked by the peculiar completeness and finish
which characterizes all his productions. For many
years Prof. Haddock was secretary of the New
Hampshire Education Society, to which he con-
tributed a series of valuable reports. Nine of these
are included in his published volume of addresses.
They deal with such subjects as "The Standard
of Education for the Pulpit"; "The Influence of
Educated Mind "; "Personal Qualifications for the
Pulpit"; "Manual Labor Institutions "; and "Per-
sonal Piety in Candidates for the Ministry." Prof.
Haddock was married, first, in 1819, to Susan
Saunders, daughter of Richard and Susan Lang, of
Hanover; and, second, in 1841, to Mrs. Caroline
Kimball Young, daughter of Richard and Mary
Kimball, of Lebanon, N. H. Of Prof. Haddock's
nine children two survived him, Dr. Charles Had
dock, of Beverly, Mass. , and Mrs. Grace Webster
Hinsdale, the popular author. Prof. Haddock died
at West Lebanon, N. H., Jan. 15, 1861.
HINSDALE, Grace Webster (Haddock),
author, was born at Hanover, N. II., May 17, 1832,
daughter of Charles Brickett and Susan Saunders
(Lang) Haddock. Her mother was the daughter of
Richard Lang, of Hanover, N. H., and her maternal
great- grand father was Col. Ebeuezer Webster, also
of New Hampshire, father of Daniel Webster, and
himself a distinguished soldier and jurist. She
early developed the religious temperament that
prompted her most successful literary work. At
the age of eighteen she was married to Theodore
Hinsdale, a lawyer, of New York city, and made
her home in Brooklyn. When first she began
to write, her productions took the form of contri-
butions to "Hours at Home," a magazine, which
afterwards became " Scribner's Magazine," and she
has also contributed verse and prose articles to
a large number of periodicals, chiefly religious,
including the Boston " Congregationalist," "In-
dependent," " Sunday School Times" and "Chris-
tian Union." In 1865 she published two books,
"Coming to the King: a Book of Daily Devo-
tions for Children," and "Thinking Aloud," both
of which were republished by an English firm.
Selections from her hymns, published first in Charles
S. Robinson's and Dr. Storrs' " Songs for the Sanctu-
ary," have been copied in other hymn books, and
several of her poems are in the collection, "Christ
in Song," compiled by Dr. Philip Schaff, one of the
ablest critics of religious literature, and many im-
porlant recent works on hymnody contain notices of
her work. The Brooklyn "Eagle" describes her
hymns as " characterized by a depth of earnestness,
a truly religious motive distinguishing them from
the light literature of hymnody born within the
last few years." In 1872" Mrs. Hiusdale composed
a poem, "The Faithful Guard," to be sung at
the laying of the corner-stone of the 23d New York
regiment armory. Her poem on Raphael's Madonna
de San Sisto, in the Royal Gallery of Dresden, has
been frequently copied. It was written in Europe
in 1867. Mrs. Hinsdale has read in public these
verses, and also her poem, entitled, "The Old Cathe-
dral." She has three children: a son, Guy Hins-
dale, M. D., of Philadelphia; a daughter, the wife
of George A. Lintner, of Minneapolis, Minn., and
Frank W. Hiusdale.
CROSBY, Nathan, lawyer, was born at Sand-
wich, Carroll co., N. H., Feb. 12, 1798, son of Dr.
Asa and Betsey (Hoit) Crosby and half-brother of
Prof. Alpheus and Dr. Thomas Russell Crosby. He
was graduated at Dartmouth in 1820, and then read
law with Stephen Moody at Gilmautou and Asa
Freeman at Dover ; opened offices at Chester in
Is-.'H; Gilmantou in 1824; Amesbury, Mass., in
18'-<i ; Salisbury, Mass., Newburyport, Mass., in
is;;i). and Lowell, Mass., in 1843. In 1845-46 he
bought for the Lowell manufacturing corporations,
the great lakes in New Hampshire, which now form
the reservoirs of water power for that oily. He was
commissioned justice of the Lowell police court in
1846, and held the office until his death. He pub-
lished "First Half-Century of Dartmouth College";
"Crosby Family" (1S77); eulogies on Tappau \Vent-
worth and Judge Samuel S. Wilde, of the Massa-
chusetts supreme court, and many lectures and es-
says on historical and philanthropic subjects. He
furnished Dartmouth with the means for commenc-
ing a collection of the works of its alumni. The de-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
97
gree of LL.D. was conferred ii|>on him by the col-
lege iu 1879. lie was niiirricil at Gilmanton, X. H.,
Se-pt. -,'M, l^'.'l. to Rebecca Marquaud, daughter of
Stephen Mooily. Stephen Moody Crosby, -"Idler
and inaiiiifarliirer, was their son. Nathan Crosby
died in Lowell, Mass., Feb. !l. 1885.
CROSBY, Dixi, surgeon and educator, was horn
at Sandwich. Carrol] CO., N. II., Feb. 7, 1800, son
of Dr. Asa and lictsey (Unit) Crosby, and Imlf-
bniiher of I'rof. Alpheiis Crosby, of Dartnioiit li.
His maternal grandfather was one of Washington's
bodyguard, and later on a judge of some distinction.
At the age of twenty he entered upon the study of
medicine in liis father's office, with an inherited
preference for surgery. He beiran practicing almost
immediately, and in his first, year performed with
success the amputation of a Icir. after his father and
other physic-inns had declared that the patient could
not survive the operation, lie continued his studies
in the medical department of Dartmouth, receiving
his decree in 1824, and then for ten years practiced
at Gilmanlon in association with his father. He-
then removed to Meredith Uriel ire, now Lamina,
N. II., when- he- practiced for tlin-e \ears. until
1888. when lie was appointed profess, ir nf surgery in
Dartmouth, to siic-c-c-ed Dr. Mussey; al.sei professor
of obstetrics anil diseases of women ami c-hildre-n.
In ISlis In- M.-IVC up tin- c-liair of surgery, and in 1870
resigned the other chair; was succe-eeied by his son,
Alpheus Bcnning Crosby, and bc-eame professor
eme-riliis. He- was "a elc-ar, din-ct, and de-liniti- in-
structor, imparting to his pupils liis own /eal, and
teach i n g I hem his ow n self relianci-. lie was alwa\ s
kind, always dignified, always genial. The- prac-
tical view of a subject was the- view which he- eh-
lighted to take; and the dry humoi with which be-
never failed tei cmphasi/.e- his point at once tixi-el it
in the memory eif the- class, anil made it available for
future use." liis professional labors covered the
whole range of medicine, and his lie Id of ope rations
"extended from Lake Champlain le> Boston. "
Among his special operations were the redm-ini; of
metacarpo-phalangeal dislocation by an ingenious
mode devised by him in 1N24. and the removal of
the arm, scapula and three-quarters eif the- clavicle
at a single operation, for the first time in the history
of surgery(183(i). He was the- first to open an abscess
of the hip-joint. He served in the provost marshal's
office for many months at the- opening of the- civil
war, and at great sacrifice, attending to his practice
chiefly at night. Ornithology and entomology we-ie
favorite stinlie-s with him, and his collection of
stuffed birds was more complete, it is said, "than is
often found in the museum of a professed naturalist."
Prof. Crosby was married, at Gilmanton. N. H., to
Mary .lane, "daughter of Stephen Moody, who bore
him two sons, Albert and Alpheus. Prof. Crosby
died at Hanover, N. H., Sept. 26, 1873.
CROSBY, Alpheus, educator and author, was
born at Sandwich, Carroll co., N. H., Oct. 13, 1810,
sou of Dr. Asa Crosby, au eminent surgeon, and
Abigail Russell, his second wife, and descendant of
Simon Crosby, who emigrated to New England in
1635, settling at Cambridge, Mass. His paternal
grandfather was a captain in the revolution, and
served with two of his sous at Bunker Hill. Alpheus
Crosby is said to have learned the rudimentary
branches of education almost without a teacher, and
to have acquired mathematics, Latin and Greek "al-
most bv intuition." His studies preparatory to col-
lege were pursued at Hanover, Gilmanton A'cademy
and at Phillips (Exeter) Academy, and on entering
Dartmouth, at the age of thirteen, he was possessed
of some knowledge of Hebrew, which, however, was
not a requisite. He was graduated in 1827, having
easily led his class during the entire course. He
was 'preceptor of Moor's Charity School at Hanover
VOL. IX.— 7.
in 1827-28, and a tutor in the college in 1828-31.
During this period he joined the college church and
formed the purpose of preparing for the ministry. He
spent two years at Anclover Theological Seminary
in the- class Of 1«:!4; but in IX!:; was called to Dart-
mouth to become professor of Latin and Greek. In
1837 he was released from the chair of Latin, and
he-Id that of Greek only until 1S4!I, when he resigned.
He remained professor emeritus until his death.
Removing to Newburyport, Mass., he occupie-d
himself with the preparation of his " Greek Gram-
mar," with theological elisquisjtions and with the
superinleiiclcncy of public schools. In 1S.">4 he' be--
caine- airent of the- Mas-aehiisctts board of education
and lecturer in the teachers' institutes. His labors
we -re so etlicienl thai in Is-"i7 he- was appointed princi-
pal of Hie- state- normal school at Salem, where he
ii-mainccl for eight years, and while thus eiigaue-d
was e-hie-t editor of the- " Massachusetts Teacher" for
several years lie- rai-e ,| the school te> a high stand-
ard of excellence, gave it the largest part eif its
valuable library, anil obtained for its use the most of
its considerable cabinet. The se-cret of his success
as a teacher appears to have been due to several
Causes. In the- words of one- of hi* pupils: "His
appreciation ..! the- beauties ,,f his favorite- laniMiaue,
Greek, kindled in him an enthusiastic- love- for it.
His manner of teaching imparted somi'thing of this
same- enthusiasm to the students. The- thoroughness
of his insl ruction, his perfect courtesy towards all
-.
C.l.n-H.11. If-
the students, the extreme kindness with which he
always treated them, his constant mildness and
equanimity in the presence of the class, his great
hive and supreme devotion to his duties, apparent to
all. won the love- ami respect, and nave him the con-
trol of every student under him, which no sternness
or severity could ever have secured." Prof. Crosby
was active in premiotiie.' various reforms, especially
the abolition of slavery. During the civil war he
edited for a year a periodical entitled "The Right
Way," iu which the- question of reconstruction was
ably discussed by him. He also published a series
of elementary reading-books for the use of the f reed-
men of the South. Other educational works were:
"Greek Tables"; "Greek Lessons"; an edition of
Xenophon's "Anabasis," with lexicon; "Essay on
the Second Advent" (1850); "First Lessons in
Geometry" (1851), and " Explanatory Notes to the
Anabasis," which was nearly ready for the press at
the time of his death. He was married at Newbury-
port, Mass., Aug. 27, 1834, to Abigail Grant Jones,
or.Iy child of Joseph and Abigail Cheesboro Grant
(Jones) Cutler. She died some years later, and on
Feb. 12, 1861, he was married, at "West Bridgewater,
Mass., to Martha, daughter of Joseph Kingman.
Prof. Crosby died at Salem, Mass., April 17, 1874.
CROSBY, Thomas Russell, surgeon and edu-
cator, was born at Gilmanton, Belknap co., N. H.,
Oct. 22, 1816, son of Dr. Asa and Abigail (Russell)
Crosby and brother of Alpheus Crosby, educator.
98
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
He entered the sophomore class iu Dartmouth in
1839, and while pursuing the studies of the academic
course, gave his leisure hours to medicine and natu-
ral history. He took the degrees of A.B. and M.D.
in 1841 , and began the practice of his profession at
Campion, subsequently living in Hartford, Vt. ,
Meriden and Manchester, N. H. He aided in or-
ganizing the Hillsboro Agricultural Society and the
State Agricultural Society, and for the latter prepared
the first volume of its "Transactions." He also
edited for a time the " Granite Farmer" ; served as
city physician of Manchester, and was a candidate
for the mayoralty. His health having failed, he re-
moved to Norwich, Vt., in 1854, and for one year
thereafter lived in the town and in Hanover, N. H. ,
engaged in practice and serving as professor of anato-
my, physiology and history at Norwich University.
In 1861 he entered the army and was placed in
charge of the Columbian College Hospital, in "Wash-
ington, with which he remained connected until
• f *>-'*"••
after the close of the war, and the sick and wounded
were able to be transferred to their homes. In 1866-
70 he was professor of general and military surgery
and hygiene in the National Medical College (the
medical department of Columbian College), and from
1870 until almost literally the day of his decease,
Erofessor of animal and vegetable physiology in the
tate Agricultural College at Hanover, and of natu-
ral history in the academic department. He was
married at Norwich, Vt., Jan. 17, 1843, to Louisa
Partridge, daughter of Col. Oliver Burton, U. S. A.
Dr. Crosby died at Hanover, N. H., March 1, 1872.
CROSBY, Stephen Moody, lawyer and manu-
facturer, was born at Salisbury, Essex co., Mass.,
Aug. 14, 1827, son of Hon. Nathau and Rebecca
Marquand (Moody) Crosby. He was educated at the
Boston Latin School, the Lowell high school, Dart-
mouth College, where he was graduated in 1849, and
Harvard Law School, where he took his degree in
1852. He entered on practice at Praucestown, Hills-
boro co., N. H., but in 1853 removed to Manchester,
leaving the law and becoming the agent of a manu-
facturing company. Four years later he became a
manufacturer of cotton goods at Iluydenville, Mass.
At the beginning of the civil war he entered the
Federal army; in 1862-66 was paymaster and was
brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious services.
He was a representative in the state legislature in
1869; state senator (1870-71); state director of the
Boston and Albany railroad (1871-72); commissioner
of the Hoosac tunnel (1874-75), and treasurer of the
Massachusetts Trust Co. (1870-83), when he became
president of that corporation. He was married, at
Haydenville, Mass., Oct. 16, 1855. to Annie, daughter
of Hon. Joel Haydeu.
CROSBY, Alpheus Benning, surgeon and
educator, was jorn at Gilmauton, Belknap co., N. H.,
Feb. 22, 1832, sou of Dixi and Mary Jane (Moody)
Crosby. He was self-possessed and practical when
a boy; so much so, that he was often called on to
aid his father in minor operations; and when he
reached the age of fifteen began to assist in adminis-
tering chloroform, recently introduced in surgery.
He was graduated at Dartmouth iu 1853; pursued
medical studies in the toffice of his father and at-
tended lectures at Dartmouth Medical College;
passed the year 1855 as interne iu the U. S. Marine
Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.; was graduated M.D. at
Dartmouth iu 1856, and was appointed demonstrator
of pathological anatomy iu the college. He occupied
the chair for five years, and at the same time prac-
ticed in association with his father, being familiarly
known as "Dr. Ben." He was appointed surgeon
of the 1st New Hampshire volunteers, May 1, 1861;
promoted brigade surgeon, Aug. 12th, and soon
after medical director; served at Ball's Bluff, iu the
seven days' battle before Richmond and in the
second battle of Bull Ruu; resigned July 16, 1862,
and returned to Hanover to practice. He originated
and erected the first complete military hospital on
the modern "pavilion plan" that was built during
the war. In the autumn of 1862 he became associate
professor of surgery iu Dartmouth, delivering lec-
tures on medical surgery. On his father's resigna-
tion, in 1870, he succeeded him as full professor,
occupying the chair until 1877. He was also pro-
fessor of surgery in Vermont Medical College. Bur-
lineton, (1865-72); in the University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor (1869-72), and iu Long Island Medical
College, Brooklyn, N. Y. He delivered a course of
medical lectures at Bowdoin College, Brunswick,
Me., in 1809, and was professor of anatomy iu Belle-
vue Hospital Medical College, New York city, in
1S73. He declined invitations to chairs iu the Uni-
versity of New York and Jefferson College, Phila-
delphia, Pa. From 1868 until his death his winters
were spent in New York city. "The number of his
appointments to professional chairs iu different insti-
tutions is something beyond precedent in the history
of any young American practitioner. . . . As a
lecturer he was master of his subject — clear and
definite in his demonstrations, di-
ivrt :ii]il incisive in his manner,
apt in illustration, brimful of good
humor and pointed anecdote, and
fluent, even to prodigality, in his
words, so that his power over stu-
dents was immense and his class-
room wascrowded. In the twenty-
one years of his practice, he op-
erated more times than any other
surgeon of his age in New Eng-
land, and performed, without ex-
ception, every capital operation
known in surgery. His last two
years in New York were years of
remarkableindustryandincessaut
toil. Two of his popular lectures
at the Cooper Institute, winter of
187(5-77, on 'The Foot' and 'The
Hand' were marvels of wit and
common sense." He was noted for
his sympathetic nature; "his large heart seemed as
incapable of being overloaded with friendship as it
was inexhaustible in its overflowing friendliness."
He was a member of many medical associations, and
was president of the New Hampshire Medical
Society iu 1877. Besides contributions to periodical
literature, he published a number of pamphlets, in-
cluding: "Foreign Bodies in the Knee Joint, with
Seven Cases of Removal"; "Successful Case of
Ovariotomy"; "Memorial Address on Prof. David
Sloan Couant," and "Contribution to the Medical
History of New Hampshire" (1870). Prof. Crosby
was married, at Baltimore, Md., July 26, 1862, to
Mildred Glassell, daughter of Dr. William R. Smith,
afterward of Galveston, Tex. She died in Galves-
tou, Feb. 3, 1882. Their two sons, Dixi and William
P., are both physicians. Prof. Crosby died at Han-
over, N. H., Aug. 9, 1877.
UK AMKKK' AN I'.KH , K A I'HY.
99
WASSON, David Atwood, clergyman and
author, WH-. burn al Brooksville, Mi1., May II. ls'.'">
M I1 David and - — ( Lillletield) Wasson. His
father was justice of the peace of his native village
and owner of several coa-iiim vessels; his mothei
was a nalivc- of I In- nei.jhbi iriii'j \ i!la-e ofTa-line,
where her family had resided for se\i -ral ijcncralions.
The original ancestor of the Wassoii family came- In
Nr\\ Kicjland in 17-4 with a Scotch Irish colony,
which sell led Londonderry, N. II.; he "as a man
of education, anil a leaeher by profe-sjon. |[i- -,111,
also a teacher, lived at Crolon, Mass , and had four
sons, all of whom served under Washington in Hie
revolnlionai \ war. Three of them sell led BUbse-
i|iieni l\ on I In- COOS) "I' MaiMi-, and formed the Centre
of a little community of Puritan fanners. Mr \\ as
son was brought HJI in the striclesi manner, scarcely
knowing whai tenderness meant, since his mother
had died during his infancy, and his t'alher and step-
mother, although pious, upright persons, lielicved
I'll inly in exercising sternness and re|n cssi.ni lowai'ds
children, lie saw lillle he\ olid his father's |i( Id-
ami the village selloolliollse ; for 1 !n ioks\ il le was
small and sequestered, dillienll of aece-s except In
water, and seldom visited by outsiders. Although
nol fund of farm. work, he was active and strong in
his youth, the champion wrestler of the village ; but
in his eighteen! h year he over exerted himself, and
received injiiiie, which afterwards developed and
made him a hopeless cripple durhiL' the last thirty
years of his life. lie left sel I at the age of nine,
but resumed his studies, under the ullage pastor, in
his sixteenth year, and subsequently attended aeade
lilies at North Yarmouth and Ainlover. While,
studying there, he taught in tiie vacations, and con-
tinued to aid in defraying hi- expenses bv I hi- means
while studying at liowdoin College. In hi.s junior
year, |s|\ he became in\nl\ed in a student's dis
tnrbanee, and was dismissed from college lie tlicu
studied law at Belfast, and be^an its praeliee ; aban-
doning il, however, in a short time, and cnterim: ihe
theological seminary at Bamror. Me, to prepare lor
the ministry. < >n accoiml of his heterodox views,
there was sonic hesitation before he was ordained ;
and as he continued to express his opinions freely,
he had scarcely preached a year bet'.. re he found
himself without a church. lie then established an
independent society at Groveland, thus atii-acting
the attention of Ihe leading theologians of the coun-
try. In 1855 he officiated for six months al \Voree-,
ter, in the absence of Rev. Thomas \Ventworth Ilig-
gmson, and in Ihe following year his feeble health
obliged him to permanently resign his charge at
Groveland, and to go abroad for his health. ( hi his
return, lie became Mr. Higgiusou's colleague at
Worcester, but his health would not permit him
to retain the position ; and, after traveling in the
East, where he had an attack of typhoid fever, and
moving from place to place in "New England, he
finally settled at Medford. There, although he suf-
fered intensely, nol only from his general ill health,
but also from an affection of the eyes, he nevertheless
was an untiring student, and did some of his best
literary work, consisting chiefly of essays contributed
to magazines. " The New World and the New
Man," published in the " Atlantic Monthly " at this
time, received widespread attention. During this
period he accompanied the artist. Bradford, to Lab-
rador, and described the trip brilliantly in the " At-
lantic Monthly." The journey greatly improved his
health, and he again essayed preaching, this time as
minister of Theodore Parker's society at Boston.
After officiating there for one year (1856-57), he vol-
untarily resigned, and returning to West Medford,
was for three years storekeeper of the custom house.
The following three years he spent at Stuttgart, in
Germany, and on his return published an article, en-
titled "Church and State HI Germany." in the
" Unitarian Monthly." The last \ears of his life
were spent at Medford. Rev. Mr. Wasson was de-
scribed by his friend and biographer, O. 15. Frothing-
ham, as "a charming emm-rsalionaliM, of wide
readinu, lariie sympathy, skillful use of words, ex-
tensive ruhivalion, sincere manner, beautiful ur-
banity of address. . . . lie was one of the line-t
minds of the century — clear, sinewy, delicate, care-
ful, well furnished. . . . His poeiiis show rare in-
Bight, grace and capacity. They are nervous and
thrilling : somewhat wanting, perhaps, in elasticity of
\ lew and expression, but eai aesl , grave, lair, hopeful.
. . . His preaching was compact, full of movement
for though! iul listeners, but demanding close atten-
tion; unconventional, original, free from the common-
places of the pulpit." A posthumous volume of hi.s
" 1'oeins " was published in isss .-mil one of "Es-
sa\s in I'sMl. He was married to a Miss Smith,
of Ne\\ bin v port , and had out gon. lie died a I \\ est
Medford, .fan. -Jl, 1--;
DICKSON, Allan Hamilton, lawyer, was
born al Utiea. N. Y.. Nov. II, 1~-~,|. son of K>v
Ilnirli Sheridan and Sarah Margaret iSloeveri Dick-
son. His family is of Scotch origin, and its standing
has evei been honorable. llis ancestor, Alexander
I ' -il. born in 17711, was implicaled in the SO-
called Wolfe Tone revolution-
ai\ conspiracy, which had for
one of iis originators Kev. \Vil-
Main Dick-on The failun • 1
the conspiracy compelled Alex-
ander I )icksnn to Ljoinlo hiding
until 171I1I. lie wa- 1« ice mar-
ried first, to Sarah McKee,
who bole him ten children . S6C
ond, to Margaret llariimlon. by
whom he had six children In
IK','7. he emigrated to America.
w il h his family, and settled on
a lann in l!ciissch,er county,
N. Y. ; in fs;i7 removing to
Lansin^burir, where he died
in ls;i. HiiL'li Sheridan Dick-
son was the seventh child of
Alexander and Sarah Dick-
son. Allan Hamilton Dick-
son was educated at Wyer's
1'ieparatorv School, West dies-
ter, I'a., and entered Yale College in September,
l^ii-s. In iS71 he went to Heidelberg and -pent five
months in acquiring the (Jerman language, next at-
tended lectures Hi the University of Berlin, and
tinallv, after traveling through Switzerland and Italy,
returned, in is?v!, to America. In is7:! he sell led in
Wilkes Barre. Pa., studied law inthe office of ex Gov.
Henry M. Hoyt. and in September. 1S74. was admit-
ted to the bar of Luzerne connly, of which he lie-
came a recognized leader. Soon after Mr. Dickson's
admission to the bar he took a conspicuous part in
bringing before the courts a number of public offi-
cers lind local politicians of high standing who had
plundered the county and state. It was a bold act,
and many a young lawyer, from motives of policy,
would ha've hesitated to take so decided a stand; but
in this case, as throughout his life, he had the cour-
age of his convictions, and did not rest until the
offenders were imprisoned. In 1883. a campaign
undertaken for the purpose of carrying a constita
tional amendment prohibiting the sale of liquor in
the state and a local agitation to reduce the number
of licensed houses in Wilkes-Barre was also begun.
Mr Dickson entered into both these movements with
all his heart, though fully aware of the fact that
they were unpopular. He was a reformer in poll
tics, as well, and joined in the independent revolt of
1882. For several years he served on the common
3*383
100
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
council of Wilkes-Barre, and supported some import-
ant measures for municipal improvements that met
with outside resistance, and though by his act he lost
friends and incurred the abuse of many a citizen,
his wisdom was vindicated by time. He was a man
of broad culture, his studies covering a wide field
in general literature, history, theology and science,
and occasionally delivered public addresses that gave
evidence of discriminating research. One of these,
on Alexander Hamilton, was particularly admired.
Mr. Dickson had no sympathy with the selfish man,
the politic man, or the man of undecided opinions
on any subject; yet he was considerate, tolerant to-
ward an honest opponent, and when he was stirred
by the sorrow or misfortune of others, his words and
acts revealed a heart of great tenderness. In 1884,
he was appointed secretary and treasurer of the Bar
Association, and through him its library was greatly
enlarged, and its importance as an organization in-
creased. He was attorney for several Targe corpora-
tions, was a director and the counsel for the Miners'
Bank; a trustee and director of and counsel for the
First National Bank of PHtston; a member of the
Scotch-Irish and Wyoming Historical and Geologi-
cal societies, and was connected with a number of
other organizations. Mr. Dickson was married, at
Wyoming, Pa., Nov. 12, 1874, to Catherine Swet-
land, daughter of Payne and Caroline M. (Swet-
land) Pettiboue. She is descended, on her father's
side, from John Pettibone, of French extraction,
who emigrated from England in the time of Crom-
well, and in 1658 was a landholder at Windsor, Conn.
In 1769, his sou Noah removed to Wyoming, Pa.,
settling on lands that are still in the possession of the
family. Mrs. Dickson 's father was prominently con-
nected witli various business enterprises of the Wyo-
ming valley, and with the work of the Methodist
Episcopal church, and her maternal grandfather,
William Swetland, of revolutionary stock, was a
leader in religious and educational movements.
Two daughters and a son were born to Mr. and Mrs.
Dickson. The sudden death of his son hastened his
own death, which occurred at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Jan.
21. 1893.
CAPEN, John L., phrenologist and physician,
was born in what is now known as Harrison square,
Dorchester, Mass., June 13, 1822, son of Samuel Capen
and Hannah White, his second
wife; both of them repre-
sentatives of old Massachu-
setts families. His grandfather,
Christopher Capen, served in
the French and Indian wars,
and in 1775, when thenewsof the
proposed advance of the Brit-
ish on Concord wasanuounced,
he rushed into the house, cry-
ing," The war lias broken out!"
and seizing his gun and ammu-
nition, ran for the scene of the
expected conflict. He reached
Lexington too latetotake part in
the affray on the village green,
but enlisted in the Continental
army soon after. His family
was large, and the farm-work
was pressing a! that time, and as
the army was inactive at Boston, his son, Samuel, who
was only fifteen years of age, took his place in the
ranks, and when the army was ordered off', was
obliged to go with it, unexpectedly serving in the
first campaign. Samuel took part in six other cam-
paigns, always enlisting in the name of his father,
and when he1 made application for a pension, found
it dillicult to convince the authorities of his veracity.
At the time of John Capen's birth, his father was
sixty-two years of age, and the former, in all proba-
bility, is the youngest living son of any revolution-
ary soldier who served from the beginning of the
war. When John Capeu was eight years of age, his
father moved about two miles, to a farm belonging
to Mrs. Capen, situated on Brushliill turnpike, and
lying partly in Dorchester, partly in Roxbury.
The soil was poor and the struggle for a living hard,
and John's youth was spent mainly in farm-work ;
his education being limited to the little knowledge
he could acquire during the winter, and under a
"master," instead of a " teacher," and to such other
instruction as he could gather from reading. The
subject that interested him most was that to which
he has devoted the greater part of his life. From
the time of the reading of the first article in some
magazine, he sought in every periodical for more
matter on the subject of phrenology, and studied
heads as well as printed pages. Years before he had
thought of making phrenology his profession, he had
acquired a local reputation for his skill in this line,
and at last was induced by a young man, with whom
he attended a class in Boston, to accompany him on
a lecturing tour. Finding that he himself was ex-
pected to lecture, he separated from his partner, but
having turned his attention in that direction, did not
find it easy to give up the work. Accordingly, he
spent about nine months in further preparation in
the Boston office of Fowler, Wells & Co., and in the
autumn gave his first course of lectures at Goffstown,
N. H. He continued through the following winter,
spending most of his time in Massachusetts. In 1855 he
entered the office of Fowler & Wells, in New York
city, making examinations for them, but in April,
1856, took charge of their branch office in Philadel-
phia, and a year later bought out the interest of that
firm. From that time until the present, he has been
absent from the scene of his labors for short inter-
vals only. While carrying on his phrenological
practice. Dr. Capen studied medicine, and in 1875
was graduated at the Hahnemauu Medical College.
He has ever felt that the faithful practice of phre-
nology is of very great value to the public, but in his
efforts to carry out his views has not always been
able to hold to a conventional faith in the theory of
the subject, and therefore has not been popular with
the publishers. Phrenology that is not frank or in-
dependent is nearly or quite valueless. His views
are not radically different from those of the frater-
nity in general, but in his endeavor to avoid excep-
tions to rules he has complicated the subject, until,
to many hearers, it appears to be more difficult than
the older and more simple way. He does not be-
lieve that there are " bad " and "good " organs, but
that every man is good in his place and under suita-
ble conditions. The first proposition of his teaching
is that character is formed of organization and edu-
cation. Of organization, the first proposition is that
"the body is the organ of mind;" the second,
that " a part of the cortical portion of the brain is
the immediate organ of conscious mind." Dr.
Capen was married, at South Boston, 1855, to Eleanor,
daughter of Osgood Randall, and to his present
wife, Sarah H. Reger, in 1886.
DAVIDSON, James Wood, author, was born
in Newberry district (now county), South Carolina,
March 9, 1829. His father, Alexander Davidson,
was a native of the same place. His grandfather,
Alexander Davidson, was a Scotchman, of the clan
Davidson (originally Clann Mac-Dhaibhidh), resident
in the fourteenth century in Badenach, Scotland.
The immediate head of the clan was Dliaiblndh D!iu
(David the Black). When the clans of Culloden
were scattered in flight in 1746, and the hopes of
Charles Edward were utterly crushed, clan Davidson
suffered terribly under the brutal cruelty of Cumber-
land. Alexander Davidson took refuge in Antrim,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
101
on Lough Ncagh, in Ireland; married Janet Stinson,
and a few years later moved to America. In 1753,
I he dan sold out its estates in Cromarty, and settled
in Tullock, in Ross-shire. Alexander Davidson, the
grandfather, reaching America, settled in what was
then called Craven county, — on the resurvey named
Newberry, — South Carolina, and there devoted his
energies to planting. His third and youngest child
was Alexander Davidson, the father of .lames Wood.
James Wood Davidson was the youngest of eight
children. He studied at home, but entered school at
the age of six. lie attended the private schools, on
the British plan, which continued in that section
until the war of secession. In 184!), he entered the
sophomore class of the South Carolina College at
Columbia, and was srradiialed
in 1852. From 1854 until 1S.V.I,
he was professor of Greek in
Mount Zion Collegiate Insti-
tute, at Winnshorough. S, ( ' ;
then taught the classics in the
Carolina Hiith School, in ( !o-
luinbia. During the civil war. he
served in the Confederate army
under <!en. Lee in Virginia, lie-
ing adjutant of a regiment of ill-
fan I ry in "Stone wall". lacks, m's
army corps. The wardestroyed
all his properly, papers and ma
terials in the line of literature.
In 1865, he returned to Colum-
bia, and taught the classics in
the academy at that place; but
. fiie community was so money-
less at that lime, and the re-
construction government so destructive of all bus]
ness prosperity, that he joined journalism to teaching.
and thus eked out a subsistence until 1871. He wrole
principally for the Charleston "News" and the New
York "Times." In ISO!), he published two books —
one, "The Living Writers of the South," a pioneer
venture in a field entirely new; the other was "A
School History of South Carolina." This latter lay
on the shelf until the reconstruction government of
the state died in 1876, when the book was adopted
by the state board of education as a text-book in the
public schools. In 1871, he removed to Washington,
D. C., where he enjoyed the advantages of the
library of congress for two years. Here he con-
tinued to gather materials for a "Dictionary of
Southern Authors," on the plan of Alliboue — a work
he had commenced in 1808, while compiling his
pioneer work in the same field. He has already
more than three thousand names of southern authors
on his rolls, with material on each one. He has also
in preparation a novel illustrative of Homeric life
and times, entitled "Helen of Troy." In 1873, he
removed to New York, to take 'a place on the
editorial staff of the "Evening Post" as literary,
dramatic and art editor. He held this position for
a year, and was at the same time American corre-
spondent of the London "Standard," and held that
position about six years. He lived in New York
eleven years, writing for American and foreign
periodicals. He was employed five years as corre-
spondent in the educational department of a large
publishing company, and gathered materials for a
book, entitled "The Correspondent," giving the in-
formation needed by the epistolarian in business
and in society. In 1884, he was married to a Mrs.
Allen, a native of Bristol, England. He moved
the same year to Florida, building a home on the
borders of Lake Worth, in Dade "county. In that
frontier region Mr. Davidson cleared a farm, and
entered upon the growing of pine-apples, limes,
guavas, bananas, cocoanuts and other semi-tropical
fruits, and was one of the first in the state to
prove that the light, sandy soil is the best for the
pine-apple. In 1885, be was elected to represent
Dade county in the constitutional convention, held
that year in Tallahassee, the state capital. In 1887,
he represented his county in the legislature. His
main reason for settling in Florida was to have a
quid retreat, \\here he could finish the literary work
he had in hand; but a few years' trial proved' disap-
pointing, and lie returned to Washington in 1887.
In response to a request from his former employers
in New York for a new book on Florida, bringing
the information down to date, he wrote "The Florida
of Today" (1SS!)). He also published "The Poetry
of the Future" (ISSS). Dr. Davidson has always
been a close student. During his college days, and
for years after, he devoted careful attention to the-
ology and religion. Besides the books he has
written directly, he lias edited "Lvricsand Sketches,"
by William M.' Martin (ISO")), and "The Educational
Year-Book of 1873."
MILLER, Watson John, bank president, was
born at Middletown. Conn., Nov. 23. 1849, son of
Wai rons Ives ami Kulh L (Prout) Miller. He is a
descendant of Thomas Miller, who came from Eng-
land about 1040 and settled first at Koaley. Ma^s ,
whence sonic years later he removed to Middletown,
there building and operating the first mill (about
lOOOi; of (Jov. P.eiijainin Miller, the hitter's son; anil
of Lieut. Ichabod Miller. His mother was a lineal de-
scendant, of Timothy Prout, who came from England
to Boston about 1040, and removed to Middletown
about 1070, where he was interested in building the
first sailing vessel launched on the Connecticut river.
Watson John Miller was educated at the high school
and the Chase Institute, in his native city, and at the
New Haven Business College. I'i March, 1SOS, he
established a factory in Middletown, Conn., but
having removed to Brooklyn. N. Y., in 1874, he be-
came connected with a silverware manufacturing
company there. In 1879. he re-
turned to Connecticut, to live at
Shelton. Fairiieldco. He became
secretary, treasurer and general
manager of the reorganized Der-
by Silver Co., of which, about
ten years later, he became presi-
dent. In 1893, the business men
of the town took steps to organ-
ize a bank, and no one was more
active in the matter than Col.
Miller. His social prominence,
and the belief that anything wilh
which he was connected would
be established on enduring foun-
dations, ensured the success of the
enterprise; and, on his express-
ing a willingness to take upon
himself the responsibility of the
office, he was unanimously elected
president. The wisdom of this
choice has been proved by the
progress made, with an able board of directors,
under Col. Miller's administration, and the Shelton
Savings Bank, for a newly organized bank, ranks
high among the financial institutions of the state.
He is a director in the Home Trust Co., the Derby
and Shelton Board of Trade and the Birmingham
National Bank ; president of the South End Laud
Co., through which it was thought best to organize
the Shelton Building and Loan Association. He is
also a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artil-
lery of Boston, a 32d degree Mason and a mem-
ber of the Mystic Shrine of the Pyramid Temple,
Bridgeport, Conn. Col. Miller was married, at
Chicopee, Mass., in 1874, to Susan J., daughter of
Alouzo and Ann (Adams) Waite.
102
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
HUNTINGTON, John, inventor and capitalist,
was born in Preston, England, March 8, 1832. His
father, Hugh Huntington, with a brother, John
Huutingtou, founded Trinity School, in Preston,
ami became the master in mathematics in the insti-
tution. The sou came to America at the age of
twenty-two, going directly to Cleveland, O., then a
small and struggling town, where he found employ-
ment with Allen H. Hawley, afterwards with Holt &
Hawley, and was given charge of the practical part
of their business of slate-rooting. He continued with
this house until 1857, when he began business inde-
pendently, as a roofer and contractor, superintend-
ing the construction or repairs of many notable build-
ings in Cleveland and elsewhere. In 1863, he asso-
ciated himself with others in the business of refining
oil; and, endeavoring to improve the methods in use
for oil-refining, he patented numerous inventions for
the improvement of furnaces, and for machinery for
the manufacture of oil barrels. Chiefly through the
advantages given by these inventions, the business
of his firm — Clark, Payne & Co. — became the great-
est oil-refining establishment extant, its output reach-
ing the quantity, large for that time, of 3, 000 barrels
of Oil daily. The Standard Oil Co. was formed by
the consolidation of Clark, Payne «fc Co. with several
other large refineries, and Mr. Huutiugton and his
inventions were taken into the
new organization. Mr. Huutingtou
served "for twelve years on the
Cleveland city council, and was the
originator of many important mu-
nicipal improvements. Foreseeing
the rapid growth of the city, he
advocated legislation for a popula-
tion much greater than then existed.
Through liis efforts with those of
others, an excellent system of sew-
erage was introduced, streets were
built, the dredging of Cuyahoga
river was begun, draw-bridges took
the place of fixed ones, and a rail-
mad swing-bridge was erected in-
stead of une resting upon a pier in
the middle of the river, as was pro-
posed, to the obstruction of naviga-
tion. This last improvement was
almost wholly due to the earnest
support it received from Mr. Hunt-
ing-ton. He also aided in the reorganization of the
water-works department and the introduction of the
police tire-alarm telegraph, and urged the abandon-
ment by the state of the Cleveland end of the Ohio
canal, and bringing into the city the Valley railway
upon the abandoned canal lied, gaining by his efforts
the desired improvement from the legislature. The
establishment of the beautiful Lake View Park was
greatly due to Mr. Huntington's energetic effort in
the face of much opposition. The first high-level
bridge, or viaduct, across the Cuyahoga valley was
constructed mainly according to his views, in oppo-
sition to other plans supported by many influential
advocates. In 1889, Mr. Huutiugton placed in the
Lauds of trustees the sum of $2(50,000, to found a
permanent fund, "The John Iluntiugton Benevolent
Trust." the income from which was to be used for
the benefit of some nineteen public institutions of a
charitable and educational character. He also left
in the hands of trustees a certain income from his
estate, to be used for the founding of an art gallery
and a polytechnic school. Because of failing health
during the later years of his life, Mr. Huutiugton
was compelled to devote himself less actively to
business and affairs, but shortly before departing for
Europe he had embarked on two successful enter-
prises— the vessel business and the Cleveland Stone
Co. He had been four years in Europe, anil was
about to return home, when he became seriously ill.
Mr. Huutinston was twice married : in 1852, to Jane
Beck, who died in 1883; and, in 1884, to a Mrs. Good-
win, daughter of T. W. Week, of Cleveland. He
died in London, England, Jan 10, 1893.
AUCHMUTY, Samuel, clergyman, was born
in Boston, Mass., Jan. 16, 1723, second sou of Judge
Robert Auchmuty. His father was the scion of au
ancient Scottish family, holding a barony in Fife-
shire, Scotland, as early as the fourteenth century.
He came to New England in 1698, settling at Bos-
ton; became judge of the court of admiralty, and in
1741 went to England as agent for the colony on the
question of disputed boundary with Rhode Island.
He is said to have projected, while there, the expedi-
tion to Cape Breton. He had three sons, the eldest
of whom, Robert, was an eminent lawyer of Boston,
and succeeded his father as judge. He acted as the
senior counsel in defense of ('apt. Prestou, who was
tried for murder after the Boston massacre. In
1776, being a zealous royalist, he went to England,
and died there. Samuel Auchmuty was graduated
at Harvard College in 1743, and went to England to
study for holy orders; was ordained there, and was
appointed assistant minister of Trinity Church, New
York city, beginning his duties in 1763. In the fol-
lowing year he became rector, having also the charge
of St.. George's and St. Paul's chapels. It was his
intention to return to England to be consecrated
bishop of New York; but the breaking-out of the
revolution compelled him to remain at home in order
to keep his flock together. He continued to read
prayers for the king, even after the American army
took possession of the city, in 1777. Finally, he re-
ceived word that a body of soldiers would be sent to
arrest him on the following Sunday, but, in loyalty
to his ordination vows, he began reading the ob-
noxious prayers as usual. The soldiers marched in,
to the tune of "Yankee Doodle." hut retired without
disturbing the rector, who, undismayed, had gone on
with the service. Before another Sunday arrived,
he had been silenced by Gen. Alexander, and had re-
tired to New Jersey, taking with him the keys of
Trinity and its chapels, in order that no abridged
services might be held. After the battle of Long
Island and the occupation of New York city by the
British, he attempted to return, but was not allowed
to pass through the American lines. He then under-
took to reach the city by a circuitous course, and
was successful, after exposing himself to such hard-
ships that his health was shattered. He was pros-
trated also by finding that Trinity Church, with its
records and its charity-school, as well as his dwelling-
house, had been burned. He preached for the last
time in St. Paul's, and died a few days later, March, '6
1777. His son, Samuel, born in New York city, June
22, 1758, was graduated at King's (Columbia) College
in 1775; received a commission for gallantry at the
battle of Long Island, and, remaining in the British
army, was promoted brigadier-general. He served
in several campaigns against the Americans; also in
India, Egypt, Java and South America; was pro-
moted lieutenant-general; was appointed chief of the
forces in Ireland, and died in Dublin, Ausj. 11, 1*22.
AUCHMUTY, Richard Tylden, philanthro-
pist, was born in New York city, July 15, 1831, sou
of Richard Tyldeu and Mary (Allen) Auchmuty, his
father being an officer in the U. S. marine corps.
He was descended from an ancient Scotch family, of
Fifeshire, Scotland, the first of the name in this
country being Robert Auchmuty, who settled iu
Boston in 1698, and became a judge of the admiralty.
The second sou of Robert, Samuel, was rector of
Trinity Church, New York city, before and during
the early part of the revolutionary war. Three of
Samuel's sons served in the British army, and one of
them returned to New York city at the close of the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
103
war; namely, Robert Nicholas, grandfather of
Kichanl Tylden, Jr. Mary (Allen) Auclimuty was
a urea! granddaughter (if Chief Justice Allen, of
Pennsylvania, a member nf tlie enuncil of William
Penn ; anil, on tlie maternal .side, a great-grand-
daughter nf Philip Livingston, one of the signers of
the Declaration of Independence. Kichani Tylden
Auehmuty, Jr., entered Columbia College at theaue
of sixteen, but left in junior year on account of ill-
liealtli, and traveled in Kurope. On his return, he
studied architecture in the office (if James Ken \\iek,
with whom he subsequently entered into partnership,
the firm-name being Kcnwick, Auchmuly A: Sands.
In 1861, he was commissioned assistant-adjutant-
general of volunteers, wilh rank of eaplain, in the
Federal army, and, as a member of the 5th army
corps, was present at the sie^e of Yorklown, and at.
the battles of Hanover Court House. Meelianicsville,
Gaines Mills, Mahern Hill, Chancel lors\ -ille, < Jettv --
Imii; and P>ris|,ic Station, lie was brevclled for
gallantly at Gettysburg. In December. 1N63. on
account of ill-health, he was assigned to duly in the
war department at Washington; and in ISli-l, during
Early 's attack, took part in the defense of the city.
His military duties ended, he returned to New York
city, which continued to be his winter residence, his
summers being spent at Lenox, Mass., where lie
bought :i farm, and where be held local otliees for
many years. In 1SSO, he opened the New York
Trade-Schools, the HIM insiiiuiinns of their kind ill
the United Slates. Kcelinir Ihal the long apprenlice-
sliip in the building trades and the limited number
of apprentices allowed by the lalior unions were
Combining to keep young Americans out of trade-,
while their places wen- tilled bv foreigners, he set
himself to work to end this unjust slate of things.
European trade schools added ordinary education to
their courses of study, but he thought the public
schools of the United Slates made this unnecessary.
The -system he devised, which, like I he .schools men-
tioned, is now .-ISM. Hated with his name, has sup
planted the old apprentice system. Il is a short
course of practical manual instruction, with scientific
lectures added to it, and a rinid examination at the
end, before a certificate is given. The school LMVW
rapidly, and was chartered by the regents of the Uni-
versity of the State of New York in 1893, and seven
trustees were appointed to receive an endowment of
$500,000 from J. Pierpont Morgan. In that year
the pupils exceeded 600 in number, and came from
as far east as Prince Edward's Island and as tarueM
as California. Including that, year, 3,700 young
men were graduated. Mr. Auchmuty «a- a vestry-
man of Trinity Church, New York city, and held' a
similar position at Lenox. He was married, subse-
quent to the war, to Ellen Schermerhoru, of the old
New York family of that name. He died at Lenox,
Mass., in July, 1893.
RICHMOND, William Henry, coal operator,
was born at Marlborough, Hartford co., Conn., Oct.
23, 1821, son of William Wadsworth and Clarissa
(Bailey) Richmond. The family had its origin in
Brittany before the eleventh century, and the
American branch was founded by John Richmond,
an emigrant from Ashtou Keynes, Wiltshire, Eng-
land, who, in 1637, became one of the original pur-
chasers of Tauuton, Mass. Through his grand-
mother, Prudence Wadsworth, Mr. Richmond is
descended through seven generations from William
Wadsworth, an emigrant from England to Massa-
chusetts in 1632, and, under Hooker, one of the
early Connecticut colonists in 1636, whose son, C'apt.
Joseph Wadsworth, is credited with concealing the
Connecticut charter in the oak tree at Hartford. Mr.
Richmond was educated in the schools of Connecti-
cut, entering business life in his thirteenth year, but
returned home and continued his studies from 1837
to 1842. For the next three years he was employed
in a store in Honesdale, Pa., and then opened a
store in Carboudale, Pa., as a member of the firm of
Richmond & Robinson, of which he became sole
proprietor in 1853. Two years before the firm had
added to their business of general merchandise! a
factory for making doors, coal-cars and other wood-
work, which, beiugtlie first wood-working machinery
introduced in tlie Lackawanna and Wyoming val-
leys, met with opposition from mechanics, who con-
sidered it an abridgment of the chances of labor.
In September, IS.Vi, he lost his main store building
in Carbondale by fire, but it was rebuilt at the be-
ginning of the next year. In January, 1860, Mr.
Richmond commenced mining coal in lilakely town-
ship, near Scranlon, Pa., and in 1S61 sold out his
manufacturing interests at Carbondale. Associated
wilh Charles P. Wurl/., general superintendent of
the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., he erected
one of die first coal-breakers on the line of that road,
and commenced the breaking, screening and assort-
ing of the coal into dill'erent si/es for the market,
the previous practice having been to ship it in lump
from the mine. In isi;:!, the firm of Richmond &
Co. uas merged into the F.lk 1 1 ill Coal and Iron Co..
Mr. Richmond becoming eventually president, chief
stockholder, treasurer and general manager of the
new concern, and has since continued in the busi-
ness. The present coal-breaker
belonging to the company \\as
erected, in iss<», in Dickson city,
a mile distant from the shaft,
which reaches aboul ninety feet
to the rock, and 200 feet to
the 14-foot bed of coal, thence
through five lower beds to the
depth of r,uu feet This colliery
has been in operation since l~-'.i|.
and has capacity for shipping
1,000 tons or more a day. In ls'.M,
the company leased about 1,000
acres of coal lands about five
miles above Carbon\ ille, Pa., at
the village of Richmondale, and
this colliery, havinga capacity of
1,500 tons per day, be-all ship-
ping coal, in 1S03, over the Rich-
moudale branch of the NewY'ork,
Ontario and Western railroad. At this colliery Mr.
Richmond conceived the idea of placing over the
shaft, which is sunk 220 feet through two beds of
coal seven and eight feet thick, a steel tower 187 feet
high, connected with the coal-breaker building, 200
feet away, by a steel chute, supported on two inter-
mediate towers, from which the coal gravitates to
the larger and smaller rolls, and thence through the
man}' screens to be sorted and prepared for ship-
ment. The chute is built in accordance with the
Pennsylvania mine laws, which stipulate that coal-
breakers must be at least 200 feet from the shaft.
The loaded coal-cars are placed at the foot of the
shaft in the mine, are raised 150 feet above the sur-
face, and by automatic arrangement the coal is
emptied from the car without running from the car-
riage. This is the only known operation of the sort,
and it is of much economy in working coal. Since
the arrival of Mr. Richmond in Pennsylvania, in
1842, a revolution has been brought about in the
coal trade. In that year the whole production of
the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., or indeed of
the Lackawanna and Wyoming valleys, was 205,000
tons, all mined at Carbondale; the whole production
of anthracite up to that time was 1,100,000 tons;
bituminous coals were marketless; the cost of mining
and transporting to Honesdale, no coal being broken,
was about $1 per ton; the price paid miners was
twenty-eight cents per ton in winter and thirty-five
104
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
cents in summer. In 1897, some 26,000,000 tons of
coal were sent from this district to market, worth
near!}- $50,000,000. Mr. Richmond was the pro-
jector and first president of the Crystal Lake Water
Co., and gave its name, and was one of the original
stockholders, and has been manager of the Carbon-
dale Gas Co. since its organization, in 1867. He re-
moved, in 1874, to a residence on a seventy-five acre
farm in the city of Scranton, where for some years,
with other business, he carried on the manufacture
of files, and was one (if the original stockholders and
a director of the Third National Bank. He has
never, however, entered into any business of a specu-
lative character. He raised Jersey cows on his farm
until, in 1886, he sold a herd of seventy, keeping
only ten for household use. He is a director of a
railroad company, and member of the American
Jersey Cattle Club, the Scranton board of trade, the
Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution and other organizations. He was mar-
ried, in 1849, to Lois Hoxanua, daughter of Foster
and Roxauna (Kirtland) Morss. They have three
daughters, all graduates of Vassar College. The
eldest, Mrs. Frederick K. Trace}', with her husband
and five children, resides in her father's house. Mr.
Tracey is vice-president and assistant in the man-
agement of the Elk Hill Coal and Iron Co.
KETCHAM, William Alexander, lawyer,
was born at Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 2, 1846, sou of
John Lewis and Jane (Merrill) Ketcham. His father
was a brilliant lawyer of Indiana, having practiced
at Indianapolis from 1835 to 1869, and achieved
marked distinction. His great-grandfather, John
Ketcham, was one of the most prominent farmers of
Monroe county, Ind. His maternal grandfather,
Samuel Merrill", was treasurer of Indiana (1823-35),
and was long president of the state bank, of the
board of sinking-fund commissioners and of the
Madison railroad, the first built
in the state. His great-grand-
father, Jesse Merrill, son of
Samuel, participated in the
revolutionary war, serving in
the company of which his father
was captain. William Ketcham
received his preparatory educa-
tion in the best schools in his
native city, and in 1859 went
abroad and studied two years
in the Waisenhausal Halle and
in the gymnasium at Stuttgart,
Germany. On his return, in
1861, he entered Wabasu Col-
lege, Indiana, but on Feb. 22,
1864. enlisted as a private in the
13th Indiana veteran infantry.
He fought in the battle of Cold
Harbor, in the engagements be-
fore Petersburg, Va., and Fort
Fisher, N. C. , and others, and was promoted to second
lieutenant and captain. The war over, he entered
Dartmouth College, and, after graduationin 1867, be-
gan law studies in his father's office. He was ad mi tied
to the bar in 1869, and became associated in practice
with his father; after his death, in 1869, forming a
partnership with Horatio C. Newcomb and James
L. Mitchell, the latter afterwards mayor of Indian-
apolis. Upon the dissolution of this partnership,
Mr. Ketcham associated himself with Solomon Clay-
pool, and this connection continued until 1890,
the firm winning a wide reputation in noted cases.
From 1884 until 1886 he was county attorney, and
in 1894 he was elected attorney-general of the state
by a plurality of over 46.000, the largest ever ob-
tained by any candidate in Indiana. In recognition
of the valued services he rendered to the state, he
was re-elected, in 1896, by 22,000 majority. Gen.
Ketcham gained a national reputation through the
many noted cases he conducted as attorney-general.
He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic,
of the Loyal Legion and of the Indianapolis Literary,
Columbia and Marion clubs. The degree of LL.D.
was conferred on him by Wabash College iu 1895.
Gen. Ketcham was married, at Indianapolis, Ind.,
June 25, 1873, to Flora, daughter of Judge David
McDonald, LT. S. district judge of Indiana. They
have seven children — Flora McDonald, Agues, Jane
Merrill, Lilla, Henry C., Lucia and Dorothy.
FAIRBANKS, Crawford, merchant, was born
in Terre Haute, Ind., April 25, 1843, son of Henry and
Emeline (Crawford) Fairbanks. His father, who was
mayor of Terre Haute at the time of his death (1878),
was a native of Massachu-
setts, whence he removed to
Indiana in 1835. and became
a successful farmer, later set-
tling in Terre Haute. The
family is one of the oldest in
the country ; the original
American representative be-
ing Jonathan Fairbanks, who
came from Sowerby, in ttie
West Riding of Yorkshire.
England, to Boston, Mass.,
in 1633, and in 1636 settled
at Dedham, Mass., where
he built the noted "Old
Fairbanks Home," which is
still iu possession of his de-
scendants. Mr. Fairbanks
passed his youth on his
father's farm, and attended
the common schools of
the neighborhood. On the outbreak of the civil
war, he enlisted in the 129th Indian volunteers, and
was commissioned first- lieutenant by Gov. Morton.
His regiment was with Gen. Sherman in the famous
march through Georgia, and played a prominent
part in the many hard-fought battles which marked
the advance from Chattanooga to Atlanta. Being
mustered out of service in 1865, he returned to Terre
Haute, which has since been his home. He was for
several years engaged in the grain business; later he
formed a partnership with Herman Hulnian, under
the firm name of Hulmau & Fairbanks, in the dis-
tilling business, and after a few years of successful
operation purchased the entire plant and organized
the Terre Haute Distilling Co.. at that time the
largest concern of its kind in the world. To the in-
dividual effort of Mr. Fairbanks, who has been its
president since the start, is due the wonderful
success of this concern, which has maintained its
prestige. His enterprise is such, however, as to
lead him constantly into new fields of activity, and
at the present time he is actively connected with nu-
merous companies organized and operated iu various
states. In politics he has always been a Democrat,
aud has taken an active part iu all county, state and
national campaigns. In 1884, when Mr. Cleveland
was first elected to the presidency, he was a member of
the national executive committee, and for a number
of years has been a prominent aud efficient member
of the state executive committee. In 1888, he was
elected alternate delegate-at-large for the state to the
national convention, and on that occasion acted in
the place of the late Senator Voorhees. In thesaire
year he was urged to make the race for congress in
his district, and a majority of the delegates to the
nominating convention was pledged to support him,
but the pressure of his large and increasing business
relations compelled him to decline a nomination aud
refuse to allow the use of his name before the con-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
105
veution. Mr. Fairbanks is a member of the Ma-
sonic fraternity, Loyal Legion ami Morton Post,
Grand Army of the Republic, of Terre Haute. He
is noted for public spirit and active benevolence,
to many of the institutions in which the people are
deeply interested he has rendered valuable assist-
ance, and in many other ways has done much to
promote the growth and prosperity of his home city.
BROOKS, Louis J., editor, was ln>rn at Lexing-
ton, Trim., A.Ug. ~4, !*."">:!, the son of Rev. John and
Sallie S. (Acton) Brooks. Both parents belonged to
Methodist families; Rev. John Brooks being a local
minister as well as a prominent merchant, who came
to America from the North of Ireland. The son
received his primary training at (lie Lexington
Academy, and in 1866 removed to Jackson, Teun.,
where he complcled his education.
He was graduated at West Tennes-
see College in 1872, with ihcdenn-r
of A.M. Ill the same year lie be-
gan his journalistic career as local
editor and advertising solicitor of
the Jackson " Daily and Weekly
Plain Dealer." Some months later he
founded a newspaper of his own in
Lexington, entitled "The Reporter,"
which he edited and managed with
great success, although at that lime
reputed to be the youngest editor in
the state. Intending to abandon jour-
nalism, Mr. Brooks began, in 1 *?.">,
In read law under the late .luslice
Jaeksou, of the U. S. supreme court,
and the late Gen. Aleck \V. Campbell.
He was, however, induced to return
to his former profession mi being ap-
pointed manager of the "Whig and Tribune." He
afterwards edited the Milan "Tennessee Kxcliange"
for two years, and finally he purchased the "West
Tennessee Whig," on which his labors have since
been expended. Under his management the "Whig"
grew in circulation and inllucnce, and, from being a
patent outside weekly, it became a semi- weekly, and
then a bright and vigorously edited eight-page morn-
ing daily, enjoying the exclusive use of the morning
dispatches of the Associated Press. The " Whig " has
been useful in advocating the public improvements of
Jackson, has had a conspicuous part in the rapid de-
velopment of the city, and has proved an acknowl-
edged financial success. In politics Mr. Brooks is a
Democrat, and wields a leading influence in the affairs
of his party in the state. He has served as president of
the Tennessee Press Association, and has several
times been chosen to represent the state at conven-
tions of the National Editorial Association. He has
been prominently connected with a number of move-
ments looking to the material development of the
South, was a director of the Tennessee Centennial, of
the Second National Bank, and holds other positions
of honor and trust in his community. He is a man
of impressive personality, an original and independent
thinker, and has delivered several public addresses
that have received unstinted praise from the press
and general public.
KIMBALL. James Madison, banker, was
horn at Smithrielel, K. I., May 13, 1814, son of Paul
T. and Lillie (Warner) Kimball. He was educated
in the district and high schools of his native town.
For the first twenty-five years of his business life he
was engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods in
Fall River, Mass., and Kirk land, N. Y. He estab-
lished, at Memphis, Tenn. , the cotton brokerage
firm of Taber it KimbaJl, which did a large and
successful business, and continued until the outbreak
of the civil war, removing to Providence, R. I. In
1860, he founded the cotton commission-house of
J. M. Kimball & Sous, and remained its active head
until 1880, when he retired. AVhile living in New
York state, in. 1845, he was a director of the I'tica
Ciiy Hank. In 1874, he was elected president of the
Second National Bank of Providence, R. I., and re-
mained in that ollice for nearly a quarter of a cen-
tury. He was a director of the Franklin Savings
Bank, of the Blackstoue Mutual Fire Insurance Co.,
of the Merchants' Mutual Fire Insurance Co., a
director and one of the executive committee of the
Industrial Trust Co., and a director of the Rhode
Island Safe Deposit Co. Mr. Kimball was married,
Aui:. 4, 1835, to Caroline Maria, daughter of Uriah
Benedict, of Pawtucket, by whom lie had live chil-
dren, two of whom survive, James C. and William
I>. Kimball. He was married a second time to Cor-
nelia, daughter of Otis Walcotl, of Smithfield, R. I.
KEITH, Richard Henry, soldier and capital-
ist, was horn at Lexington, Mo., in 1842, son of
Smith and Margaret i('oiiler) Keith, both natives of
Virginia. His earliest American ancestor was
.lames Keilli. who emigrated from Scotland prior to
the Declaration of Independence, and settled in
Alexandria, Va., where' he was married to a relative
of John Randolph of Hoanoke. and had a daughter
\\lio became the mother of Chief-Justice John
Marshall. Vincent ('order, his maternal grand-
father, was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Rich-
ard II. Keith, after a course1 in the public schools of
Lexington, continued his education at the Masonic
College in that town until IN,">S. when he became
deputy-clerk in the circuit courts of Petlis county.
On the outbreak of the civil war, he enlisted
as a private in a Confederate cavalry regime-lit com-
manded by Col. Bowman in Raines' division, Mis
souri state guard, serving through the campaign in
Missouri and Arkansas under (!en. Slci'limr Price.
His command being transferred
from the cavalry to the artillery,
in ISii'-.and placed under the com-
mand of ('apt. Lamlis, of Gen.
('ockrell's brigade, participated
in the battles of Pea Ridge, Cor-
inth, luka, Ilatchieand Port Gib-
son, and assisted in the defense of
Vickslmrg. After the fall of
Vicksburg, in July. 1863, Mr.
Keith refused lo give parole,
hoping to be exchanged into the
army of Virginia, and being con-
fined in the military prison at
Camp Morton, near Indianapolis,
escaped in November, 18li4, and
made his way lo California. After
the war lie returned east, and en-
gaged in business as a freighter
at Leavenworth, Kan., trans-
porting goods and supplies be-
tween that city and New Mexico. Between 1868
and 1871 he was employed in the dry-goods trade1 at
Leavenworth. During the latter year he removed to
Kansas City with $40 in his pocket, and began to
build up the Central Coal and Coke Co., of which
he is still the guiding spirit and responsible head.
This concern grew within fifteen years from this
modest beginning into an immense enterprise, em-
ploying more than 3,000 men, and conducting opera-
tions involving the expenditure and collection of
millions of dollars. Within the scope of its activi-
ties are included mines in Missouri, Arkansas and
Kansas, forests, sawmills, stores and warehouses in
Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas, and the conduct of
the Arkansas and Choctaw railroad. Of all these
varied enterprises Mr. Keith is the president, man-
aging them with rare executive ability, and increas-
106
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ing the measure of their success with every year.
For years he lias been one of the foremost citizens
of Kansas City, and recognized as one of the most
potent factors in its development. During 1893-93,
he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the 3d regiment,
M. N. G. He is popular with the small army of men
whose names are on the pay-rolls of his several com-
panies, and they look on him not only as an em-
ployer, but as a friend. Mr. Keith was married, in
1873, to Mary Lee, daughter of Dr. C. S. Boarman,
and a descendant of the Smith family of Virginia,
and the Boarman's of Maryland.
SHERA, John Fletcher, broker, was born in
New York city, April 13, 18(33, son of Hubert
Sliera. He was educated in the public schools of
his native city, and at Packard's Business College,
where he was graduated in 1883. From the begin-
ning of his career he was specially noted forhissTiill
as an accountant, and, having adopted this line as a
profession, rapidly achieved remarkable success. He
attained, almost at a bound, a prestige in the finan-
cial world that was entirely unique for one of his
years, by the discovery of an error of over $1,000,000
in the accounts of one of the leading corporations of
the metropolis. Immediately opportunities opened
for engagements with prominent firms. He has been
connected with Young & Riggs (later Young &
Morse) and" with C. M. Whit-
ney & Co., where he had entire
charge of the bond department.
On Jan. 1, 1893, he formed a
partnership with Frederick F.
Ames, under the style of Ames
& Shera. His firm was promi-
nent on the stock exchange, aud
conducted several extensive bond
and stock transactions, notably in
connection with the Reading rail-
rn.-id coal deal and the cordage
and sugar trusts. It was dissolved
in 1894, and Mr. Shera then
formed, with Charles J. Town-
send, the new firm of Towusend
& Shera, which still continues
(1899) its enterprising and success-
ful career. John P. Townsend,
late president of the Bowery Sav-
ings Bank, was special partner.
Mr. Shera is an eminent example alike of high na-
tive abilities and excellent business qualities, both
used to the utmost advantage. Socially he is very
popular, and is noted for pleasing manners and great
powers as an intelligent conversationalist. He is a
trustee of the old John Street, Methodist Episcopal
Church, New York city, the oldest church of its de-
nomination in this country, and, according to its rec-
ords, is the youngest man who ever held such an office
during its existence of 130 years. He is a fine tenor
singer, and has organized several excellent church
choirs in the city. Mr. Shera was married, in 1895,
to Etheliuda, daughter of Rev. Dr. J. B. Morse, and
granddaughter of the late Cornelius Vanderbilt.
COOPER, William Frierson, jurist, was born
at Franklin, Williamson co., Tenn., March 11, 1830,
sou of Mat I hew 1). and Mary Agnes (Frierson)
Cooper. On both sides, his ancestors were Scotch-
Irisli. His great-grandfather, the first of the name
in tliis country, was a native of Tyrone county, Ire-
laud, and a weaver by occupation, who became a
farmer in South Carolina, and died at the age of 109
years. His grandfather, who served as a captain in
Sumter's brigade during the revolutionary war, was a
blacksmith by trade. He was married to a Miss Hamil-
ton, daughter of a wealthy Philadelphia merchant,
who had a branch establishment at Mobile. For a num-
ber of years she resided in Tennessee, and finally in
Mississippi, where she died at the age of ninety-three,
having borne twelve children, of whom Matthew D.
Cooper, the judge's father, was the youngest. Mat-
thew Cooper was graduated at Cumberland College
(now the University of Nashville); engaged in mer-
cantile business at Franklin aud at Columbia, in
Maury county, and at New Orleans, though retain-
ing his residence in Maury county; for twenty-two
years was president of the Columbia branch of the
Union Bank, and served under Jackson in the Creek
war as lieutenant and acting-captain. The Friersons,
like theCoopers, emigrated from Williamson rgh.S.C.,
to Tennessee in 1805; the larger part of the colony,
•whose members were united by marriage and by re-
ligious sympathy, being zealous Presbyterians. These
colonists, headed by their pastor, settled first in
Williamson county, but in 1807 removed to Maury
county. They built a church about the centre of
their purchase, aud settled around it. They and
their descendants still own the laud, having built a
new aud finer church, and have always had a school-
house in the enclosure. William Frierson was the
patriarch of the Hock, and had three sons and three
daughters. One of these daughters, Mary Agnes,
became the wife of Matthew D. Cooper, and named
her first-born, the subject of this sketch, after her
father. The Frierson settlement is a well-known
locality in Tennessee and the South, the family hav-
ing been prolific, and its descendants being now
found in man}' states. Judge Cooper was graduated
at Yale College in 1838, and went to Columbia, Tenn.,
to study medicine for two years under Dr. Hayes, of
that city, but, after taking a course of lectures at the
University of Pennsylvania, he discovered that law
rather than medicine was his true field. Accordingly,
he returned to Columbia, entered the office of his
kinsman, Samuel Davies Frierson, and in 1841 was
admitted to the bar. For four years he practiced in
partnership with Mr. Friersou, aud then removed to
Nashville, where he was successively partner of
Alfred O. P. Nicholson, afterwards chief justice of
the state, and of the Hon. Andrew Ewing, and ac-
cumulated a handsome property. In 1853, he and
Return J. Meigs were appointed as commissioners to
codify the laws of Tennessee, and in 1858 their re-
port was enacted as the code of the state. In 1854,
he was a candidate for the attorney-generalship, but
was defeated by John L. T. Sneed. His third part-
nership ended in li't'l, by his election as a judge of
the supreme court, to succeed Judge Carutliers ; but
the court was closed on account of the approach of
the Federal army, and Judge Cooper went to Europe.
He traveled extensively on the continent, but spent
much of his time in London studying equity juris-
prudence, aud remained abroad until the war closed,
when he went back to Tennessee. Gov. Browulow
forbade him to resume his seat on the bench, so he
returned to the bar, forming partnerships succes-
sively with Judge Robert L. Carutliers and with his
brother, Henry Cooper. The latter was elected
U. S. senator in 1870, and in 1873 Judge Cooper was
appointed chancellor of the seventh or Nashville
district by Gov. Brown, being elected to the same
office soou after by popular vote. In 1878, he was
elected supreme judge, defeating Judge John L. T.
Sneed, his old-time rival for the" office of attorney-
general; but in 1886 was defeated for re-election,
after a canvass in which he had taken no active part.
In 1851-53, he edited the Nashville "Union"; in
1849-50, he was a director of the Nashville and
Northwestern railroad, and in 1853-55 was a director
of the Bank of Tennessee. Early in 1890, he re-
moved to New York to rest from the labors of nearly
half a century. The amount of work performed by
him as chancellor was unparalleled. The cases that
had accumulated during the years following the war
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY'.
107
crowded the docket, but by unremitting personal
attention, and by the adoption of new rules of pro-
cedure, he disposed t)f them all. The opinions de-
livered during his term as chancellor lill three
volumes, entitled "Tennessee Chancery Reports."
His opinions as supreme judge are found in the six
teen \olmncs nf Lea's reports of the decisions of the
supreme court. He also published a new edition,
with extensive annotations, of the state reports cover-
ing the decisions from the earliest times up to 1860,
ami a new edition of "Darnell's Chancery Practice."
Judge Cooper has never married.
VINCENT, Marvin Richardson, clergyman
and author, was horn at Pouu'likecpsir, N. V.,Sepi.
11, 1834, son of Leonard M. and Nancy M. (Rich-
ardson) Vincent, and grandson of Marvin Richard-
son, liolli his father and maternal granilfalher being
clergymen of the Methodist Episcopal church. He
was graduated at Columbia College. New York city,
with the class of 1H54. During the four years after
his graduation he worked conjointly with Prof.
Charles Anthon in the management of the- Columbia
College Grammar Sciiool. His favorite line of work
was in the classic-:, and in is.ls he was chosen pro-
fessor of Latin in Troy University, New York,
which was under the care of the Methodist Kpiscopal
church, in which position he conlinued four years.
Having studied theology privately, he entered the
ministry of the Melhodisl Episcopal churcli in ISliO,
and in INfi'J was chosen 'pastor of a Methodist con-
gregation in Brooklyn, N. Y. In accordance with
a change of views, lie entered the Presbyterian com
munioii, and on .lime IS, ISIili, was ordained, and in-
stalled pastor of the First Preshylerinn Church,
Troy, N.Y., succeeding the Rev. Pi-. Nathaniels s
Beman. In May. 1*7".. lie was called to the pastor-
ate of the Church of the Covenant, Murray Hill,
New York city, succeeding the Rev. George L.
Prentiss, who had accepted a professorship jM the
I'nioii Theological Seminary, New York city. Tile
Church of the Covenant seems to have been a feeder
for the faculty of Union Seminary ; for in ISss,
after a pleasant pastorate of tifieen years, Pr. Yin-
cent accepted the chair of New Testament exegesis
in the same institution. In 1S68 Union College,
Scheuectady. X. Y., conferred the degree of D.D.
upon him. "While professor at Troy University, Dr.
Vincent, in conjunction with his colleague, Prof.
Charltou T. Lewis, translated into Knglish .lohauu
Bengel's " Gnomon of the New Testament " (3 vols.,
Philadelphia, 1862)— n work of great value to New
Testament students. In addition to tracts, sermons
and smaller articles, he has published: "Amuse-
ment a Force in Christian Training " (1867) ; "The
Two Prodigals" (1876); "Gates'iuto the Psalm
Country," expository discourses (1878 ; new edition,
1883); "Stranger and Guest," rive tracts (1887);
' ' The Minister's Handbook " (1883) ; " In the Shadow
of the Pyrenees," travels (1883) ; " God and Bread,"
a volume of sermons (1884) ; "The Expositor in the
Pulpit" (1884); "Christ as a Teacher" (1886):
"The Covenant of Peace," sermons (1888), and
"Word Studies in the New Testament" (3 vols.,
1887-89); "Student's New Testament Handbook"
(1893); "Critical and Exegetical Commentary on
the Epistles to the Philippines and Philemon,"
"International Critical Commentary" (1897) ; "His-
tory of the Textual Criticism of the New Testa-
ment" (1899). Dr. Vincent's " Word Studies " have
proved extremely useful to the clergy in the study
of the gospels and epistles, and may be regarded as
among the most valuable acquisitions to the practical
working literature of the pulpit of the present day.
They are clear and to the point, and scholarly withal
— a rare combination. "Within recent years Dr. Vin-
cent has always been numbered among the distin-
guished preachers who fill the pulpit annually at
Yale University, besides being sought for as a sup-
ply by prominent congregations throughout, the
country. In 1889 he was appointed a trustee of
Columbia College, and he was one of the incorpora-
tors of the I'o-i (oaduate Medical School in New
Yoik city. Pr. Vincent was married, June 30, ls.">S,
to Iluldah F., youngest daughter of Edward Sea-
grave, of Providence, R. I., and has three children,
all of whom are married.
BOOGHER, Jesse L., merchant, was born .it
Mount Pleasant, Frederick CO., Md., March S, 1833,
son of Nicholas ami Rebecca P. (Cooines) Boogher,
both native* of that stale. 1 1 is mot her was a daugh-
ter of Baalis Coomes and Sarah Richardson, who de-
scended fn, m the Riehanlsons who settled in Balti-
more, coming from EiiL'land about the beginning of
the eiiilHeenih century, ami laid out lands under
the colonial LJO\ 'eminent. The Uooghers came from
Holland in I he seventeenth century, and were farmers
by occupation. Some of Mr. I'M "Cher's ancestors
rendered conspicuous services in the revoluti uy
war and in the war of 1ST,'. I Ic was educated at the
Union district school, Mount Pleasant. Md.. and was
first employed in the store of A. II. Iliuil in Fred-
erick city, where lie remained n\o years. The in At
year lie «a~ en^a^ed in business at Duffield, Jeffer-
son co., Ya. In March. |s."i4,
In- settled ill St. Louis, Mo.,
and engaged in the whole-
sale dry - Hoods business,
continuing in that business
as tin- head of the firm of
\Vear, I Soother i ( to., with
marked Success, until Jan.
1, 1MIS.— nearly forty-four
\cais..-\\licn he retired,
anil engaged in the whole-
sale hat business, under the
linn-name of lioo^lier, force
•V Good bar Hat Co. Mr.
lloo^her ranks as one of the
solid cili/eiis of St. Louis,
and is highly respected.
He attributes his success in
life to integrity, energy and
sacrifice. He is one of
the leading members of
the Methodist Episcopal Church (South); contribut-
ing largely to its support and that of its institutions;
notably the Methodist Orphan Home, the distin-
guished success of which has given Mr. Boogher
great satisfaction. For forty years he has been a
steward in his church, for twenty-five years president
of the Methodist Orphan Home Association, and for
nearly half a century has been a prominent business
man of St. Louis, whose career has been above re-
proach. He is a member of the Mercantile Club and
the Southern Historical Society. His greatest satis-
faction in life is in working for the church and the
good of others. Mr. Boogher was married, at St.
Louis, Jan. 10, 1866, to Sarah, daughter of David F.
and Mary G. Goodfellow. The former was a
native of Ireland, the latter of Virginia. Three sons
and a daughter have blessed this union. Dr. J.
Lelaiid Boogher, educated at St. Louis, Berlin,
Vienna and Paris, is now a prominent physician and
surgeon in St. Louis; Walter Boogher is secretary
of the Boogher, Force & Goodbar Hat Co. ; Howard
Boogher, a graduate of Vauderbilt University, is a
practicing lawyer in St. Louis.
MOORE, William Austin, lawyer, was born
near Clifton Springs, Ontario Co., N. Y., April 17,
1823, son of William and Lucy (Rice) Moore.
His earliest American ancestor was John Moore.
108
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
•
who was born in Glencoe, Scotland, Feb. 18, 1692,
the night after the great massacre, in which his
father was killed ; and having passed his boyhood
and youth in Londonderry, Ireland, emigrated to
Londonderry, N. H. , in 1718. His son, William
Moore, grandfather of William A., served iu the
French war of 1756-57, and iu the war of the revo-
lution. William A. Moore passed his early days on
his father's farm in Washtenaw county, Mich., and
received only such education as could then be ob-
tained by attending the district schools from one to
two months each year. In 1844 he left the farm,
and entered on a preparatory course at Ypsilanti ;
entered the University of Michigan in 1846, and was
graduated iu June, 1850. He then went to Mississippi,
where he taught school for a
year and a half , and read law as
he had opportunity. Return-
ing to Detroit in 1852, he en-
tered the law office of Fraser,
Davidson & Holbrook, and was
admitted to the bar, Jan. 8,
1853. His energy, activity, in-
tegrity and ability soon secured
his success. Detroit's position
on the river, through which all
the transportation and shipping
from the lower and upper lakes
passed, and the large shipping
interests there and at Cleve-
land, led him to give attention
to maritime, admiralty and
insurance law as a specialty,
and he has been retained in
^//M'L- // ?L manv admiralty and insurance
rr i^L'/n^ff^ry cases in the courts of the United
^"— Statesborderingupouthe lakes.
He is a director and attorney for the Wayne County
Savings Bank, one of the most prosperous concerns
of its kind in Michigan. lie is president of the De-
troit Fire and Marine Insurance Co., and a director
in the Michigan Mutual Life and the Standard Life
aud Accident Insurance companies, and the Ameri-
can Exchange National Bank. He is the leading
member of the firm of Moore ifc Goff, although he
no longer argues cases in court. For ten years he
was attorney of the board of police commissioners ;
was long president of the City Literary Society of
Detroit ; president of the board of education for sev-
eral years, and president of the first board of park
commissioners, which acquired aud laid out Belle
Isle, now one of the most beautiful river parks in
the world. He was also president for many years i if
the Detroit Association of Charities, and rendered
valuable services to nearly every educational and
charitable institution in the city. Always an active
Democrat, he was chairman of the state central com-
mittee (1804-68). and a member of the national ex-
ecutive committee (1868-76), but has never permitted
his name to be used as a candidate for any elective
office. He is a trustee of Kalamazoo College, and
a contributor to that institution and to the University
of Chicago. He was married, December 3, 1854, to
Laura Jane, daughter of Hon. Caleb Van Husan, of
Detroit, and has one son.
MUNFORD, William, lawyer and poet, was
born in Mecklenburg county, Va. , Aug. 15, 1775,
son of Col. Robert Munford, a brave soldier in the
revolution, and the author of several works. His
father died when he was seven years of age, and the
care of his subsequent education was left to his
mother, who, like her husband, was endowed with
literary gifts He studied the ancient languages
and literature at William and Mary College, under
George Wythe, an eminent classical scholar, who
afterwards was his tutor in the study of law. Com-
pleting his legal course at the age of twenty-one,
he immediately entered upon an unusually brilliant
and engrossing political career, throughout the
course of which he nevertheless found time to en-
gage in literary pursuits. From his twenty-first un-
til his twenty-fifth year he sat in the Virginia house
of delegates, aud for the following four years repre-
sented his native county in the state senate. At the
end of that period he removed to Richmond, Va.,
aud there served in the privy council of state until
the year 1811, when he became clerk of the house
of delegates, and held that office until his death.
In his legal capacity he acted for several years as
reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of
appeals, of which he prepared, with some assistance,
ten volumes, from 1809 to 1820. In 1819 he assisted
Benjamin Watkius Leigh in the revision of the Vir-
ginia statute laws. Of Mr. Muuford's poetry, the
earliest was published in 1798, in a volume entitled
" Poems and Compositions in Prose on Several Oc-
casions." This included a tragedy, "Almoran and
Unmet," and a number of poems, most of which
showed the influence of classical literature on the
author. He occupied the leisure of his maturer
years in making a translation of Homer's "Iliad " iu
blank verse, which was published posthumously in
1848. Of this, Duyckinck says: " It is sometimes a
spirited, generally a correct, and throughout a pains-
taking version; if lacking in that poetic gusto which
is requisite to reproduce the rare qualities of the
original, it is at least an honorable addition to a
life of professional occupation." Mr. Muuford died
at Richmond, Va., June 21, 1825.
HAMBLETON, John Adams, banker, was
born at New Windsor, Carroll Co., Md., March 28,
1827, son of Thomas E. and Sarah A. (Slingluff)
Hanibleton. His father was a prominent merchant
of Baltimore. The family conies originally from
England. A tract of Ian I in Talbot county, called
Martingham, is one for which
their ancestor, William Hanible-
ton, received a patent in 1659,
and which is still held by the
family, never having passed out
of the name of the original paten-
tee. Among his ancestors were
his great-grandfather, William
Hambleton, who received a com-
mission, April 9, 1778, as cap-
tain in the revolutionary army,
and served with credit through-
out that war, aud Samuel Ham-
bleton, who was commissioned
as a purser in the U. S. navy by
Thomas Jefferson in 1806, and
who distinguished himself in
the battle of Plattsburg, Lake
C'hamplain. John A. Hamble-
ton received his education in Bal-
timore, and at the age of sev-
enteen began his business career
as clerk in his father's dry-goods
house; three years later being made a partner in
the firm, which became Hambleton Brothers & Co.
In 1865. with his brother, T. Edward, he established
the banking-house of John A. Hambleton & Co. in
Baltimore. They brought to their business a thor-
ough knowledge of the trade iu their section of the
country, a full understanding of the wants of the
mercantile community, and an honorable character,
sustained during an active and important business
career. The house at once took prominent rank
aim ns tlic private banks of the state. It has sus-
tained important relations, not only to the business
nl thr city, but with i-veiy section of the United
States, especially with the South. The first cable rail-
way line built in Baltimore was constructed under
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
109
the auspices and direction of this house, Mr. T. E.
Hamhlelon serving for several years as president of
the Baltimore Traction Co. In 185f> Mr. Hambleton
was married, to Mary E. Woolen, of Baltimore. His
wife dying in 1872, lie was again married, in 1874, to
Katherine, daughter of Gustavus Ober.
HAMBLETON, Thomas Edward, banker,
was born at New Windsor, Carroll <•<>., Md., May
17, 1829, son of Thomas E. and Sarah Ann (Siiug-
lulT) Ilambleton. The llambletons are one ot the
oldest, as well as one of the most distinguished fami
lies of the state ; the first of the line in America was
William llamhleton, an emigrant, from I'oole,
England, who selltlecl in Maryland prior to li!.">n.
Thomas E. Hambleton, who died in
1876, was for many yrars a leader
in the commercial and financial cir-
eles iif I tall i re. 1 1 is grandfather,
William Hambleton. was a captain
in the revolutionary war, holding
a commission from Gov. Johnson,
of Maryland. Through his mother,
also, Thomas Edward I [ambletonin-
heritcil business ability; her father,
.!< -ssc SlinglntT, having been a suc-
cessful Baltimore merchant. Thomas
Edward llatnblelon was graduated
at St. Mary's College in 1849, and
began bis business career as a manu
facturer of agricultural implements.
Subsequently he engaged fora lime
in the wbnlesale provision trade,
which he abandoned to embark
with bis brothel1 in the wholesale
dry-goods trade. At the outbreak of the civil war,
his sympathies, as well as his large and varied inter-
ests in the South, induced him to cast his I'orlunes
with the confederacy. Accordingly, he mo\ed to
Richmond, Va.. where lie. with others, organized
the Richmond Importing and Exporting Co., and
engaged in the business of running the blockade.
This concern, of which Mr. Hambleton had the abso-
lute management, owned and manned several
swift steamers, which ran in and out of the block-
aded harbors of Charleston, Wilmington and other
southern seaports. They often escaped the vigi-
lance of the federal fleets, and carried out cotton,
bringing back stores, munitions of war, etc. These
blockade runners were not always successful, how-
ever, but Mr. Hamble ton's ventures were among the
most fortunate of the hazardous undertakings. Mr.
Hambleton built the steamer Dare, at Glasgow, Scot-
land, and commanded her. Being pursued by five
men of war, and finding escape impossible, he
beached her on Debedue Beach, South Carolina, and
blew her up. he and his crew escaping in small
boats. He made many European trips in safety, and
after the close of the war he returned to Baltimore
and joined his brother, John A. Hambleton, then a
leading member of the Baltimore stock exchange.
In 1865 the}' founded a banking-house, which is now
extensively known under the firm-name of Hamble-
ton & Co. This house has ever been characterized
by its enterprise, and has extended its business to
every section of this country, and has important
European connections. It has been instrumental in
bringing to Baltimore large sums of foreign capital,
with which to start local enterprises. In this particu-
lar field the Hambletous are pioneers. Busy as he
ever is, Mr. Hambleton finds time to devote to and
help develop other interests than banking. He was
at one time a potential factor in the organization of
the Consolidated Gas Co. ; the Baltimore Warehouse
Co. was another of his enterprises, and he was for
several years president of the Baltimore Traction
Co., the pioneer of rapid transit in Baltimore city.
This company has done more than can ever be esti-
mated to develop Baltimore and its suburbs; and to
Mr. Hambleton, more than to any one else, belongs
the credit of its organization and success. " Hamble-
dune" is the handsome country residence of Mr.
Hambleton. situated near Lutlierville, in Baltimore
county, and its broad acres of fertile land are the
pride of its owner, whose hospitality has brought
within its limits a host of friends, "its lawns and
grounds are an evidence of its owner's refined tastes.
Mr. Hambleton's ancestors owned large landed es-
tates in Tallin! county, some of which have been in
the family over two hundred years. The title-deeds
still stand in the family name, having been granted
them originally by Lord Baltimore. Mr. Hamble-
tou was married, at Baltimore, Sept. 15, 1852, to
Arabella Stansbury, daughter of Major Dixonand
Sophia Stansbury. Major Stansbury was an officer
of the U. S. army. He served in the war of 1812,
and was a prisoner in (Quebec. Canada. Mr. and
Mrs. Ilanibleton have but one child living, Frank S.
Hambleton, who is a partner in the banking-house
of llambleton ifc Co.
HAMBLETON, Frank Sherwood, banker,
was born in Baltimore, Md.. in 1S55, son of T. Ed-
ward and Arabella (Slanslmryi Hambleton. Among
his earliest recollections was running the blockade
with his father and mother, and a family slave, in
18i!l, when the I'olomac was crossed in an open
'mat. which contained, in addition to its human
In ii'bl. a valuable cargo of percussion caps and
other military commodities, smuggled through the
Federal into the Confederate lines by the c 1 dar-
ing ol the elder Haml.letou and his associates. Dur-
ing the four years of the war the family lived just
inside the Confederate lines, near Richmond, Va.,
and the roar "I musketry and artillery of all the
great battles fought about that devoted city, on many
occasions rattled the windows of their home, and
the heavens above them were often lighted by the
lurid glare of the conflict. In 1865, the younger
Hambletoii returned to Balti-
more, and after allendingsome
of the best sel Is in (he city,
in 1S72 he entered the Vir-
ginia Military Institute at Lex
iiii;ion, Va.. where he was
graduated in 187(i. In 1*77
prompted by curiosity, as well
as in search of an out-of-door
life, Mr. Hambletou took a
subordinate government posi-
tion on the Yankton Sioux
reservation in Dakota, and in
journeying up and down the
Missouri from Yankton to Fort
Berthold, had ample opportu-
nity to see much of the Indian
life at that time, but little in-
terfered with by civilization or
railroads. A 'year or more
spent in wandering over the
western country, from the Missouri to California,
and from British America to Mexico, during which
he devoted some little time to newspaper work, in
a desultory sort of way, and a term of over three
years occupied in ranching in Wyoming, where his
ventures were quite profitable, completed the chap-
ter in his western life. At, the end of that time, in
1882, he returned to his native city, and, after enter-
ing the banking-house of his father and uncle as a
clerk, was admitted to partnership in 1885. He has
since varied his experience of routine business life
by several trips to Europe, visiting the principal
cities and extending the already large foreign con-
nections of his house. The industrial progress and
development of the South early attracted the atteii-
110
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
vtl**i ....,^<
tiou of the Messrs. Hambleton, and through their
efforts very large sunisof money have Simula invest-
meutin southern railroads and municipalities. Their
banking-house is largely identified with a number of
flourishing enterprises in the South. In 1884 he was
married to Anna, daughter of William H. Craw-
ford, of Baltimore. They have four childreu.
CLEARY, Kedmond, merchant, was born in
county Tipperary, Ireland, May 25, 1829, third sou
of Timothy F. and Mary A. (Mansfield) Cleary. He
attended a private school near home until his fifteenth
year, when the death of his father obliged him to be-
giu active work on the farm. In 1850 the family
came to America, most of them settling in St. Louis,
Mo., where Redmond immediately embarked on the
sea of city life, quite without capital. By hard
work and strict economy, he was able to opeu a re-
tail grocery store in 1854, and in the same year be-
came a member of the Merchants' Exchange of St.
Louis, then in its infancy. In 1805 he organized the
general grain commission -house of Cleary & Taylor,
of St. Louis and Chicago, a prominent and pros-
perous firm, which continued until 1877, when he
bought Mr. Taylor's interest, and continued the St.
Louis business by himself, under the name of Red-
mond Cleary it Co. In 1887 he incorporated the
Redmond Cleary Commission Co., which had sev-
eral branches and numerous elevators throughout
the West. The immense volume of grain handled
by these houses made Mr. deary's name well and
favorably known throughout this country and in the
principal cities of Europe. He was always a suc-
cessful business man, whose prosperity was due to
prudent and careful management, and his career
probably points to an average exceeded by few. He
wa.-. of a speculative turn, at times largely interested
in real estate, mining and banking." His honest}'
and commercial integrity were never questioned, and
through life he enjoyed the esteem of all who knew
him, and left a name of which St. Louis is justly
proud. Mr. Cleary was frequently solicited to ac-
cept elective office, but his mod-
csty prevented him ; and his tastes
were all against public life, al-
though he deeply appreciated the
honors his fellow-citizens sought
to pay him. In politics lie was a
Democrat, but during the civil war
was a strong supporter of the Union.
He was a devout Roman Catho-
lic, and gave liberally to charity,
being for many years a generous
benefactor of several local insti-
tutions. His kindly benevolence,
bright, sunny disposition and un-
assuming manners attracted all.
Mr. Cleary was twice married :
first, in 1858, to Alice K. Ryan,
of St. Louis, who died one year
later ; and second, on June 17,
1863, to Julia H. Doyle, also of St.
Louis, who survived him with four children : Tim-
othy F., Mary A., Katherine and Ellen R. Cleary.
Mr." Cleary died in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 29, 1898.
FRANCIS, Charles Edward, dentist, was
born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 24, 1828, sou of
George and Martha (Wadsworth) Francis. Both
his paternal and maternal ancestors were among the
early settlers of Connecticut. On his father's "side,
he is a lineal descendant of the famous Miles
Standish, and on his mother's, of William Wads-
worth, who emigrated to Boston, Mass., in 1636. He
was educated in his native city, where he afterwards
served as clerk in a retail drug store. Having ob-
tained a similar position in New York, he devoted
considerable time to the study of medicine under a
preceptor, and studied practical anatomy in
dical ( 'ollege of the University of New York.
V
private
the Medical
At the age of twenty-two he commenced the study
of dentistry with Dr. Barlow, and in 1854 received
the degree of D.D.S. from the Pennsylvania College
of Dentistry, and that of M.D.S. from the Dental So-
ciety of the State of New York. He soon had one of
the most lucrative practices in New York. From the
beginning of his career he has been ardently engaged
in the advancement of his profession, and in the pro-
motion of higher education in the city and nation. He
was a member of the old Society of Dental Surgeons
and Brooklyn Dental Association; an original member
and organizer of the Dental Society of the State of
New York, and one of the earliest members of the
First District Dental Society. He
was instrumental in securing a
charter for the New York College
of Dentistry, and was one of its
original trustees.aud later secured
its incorporation by the legisla-
ture. He was one of the founders
of the New York Odontological
Society, one of the best-known
among professional associationsin
the United States, and was its pres-
ident for five years. Dr. Francis
has held every office of trust and
honor in the gift of his fellow-
dentists in the state and nation,
having been president of the Den-
tal Society of the State of New
York, of the First District Den-
tal Society and of the American
Dental Association. In former years he was a prolific
writer on dental matters, and earnestly advocated
raising the standard of dental education. He was
one of the publishers of the "Independent Prac-
titioner," and has also attained considerable reputa-
tion as a writer on general topics. He is a life
member of the New England Society. In 1852, he
was married to Abbie H. Sutherland, of New York
city. They have three children — one son, Clarence
W. Francis, a lawyer by profession, and two daugh-
ters, Ella and Florence, the elder of whom was mar-
ried to Dr. Charles E. H. Phillips, of New York city.
KING, William Montgomery, clergyman,
was born in Elbert county, Ga., Oct. 6, 1796, son of
Hugh and Mary (Montgomery) King. His father
was born in Scotland in 1754, and shortly be-
fore the revolution came to America and settled in
Charlotte, N. C. He was a private in the cavalry
legion of "Light Horse" Harry Lee, and after the
war was married to Mary Montgomery of North.
Carolina, a cousin of Gen. Richard Montgomery,
who fell at the storming of Quebec, and made his
home in Georgia. About 1806 he removed to Maury
county, Tenn., where he was long an elder in the
Presbyterian church, and noted for lofty character
and strength of mind. It is related that James K.
Polk, then a neighbor of his, would often remark in
his political speeches, on some point he wished to
emphasize: "This is as true as if old Uncle Hugh
King had said it." William M. King was educated
at the academy of the Rev. Dr. Gideon Blackburn,
at Franklin, Tenn., and completing his theological
studies, was licensed by the presbytery that then
included that portion of Tennessee and northern
Alabama. Having become somewhat enfeebled in
health by his course of study, he traveled while a
licentiate, doing missionary work in Tennessee and
Mississippi. He located at Middletowu, twelve miles
from Louisville, Ky., and there taught a school and
supplied two churches. He afterwards organized
the Macedonia Church in Woodford county, Ky., and
supplied it for a number of years. From there he
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Ill
removed to Illinois, but after a few years returned
to Kentucky, aud remained until bis removal to Texas
in January, 1851. In Texas lie passed many years of
active service, preaching and teaching', and as during
his long preceding ministry, preached to churches he
had organized himself, aud never building on an-
other man's foundation. For a number of years his
health had been feeble, but lie continued to work in
Sabbath schools, and to preach at times until well-
nigh eighty years of age. He retained the use of his
faculties to a remarkable degree, except the sense of
hearing, and be was four score before that began to
fail. He was a man fond of his church and of his
friends, and devoted to reading and study. He was
also interested in natural science, and in the rare,
curious and useful in general. Especially indifferent
to worldly possessions and reputation, be was none
the less more than usually solicitous for the tem-
poral as well as spiritual welfare of others. In the
generosity of his nature be would quite as ol'len
over-estimate the good points of others as he under-
rated his own worth. Mr. King was twice mar-
ried : first, to Jane, daughter of Dr. Gideon Black-
burn, of Tennessee ; and, second, to Lucy, daughter
of Thomas Railey, one of the pioneers or \Vood !'<>rd
county, Ky., who was a first cousin to Thomas
Jefferson. Mrs. Jane M. Burton, of Waco, Tex.,
now deceased, was the only child of the first wife,
and three were borne by the second: a daughter, who
died in infancy, William M., Jr., who died in IsiM.
and Dr. Samuel A. King, a Presbyterian minister, of
Waco, Tex. Mr. Bang died in Waco, June 1, l*s-.>.
KING. Samuel Alexander, clergyman, was
born near Versailles, Wood ford Co., Ky., Oct. 11,
1834, sou of William Montgomery and Lucy (Railey)
King. His father, a native of
Georgia, was a Presbyterian
minister, noted for many years
throughout the South and in
Illinois; he died in INS-,!, aucd
eighty-six. His mother was a
daughter of Thomas Hailey, a
farmer of Virginia, who at an
early day emigrated to Wood-
ford county, Ky., where she was
born in 1798. Mrs. King was a
woman of rare cultivation, deep
piety and unfailing in good
works, aud it was under her care-
ful training that her son was
early led to embrace the Chris-
tian life. From his fifteenth
year his thoughts were turned
toward the ministerial calling,
and he began by private study to
^r -s prepare for the work, although
f^~~ he never attended a theological
seminary. He removed to Texas with his parents in
1851, and in 1856 be was ordained by the presbytery
of Texas, at San Marcos. Like his father before
him, bis work has been that of a pioneer, organizing
or building up, from small beginnings, the churches
for which he has preached, as at Crockett, Centre-
ville, Robinson and Waco. In the last-named charge
he has been incumbent since 1863, and his labors
have been greatly blessed, both in his own congrega-
tion aud in the community at large. In 1S77 he was
a delegate to the Pan-Presbyterian council at Edin-
burgh; was chosen again in 1896 to the Glasgow
council, but was unable to attend, and has been
many times a commissioner to the general assembly
of his church, serving as moderator in 1892. In
1880 he was appointed by the synod of Texas one of
its two directors of the Southwestern Presbyterian
University, at Clarksville, Tenn., aud has many
times before and since been called upon to preach at
college commencements. In 1881 be received the
degree of D.D. from Baylor University, Waco, Tex.,
and in 1885 from the Southwestern Presbyterian
University. Dr. King enjoys the respect of all
classes and creeds for his unassuming goodness and
devotion to the cause of well-doing, llis broad schol-
arship and high ability as a pulpit orator render him
an especially powerful champion of orthodox religion.
lie was married, in January, 1860, to Athelia Anna,
daughter of Adam Columbus (1813-93) and Jane
(Boiie) King (1816-64), of Crockett, Tex.; the latter a
daughter of James Bone, of Rutherford county.
Term. They have had eight children — six daughters
and two sons : Lucy Woodson (died, 1H67) ; Jennie
Catherine, wife of Augustus M. Gribble ; Walter
Blackburn, M.D. (died, 1889), married lo Minnie
Carroll ; Anna Hattie, wife of Dr. Ralph E. Conger
(died, 1896); Samuel Arthur, D.D.S., married to
Lucy Newman ; Maggie Douglas, wife of Philo II.
Burney; Pattie Markham, and Ella Carrie, wife of
Harry A. Wilson.
COOLEY, Theodore, banker and insurance
anenl. was born at Nashville, Tenn., April 3, 1842,
son of Sullivan and Mary A. (Lauier) Cooley. His
fa I her, \\ ho was the son of Theo-
dore and Mary Emma (Boggs)
Cooley, of Springfield, Mass,,
was born at White River Junc-
tion, Vt., but settled in Nashville
in ls:S(i. His mother was the
daughter of Buchanan II. and
Mary (Eartbmau) Lanier, early
settlers of Davidson county. He
attended school at Nashville un-
lil the age of fourteen, when he
entered his father's wholesale
grocery house. In 1861 he en-
listed in the 1st Tennessee regi-
ment, ('. S. A., under Col. (laler
Gen.) George Maney, afterwards
commanded by Col. HumeFeild.
and at the end of twelve months
re-enlisted, and was made quar-
tet master-sergeant of a Ken-
tucky brigade commanded by
Gen. Helm. While in this capacity, he was elected
lieutenant in the 49th Alabama regiment, and later
was appointed acting- quarter-master of a brigade of
Alabama and Mississippi troops on duty at Port
Hudson. During the retreat of Hood from Tennes-
see and the re-entrance of the Federal troops into
North Alabama, he was captured and sent to Fort
Delaware prison, where he remained until paroled,
June 24, 1865. He then resumed business with his
father, but twelve months later went into the First
National Bank of Nashville, where he remained
until 1STS, having become cashier and a director of
the bank. He resigned on account of ill-health, and
formed the firm of Cooley, Wheelock & Reese, but
was unable to give the business his personal atten-
tion. At the e'nd of a year, a dissolution of this
firm occurred, and in 1884 he took up the insu-
rance business, becoming superintendent of the
southern department of the Guarantee Company of
North America, with headquarters at Montreal.
This position he now holds, and, in addition, carries
on a tire insurance business. Mr. Cooley 's principal
work in the interest of the public has been the
establishment of libraries and the fostering of the
fine arts. Having been elected a member of the
board of education during his connection with the
bank, in which he served six years, he was instru-
mental in collecting a library of 1,500 volumes for
the "Ancient Order of United Workmen" in South
Nashville, which was afterwards turned over to the
Howard Public School. Mr. Cooley is a Mason of
the highest degree, and much of his time has been
devoted to the Masonic library, to which he has
112
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
made many valuable additions of books, curios and
engravings. He was appointed chief of the fine arts
department of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition in
1895, and worked against many difficulties to secure
a fine collection. In 1898 he was appointed honorary
art commissioner of the Omaha (Neb.) Exposition,
and " for services rendered " received a diploma and
medal. He has also devoted much time to the building
up of a library for Joel A. Battle Lodge, Knights of
Pythias, of which he is a member. He was also one
of the incorporators of the Howard Library Associa-
tion and of the Nashville Art Association. He is
Democratic in principle and in politics, and was a
delegate-at-large to the Sound Money convention at
Indianapolis, which nominated Palmer and Buckner
in 1896, but takes no part in politics in the common
acceptance of the term. He was married, in 1866,
to Eugenia, daughter of Rev. Reuben aud Lucy A.
(Mann) Ford, of Henrico county, Va.
FOSTER, Charles Dorrance, lawyer, was
born at Dallas township, Pa., Nov. 25. 1836, son of
Phiueas Nash aud Mary Baily (Johnson) Foster, of
English descent. One of his ancestors, Thomas
Nash, went to Boston in the ship Hector, with Rev.
John Davenport in 1637, and was one of the found-
ers of New Haven, Conn. Lieut. Timothy Nash
served in the militia at Hadley, Mass., and was a
representative in the general
court of Massachusetts in 1690.
1691 and 1696. Phineas Nash,
of the fourth generation, re-
moved to Plymouth, Pa., sev-
eral years before the Wyoming
massacre, and wasoue of three
chosen by the Susquehanna
company to direct the affairs of
that settlement. His daugh-
ter, Lowly, was married, Feb.
10, 1791, to Edward Foster,
who went to the Wyoming
valley from Montpelier, Vt.,
in 1803. His son, Phiueas Nash
Foster, was but seven years of
age at the time of his father's
removal. He lived more than
seventy-five years, and died
on his large farm near Wilkes-
Barre. His wife, the mother of
Charles D. Foster, was a daughter of Jacob Johnson,
a Congregational minister, who went to Wilkes-Barre
in 1773, and was the first permanent!)' located minis-
ter west of the Blue mountains in Pennsylvania. He
was a remarkable man, aud was especially influential
with the Indians, speaking a number of their lan-
guages. He was a conspicuous figure on the side of
the Connecticut colonists through all the so-called
Pennamite troubles. The Johnsons trace their de-
scent from one Fitz John, who came into England
with the Conqueror. Charles Dorrauce Foster, at
the age of twenty, entered Wyoming Seminary,
and after a three -years' course taught school in
Luzerne county, aud also in Illinois for a short
time. He then returned to Luzerne county, and
studied law in the office of Lyman Hakes, at
Wilkes-Barre. He was admitted to the bar April 33,
1861, and has an extensive practice. Mr. Foster is a
Republican in polilics, and in 1883 was nominated
for the lower house of the state legislature, but was
defeated. In 1SS4. lie was elected, aud came within
fifteen voles of being nominated to congress over
Gen. E. S. Osborne. In 1893, he received a nomi-
nation to congress, but, not being a Democrat, was
defeated by a small majority. Mr. Foster has been
secretary, treasurer and president of the Wilkes-
Barre and Kingston Street Railway Co., and he is a
director in the Wyoming National Bank. He is a
member of the Westmoreland Commercial and Malt,
clubs, Historical Society, Monument Society and
order of Elks. He is a communicant of the Prot-
estant Episcopal church, and a member of the Ma-
sonic fraternity. Mr. Foster was married, at New-
ark, N. J., Oct. 4, 1865, to Mary J., daughter of
Amos and Susan Hoagland. The Hoaglands have
been prominent people in that section since colonial
times. Mr. and Mrs. Foster had two children, only
one of whom is living — Florence, wife of Frank H.
Jenkins, M.D., of Philadelphia.
FORBES, Alexander Stanton, soldier, was
born in Quebec. Canada, in 1819, son of a Scotch-
man from Aberdeen. Soon after his birth his father
came to the United States, and settled at Athens, on
the Hudson, but later removed to New York city.
Here Alexander engaged in business as an engraver,
and became associated with Col. Charles Baxter,
who was to be known as one of the heroes of the
Mexican war. When Col Baxter helped to organize
a brigade for service in the war with England that
threatened to break out over the Oregon boundary
dispute, Mr. Forbes enlisted, and was made a lieu-
tenant in the 3d regiment, New York volunteers.
With the breaking out of the war with Mexico he
applied to go to the front ; but his regiment received
no orders for service. At the close of the war, tne
common council of New York decided to have
brought home the bodies of several officers who had
died in the conflict, one of whom was Col. Baxter.
Thereupon Lieut. Forbes personally solicited the
agency, and provided with official letters from Wil-
liam L. Marcy, secretary of war, visited the city of
Mexico and Vera Cruz, and caused the bodies to be
exhumed. On his return home he was attacked with
fever in New Orleans, and died there in June, 1848.
Lieut. Robert M. Floyd at once assumed the care of
the bodies, aud took them on to New York city. On
June 13th a public funeral was held in the city hall,
at which thirty-nine clergymen were present and an
audience of 30,000 people. Lieut. Forbes was buried
in the same plot with the other officers, aud years
later the remains of Lieut. Floyd were interred there.
Lieut. Forbes was married to Sarah Ann Kingslaud,
who, with two daughters, survived him.
BANCROFT, William Amos, lawyer, soldier
and street-railway manager, was born at Groton,
Middlesex Co., Mass., April 36, 1855, son of Charles
and Lydia Emeline (Spaulding) Bancroft. His ances-
tors on both sides settled in Massachusetts about
1640. He was educated in the public schools and
at the Lawrence Academy, in his native town. He
was graduated at Phillips Exeter Academy in 1874
and at Harvard College in 1878. He studied at the
Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the
Suffolk bar in 1881, and settled in Cambridge, Mass.
Joining the militia when a college freshman, he
passed through the various grades, becoming captain
of his company (B) in 1879, and colonel of his regi-
ment (the Fifth) in 1883. He became the senior colo-
nel of the Massachusetts militia, and as such com-
manded the 3d brigade at the mobilization of the
state troops in Boston in 1S95. In July, 1897, he
was unanimously elected brigadier-general of the 3d
brigade, and in may, 1898, "he was appointed by
Pres. McKiuley brigadier-general of U. S. voluu
teers, and was assigned to the command of the 3d
brigade of the 3d division of the 7th army corps, with
which he remained until the cessation of hostilities,
when he resigned and was honorably discharged
tin' last of August. In 1885, he left' the practice
of law to become superintendent of the Cambridge
Street Railway Co., and afterwards was general
roadmaster of the West End Street Railway Co.,
•with its 340 miles of track. While superintendent
of the Cambridge railroad, not only was his manage-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
113
ment financially successful, but in 1887, when all but
thirty of iluj 650 employees went out on strike, such
was his firmness, oners;}' and organizing ability that
in a short time all of the company's twenty-two
lines were in full operation. In spite of his de-
termined conduct, the strikers admitted his fairness,
and accorded him their respect. Gen. Bancroft left
the street railway business in 1890, and returned to
the practice of law, in which he has since been en-
gaged. In 1SS2. he was elected to the connnoii
council of Cambridge. In the fall of that year he
was elected a representative to the legislature, and
was twice re elected, serving during the years 1883,
1884 and 1SS5. In 1890 he 'was elected to the board
of aldermen, and re elected the following year, being
made president of the board for both terms. In 1892
he was elected mayor of Cambridge, and was three
times re-elected. His administration was charac-
terized by economy and progress. Gen. Bancroft is
a Republican in politics, though national party lines
are not recognized in Cambridge municipal elections,
and at this Time the city was Democratic by a large
majority. He presided at the state convention nf his
party in 1893. In the same year he was chosen by the
alumni of Harvard College a member of the board
of overseers, and in 1S!(4 lie was elected president of
the New England Alumni of the Phillips E\eter
Academy. Gen. Bancroft is a forcible speaker, and
possesses great executive ability. lie was married,
in 1879, to Mary Shaw, of Peabody, and has two
sous and one daughter.
COWLES, John Guiteau Welch, financier,
was born at Oberliu, <)., March 14, 1831!, son of
Henry and Alice (Welch) Cowles. His tirst American
ancestor, John Cowles, a native of England, located
at Hartford, Couu., about 1636, and at KarmiiiL i-ni
in 1640. He was deacon of the church, constable
and a member of the general court of the colonv.
He died at Hartford, in 1075, leaving two sons.
Samuel and John; the former, an ancestor of Samuel
Cowles, a sergeant of minnte-men durum- 1 lie Lexing-
ton Alarm and a soldier through the n-voluiionary
war. Mr. Cowles' father, born" in Norfolk, Conn.,
in 1803, son of Samuel Cowles, was graduated at
Yale College in 1826; was ordained a Congregational
minister in 1828, and sent as a missionary to the
Western Reserve, where his reputation as aii erudite
scholar aud effective teacher caused his election to
the chair of Greek and Latin in Oberliu College in
1835. Later, he was professor of Hebrew and Old
Testament literature, also editor of the Oberlin
"Evangelist," and during the last eighteen years of
his life wrote and published sixteen volumes of com-
mentaries on the Old aud New Testaments. In
1830 Dr. Cowles was married to Alice, daughter of
Dr. Benjamin and Louisa (Guiteau) Welch, of Nor-
folk, Couu. Her mother was a woman of strong
mental and moral endowments, being for a time
principal of the ladies' department of Oberliu College,
ami through her mother, Phoebe, daughter of Deacon
Michael Humphrey and Mercey Dudley, his wife,
she was descended from Mercy, "daughter of Thomas
Dudley, governor of Massachusetts Bay colony.
John G. W. Cowles received his preparatory edu-
cation in the common schools of his native vil-
lage, and in 1852 entered Oberlin College, where
he was graduated with honor in 1856. Yielding
to his early convictions and the wishes of his par-
ents, he studied theology at Oberlin, defraying
part of his expenses by teaching classes in the pre-
paratory course and giving instruction in elocu-
tion. In 1858 he was engaged as a licentiate in
charge of the Congregational church at Bellevue,
O., and ordained its pastor in 1859. Upon the out-
break of the civil war he resigned, and was elected
chaplain of the 55th Ohio volunteer infantry, com-
VOL. IX.— 8.
manded by Col. John ('. Lee, afterwards lieutenant-
governor of Ohio. He saw service under Gens.
Schenck, Milroy and Fremont in the campaigns of
18G1-G2; in the spring of 1862 he was with Fremont
in his famous pursuit of • • Stonewall " Jackson in
the Shenandoah valley, and was present at the battle
of Cros?, Keys in June. Resigning his chaplaincy
in the fall of lsr>2, he became pastor of the Congre-
gational church at Mansfield, O., and continued in
charge until I he spring of 1865, when he accepted a
call to East Saiiinaw, Mich. During an incumbency
of six years in this place, he completed a church
building costing $65,000, aud through his earnest
labors received many accessions to his flock. A
serious infirmity, however, affecting his voice, ren-
dered him unable to continue public speaking, and
he engaged as an editorial writer on the staff of the
Saiiinaw "Daily Enterprise." His editorials at once
attracted wide attention for vigor of though t, puiil \
of diclioii and fearless expression of his views, and
early iii 1871 he accepted the position of editor,
oll'ered him b\ Edwin Cowles, of the Cleveland
" Leader," of which for I hive years he was the lead-
ing editorial writer. About, this lime he became in-
terested in real estate, lately through making
investments for persons outside the
city; but these interests increased
so that he found it necessary to
give his entire attention to their
management. I >urhii: the panic of
1873, his affairs fora time seemed
in a hopeless condition; but, pro-
ceeding with energy and determi-
nation, he managed them so
skillfully as to protect all his in-
vestments. He scorned Hie sug-
gestion of friends to take advan-
tage of ihe national bankruptcy
law, and, after eighteen years of
hard work, had paid off all debts.
Through his operations, many
fine buildings have been added
to Cleveland. lie has also borne
an important par! in developing
the park system of the city. At the great mass-
meeting of' July 22, 1890, 'the 100th anniversary
of the arrival of Moses Cleveland, he made public
announcement of the magnificent addition to the
public parks of the city by the generosity of John D.
Rockefeller, being lands bought by him express! \-
for this purpose at a cost of $600,000. He had acted
for Mr. Rockefeller in purchasing these lands, which
comprise 276 acres, made up of parcels from many
owuers, and had conducted the negotiations during
the year preceding in such a manner that none knew
of it until the day of presentation. Mr. Cowles was
also prominently connected with the centennial
celebration as chairman of the historical section of
religion, and delivered an eloquent and memorable
address in presiding at the opening of the observ-
ances on July 19th. He became a member of
the old Cleveland board of trade in 1884, and after
that body was transformed into the chamber of
commerce, took an earnest and active part iu making-
it a great business and commercial power. He was
chairman of its committee on legislation in 1894; a
director and first vice-president in 1895, aud presi-
dent in 1896-97. During this period he delivered
several notable public addresses at banquets of the
chamber of commerce, and on assuming and relin-
quishing the presidency, the latter being a valedictory,
in which he reviewed the history of the organization.
Among his other addresses may be mentioned one at
the celebration of Perry's victory, Sept. 10, 1895,
tracing the city's history and growth in its first cen
tury; on woman's day of the centennial in 1896; also
before the Ohio State Medical Association at its
114
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
auuual meeting in Cleveland, in May, 1897; and
others at meetings of the medical associations of
Cleveland and of Cuyahoga county. He was a dele-
gate to the national monetary convention held at
Indianapolis, Jan. 12, 1896, and since 1874 has been
a trustee of Oberlin College, which in 1898 conferred
on him the honorary degree of LL.D. He has con-
tinuously held the office of president of the Cleve-
land Trust Co. since its organization in 1894.
In political affiliation he is a Republican, but not a
partisan, and has always manifested a deep interest,
and taken an active and prominent part in state
aud national politics. He belongs to the Ohio com-
maudery of the Loyal Legion, and also to the Army
and Navy Post of the Grand Army of the Re-
public. Mr. Cowles was married, Aug. 26, 1859, to
Lois M., daughter of Simon S. and Eliza (Hall)
Church, of Vermontville, Mich. He has had four
children — Alice Welch, wife of Rev. John Doane,
Mary Flagler, Edward Church and Leroy Hervey
Cowles, the two latter deceased.
WARNER, John De Witt, lawyer, political
reformer and congressman, was born in Schuyler
county, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1851, son of Daniel De Witt
and Charlotte (Coon) Warner. The first of his an-
cestors in America was Andrew, sou of John Warner
of Hatneld, Gloucestershire, England, who settled
in Cambridge, Mass., in 1630, and
whose descendants intermarried
with several prominent families,
one being the Dutch family De
Witt of New Jersey. At seventeen
years of age, having obtained in
competition a Cornell University
scholarship, he entered that insti-
tution as a member of its first class
in 1868 aud was graduated iu!872.
Hesubsequently kept up an active
connection with his alma mater,
taking part in an agitation for uni-
versity reforms, serving as alumni
trustee from 1882 to 1887, when
,^ \' he successfully co-operated with
those who advocated radical re-
organization of weak depart-
ments, raising the standard and
professors' salaries; and being re-
elected later for a second term. While still an un-
dergraduate he edited for three months the Ithaca
"Daily Leader," aud after leaving college taught
for two years in the Ithaca Academy, and for the
following two years at the Albany Academy. He
studied law at the Albany Law School, and in 1876
was admitted to the bar, and established himself in
practice in New York city, where he has been in
succession a member of the" local firms Iselin & War-
ner ; Warner & Prayer ; aud Peckham, Warner &
Strong. In politics he has always been a useful
member of the Democratic party, beginning as early
as 1884 to write for periodical and for pamphlet dis-
tribution on special branches of tariff discussion aud
to appear as a political orator. He has published
important papers on " Wool aud Tariffs" . "Labor,
Wages and Tariffs" ; "The McKiuley Fraud on the
Farmer," etc. During the political campaign of
1892 he served as tariff reform editor of the "New
York "Weekly World." He aided in 1887 in founding
the Reform Club, becoming one of its trustees, aud in
1894 chairman of its tariff reform committee. He
was elected to the 52d congress in 1890 from the
greatest manufacturing district in the United States.
In the house he took a prominent part in tariff aud
currency matters, leading tne opposition against the
anti-option bill and against pension frauds, was
chairman of the sub-committee that investigated and
reported on the sweating system, and was active in
it '^ •
opposing the so-called "Sugar Trust." The ways
and means committee having reported a sugar
sclirdule providing for no revenue, but leaving a
large protection on refined sugars, Mr. Warner
moved an amendment which was overwhelmingly
carried in the house in spite of the committee, strip-
ping the sugar trust of all protection whatever, aud for
the following seven months he waged a continuous
opposition against the sugar trust lobby, appearing
before the senate sub-committee and filing a full
discussion of his side of the question, which was
printed by the senate finance committee. When
his opponents urged the Gorman schedule, he was
active in exposing their methods and bringing down
on the senatorial combine the denunciation of the
country aud causing the doctored treasury calcula-
tions to be withdrawn. In July, 1894, he prepared
a sixty-page summary of facts referring to "Sugar
— Sugar Tariff — Sugar Trust, " that has become the
text-book of opponents to the sugar trust every where,
aud he opposed to the last all concessions to the
Sugar Trust. Re-elected to the 53d congress, he
acted on a special committee that prepared" the Re-
form Club's proposed tariff bill which he introduced
at the assembling of congress, and besides his princi-
pal speech on the subject, was given the floor on
each of the subjects : woolen schedule dates, export
discounts, reciprocity, and barley duties. He suc-
ceeded in repeatedly securing action in favor of re-
duction of proposed rates, especially on articles of
general use and food products. He was the only
member from New York city on the banking and
currency committee, where he opposed unsound
financial measures; and as one of the sub-commit I <r
on the subject, he made in debate on the Brawley
bill the principal speech on the question of state bank
currency. He also took part in the debate on the
printing bill, the appropriation bills aud other meas-
ures affecting the city of New York; in the third
session suggested amendments, which were adopted,
to the Carlisle bill, and was the author of bills for
the retirement of the demand obligations of the
United States and to maintain the public credit. Mr.
Warner was one of the founders of the Delta Kappa
Epsilou Club and of the Shakespeare Club, both of
New York city. In connection with the latter he
wrote "Souud Sequence in Shakespeare," and other
monographs on Shakespearean subjects. He is a
frequent contributor to periodical literature. Among
his late publications have been : "A Lawyer's Re-
sponsibilities" (addressed to the graduating class of
Albany Law School), published in the "Albany Law
Journal "and reprinted in the "London Law Times";
"Pension Frauds " and " The Fallacy of Free Coin-
age" in the "Forum " ; "The Silver Question" and
"The Sweating System" in "Harper's Weekly";
"Duty of the Treasury "in the " Pacific Coast Banker
aud Investor" ; "Prospects of Tariff and Currency
Legislation" in the "Engineering Magazine"; "Cir-
cumstances and Results of November (1892) Genera]
Elections of the United States" in " Die Zeit " of
Vienna, Austria; "Should New York Operate its
Street Railways — Yes," and " Matters which
Suggest Themselves" (as to art development of New
York), in "Municipal Affairs. " Besides the associa-
tions already mentioned, he holds membership in the
National Sculpture Society, the Bar Association,
Cornell Club aud others. He was married, June 14,
1877, to Lillian A. Hudson, of English and Dutch
ancestry.
MINTURN, Robert Bowne, merchant and
philanthropist, was born in New York, Nov. 16,
1805, sou of William and — — (Bowue) Min-
turn. The name is found in Dorsetshire, England,
as early as the reign of Edward II. One of the
family. Richard, came to America in 1628, and set-
tled a't Southampton. L. I., whence liisson. William,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
115
removed to Narragansett, R. I. His great-grandson,
another William, became a wealthy merchant in
Newport, and in the latter part of 'the eighteenth
century, with other Rhode Islanders, founded the
town of Hudson, N. Y. His son, William Minturu,
2d, born at Newport in 1776, was also a merchant,
owning many ships plying between New York and
East Indian and Chinese ports. On his mother's side,
Robert 15. Minturn was descended from Thomas
Bowne, of Matlock, Derbyshire, who, iu 1<>49. sei-
lled .'it Flushing, L. I. Young Robert was eduratnl
in the schools of New York, but was obliged to begin
life as a clerk, at the age of fourteen: his dither's
fortune having been lost iu the war of 1812. He was
at tirst employed iu the counting-houses of Robert
Sewall ami Charles Greene, but discovered such
energy and business ability that before his twenty-
tirst birthday lie.' was owner of a vessel. In ls;',o he
became a partner in the well-known shipping-house
of Fish it Gritiuell. Their clipper ships touched at
nearly every port of the world, and were known by
the tirra's house-flag, a "swallow-tail," which iu
time became a synonym for high and generous deal-
ing. Iu 1834 the style was changed to Grinnell, Miu-
turn & Co. Mr. Minturn was noted for his charily,
and was one of the founders and first treasurer . if
the Association for the Improvement of the Condi-
tion of the Poor. He also gave largely in private
charity, hesjiies assisting iu the construction of the
Church of the Holy Communion, St. Luke's llospi
tal, the Hospital for the Relief of the Ruptured and
Crippled, the Juvenile Asylum, and other institu-
tions. He was the prime mover in organizing the
board of commissioners of emigration, and was the
first commissioner. He accepted this appointment
from a high sense of duty, that he might suppress
the frequent robberies and frauds perpetrated on
emigrants. His heroism was never better shown
than when he carried ashore iu his arms the sick
from the Irish plague-ships, whom the department
employees did not dare to touch. George William
Curtis said of Mr. Miuturu. in " Harper's Weekly ":
"Gentle, just aud generous, modest, humane and
sagacious ; honored by the most successful and pros-
perous, beloved by the poorest and most forgotten ;
his sense of responsibility growing with increasing
fortune until his devoted life was that of an humble
almoner of the divine bounty — this was the New
York merchant, the American gentleman, the serene
Christian, whose life was a public blessing, and whose
death is a universal sorrow." Mr. Minturn w;is
married, iu 1833, to Anna Mary Wendell, daughter
of an emiueut lawyer of Albany. He died iu^New
York city, Jan. 9, 1866.
PAYNE, Milton Jameson, legislator, was
born in Christian county, Ivy. , Dec. 29, 1829, son of
Edward aud Mary Ann (Callaway) Payne. He
traces his ancestry back to Sir Hugo de Paen who
accompanied Robert 'of Normandy to the Holy Land,
and was one of the nine knights who founded the
order known as Templars of the Cross. Three of
the Paynes, Sir Robert, William aud John, emi-
grated to Virginia iu 1619. The eldest returned, but
the others received grants from the crowu and set-
tled in what is known as the Northern neck of Vir-
ginia, extending from Northumberland, on the bay,
to the counties of Fauquier, Fairfax and Culpep-
er. Their descendants became extensive land hold-
ers, allied themselves with the leading families of
Virginia and took an active part in making history.
James, grandfather of Milton Payne, settled in what
is now Fayette county, Ky. , in 1782, cleared some
land, built a house and returned to Virginia for his
family. At the age of thirteen Milton 3. Payne en-
tered the office of the Hopkiusville " Gazette," and
at night mastered the conteuts of whatever books he
could get. Two years later he entered a dry-goods
house and developed such talents for business that
he became a successful salesman in the town and
commanded a good salary for some years. In 1849 he
started for California, but ou reaching St. Louis was
offered a position in a large dry-goods house and
concluded to remain. A year later he accepted a
partnership in a dry-goods and clothing house in
Kansas City, then a trading post, but in this venture
lost all his savings. Starting anew he became a
salesman for the extensive dry-goods house of
AValker, Boyd & Chick, and his push and executive
ability excited so much admiration that he was
elected mayor in June, 1855. So satisfactory was
his administration that he continued in office until
1860 ; a^'iiii served in 1H03, the intervening year be-
ing spent iu the state legislature, and was returned
in 1864. While mayor he organized an advisory
commercial board tor t lie advancement of thecity's
interests. Under his guidance, streets were opened,
graded and improved, public roads into the outlying
country were surveyed, and information as to the
,id\antages of Kansas city wits given to the public
at the- East through advertisements and pamphlets.
While in the legislature he bent his energies toward
securing the passage of the bill for the extension of
the Missouri Pacific railroad to Kansas City, aud
championed the measure that brought about the
building to Kansas City of the western branch of the
North Missouri rail road, now the
St. Louis, Kansas City and Wa-
bash. He also secured the char-
ter for building the Hannibal
and St. .Joseph railroad bridge
over the Missouri river at Kan-
sas City. These are only a few
of the measures for the bcnelit of
the public that he fostered, with
unselfish purpose, and itisan in-
teresting coincidence that all
of the fourteen embryo lines
planned and laid out by him and
his coadjutors on the lirst maps
of Kansas ( 'it y ( 1*57) have been
constructed. In 1866 Mr. Payne
was elected to the state senate,
but owiug to partisan jugglery
the certificate of election" was
given to the Republican oppo-
nent. All his life he has been a
steadfast Democrat of the Jeff ersonian and Jacksonian
type. He was appointed by the city council of Kan-
sas City one of its representatives to attend a coun-
cil between the U. S. government and the southern
Indian nations at Ft. 'Smith. Ark., iu the fall of
1865, for the purpose of making a treaty providing
for the restoration of the former relations between
the government aud such of the natives as had taken
sides with the southern states in the late civil war.
The object which the city's representatives had in
view was to secure a clause in the proposed treaty by
which a right of way might be obtained through the
Indian territories from Kansas City to Galveston.
This effort was successful, and the railroad is in op-
eration. In 1867 he organized the Kansas City Gas
Light and Coke Co., of which he was made presi-
dent ; he remained, as head of its successor the Kan-
sas City Gas Co., and when, in 1897, the latter was
consolidated with the Missouri Gas Co., Mr. Payne
was elected president of the combined properties,
which are kuowu as the Kansas City, Missouri Gas
Co. Mr. Payne was married, iu 1852, to Adeline,
daughter of Gabriel Prudhomme, who entered from
the government the original section of land on
which Kansas City was laid out. She died in No-
vember, 1867, leaving six children, of whom four
still survive. In 1892" he was married to Mrs. Jean-
nie Chamberliu, widow of John C. Chamberlin.
116
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
TIMBY, Theodore Buggies, inventor, was
born April 5, 1822, at Dover, N. Y., where his boy-
hood was spent on his father's farm, with such
educational opportunities as a country common
school afforded. With a natural bent for invention,
he displayed at an early age exceptional boldness
and originality in mechanical contrivances. In 1836,
when only fourteen, he designed and made a work-
ing model of a floating dry-dock, which professional
experts promptly condemned as a thing impractical
in tidal waters. Even more strikingly ahead of the
time was his next serious invention. At that time
iron was a costly commodity; jret the boy, then nine-
teen, had the audacity to propose an iron fort — and,
worse, a movable fort. This idea, which has since
revolutionized warfare, was suggested to him by the
circular forl know7n as Castle Williams, in the har-
bor of New York. Seeing its multitude of guns,
each of limited sweep, only a few of which could be
brought to bear at the same time on a hostile fleet,
he pictured in its place a smaller and less pregnable
metal fort, with fewer guns, yet rotatable, so that
each and every gun could be brought to bear in suc-
re-xion on the same point. He developed the idea
in an ivory model which, in April, 1841, lie sub-
mitted in Washington to John ('. Callioun, at whose
suggestion he had a working model made in Balti-
more. This model is still in Mr. Timby's possession.
It represented a metal gun-tower, cen-
trally pivoted, so that it could be re-
volved to bring all the guns succes-
sively to the same position, and in-
cluded all the essential features of the
modern turret. This device was sub-
mitted the same season to the leading
statrsmen and the military and naval
authorities at Washington, and nat-
urally evoked much comment and
criticism. The next year Mr. Tim by
made a large armored model of a ma-
rine battery, which was put on exhibi-
tion in the governor's room, New
York city hall. The wide discussion
of its possibilities, in the leading news-
papers and in private, led to the ap-
pointment of a committee to report
upon tliesystemfornationaluse, which
resulted in a report by the chairman,
Gen. I!ankhead, favorable to its adop-
An adverse report was made by Col. Thorn-
ton, of the United States army, and Capt. Joseph
Smith, of the navy, on the score of cost. Advised
by Jefferson Davis not to patent an invi.Tit.ion which
the world was not ready to use, Mr. Timby tiled in
the patent office, in 1843, a caveat for "a revolving
tower, for offensive and defensive warfare, to be
used on land or water," and devoted the next two
decades to the almost fruitless task of convincing
the world of the utility of his invention. The out-
break of the civil war put the problem of national
defense in a new position. In response to an urgent
call for a stronger navy, a group of patriotic citizens
undertook to build at their own risk a naval fighting
machine of the greatest power, in the least possible
time, in accordance with plans partially furnished
by one of their number, the celebrated engineer,
('apt. John Ericsson, who chose for the central and
distinctive feature of the new craft the Timby tur-
ret, as the best, thing known for the purpose. Roy-
ally for tlir use of the turret in the Monitor and in the
Pacific and the Dictator, subsequently built by the
same contractors, was paid to Mr. Timby, who had
applied for and received, Sept. 20, 1862, a United
States patent covering the claim made in the ca\ rat
of 1843. Notwithstanding the protest of Mr. Erics-
son, that he designed the Monitor as an engineer, not
as its inventor, the credit of the invention was popu-
tion.
larly ascribed to him; and unfortunately professional
pride, which was not tickled by the knowledge that
the revolution in warfare had been wrought by a
civilian, seemed quite willing to let the error go un-
corrected. When asked recently the cause of the
persistent injustice which he had suffered in this
connection, Mr. Timby replied: "I was never will-
ing to pay the price required to obtain justice at the
liMiids of my countrymen, whose benefactor I am."
In addition to bis fundamental contribution to the
art of war, Mr. Timby has devised and patented
other and greater developments, which may in the
future prove not less significantly valuable, among
them, these : In 1861, a system of channel defense
consisting of a cordon of armed and armored turrets ;
in 1862, the plan of sighting and firing guns by elec-
tricity now in general use ; 1880, a mole and tower
system of defense, also a planetary system of revolv-
ing towers; 1881, a system of disappearing defensive
towers ; 1884, a revolving tower and shield system. In
1885, Rear-Adm. John L. Wordeii, who commanded
the Monitor in her epoch-making battle, pronounced
the Timby s_ystem of coast defense superior to any
other; and his judgment was concurred in by men
like Rear-Adm. Amnien, Com. S. B. Luce, Adm.
Porter, Gen. Slocum, Gen. Rosecrans and Col. War-
burton, retired, royal engineers. In 1890, the legis-
lature of New York, without a dissenting vote in
either house, passed a concurrent resolution asking
congress to give to Mr. Timby, as inventor of the
Monitor, a national recognition, and a petition to
the same effect was submitted to congress the same
year by the judges of the supreme court and of the
court of appeals, together with many other dis-
tinguished officials of his native state. In recog-
nition of his services Madison University gave him
the degree of A.M. in 1866; Wooster, p., the de-
gree of Sc.D. in 1882, and the University of Iowa
the degree of LL.D. in 1890. Throughout his entire
career Mr. Timby has shown himself a born philoso-
pher in the domain of physical and moral causation,
witli special endowments for practical inventions, as
manifested in the numerous products of his genius
and skill.
HARLAN, Henry David, jurist, was born in
Harford county. Md., Oct. 23, 1858, son of David
and Margaret R. (Herbert) Harlau, of Quaker de-
scent. His father was a medical director in the U. S.
navy, and a descendant, in the fifth generation, of
Michael Harlan, who. with his elder brother, George,
came to America in 1687, and settled near Kenuelt,
now Pennsbury, in the state of Pennsylvania.
George and Michael Harlau were natives of Monk
Wrarmoth, England, and their descendants in this
country now number over 3,000 persons, some of
whom are to be found in nearly every state of the
Union. Justice John M. Harlan, of the U. S.
supreme court, is a descendant of George. Jeremiah
Harlan, Henry's grand fat her, removed to Maryland in
the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and made
his home in the granite hills bordering the Susque-
hanna river, near the mouth of Deer creek, in Har-
ford county. This property is still in the possession
of the family. Among the ancestors of Henry, on
his mother's side, was Jeremiah Baker, his great-
grandfather, who was a captain in the revolutionary
war; and also John Herbert, another great-grand-
father, who was a captain in the war of 1812. Henry
D. Harlau was partly educated by Rev. Edward A.
Colburn at the parish school, which his father had
established for the education of his children in con-
nection with the Protestant Episcopal church of the
Holy Trinity, which he had built near his home. He
afterwards attended St. Clement's Hall, near Ellicott
City, and then entered St. John's College, Annapolis,
where he was graduated with the second honor in the
class of 1878. *~ He at once began the study of law at
OF AMERICAN IUOUK AI'II Y.
117
Bel Air, Md., under the instruction of I lie Hon. Henry
D. Fernandis, (if Hie llartord bar. In tin- Call of 1879,
he entered (lie law school of the University of Mary-
land, and received the degree of LL.B. in 1881 with
the highest honors. He was shortly admitted to the
bar, and bewail the practice of his profession in Balti-
more. In 1883, he was chosen associate professor of
elementary common law and domestic relations in the
University of Maryland, and made secretary and
treasurer of the law faculty. His connection in the
university gave him a standing in the profession
above many older members of the bar, and when the
venerable George William Brown, chief-justice of
the supreme bench of Baltimore city, retired from
the bench in the fall of 1888, on account of having
reached the age limit, he was appointed by the
governor, when only thirty years of age, to till the
vacancy so caused. He thus enjoyed the distinction
of being' the youngest chief-justice in the history of
the- state. His administration of the responsible and
delicate duties of his high ollice was so satisfactory
to the bar and to the public that he received a unani-
mous nomination from the Democratic convention for
the position which he had tilled acceptably for nearly
a year, and on Nov. 5, 1889, was selected by the people
chief judge of the supreme bench for the full term
of fifteen years. This ollice hei liuues i,. fill. On
Dee. 111. 18S9, lie was married to Helen, daughter of
Henry Altemus and Hannah Kyre, of Philadelphia,
Pa. They have three children. He is vice-president
of the board of trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospi-
tal and a member of its executive committee.
MANSFIELD, Richard, actor, was born. May
24, 1857, on the island of Heligoland, where his
parents were temporarily sojourning at thai time.
His mother was Mine. Mansfield Rudersdorf, the
famous prima donna. His youth was spenl in Eng-
land and on the Continent, and his education was
picked up at sundry and various places. He studied
for a time at a private school in Germany, and then
was a Derby scholar, under (lie tutelage of Rev.
Walter Clarke. It was while at Derby School that
he made his first appearance as an actor, as Shylock,
at a class-day exhibition. After the performance,
Dr. Selwyn, bishop of Lichfleld, sought him out,
and told him if he ever became au actor, he surelv
would be a great one. His mother desired that he
should become an artist, and afler leaving school he
studied for a time at South Kensington, having that
purpose in view. Family reverses, however, com-
pelled him to seek some means of support, and,
coming to the United Stales, he became a clerk in
the mercantile house of Jordan, Marsh & Co., of
Boston. He remained with this house for some
time, and the senior member of the firm, Eheu Jor-
dan, became one of his most helpful friends. In
Ihe interval of his clerical labors in Boston, Mr.
Mansfield painted pictures. In 1875 he returned to
England, hoping to sell a number of his canvases ;
but failed in this, and for a time was on the point of
starvation. In the end lie was glad to accept an en-
gagement with a strolling company of actors, at a
salary of £3 a week ; and, laboring hard, he soon be-
gan to rise in his profession. After acting in England
for several years, he returned to the United States,
and made his first appearance as Dromez in the
opera " Les Manteaux Noires," at. the Standard
Theatre, New York, Sept. 26, 1878. He was un-
known and without friends, but thoughtful ob-
servers at once discerned in him an actor of unusual
talent ; and when the opera of " Rip Van Winkle"
was produced, he was given the part of Nick Ved-
der. His drollery and eccentric humor made his
personation of that character the greatest success
of the production. About this time Mr. Mansfield
attracted the attention of A. M. Palmer, who gave
him a place in his company at the Union Square
Theatre, and he was cast for the part of Tirandel in
the "Parisian Romance." While waiting for the
rehearsals to begin, he was sent to Baltimore to play
the part of the Lord Chancellor in " lolanthe." He
sprained his ankle one night in the first act, but
went through the performance, and after its close, in
response to a telegram from Mr. Palmer, traveled to
New York. At ten o'clock the next morning he at-
tended rehearsal with his foot in splints. His reso-
lution and fidelity were rewarded. The veteran
Sloildart asked to be excused from playing the part
of Baron Chcvrial, and Mr. Palmer assigned it to
Mansfield, lie created the role when the "Parisian
Romance " was first produced, on Jan. 10, 1883 ; and
by his portrayal of that worldly-wise and cynical
rou< created the dramatic sensation of the season.
At NVallaek's Theatre, Jan. 15, 1SS5. Mr. Mansfield
was seen in "Victor Durand"; at the Lyceum,
Sept. 7, 1883, in "In Spite of All, "and at the Madi-
son Square, in "Alpine Itoses." lie then became a
star, and on May I!, ISSC, opened at the Madison
Square Theatre in " Prince Karl, "a play written by
A. C. Gunler. His singim: and acting won instant
favor, lie returned to the Madison Square Theatre
on Feb. 21, 1887, and filled a three weeks' engage-
ment, lie occupied the theatre during the summer
sea-on, and produced a play of his own, entitled
" Monsieur." ( ,'n Sept. 12th he-
was seen in " Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde," which lie had produced
in ISoston in the preceding May;
and his creation of the dual role
was a masterly effort, and made
a most profound impression. In
July, 1888, he visited England,
and produced " Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde " and ' 'A Parisian Romance "
at the Lyceum Theatre. Although
the critics praised him warmly,
the audiences at the outset were
small; but, not discouraged by the
indifference of the public, he leased
Ihe Globe Theatre, and, having
thoroughly renovated it, opened
with " Prince Karl." This comedy
pleasedthe fancy of theLondonpub-
lie. anil he was favored with large
audiences nightly. Later, "Richard III." was given,
Mr. Mansfield acting the title role. " Richard III."
ran for seventy-one nights, and was in every way an
artistic triumph for the actor. Returning to the
United States, he produced "Richard III." at the
Globe Theatre in Boston and at Palmer's Theatre in
New York, subsequently filling profitable engage-
ments as a star in all the principal cities of the coun-
try. During the summer of 1889-90, " Beau Brum-
inel" was produced in New York city, and ran for
several months, Mr. Mansfield's personation of the
famous English beau being a most delightful and
artistic piece of acting. Following this New York
run, "Beau Brummel " was given throughout the
country. On May 4, 1891, Mr. Mansfield played a
long engagement at the Garden Theatre, New York
city, being seen in the title role of "Don Juan," a
play written by himself. He later made a notable
success at Daly's Theatre, as Dimsdale in "The
Scarlet Letter," and in the "Merchant of Venice,"
to which he gave a fine production at Hermann's
Theatre, presenting Shylock in a strong and abso-
lutely new interpretation. In 1895 he purchased,
remodeled and refurnished Harrigau's Theatre in
New York city, and, naming it Garrick, made it his
home, April 23, 1895, and there produced some of
his most successful plays. During the season of
1895-96 he gave, with great success, the various
plays of his repertoire in New York and in other
118
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
cities. On Oct. 4, 1897, be produced at the Fiftli
Avenue Theatre " The Devil's Disciple." by George
Bernard Shaw, and in the character of Dick Dudgeon
added new laurels to bis already great reputation as
a versatile character actor. Similarly brilliant was
bis interpretation of Eugene Courvoisier in Clark and
Pbelps' dramatization of Miss Fothergill's novel,
"The First Violin " (produced in Boston, at the
Hollis Street Theatre. April 12, 1898), which afforded
new and larger opportunities for Mr. Mansfield's
apparently boundless talent in character-acting, and
was widely popular and a great success financially.
On Oct. 3, 1898, at the Garden Theatre, New York,
he entered upon a season with his greatest success
since Jekyll and Hyde, in the title role of Howard
Thayer Kingsbury 's translation of Edmund Rostand's
" Cyrano de Bergerac." The play and the story on
which it is founded immediately came into an im-
mense vogue, through Mr. Mansfield's brilliant work.
Not only are his presentations noteworthy for his
eminent dramatic ability and thorough work in every
role, but also for the artistic and appropriate mount-
ing of every piece. Thus, the production of " Rich-
ard III." during the season of 1889, although the
box receipts were large, was scarcely profitable^owiug
to the extensive outlay to secure perfect accuracy in
scenery aud costumes and employ a force of persons
sufficient to maintain all features at the fullest scale
of magnificence. Mr. Mansfield is earnest, forceful
and conscientious in all that he does, and his art is
marvelously flexible aud versatile. He is also a play-
wright of talent, a fine singer, aud a terse aud vigor-
ous writer. On Sept. 15, 1892, he was married to
Beatrice Cameron, who had earned an enviable
reputation as leading lady in many of his most suc-
cessful plays. They have one son.
ANDROS, Milton, lawyer, was born at Berk-
ley, Bristol co., Mass., Feb. 9, 1823. His father, Rev.
Thomas And>'os, was a boy wheu the revolutionary
army was organized, but joined it at Cambridge,
Mass., and shared all its hardships until the surrender
of Cornwallis. Later, he be-
came a minister of the Gospel,
aud for more than fifty years had
one church under his ministe-
rial care. He published several
volumes of sermons and essays,
and a narrative of his imprison-
ment ami escape from the Brit-
ish prison-ship Old Jersey, at
New York. The son, educated
under the careful supervision
of his father,— an accomplished
scholar, — studied law in the
office of Judge Oliver Prescott,
of New Bedford, aud was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1847. He
then served as private secre-
tary to lion. Marcus Morton,
collector of customs for the
port of Boston, aud in 1848
entered upon the practice of his profession in Boston.
He was assistant U. S. attorney for Massachusetts
under Pres. Buchanan's administration, a position
which he filled with signal ability. Subsequently,
he formed a connection with lion. Charles Levi
Woodbury, with whom he continued the practice of
law until November, 1865, when he went to Cali-
fornia. Since then lie has been closely identified
with the history and commercial interests of Sau
Francisco, asa member of the chamber of commerce,
of the board of marine underwriters — of which he
is the legal adviser — and of other public institutions.
ERWTN, Daniel Peart, merchant, was born at
Columbia, Lanca-trr CO., Pa., April 29, 1844, sou of
Martin and Hannah (Lockard) Erwiu. His family
is of Scotch origin, but a branch of it settled iu the
north of Ireland^ whence certain of its members emi-
grated to America late iu the seventeenth century,
and settled in Lancaster county. Pa. , where his father
was born. His mother, a native of Columbia, was
a descendant of the Lockards, Fordneys, Hudsons,
Wares and other families notable in colonial and
revolutionary times. Daniel P. Erwiu received what
education was afforded by the schools of his time.
Ever ambitious to begin the active duties of life, he,
at the age of thirteen, apprenticed himself in the
printing-office of the Columbia " Spy," where he re-
mained five years. In the summer of 1862 he paid a
visit to an uncle iu Cincinnati, and was so pleased with
the prospects there thathewas induced
to engage with him as a clerk aud as-
sistant bookkeeper in the wholesale
dry-goods business. He was finally
received into the firm of Lockard,
Ireland & Co., and upon the retire-
ment of his partners, in 1875, was left
in entire control. Immediately he
removed his business to Peoria, 111.,
where lie rapidly built up a large
trade under the style of Erwin &
Co., and in 1880 purchased the con-
trolling interest in the largest whole-
sale dry -goods house iu Indian-
apolis. Four years later he bought
out all his associates, and, under
the style of D. P. Erwiu & Co.,
built up one of the largest private
enterprises in the middle West. He
is also owner of the Denison, in Indianapolis, the
greatest hotel property in the state, and was a large
stockholder and officer iu the National Tin Plate Co.,
uutil he disposed of his interest iu December, 1898.
He has since retired from active business. Mr.
Erwin was president of the board of trade for one
term, aud lias been one of its governors for sixteen
years; he was president of the Commercial Club
for two years, aud a director for six. He is a mem-
ber of the Maeuuerchor, Deutsche Haus, University
aud Columbia clubs, having been a director of the
last-named. lie was married, in 1868, to Annie
Barbara, second daughter of Francis Seifert, a dis-
tinguished citizen and merchant of Cincinnati. She
died May 27, 1897, leaving three daughters— Helen
Seifert, wife of William HT Coburn, of Indianapolis,
Hannah Lockard and Louise Marck, wife of Henry
P. Coburn.
MORRIS, Charles, naval officer, was born at
Woodstock, Conn., July 26, 1784. His father at the
age of sixteen enlisted in the Continental army in
Rhode Island, under Gen. Lafayette; afterwards
shipped ou board a privateer; was made prisoner
anil confined in the hulks at New York; after the
war acquired a half interest in a merchant vessel,
aud for many years commanded her iu the South
American trade. Finally, he and his crew were cap-
tured by pirates, who confiscated bis vessel and held
all prisoners for two years, when they escaped to au
English cruiser iu the Orinoco river. On Feb. 4,
1799, he was appointed purser in the navy, and
assigned to the Baltimore, then lying at Norfolk,
Va. Then it was he exerted himself to obtain an
appointment for his son Charles, who had hitherto
lived at home; and he, receiving a warrant as acting
midshipman on the Baltimore, entered on his duties
July 1, 1799. Thus commenced one of the most
brilliant and honorable careers iu the history of the
American navy. The series of services to his coun-
try, which ended only with bis death, when he was
reputed the ablest naval commander in the world,
\\ arrant the high eulogium pronounced by Secretary
of the Navv Dobbin "in the announcement to the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
119
navy of his death: "Rarely, indeed, has a nation to
mourn the loss of so distinguished, so useful, so good
aciti/.en. His name is associated with the most
brilliant achievements which have illustrated the
American navy; uo fulsome eulogium can magnify
it; 'no storied" urn or animated bust' is needed to
]ierpeiuale it." The recollections of his gallant ac-
tions on the ocean, which cheered the drooping
spirits of his countrymen at a memorable crisis in
our history, will be ever gratefully cherished. As
an administrative officer he was signally successful;
his integrity was incorruptible. He saw his first
war service in Com. Preble's squadron, during the
war with Tripoli (1801-05), and was one of tivemid
shipmcn who, with Decatur, commanded t he seven ty-
four brave men who burned the frig-
ate Philadelphia, on Feb. 18, 1804,
under the fire of the enemy's ships
and batteries, and was first to stand
on her deck, Decatur being a close
second. In 1807 he was promoted
lieutenant anil appointed to the ('(in-
stitution, C'apt. Hull; at this period
winning particular distinction by his
plan of "towing and warping,"
which saved that frigate from the
British fleet of Com. Brooke, after a
pursuit of sixty hours. He was with
Hull auain in the Constitution when,
in July, 1812, she met the Guerriere
in the "first naval engagement of tin-
second war with England; and in the
lu'ltest of the battle, as the ships
approached, Lieut. Morris assisted
with his own hands in lashing
them together. While so engaged lie fell, shot
through the body. The records of the navy depart-
ment mention in detail the brilliant, honorable and
useful services of "this distinguished officer," and in
March, 1813, he was promoted captain. In c"m
manil of the John Adams, twenty-eight guns, in
1814, he harassed British merchantmen, greatly
crippling their commerce in all seas; but being
finally followed into the Penobscot river, Maine, by
a strong squadron of the enemy, he scuttled and
sunk his ship, to prevent its capture. With bis
crew lie then made his way through hundreds of
miles of wilderness to Portland, whence he embarked
for New York. He had no other important com-
mand during the remainder of the war; butin 1816-17
was in command of the United States squadron in
the Gulf of Mexico, and in 1819-20, in Brazilian
waters. Late in 1825, he commanded the frigate
Brandywine, which conveyed Gen. Lafayette to
France, and, meantime (1823-27), was a member
of the board of navy commissioners, a dignity a;: a in
held by him during 1832-41. He had command of
the Mediterranean squadron three years (1841-44),
and then, practically retiring from sea duty, became
director of the United States Naval Academy, An-
napolis, Md. In the last five years of his life he was
chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography.
Com. Morris was reputed the best-informed officer
in the navy, and his opinions on all subjects, both
practical and executive, were highly valued by the
department. He was the last of the older genera-
tion of naval officers. He was married, Feb. 4,
1815, to Harriet, daughter of the eminent physician,
William Boweu, of Providence, R. I. Nine children
were the result of this union. Com. Morris died in
Washington, D. C.. Jan. 27. 1856.
GYE, Marie Emma (La Jeunesse), singer,
known on the stage as Albani, was born at Cham-
bly, near Montreal, Canada, in 1851. Her father
was a French-Canadian, and gave lessons on the
harp in Montreal. Her mother was an accom-
plished musician, who died before the child was six
years old. At that early age she could read vocal
and instrumental music, and had sung in a concert-
room in Montreal. She was placed in the Convent
of the Sacred Heart in Montreal, but in 1857 her
lather removed to the United States, taking the child
with him. They remained a few months in Platts-
burgh, N. Y., and then went to Saratoga, where she
continued her musical studies. In 1864 they removed
to Albany, where she entered the choir of St. Joseph's
Catholic Church, at a small salary. The organist hav-
ing suddenly departed, she pluckily proposed to fill
his plaee, and was temporarily engaged, continuing
at the same time to sustain the lead ing soprano parts.
She was soon permanently installed as organist,
anil, in order to earn money to help her fat her support
her brother and sister, taught music at the convent
at Kenwood, instructed pupils at their homes and
appeared twice aweek to direct rehearsals. Briguoli
heard her in church one day. anil expressed the most
unqualified admiration for her singing. He advised
a course of foreign study, insisting that, such natural
gifts ought to be cultivated. Bishop Conrov, who
u.as then pastor of Si. Jo-eph's. also counseled the
same course. A benefit concert was given, to raise
funds to defray her expenses, and, with about s|uo
in her purse, she started for Europe in the autumn
of 18(i8. Bishop Conroy commended her to the i an
of the archbishop of Paris, and there she became a
pupil of the famous te •, Dupre/.. She remained
in Paris two years, and then i;ave a concert, which
was well patronized, and with the proceeds of which
she was enabled to gi i on to Iialy. She carried with
her to Milan a letter from Dupnv, to l,amperti, who
welcomed her with the remark : " All ! there is a
fortune in that little Hi mat I" Close application and
study were now her duty and delight, until, in the
summer of 1870, Lamperti brought her out in opera
at Messina. It was necessary that she should take a
stage-name, and the maestro .su^ested that of Al-
ba n i, tin- patronymic of an old Italian family, which,
bv a happy coincidence, was so similar to the name
oi' the city where she had found her first friends, that
she at once adopted it. and has re-
tained it ever since. She first ap-
peared in the role of Amina in Bel-
lini's opera of "La Soninamhula,"
and was at once acknowledged as the
greatest living representative of that
character. She added to her rcpert < PIT,
sinking in "Lucia di Lammermoor,"
"Linda de Chamounix," "Martha,"
" Mignon," "Robert le Diahle"
and other operas, winning the hi^h
est praise everywhere. She sang for
one season at Malta, and then resumed
her studies at Milan. She had her
second triumph at the Pergola in
Florence, and then appeared in other
Italian cities. While she was sing-
ing in Malta her rising fame at-
tracted the attention of Col. Maple-
son. He went there, heard and was
conquered. A London engagement was proffered
and accepted. Unheralded, comparatively unknown,
without influential friends, she arrived in London.
At first it was intended that she should appear at Her
Majesty's Theatre, but, through an arrangement
with Col. Mapleson, it was decided that Albani
should make her debut at Coveut Garden, under the
direction of Frederick Gve. She made her appear-
ance on April 2, 1872, and won a magnificent
triumph, the performance more than verifying the
words of Lamperti, who had written : " I am send-
ing forth the most accomplished musician and the
most finished singer in style that ever left my studio."
Brilliant successes followed her wherever she went.
Gounod heard her in Paris, and set about composing
120
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
a work suited to her voice. In Berlin she sang as
Elsa in "Lohengrin," in German, before the court,
and was named royal chamber singer by the em-
peror. Her power of acquiring languages lent bril-
liancy to her triumphs. In answer to an encore at
St. Petersburg, she sang a ballad in Russian, and the
audience greeted her with frantic enthusiasm, the
emperor sending her a magnificent set of jewels. She
obtained a release from a tliree years' engagement
at Covent Garden, and subsequently appeared in an
American tour. In 1878 she was married to Ernest
Gye, the lessee of Coveiit Garden. In 1883 she sang
during a brief engagement at the New York Acad-
emy of Music, and in 1884 at Brussels. She made a
tour through the United States and Canada in the
spring of 1889, and was received with great enthusi-
asm at, her old Canadian home of Montreal. Abbey
engaged her for the winter season of 1889-90. On
April 25, 1890, she received a warm reception in Al-
bany, and also again at Montreal, returning in May
to her home at ' ' The Boltons," in South Kensington,
England. Albani's voice is a rich soprano, com-
mandiim'a compassof two octaves, extending toE flat
in alt. Its quality is exquisite, and to its pure, melo-
dious charm is added a power for the execution of
the most florid bravura passages. Albani is a bru-
nette, her black hair and eyes being accompanied by
an exceedingly fair complexion.
WHITNEY, Josiah Dwight, geologist and
educator, was born in Northampton, Mass.. Nov.
23, 1819. His father, of the same name, was a mer-
chant and banker, of es-
pecially honorable fame;
his grandfather, Abel, and
his great-grandfather, Rev.
Aaron, were graduates of
Harvard. He was the old-
est of a large family, which
included Prof. William
Dwight Whitney, of Yale
University ; Maria Whit-
ney, James Lyman Whit-
ney, of the Boston public li-
brary ; Alice L. Whitney,
and "Prof. Henry M. Whit-
ney, of Beloit College. Fit-
ting for college at the fa-
mous Round Hill School,
under Dr. Cogswell ami
George Bancroft, he was
graduated at Yale in 1839.
It is an interesting fact that
he and William Dwight
Whitney made each his first
start in what finally became
Hie field of the other— J. D.
Whitney taking up Sanskrit at the outset, and W. D.
Whitney being an assistant in the geological survey
of the copper region. After graduation. J. D.
Whitney spent six months in Philadelphia studying
chemistry with Dr. Robert Hare. From 1840 uniil
1842, he was an assistant geologist in the survey of
New Hampshire. Working geologists then were
few, and stale-surveys were a novelty. Most of the
time between 1842 and 1847 he spent in studying and
traveling abroad. His first publication of impor-
tance was "The Use of the Blowpipe in Chemistry
and Mineralogy, by J. J. Berzelins" (translated.
Boston, 1845). From 1847, for nearly forty years.
he was almost continuously engaged in some official
capacity on geological surveys. Thus, in 1847, lie
was appointed by the United States government, with
Jackson and Foster, to examine the iron and copper
districts of Lake Superior; two years later, the com-
pletion of the survey was intrusted to Foster and
Whitney; they published elaborate reports of the
/ /-
work in 1849-51. Then, for two years, he traveled
through the region east of the Mississippi, gathering
information in regard to mining and mineral in-
terests; this is set forth in his book, "The Me-
tallic Wealth of the United States" (Philadelphia,
1854). In 1855, he was appointed state chemist of
Iowa and professor in the Iowa Slate University; lie
•was also associated with James Hall in the geological
survey of Iowa, issuing two volumes of reports ( A I-
bany, 1858-59). During 1858-00 he was engaged in
a geological survey of the lead region of the upper
Missouri, in connection with the official surveys of
Wisconsin and Illinois, publishing, with Hall, a
"Report on the Geoloeical Survey of Wisconsin"
(Albany, 18IJ2). From i860 until 1874, he held the
important position of state geologist of California.
That state had been opened to American settlement
little more than ten years; a large part of its vast
extent was unexplored, and practically all of it was
unmapped. Gathering an able corps of assistants,
he instituted a topographical survey of its surface, a
geological survey of its structure and a general study
of its organic natural history. The results of this
work appeared chiefly in six volumes published
1804-70; but several special volumes followed, one
being an account of the auriferous gravels of the
Sierra Nevada (1879-80). In 1882, he published an
elaborate treatise on the climatic changes of later
geologic times, in which, forty yearsal'terhis entrance
on professional work, he contended against certain
opinions current among geologists of a younger
generation. He was a commissioner for the manage-
ment of the Yosemite valley, and published, in
several editions, "The Yosemite Guide-book." The
Sturgis-Hooper professorship of geology was founded
at Harvard University especially for him, and he
occupied the chair from 1805 until his death, he being
then senior officer of instruction. His lectures were
carefully prepared, and were abundantly illustrated
from his immense collections of books, maps, pic-
tures and specimens. Among his later publications
was "Names and Places" (Cambridge, 1888). He
published many articles in reviews, some of them
being reprinted as books. He furnished an article
on the United States for the last edition of the " En-
cyclopaedia Britannica. " This was expanded into a
large volume (Boston, 1889), and followed by another
on "The United States: Population, Immigration
and Irrigation" (Boston, 1894). In the "Century
Dictionary, "Prof. Whitney had charge of six depart-
ments, and he criticised the proof of the whole work.
The total number of titles of his publications, cover-
ing books, reports and scientific articles, is about 125.
He was a man of wide erudition and of thorough
preparation for all his work. An example of this was
his mastering of the Russian language when he was
nearly sixty years old, that he might be able to read
scientific works not yet translated from that tongue.
He was a remarkably versatile man in both know-
ledge and faculty, seemingly with talents in every
direction, and with a phenomenal memory for facts
in every field. His great library was full of foreign
literature, as well as scientific works. He had ex-
traordinary taste and knowledge in music and art ;
his set of musical scores was one of the finest collec-
tions, public or private, in the country. His stand-
ard of personal and professional honor was the
highest; hence, he never owned a share of mining
stock, nor in any other way used his great oppor-
tunities to enrich himself by his discoveries. He
was one of the original members of the National
Academy of Sciences, named by act of congress in
1863, ami a member of many other scientific bodies,
at home and abroad. The degree of LL. D. was
conferred on him. in 1S70. by Yale University.
Mount Whitney was named in his honor by a gov-
ernment exploring expedition. Many thousand
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
121
volumes and pamphlets from his library, on geology,
geography and music, have become tin- property of
Harvard University, lie was married, in 185 i. to
Louisa Goddard. who was horn. Dec 17, 1*11), and
died, May 13, 1882. She was the author of "The
Burning of the Convent" (Cambridge, 1*77), and
"Peasy's t'liildhood : An Autobiography" (ls;s,.
Prof. \Vhitney died at New London, N. II., Aug.
1'J, 1896.
FOLEY, Margaret E., sculptor, was born in
Vermont. She began her artistic career by carving
in w 1, and afterwards, removing to Boston, with
dilliculty supported herself by cameo carvings of
portraits and ideal heads. When she hail earned
recognition, she joined the little settlement, of Ameri-
can arlisisin Home, of which W. W. Story and Har-
riet Hosmer were the leaders, and there she accom-
plished her most, successful work. Tuckennan
wrote, in ISlili, of her relief work: "It is simple,
absolute truth embodied in marble; not trulb in
outline and feature alone, but in expression anil sen-
timent. The same may be said," continues this earlj
critic, "of her bas-relief of Longfellow, and of the
grand head of Bryant, Rev. C. T. Brooks, and of
several ideal heads." She also finished medallions of
William and Mary Howitt, and statues of "Cleo-
patra," " Excelsior," and "Jeremiah," and made
portrait busts of S. C. Hall. Charles Sunnier and
Theodore Parker. Her health failed while in Koine,
and accompanying Mr. and Mrs. llowitt to tin-
Austrian Tyrol, she died at Menau in 1*77.
CLAPP, Henry, humoiist, was born in Nan-
tucket, Mass., Nov. 11, 1814, theson of Heu'rj ciapp,
a bookbinder, and his second wife, Rebecca (Collin)
Clapp. He was one of twins, the oilier being a
daughter. He was of a roving disposition, and led
a varied life. When lirsl be left home he became a
sailor, and after thai engaged in mercantile pursuits
in Boston, lie then threw himself enthusiastically
into the work of a reformer, and traveled throughout
the United Slates, lecturing on temperance and the
abolition of slavery, also editing tor a time an anti-
slavery journal in Lynn, Mass. When this impulse
was worn out, he went to Paris, where he became
interested in Fourierismand socialistic questions gen-
erally, and was an associate of Horace Greeley. He
claimed to have introduced that distinguished jour-
nalist to Parisian life and his first dress suit, but
could not dissuade him from wearing a favorite pair
of bright green slippers with it. After his return to
America he became known as " king of the Bo-
hemians," who had established themselves in New
York, in imitation of the Paris Bohemians, as de-
scribed by Murger. They had no regular organiza-
tion of any sort, but used to meet at a beer saloon on
Broadway after theatre hours, and amuse themselves,
until late in the morning, smoking, drinking, sing-
im: and engaging in the witty conversation for which
they were famous. He founded two newspapers in
New York, the "Saturday Press" and "Vanity
Fair"; but, although these received contributions
from the most brilliant of his associates, they were
too unpractically conducted to live long. He after-
wards wrote for the "Leader" as "Figaro," under
which pseudonym he won considerable fame as a
humorist. Finally, when his other resources were
exhausted, he retired to a farm-house in New Jersey,
and earned a precarious livelihood, contributing to
dramatic and musical journals and to the New York
"Daily Graphic." One of his best-known witticisms
originated in a newspaper controversy between Hor-
ace Greeley in the "Tribune" and a writer in the
"World," who signed himself " M. B." Greeley
asked, "Who is 'M. B.'?" and signed himself
" H. G." The " World " retorted by asking, "Who
is ' H. G.'? " and Clapp then addressed a note to the
"World, "saying "'H. G.' is a self-made man, and
worships his creator." After the death of the humor-
ist, the Boston " Globe " described him as follows;
"His talent was essentially that of the French
Feuillctonistes — bright, keen and witty, but unsub-
stantial and ephemeral. In character, he was of the
essence of Bohemia — reckless and witty, caring and
thinking little of the serious concerns of life." Dur-
ing his life in New York he made a translation of
the works of Fourier. He died in New York <il\.
April ~, 1875_and was buried at his birth place,
Nantucket, a monument being raised over his ^rave
by the friends-who had known and loved him in
Bohemia. Un-il he is described as a "Journalist,
Satirist, Oralois-- Figaro.' "
BOWLES,3Villiam Augustus, Indian agent,
was born in Frederick county. Mil. , in 17(j:3. He was
the son of an English schoolmaster, whose brother,
Carriugton Bowles, kepi a famous print-shop on
l.iid'jale hill, London. The boy ran away from
borne ai the ane ol thirteen, and enlisted in the
British army at Philadelphia.
lie was of an adventurous dis
position. enlcr|ii isinu and fear-
less, and be obtained a commU-
sion, but on ait-omit of some
taiill was dismissed from the
ser\ ice. lie alteruanls joined
the Creek Indians, and was
married to an Indian woman,
and, being paid by Hie British,
incited the savages to I he ".Tcat-
esl excesses. lie was in com-
mand of the Creeks at the
lime of the «urrrnder of Pen
saeola tothe Spaniards, on May
!», 17S1, anil on account of ills
services on this occasion was
reinstated in the British army.
Afier the war. lie led a roving
life, and, possessing talent in
different directions, lie was
sometimes engaged in painting
portraits and sometimes as a
strolling actor. He was ap-
pointed by Lord Dunmore trad-
ing aucnt for tlni Creeks, but
was unsuccessful with them, and went to England
for a time. On his return, the Creeks chose him
their chief, and the Spaniaids offered $6.0(10 reward
for his capture. In February. ITI'2, he was taken
prisoner and sent to Madrid. 'Three years later he
was deported to Manila. He. however, obtained
permission after a time to go to Europe, but persisted
in returning to America and renewing his relations
with the Creeks, the result of which action was that,
in 1804, he was betrayed into the hands of the
Spaniards, carried to Havana, Cuba, and confined in
the Morro castle, where he died, Dec. 23, 1805.
WOODS, Leonard, theologian, was born at
Princeton, Worcester co., Mass., June 19, 1774. His
father was a serious-minded farmer, and the boy read
Jonathan Edwards at an early age. He was gradu-
ated with the first honor at Harvard in 1796, taught
for eight months. .at Medford, Mass.; read divinity
under Dr. C. Backus at Somers, Tolland co. , Conn.,
and in December, 1798, was ordained pastor at
Newbury. He attracted attention, in 1805, by some
papers in the " Panoplist," maintaining the doctrines
of Calvinism against Channing and Buckminster.
He held the chair of theology at Andover from the
foundation of the seminary, in 1808, until 1846. One
of his students. Prof. H.'B. Smith, of Union Semi-
nary, New York, wrote in 1862 : " It was a kind
providence for the New England churches that a man
like Dr. Woods was called. He was emphatically
the judicious divine of the later New England
theology." He bore a leading part in forming the
122
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
minds, or, at least, the religious opinions, of over a
thousand persons who entered the Congregational
ministry. Besides his labors in the class-room, he
was a founder of the American Tract, Temperance
and Education societies, and of the American
Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions, on
the prudential committee of which he served for
twenty-five years. He published ' ' Letters to Uni-
tarians " (1820), which involved him in a controversy
with Dr. Henry Ware ; " Lectures on the In-
spiration of the Scriptures" (1829); "Memoirs of
American Missionaries" (1833); "Examination of
the Doctrine of Perfection "(1841), which caused a
controversy with Rev. Mr. Mahan ; "Lectures on
Church Government " (1843), and on Swedenbor-
gianism (1846), and "Theology of the Puritans"
fl851). His works, except this last, were collected
in five volumes (1849-50). He also wrote a history of
Audover Seminary, which was found after his death.
He received the degree of D.D. from Dartmouth in
1810. He died at Audover, Mass., Aug. 24. 1854.
HURST, John Fletcher, M. ET bishop and
educator, was born near Salem. Dorchester Co., Md.,
Aug. 17, 1834, son of Elijah and Ann Catherine (Col-
ston) Hurst. His grandfather, Samuel Hurst, of Mary-
laud, served in the revolutionary war.
He attended the Cambridge Acade-
my aud Dickinson College, where he
was graduated in 1854. After teach-
ing the ancient languages at the
Heddiug Literary Institute, at Ash-
land, N. Y. , for two years, he went
to Germany in 18'56 to study
theology in the universities of Halle
and Heidelberg. He next entered
the Newark conference, where he
served in several pastorates in New
Jersey and Staten Island (1858-66);
was professor of theology in the
Mission Institute at Bremen, Ger-
many (1866-68), and in the Martin
Mission Institute at Frankfort-on-
the-Main (1868-71); traveled through
most of the European coun-
tries, aud made a tour through
Syria aud Egypt (1868-71); was
professor of historical theology in Drew Theologi-
cal Seminary, Madison, N. J. (1871-80). succeeding
Dr. Bernard H. Nadal, ami president of the same
(1873-80). During his administration, the seminary
met with several losses, and owed its survival solely
to the skill and patience of its indomitable president.
He was elected bishop in 1880, residing in Des
Moines, Iowa (1880-84), and in Buffalo, N. Y. (1SS4-
88), but since 1888 has had his seat in Washington,
D. C. Since he became bishop, he has visited all
parts of the United States in his efforts to advance
the interests of his church, and has traveled exten-
sively in Scandinavia, Germany, Italy, Bulgaria and
India, and has presided at nearly 100 annual confer-
ences. The greatest work done by him after taking
up his residence in Washington was his organization
of the American University. Such an institution,
giving a liberal education under religious auspices,
but making the denominational spirit secondary, had
long been the desire of Protestants, aud Bishop
Hurst's peculiar fitness for leading in its foundation
was evident. He wisely consented to undertake the
\\ i irk of raising an endowment fund, and on May 28,
1891, was elected chancellor of the American Uni-
versity. Fur many years, aud despite his exacting-
ministerial and educational labors. Bishop Hurst has
been a constant and prolific writer. Among his
works are: "Why Americans Love Shakespeare"
(1855); "History of Rationalism" (1865); "Martyrs
of the Tract Cause" (1871) ; "Outlines of Bible His-
tory" (1872); ' 'Life aud Literature in the Fatherland"
(1874); "Outlines of Church History" (1875); "Our
Theological Century: A Contribution to the History
of Theology in the United States" (1876); "Christian
Union Necessary for Religious Progress and Defense"
(1880); "Bibliography of Theology and General Re-
ligious Literature" (1883); "Theological Encyclo-
paedia and Methodology," with George R. Crooks
(1884; revised edition, 1894); "The Gospel a Com-
bative Force" (1884); "Short History of the Ref-
ormation" (1884) ; "The Success of the Gospel and
the Failure of the New Theologies" (1886) ; "Short
History of the Early Church" (1886) ; "Short His-
tory of the Mediaeval Church" (1887); "The Theology
of the Twentieth Century" (1887) ; "Short History
of the Modern Church in Europe" (1888); "The
Wedding Day" (1889); "Short History of the Church
in the United States" (1890) ; "Parochial Libraries
in the Colonial Period" (1890); "Indika: The Country
and People of India and Ceylon" (1891); "Short
History of the Christian Church" (1893); "Literature
of Theology : A Classified Bibliography of Theo-
logical and General Religious Literature" (1895);
"Journal of Captain William Pole. Jr." (1896);
"History of the Christian Church" (vol. I. 1897;
vol. II. soon to appear). He was editor of "Seneca's
Moral Essays, with Notes," with Henry C. Whiting
(1887); supervising editor of "Library of Biblical
and Theological Literature," a series of volumes not
yet complete, with George R. Crooks (1879); and
with six others of "The American Church History
Series," thirteen volumes (1893-97); associate editor
of "Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia," eight volumes
(1892-95); and translator of Hagenbach's "History
of the Church in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries" (18G9) ; Van Oosterzee's " Apologetical
Lectures on John's Gospel" (1869) ; and of Lange's
"Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans." with
additions (1870). He is a member of the Authors'
Club aud Century Association, of New York city,
and of the American Historical Association and the
Washington National Monument Society. He re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from Dickinson College
in 1866, and of LL.D. from Dickinson College and
De Pauw University in 1877.
BATTEBSON, Hermon Griswold, clergy-
man and author, was born at Marbledale, Litchfield
CO., Conn., May 28, 1827; son of Simeon Seely
Battersou and of Melissa Roberts, his wife. His
grandfather, George Batterson, was a captain in the
U. S. army, and served actively during the war of
1812. He was educated under private teachers in his
own home, and engaged in mercantile pursuits for
some years, which he relinquished to enter upon the
study of theology. He was ordained to the ministry
in 1860, aud was placed in charge of St. Mark's
Church in San Antonio, Tex. About one year after
the outbreak of the civil war he left the South, and
soon afterwards was appointed rector of Grace
Church at AVabasha, Minn., remaining there four
years. In 1866, he removed to Philadelphia, where,
in 1869, he became the rector of St. Clement's
Church. In 1880, he was transferred to another
church in the same city, the Church of the Annun-
ciation, aud under his direction, mainly from his own
designs, aud at his own cost, the edifice bearing that
name was erected. Dr. Batterson is the author of
several works, devotional and otherwise; the most
important of which are: "The Missionary Tune
Book," published in 1868; " Christmas Carols aud
Other Verses "(1877), "Sketch-Book of the Ameri-
can Episcopate" (1876); "Pathway of Faith"; "Ves-
per Bells," all of which ran through several edi-
tions. He has also edited the " Church Service," to-
gether with the " Psalms," set to Gregorian music,
and has published in magazines and pamphlet form
large numbers of Christmas and Easter carols, ser-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
123
mons, essays, lectures and addresses. The degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him b_y Nebraska College
in 1871, upon the nomination of Bishop Clarkson,
and he has been further honored by enrolment as
member of the Penu Historical Society, the English
Church Union, also as honorary patron of the Lon-
don Gregorian Association, and of the London Guild
of Church Musicians. Dr. Batterson was married,
in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 16, 1866, to Sarah Eliza,
daughter of Paul Farnum.
VAN NOSTRAND, David, publisher, was
born in New York city, Dec. 5, 1811, sou of Jacob
and Harriet (Rhoades) Van Nostrand. His family,
of Holland-Dutch extraction, originally settled on
Long Island, but his father early removed to New
York city, where he became a successful merchant.
After his death, in 1821, his widow assumed the care
and education of their five daughters and three suns,
of whom David was the fifth child and eldest son.
He was educated at Union Hall. Jamaica. L. I., in
the school of Dr. Lewis E. A. Eigenbrodt, and at
the age of fifteen he entered the employ of John P.
Haven, a prominent publisher and bookseller of New
York. In this new connection, his habits of close
attention and conscientious application quickly made
him an indispensable assistant, and when, in 1829,
he seriously contemplated a resumption of study, his
employer dissuaded him from Ihe plan by promising
him a partnership when he should come of age.
This promise Mr. Haven faithfully fulfilled, but
changes in the management of the business neces-
sitated Van Nostrand's withdrawal in 1834. Then,
compelled to begin life anew, he formed a partner-
ship in the publishing business with William Dwight,
which, however, was dissolved on account of the
financial depression of 1837. About this time he
accepted an invitation from his friend, Lieut. John
G. Barnard, then stationed at New Orleans in charge
of the construction of defensive works in Louisiana
and Texas, to become his clerk
of accounts and disbursements.
While engaged in this work,
he improved every opportu-
nity for making the acquaint-
ance of leading engineers and
men of science, and also for per-
fecting his knowledge of their
specialties, and upon return-
ing to New York city he em-
barked in the business of pub-
lishing books on these lines. His
affable manners, coupled with
the wide acquaintance with this
class of literature he had suc-
ceeded in obtaining, made him
a popular character with naval
and scientific men, and ensured
the rapid enlargement of his
business. In 1869, he began the
publication of "Van Nostrand's
Engineering Magazine," a
periodical devoted to general engineering, scientific
and mathematical discussions. During the first year
it was conducted by A. L. Holley, and after 1870 by
Prof. George W. Plympton. Mr. Van Nostrand's
great services to educational and technical interests,
by the publication of many standard and original
works and the encouragement of invention and re-
search, have been widely acknowledged. He was
himself an earnest and widely-read student, but more
especially an able business executive. His house
successful!}' weathered several financial panic's, and
at the time of his death was one. of the most pros-
perous and firmly established business-houses in the
country. Mr. Van Nostrand wrote but little himself,
but his deep and exhaustive knowledge, gained by
careful reading and study through the years of his
active life, enabled him to judge with precision of
the merits of the books seeking publication. He was
a man of firm character, deep feeling and profound
convictions of right and duty. Mr. Van Nostrand
was twice married: first, to a daughter of Rev. Isaac
Lewis, D.D., of New York city; and, second, to a
daughter of E. W. Nichols, a well-known merchant
of the same city. He died in New York city, June
14, 1886.
BOUCHER, Jonathan, clergyman, was born
in Bleukow, Cumberland. England, March 12,1738.
lie was educated in England, "but in 1754 emigrated
to America, where he was for several years a private
tutor, and then, having taken orders in the English
(Episcopal) Church, became rec-
tor of Hanover, and later of St.
Mary's parish, Va. By appoint-
ment of Gov. Eden, he became
rector of St. Anne's Church, An-
napolis, and then of Queen Anne's
parish, Prince George co. Like
many of the English Church
clergy in the colonies, he was
bitterly opposed to the cause of
American independence, and
shortly after the outbreak of
actual hostilities, in 1775, re-
turned to England. His farewell
sermon was upon the te\t, " Cod
save the king, " and was especially
offensive to his congregation. " He was appointed
vicar of Epsom, and devoted his leisure time to
compiling a glossary of provincial and obsolete
words, intended as a supplement to Johnson's Dic-
tionary. This was purchased from his family, in
1831, by the proprietors of the English edition of
Webster's Dictionary. In 1799, he published "A
View of the Causes and Consequences of the Ameri-
can Revolution," consisting of fifteen sermons
lireached before his congregations in Virginia. The
volume was dedicated to Washin^on. He died at
Epsom, Surrey, England. April 27, 1804.
BLACK WELL, Elizabeth, physician, was
born in Bristol, England, Feb. 3, 1821, daughter of
Samuel and Hannah (Lane) Blackwell. Her father,
a man of philanthropic views, lost his fortune during-
the commercial crisis of 1830-31, and in 1832 re-
moved with his family to the United States, and
settled in New York in the prosecution of his busi-
ness, sugar-refining. In 1838, he emigrated, with
his wife and nine children, to Cincinnati, where he
soon died, leaving his family unprovided for. Miss
Blackwell and two elder sisters at once opened a
boarding-school, which was well attended, and soon
obtained an excellent reputation. In 1844. the school
was given up, but Miss Blackwell, determined to pre-
pare herself for I he medical profession, taught three
years longer — first in Kentucky, and then in Charles-
ton, S. C., where she prosecuted her studies in
anatomy and medicine under the direction of Dr.
Samuel Henry Dickson. Being refused admission
to several medical schools, she continued a private
course of study under Drs. Allen and Warrington, of
Philadelphia. Aft er renewed applications to medical
colleges — twelve in all — she was admitted to that at
Geneva, N. Y., and was welcomed by the unanimous
vote of the students. She was graduated in 1849,
receiving the first medical diploma granted to a
woman, and then went to Europe to continue her
studies in the Hopital de la Materm'te, in Paris, and
in St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in London, and under
private teachers ; there being no woman's hospital in
either city. On her return, in 1851, she opened an office
in New York city, encountering at first some opposi-
tion, but soon winning recognition from the regular
practitioners. In 18a3, with her sister, Dr. Emily
124
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Bhu-kwell, she established the New York Infirmary
for Women and Children, and in 1805 a medical col-
lege for women was added to the infirmary. In IS.7,1,
she visited England, where she lectured extensivelyon
the need of medical education for women, and experi-
enced the gratification of having her name placed ou
the register of English physicians. At the beginning
of the'civil war she called a meeting at the infirmary,
to consider the means of sending supplies and nurses
to the field. The following day, April 26. 1861, an
adjourned meeting was held at Cooper Union, when
a society was organized under the name of the "Wo-
man's Central Relief Association. This was soon con-
nected with the government, and merged in the sani-
tary commission. Dr. Blnekwell had acted as chair-
man of the registration committee, and in its behalf
trips to Washington were made by her sister, to
consult with the war medical bureau. In 1867, was
fulljr organized the Woman's Medical College, in
connection with the infirmary. In 1869, she re-
turned to England, ami practiced in London for
some years, and was professor in the "Woman's Medi-
cal College, which she had assisted in organizing.
She founded the National Health Society, and in
many other ways made her ability
and experience felt. In 1878, she
removed to Hastings, where she still
resides, engaged in consultation
practice only. In addition to nu-
merous pamphlets, lectures and ad-
dresses, she has published " The-
Laws of Life in Relation to the Phy-
sical Education of Girls"; "How
to Keep a Household in Health";
"The Moral Edncationof the Young
in Relation to Sex": "Wrong and
Right Methods of Dealing with the
Social Evil"; "Christian Socialism";
'The Human Element in Sex";
'The Corruptions of Nee-Mal-
thnsianism ": "The Purchase of
Woman a Great Economic Blun-
der"; "The Decay of Munici-
pal Representative Government";
"The Influence of Women in the
Medical Profession"; "Erroneous Methods in Medi-
cal Education "; and " Lessons Taught by the Inter-
national Hygienic Conference." In 189"), she pub-
lished "Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical
Profession to Women."
BLACKWELL, Antoinette Louisa (Brown),
A.M., author, minister, lecturer, was born at Hen-
rietta, N. Y., May 20, 1825. She is descended, on
both sides, from early New England Puritan colonists
of English origin. Her grandfather, Joseph Brown,
served in the revolutionary war, and her father, also
Joseph Brown, an influential farmer, justice of the
peace, and deacon in the church, served in the war
of 1812. Her mother >vas Abby Morse, of the same
well-known family as the inventor of the telegraph.
Miss Antoinette Brown became a teacher in public
schools before her sixteenth year, and afterwards
taught in a private seminary, to raise funds to defray
the expense of a college course. This she pursued
at Oberlin, O., where she was graduated in the
literary course in 1847, and in the theological
school in 1850. Previous to her graduation she had
proved her oratorical powers, and established a repu-
tation by lecturing frequently on reforms and on
philosophical subjects; nevertheless a license to
preach was denied her, ou account of her sex. She
preached, however, wherever an opportunity offered,
and continued to lecture. In 1852 she began preach-
ing in the Congregational church at South Butler,
N. Y., and in 1853 was installed as its pastor. This
charge was resigned in 1855 because of ill health, and
;ilsn because she had become doubtful of the absolute
truth of Christian orthodoxy. Since her marriage she
has resided much of the time in New Jersey, lectur-
ing, and always with great force and effect; preach-
ing frequently in Unitarian and other pulpits, but
engaged chiefly in expounding the doctrines of her
philosophy in literary works. She prepared and
read papers at the parliament of religious and sev-
eral other congresses held in Chicago in 1893, and in
1897 delivered an impressive address at the fiftieth
anniversary of the organized first suffrage conven-
tion of women. Her first lengthy literary work, en-
tilled "Studies in General Science," appeared in
isti'l. It was followed by a novel of American
life, entitled "The Island Neighbors" (1871), and
"The Sexes Throughout Nature" (1875). She pub-
lished "The Physical Basis of Immortality," in 1876,
and the "Philosophy of Individuality," in 1893.
The last work is that on which the author herself
lays the greatest stress; the central idea of the work
being that of a "persistent individuality in each of
the ultimate units of conditional being." The author
originates a theory of a rhythmic atom, a sort of de-
velopment of the theory of vortex atomic motion,
as a persistent system of correlated motions, and
concludes matter to be ultimately motion. The
equilibrated system of motions thus conceived as con-
stituting the reality of each individual atom is fur-
ther regarded as definitely correlated with the mo-
tions of all other atoms," but in such a way that
while the motions of atoms are mutually entangled
and compacted, each system maintains its essen-
tial identity and changes only in form. The trans-
formation arising constitutes the
inner life of the universe ; and
there being no assignable limit
to possible variety and com-
plexity of motions, the author's
theory contains the possibility
of inexhaustible evolution. In
higher organisms the mind be
comes a factor in evolution,
"cooperating in every physical
process connected with its own
sensibility, directing the physi-
cal changes by directing its own
process." The system culminates
in theistic conclusions, reached
through an explanation of final
causes by this theory of the ac-
tion of the mind upon matter.
Mrs. Antoinette Brown Black-
well is a member of various asso-
ciations for the advancement of women, and of a num-
ber of learned societies. Sketches of her life have
frequently been published, notably in Mrs. Stauton's
"History of Woman Suffrage." She was married,
at Henrietta, N. Y., in 1856, to Samuel Charles
Blackwell, an Englishman by parentage, who is
treasurer of Mexican and South American telegraph
companies: he is the brother of Elizabeth Black\\ell,
M. I >., and Emily Blackwell, M.D., both prominently
known. They have five children.
BLACKWELL, Emily, physician, was born in
Bristol. England, in isi(j. fourth daughter of Samuel
Blackwell, and younger sister of Elizabeth Black-
well, M.D. She was educated in the school of her
elder sisters in Cincinnati, O., and became proficient
in the ancient and modern languages and in mathe-
matics. In 1848. she began a course of study under
Dr. Davis, demonstrator of anatomy in the medical
college in Cincinnati, and in 1851 applied for admis-
sion to the medical college at Geneva. N. Y., where
her sister Elizabeth had studied. The heads of that
institution, who had declared that Elizabeth Black-
well had "exercised a beneficial influence upon her
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
125
fellow-students," forgot that it is women only who
arc supposed in "change their minds," and refused
to admit any more aspirants for honors who were of
tin' "weaker sex." Ten other colleges rejected her
application, and she repaired to New York city, and
found no difficulty in enteriiiu1 the free hospital of
Bellevue as a student. When, in 1N52, Rush Medi-
cal College, in Chicago, was opened. Miss Blackwell
was ailniilled and ^Indied nnlil I lie institution closed
for the summer, when she' returned to New York to
engage in hospital work at Bellevue, and to study
and experiment in the chemical lalmralorv of Dr.
Dorenius. In the autumn she presented herself again
at the college in Chicago, only lo learn lhat it had
been censured by the slate medical association for
admitting a woman, and Ihal she could not continue
her studies there. At last the medical college in
Cleveland, O., admitted her, and no further obsta-
cles were thrown in her way. She priced her linal
examinations brilliantly, and then went to Kdinlmr^h,
Scotland, to study in the Lying-in Hospital under
the renowned .lames Young Simpson. From Kdin-
biirgh she proceeded to Paris, where she attended
clinics in the Hotels Dim, Beaiijou and Si. Louis,
and the llopilal des Knfaiis .Malades, Hopilal de Ma-
ternitc and elsewhere, and ended her studies in Lon-
don, in St. Bartholomew's and other hospitals; re-
turning to the United Stales with test jmonials from
leading surgeons and physicians. .Meanwhile, op-
position to the admission of women to medical
colleges had gained strength, and the Drs. Black-
well decided to establish a hospital to be conducted
entirely by women. Securing a house in New York
they began their beneficent work in connection with
Dr. Maria E. Zakrzewska, a Polish lady, who was a
graduate of the charity hospital in Berlin. Germany,
and of the Cleveland Medical College, and in Iwo
years' time the New York Infirmary for Women and
Children was anjicknow ledged success. In ISI'M,
the legislature granted a charter conferring college
powers upon the institution, which forthwith ex-
tended its course through three years, and established
a chair of hygiene; in these two particular*, at least ,
outstripping the long-established schools. Dr. Black-
well has been a professor in this institution since its
foundation, as well as its honored head. She has a
large private practice in addition, and is active also
as one of the vice-presidents of the Society for the
Promotion of Social Purity, for which she has writ-
ten a number of leaflets.
BLACKWELL, Sarah Ellen, artist and author,
was born in Bristol. England, in is-.'s, youngest
daughter of Samuel Blackwell, and sister" of Drs.
Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell. She was educated
in the school of her sisters, at Cincinnati, and while
a school-girl gave instruction in music. At the age
of nineteen she entered the newly-opened School of
Design, and while there was stimulated to make a be-
ginning in authorship. "Sartain's Magazine" having
offered prizes for original stories, she gained one of
these, and being encouraged to continue writing, de-
cided to go to Europe and to pay for tni.'!ou There
by contributing to newspapers. "Two Philadelphia
journals engaged her to furnish weekly letters, and
chiefly by this means she was enabled to spend four
years in Europe, first in the government school of
design for girls, in Paris, and .subse-niently in the
studio of Mr. Leigh, in London. Considerable time,
in addition, was given to copying in the National
Gallery, in London, and in sketching in Wales,
Switzerland and the Isle of Wight. On her return
to New YTork, Miss Blackwell opened a studio and
received pupils, but closed it after a short time, to
aid her sisters in their infirmary and college. When
the institution became prosperous and she could be
spared, she returned to literary work, and besides
contributing to magazines and newspapers repub
lished a number of works by her sister Elizabeth,
who had taken up her residence in England. Her
writings have related chiefly to woman suffrage,
anti-vivisection, land and labor reform, and kindred
subjects. In 1891, she published "A Military
Genius: Life of Anna Ella Carroll, the Great Un-
recognized Member of Lincoln's Cabinet," giving
documentary evidence to prove that Miss Carroll
planned the campaign of the Federal army in Ten-
nessee. After Miss Carroll's death, Miss Blackwell
published a second volume, with an account of her
closing year, and a picture of her burial-place, and
gi\im: the important papers published by Miss Car-
roll in aid of Ihe Federal cause. Miss Blackwell
spends her summers at Dorset, Vt., and her winters
at Lawrence, Long Island, N. Y.
OSMUN, Thomas Embley(" Alfred Ayres"),
Orthofipist, elocutionist, author and critic, was born
at Monirose. Summit CO., <>.. Feb. 'jr>, 1S34, son of
George and Mildred Washington (Ayresl ( Kmun.
Hi* ancesidi's mi his father's side were English, anil
settled in New .b-rsey in its early colonial days. One
Bcnijah Osmun was a colonel in the revolutionary
war, and an intimate' friend of Aaron Burr. His
mother's family came to this country in the seven-
teenth century, settling in New England, and, it is
said, has been traced back to a
noble family of Ayreshire, Scot-
land. His maternal grandfather
removed from Vermont to( »hioin
1*1:!. and settled near Akron, the
neighborhood being Mill known
a* the Ayres settlement, lie was
.justice of the peace, and seem* to
have been a man of some educa-
tion. Thomas I ".inbley Osmun be-
gan going to school at the age of
four, continued Ids education in
an academy in Cleveland and at
Oberliu College, and then wentto
Europe, where he remained six
years, in Paris and Berlin. ( )n his
return to this country in 1859 he
devoted himselt'to writing for the
press, occasionally appearing on
the slage. Many of bis articles
were contributed to the "Dramatic Mirror, "to "Wer-
ner's Magazine," and to the New York "Clipper,"
and were subsequently issued in book form. Owing
to the wide sale of h'is books he has attained great
reputation as an orthoepist, rhetorician, elocutionist,
and dramatic critic. In elocution he is looked upon
as being very iconoclastic. Mr. Ayres' teaching has
given birth to what has been called' the " new elocu-
tion." The average elocutionist attends to the gym-
nastic side — the easy side — of the art and leaves the
intellectual side to take care of itself. Mr. Ayres'
contention is that if the author's thought be made
clear and effective the proper tone and modulation
will come of themselves. He who thinks of the
tone he is making is sure to be non-natural. At first
he met with great opposition, but of late the tide of
opinion has been turning in his favor. He has proba-
bly done more during the last fifteen years to better
the English language, as spoken and written in the
United States, than any other man in the country.
He has devoted especial attention to the mispronun-
ciation of actors, placing the stage under great in-
debtedness to him. "Some years ago," says a critic,
"our actors having fallen into the way of pronoun-
cing badly, and our stage being in danger of losing
its traditional reputation for eloquence and accuracy
in this respect, Mr. Ayres entered upon the seem-
ingly hopeless task of reforming the evil single-
handed. Fora couple of years he sat "in front,"
126
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
note-book in band, -writing down tbe slips and lapses
of our foremost players. These were duly pub-
lished from week to week, each mispronunciation
being laid at the door of the offender. The dread
of public correction possessed the actors; they trem-
bled when they knew that the man with the 'orthot1-
pistical sting' occupied an orchestra seat. This
method of criticising was new to them, and there
•was no escape from it except by the exercise of vigi-
lance. Dictionaries suddenly became popular with
members of the dramatic profession. It was not
long before Mr. Ayres was obliged to relinquish the
pursuit of this sort of game, owing to its compara-
tive scarcity." The works of Mr. Ayres comprise
"The Orthoepist" (1880, new edition, 1894); "The
Verbalist" (1881, new edition, 1896); "The Mentor"
(1884); "Essentialsof Elocution" (1886, new edition,
1897); "Acting and Actors, Elocution and Elocu-
tionists " (1894). He was also one of the editors of
the "Standard Dictionary." Of his "Acting and
Actors," Prof. J. H. Clark, of the University of
Chicago, said : "The book is not a guide; it is an
inspiration. The collection will never be popular
with the pachydermata of the profession .... But
to the rank and file, to those hundreds and thou-
sands of young men and women who feel the inade-
quacy of their previous training, the trenchant criti-
cism, the pertinent advice of Mr. Ayres will come
like a delicious draught to the parched traveler."
MEYER, Joseph Francis, merchant and finan-
cier, was born in German}', March 17, 1851, son of
Frank and Emilia Meyer. His father, who was a
blacksmith, emigrated to America when Joseph was
four years of age, and lived at Memphis, Teuu.,
until March 18, 1867, when he settled at Houston,
Tex., and died three mouths later. The son, Joseph
F., then only sixteen years old, was thrown upon his
own resources, and at once started in the wagon-ma-
terial business. He had launched upon his career.alone
and courageous, relying solely upon his own good
judgment, his integrity and faith in the community in
which he had cast his future;
and now, with an experience of
more than thirty years behind
him, lie is one of the foremost
menof his time in Texas. Banks
and manufacturing enterprises
have his name upon their mem-
bership directory as a pillar
of strength. His establishment
has become one of the fore-
most enterprises of the kind in
Texas, and he stands among the
honored self-made men of his
day and a ire. Mr. Meyer is also
prominently identified with the
Houston National Bank, the
Houston Barrel Factory and
the Houston Ice and Brewing
Association, of all of which
he is vice-president. He has
been alderman for six years,
also chief of the fire depart-
ff meut. He has always been
prominent in the councils of the
Democratic party, and was chairman of the county
executive committee for several years. In February,
1884, Mr. Meyer was married to Rebecca, daughter
of George and Rebecca (Stringer) Baker. Her father
was one of the diMinguMied early settlers of Texas.
They have lliree sous : George Baker, Joseph Fran-
cis and Frank.
CAMPBELL, Helen (Stuart), journalist, edu-
cator and author, was born at Lockport, N. Y. ,
July 4, 1839, daughter of Homer H. and Jane E.
(Campbell) Stuart. The Stuart family, after settling
in America, was prominent in early colonial affairs,
three generations fighting and dying in Indian,
French and revolutionary wars. Mr. Homer Smart
removed, in 1839, to New York city, where he prac-
ticed law for over fifty years, being also for some
years president of the Continental Bank Note Co.. of
New York. His daughter was educated in a school
at Warren, R. I., and at Mrs. Cook's seminary,
Bloomfield, N. J., and about 1859 was married
to an army surgeon. From the first, her writ-
ings were of a philanthropic and domestic char-
acter, Mrs. Campbell becoming an earnest student
of economic and social prob-
lems, especially in connection
with the conditions of laboring
women. Her first literary work
was a series of stories for children,
which appeared between 1864
and 1870, in "Our Young Folks"
and "The Riverside Magazine,"
and in book-form as the "Ains-
lee Series " ; then, in rapid
succession, she published : " His
Grandmothers "(1877); "Six Sin-
ners" (1878); "Unto the Third
and Fourth Generation" (1880);
"Four, and What They Did"
(1880); "The Easiest Way in
Housekeeping and Cooking:
Adapted to Domestic Use or
Study in Classes" (1881); "Patty
Pearson's Boy : A Tale of Two
Generations" (1881); "The Problem of the Poor:
A Record of Quiet Work in Unquiet Places" (1882);
"Under Green Apple Boughs" (1882); "The
American Girl's Home-Book of Work and Play"
(1883); "The Housekeeper's Year- Book" (1883);
"Mrs. Herndon's Income" (1883); "The What-to-Do
Club: A Story for Girls" (1885); "Miss Melinda's
Opportunity" (1886); "Prisoners of Poverty: Women
Wage- workers, their Trades and their Lives" (1887
and 1893); "Roger Berkeley's Probation" (1888);
"Prisoners of Poverty Abroad " (1888) ; "Darkness
and Daylight" (1S!)1 );'" In Foreign Kitchens" (1894);
"Some Passages in the Practice'of Dr. Martha Scar-
borough" (1895); and "Household Economics" (1897).
The "Critic" said, in 1887, of her "Prisoners of
Poverty": "Her book is devoted chiefly to state-
ment and fact ; not to the suggestion of remedies.
She reinforces our consciousness that the final
remedy lies farther back than in mere increase of
wages or division of profits." From 1881 until 1884,
Mrs. Campbell was literary editor of the ' 'Continent , "
published in Philadelphia, and in 1889 she assumed
charge of a department in the Springfield, Mass.,
"Good Housekeeping." entitled "Woman's Work
and Wages." In 1894, she was appointed professor
of household economics in the school of sociology at
the University of Wisconsin, and this chair she con-
tinued to fill until 1897, when she accepted a call to
the State Agricultural College of Kansas. Her work
on "Household Economics" was compiled from a
course of lectures which she delivered at the univer-
sity. "The Bookman," of New York, said of this:
•• It is fascinating in style, teems with epigrams, and
abounds in truths which it behooves women to con-
sider. The spirit of the lectures is one of delightful
idealism." Mrs. Campbell is a member of the
Sorosis Club of New York, the American Economic
Association, the Consumers' League and the Women's
Press Club. Her writings have a recognized position
among economic works ; they show a thorough
study of her subjects, and are thoughtful and sym-
pathetic, lightened by occasional wit and pathos.
They are generally "more of a popular than a
scientific or" thoroughly exhaustive character.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
127
TRACY, Edward Huntington, civil engineer,
was born in Whitesboro, Oneida Co., N. Y. , in 1817.
He was educated in Utica, and in 1834 began his
engineering career on the Chenango canal, under
John B. Jervis. After three years' service in the
field, he studied at the Albany Academy for a year ;
and then, at the age of twenty-one, entered the en-
gineer corps of the Croton aqueduct, in which he
served until the completion of that great work, rising
to the position of first assistant, and then being re-
tained as engineer of maintenance of the completed
\\niU, under the Croton aqueduct department, until
1852. For two years he was in partnership with
George W. Quiutard in the Morgan Iron Works.
Returning to hydraulic engineering, he was engaged
on surveys for the St. Lawrence and Lake Cham-
plain ship canal, and then on the Des Moines river
slack-water navigation, and afterwards on surveys
and gaugings of the rapids of the Mississippi river.
About 1860 he took charge of the affairs of the Cum-
berland Coal and Iron Co., and, successively as en-
gineer, superintendent and president, conducted the
management with great success until the company
was merged in the Consolidation Coal Co. In 1870,
when the New York city sroveriimeut was reor-
ganized under the Tweed charter, Mr. Tracy was
made chief-engineer of the department of public
works, and held that position until his death. lie
became a member of the American Society of Civil
Engineers on June 13, 1808. He died in New York
city, Aug. 28, 1875.
STODDARD, Charles Augustus, clergyman,
author and editor, was born in Boston, Mass., Mav
2S, 1833, son of Charles and Mary Noble (Porter)
Stoddard, both natives of Massachusetts, and grand-
son of Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, Mass.,
whose ancestor, Rev. Solomon Stoddard, was pastor
of the church in Northampton for sixty years, and
was the grandfather of Jonathan Edwards. The
family were lineal descendants of Anthony Stoddard,
of Boston. Col. John Stoddard, the son of Rev.
Solomon Stoddard, born in 1681, was commissioned
colonel in 1728, and was the chief director of civil
and military events in the western part of Massa-
chusetts colony until his death, in 1748. Charles
Stoddard became a merchant in Boston, where he
lived for nearly sixty years. Charles Augustus
Stoddard was educated in the public schools of Bos-
ton and at Williams College, where he was graduated
in 1854. While at Williams he was president of the
Adelphic Union of the literary societies of the col-
lege. He received the rhetorical prize in his junior
year; was one of the founders and editors of the
"Williams Quarterly Magazine," which for eighteen
years thereafter was the literary organ of the students ;
was president of the Lyceum of Natural History, and
a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. After
graduation, he became instructor at Phillips Acade-
my, Andover, Mass. He then went to Europe and
the Orient, where he remained two years, traveling
and studying. He spent the winter of 1855-56 at the
University of Edinburgh and the Free Church of
Scotland Theological Seminary. Returning to the
United States, he studied at Union Theological
Seminary, and was graduated there in 1859. He was
ordained, Sept. 1st of that year, pastor of the Wash-
ington Heights Presbyterian Church of New York
city, where he remained twenty-four years. In 1859
he was married to Mary, daughter of Rev. Samuel
Irenaeus Prime, of the New York " Observer, "and be-
came a member of the editorial staff of that paper. In
1869 he became associate editor, and in 1873 one of the
proprietors, and, upon the death of Dr. Prime, he
assumed the entire management, becoming the
editor-in-chief and publisher. The degree of A.M.
was conferred on him, in 1857, by Williams College,
and that of D.D. in 1871. He has been president of
the Williams Alumni Association of New York city,
and a director and vice-president of the New York
Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb,
member of the American Oriental Society, honorary
corresponding secretary of the Evangelical Alliance
and chairman of the executive committee, vice-
president of the American Seaman's Friend Society,
a member of numerous benevolent organizations and
of the Authors', Century, Colonial and University
clubs of New York. Dr. Stoddard has crossed the
ocean many times, and traveled in all the countries
of Europe and extensively in America. In addition
to his editorial work, he has published: "Across
Russia, from the Baltic to the Danube" (1891);
"Spanish Cities" (1892); "Beyond the Rockies"
(1894); "Cruising'Among theCaribees" (1895); and
various pamphlets, sermons, etc., and edited, in
1894, "The Centennial Celebration of Williams
College." Under his middle name, "Augustus," he
contributes a letter each week to the columns of the
New York "Observer."
DANIEL, Joseph. John, jurist, was born in
Halifax county, N. C., Nov. 13/1784. He was edu-
cated at the University of North Carolina, and
studied law under Gen. William R. Davie ; he repre-
sented the town of Halifax in the assembly in 1807
and 1815, and the county in 1811 and 1812 ; was
elected a judge of the superior court in 181(5, and
served for sixteen years. In 1820 he served, under
a special commission, as a judge of the supreme
court ; he was elected to succeed Judge John Hull
on the supreme court bench in 1832, and served in
that capacity until his death.
His opinions were always great
favorites with the profession ;
they were clear and very brief.
Wheeler, in his " History of
North Carolina," says of Judge
Daniel : " He was remarkable
for his patience, profound legal
knowledge and general learning,
especially in history. His char-
acter was one of innocent eccen-
tricity, and if he possessed the
wisdom of the serpent, truly it
might well be said the harmless-
ness of the dove also belonged
to him." He was married, Jan.
1, 1822, to Mary B. Stith, by
whom he had one son and two
daughters. He died in Raleigh, N. C., Feb. 10.
H ED RICK, Benjamin Sherwood, anti-slavery
leader, was born near Salisbury, in what is now
Davidson (then a part of Rowan) co., N. C., Feb. 13,
1827, eldest child of John Leonard and Elizabeth
(Sherwood) Hedrick. His father was a farmer, and
for some years was engaged also as a builder, and
had placed himself in comfortable circumstances
while his children were growing up. He was sprung
from the German stock that settled in the western
part of the state during the eighteenth century; his
great-grandfather, Peter Hedrick, having come
from Pennsylvania, where his father, Peter Hedrick,
had always lived and had raised a family of
twenty-four sons. He attended school in his native
town, and, when nearly twenty, was sent to the
academy of the Rev. Jesse Rankin near Lexing-
ton, N. C., where he was led to extend his studies
to mathematics and Greek, and conceived the
idea of going to college. In 1848 he entered the
sophomore class of the state university at Chapel-
Hill, and at his graduation, in 1851, bore off the
highest honors. On the recommendation of Pres.
Swain, of the university, Mr. Hedrick was appointed
clerk in the office of the "Nautical-Almanac" by
the secretary of the navy, and removed to Cam
128
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
bridge, Mass., where he took advanced instruction
in Harvard College, studying chemistry and mathe-
matics under Horsford and Peirce, and attending
also the lectures of Prof. Agassiz and others.
In 1854, he returned to the university, having
been appointed to the chair of analytical and agri-
cultural chemistry. He had been brought up in
a community where anti-slavery feeling was strong,
and in his youth had been strongly impressed by the
emigration from the state of thousands of families
which had found it impossible to keep up the com-
petition of free with slave labor. His residence at
the North had only continued him in his opposition
to slavery; yet he made no attempt to disseminate
his views, either among his pupils or outside the in-
stitution. In August, 1856, he voted the state Demo-
cratic ticket; but on being asked at the polls if he
would vote for Fremont at the coming national elec-
tion, answered that he would if a Republican ticket
should be formed in the state. In September articles
appeared in the "North Carolina Standard," pub-
lished at Raleigh, advising the instant dismissal from
institutions of learning of instructors with "black
Republican " opinions,"and of one in particular from
the state university. Prof. Hedrick published a
defense, in which he denied that he had had any-
thing to do with the politics of the students; claimed
the "iiglit, as a freeman, to have his own opinion;
and declared that the sentiments he entertained with
regard to slavery were identical with those held by
Washington, Jefferson and other southern founders
of the republic. The faculty of the university soon
took the matter up, and passed resolutions disavow-
ing sympathy with Prof. Hedrick's political opinions,
and soon after the executive committee of the board
of trustees formally met to approve the action of the
faculty. The newspapers of the state refused to re-
print Prof. Hedrick's defense, but
published every paragraph that
could work against him; and on
Oct. 21, 1856, while he was at-
tending an educational convention
at Salisbury, an attempt was made
to tar and feather him. He
managed to elude his pursuers,
and reached his home in safety,
but a few days later left for the
North, where he remained until
January, 1857. He then returned,
unmolested, to his home, but soon
went back to the North, and was
employed as a clerk in the mayor's
iitliee in Xew Y'ork city, at the
same time lecturing and teaching.
In 1861, he became a principal
examiner in the U. S. patent of-
' fice, in which position he remained
He was chief of the division of
chemistry, metallurgy and electricity until these arts
outgrew the limits of a single division. Afterwards
he was general chemical examiner ; and when this
office was abolished, he was in charge of one of the
chemical divisions. In 1865, at the end of the civil
war, he endeavored to restore the government of his
native state on a basis which should be equitable as
•well to the white men lately in secession as to the
white Union men and the freed colored population,
with special recognition of the Union men and the
more moderate secessionists ; and, under Pres. John-
son, he was able to obtain a reputable provisional
government for the state ; but he found it impossible
to convince the succeeding national administration of
the necessity of relying for the conduct o; the state's
business upon the Union men and the better element
among the secessionists, and also impossible to per-
suade the well-disposed white people of the state of
the expediency of conceding, gracefully and spoil-
until his death.
taneously, to the colored people the right to vote, ,
under reasonable conditions, when their enfranchise-
ment was inevitable in any event. In 1872-76, he
was professor of chemistry and toxicology in the
University of Georgetown. In the patent office he
adopted a more liberal policy than had obtained, and
from that time on inventors were encouraged rather
than hindered in their efforts to perfect and obtain
their patents. Prof. Hedrick was married in Orange
county, N. C., June 3, 1852, to Mary, daughter of
William Thompson. They had four sons, one of
whom, Charles J., is a patent lawyer in Washington,
D. C., and four (laughters. He died in Washington,
D. C.,Sept. 2. 1886.'
REMINGTON, Eliphalet, first manufacturer
of the firearms bearing his name, was born at Suf-
field. Conn., Oct. 28, '"1793, elder son of Eliphalet
and Elizabeth (Kilbourn) Remington. In 1790, his
father, a carpenter and mechanic, bought a large
tract of laud in Herkimer county, N. Y., then almost
a wilderness, and in 1800 removed thither, settling
at Crane's Corners. He subsequently acquired other
real estate, including land on Steele's creek, about
three miles south of the present town of Ilion, and,
removing there, set up a forge having power fur-
nished by a water-wheel. He" carried on the manu-
facture of the rude agricultural implements used by
the farmers of those days, and also did horse-shoeing
and general repair work for farmers, his business in-
creasing steadily, and chiefly as the result of an
accidental occurrence. The story goes that he refused
his son, Eliphalet, money with whicL to buy a gun,
whereupon the youth forged a gun-barrel for himself
from some scraps of iron, and at the first opportunity
took it to the nearest gunsmith at Utica to be rifled.
The gunsmith praised the barrel so highly that
young Remington was encouraged to make others,
which he from time to time took to Utica, carrying
them on his back and walking all the way. The
knowledge of his skill spread throughout the neigh-
borhood, and orders came in until the forge was taxed
to the utmost. The Remingtons soon set up a rifling-
macliine of their own, the" son giving his time ex-
clusively to this department of the business, gradually
extending the work to the stocking and lock-fitting
of the guns. It is said that the demand for tli>~r
Linn barrels so far exceeded I lie supply that customers
used to resort to the spot and remain there until their
goods were ready. Meanwhile, the Erie canal had
been built, and "in 1828 the works were removed to
their present situation at Ilion. where, in 1829, other
buildings were erected and equipped with water-
wheels and trip-hammers to be used especially for
welding and forging gun-barrels. A shipping de-
partment was organized, and for a number of years
was in charge of A. C. Seamans, father of C. W.
Seamans, of type-writer fame. Eliphalet Reming-
ton, Sr., died "in 1828. In 1839, his son formed a
partnership with Benjamin Harrington in a separate
enterprise, for the purpose of manufacturing iron
and such articles as were not properly connected
with the irun business. This industry was carried
on for a number of years, and then abandoned, Mr.
Remington confining himself to the manufacture of
firearms. His sous, Philo and Samuel, entered the
factory about the time they attained their majority,
the former becoming master of all branches of the
mechanical work, and finally superintendent of the
manufacturing department ; the latter occupying
himself as general agent, negotiator of contracts
with the government and purchaser of machinery.
Eliphalet, the youngest sou, admitted some years
later, had the general supervision of the office, in-
cluding tlie correspondence. In 1845, the national
government contracted with Ames & Co., of Spring-
field, Mass., for the construction of several thousand
carbines for the armv. Learning that they were
OF AMERICAN BIOORAl'HY.
129
anxious to withdraw from the undertaking, Mr.
Remington bought the contract and a quantity of
machinery from the linn, and, having added another
building to his works at Ilion, finished the work lo
the satisfaction of the government. During the
years 1857-58, orders for 12.500 rifles and 5,000
'Mawiard self-priming musket-locks were received
from the government, and a new branch was added
— the manufacture of pistols. Meantime, Samuel
Remington had engaged in the manufacture of
broom-handles and brooms, Yale patent locks, safes
anil vault doors for banks, and to a small extent in
breech-loading guns; but, in 1856, he gave up his
separate enterprise, and the three brothers and their
father formed the firm of E. Remington & Sons.
About that time they began to manufacture a cultiva-
tor-tooth, thus laying the foundation of agricultural
works which grew to large proportions. On the
outbreak of the civil war, government orders for
revolvers and Springfield muskets were received,
necessitating the erection of several buildings and
the purchase of new and special machines. The
health of the elder Mr. Remington broke down under
the pressure of their new demands, and he never re-
covered. Eliphalet Remington was a man of great
will-power ; firm in his dealings with his employees,
yet kindly in his manners. His memory was re-
markably retentive; so much so, that he carried in
his head many business details that are ordinarily
kept in ledgers, lie naturally took great pride in
the village that grew up around his works, and con-
tributed generously toward the building of a union
church, to be free for the use of all denominations.
The post-office, established at the place in 1845, was
named after him, but at his request was changed to
Ilion, a name suggested by the first postmaster. In
August, 1852, soon after the village was incorporated,
the Ilion Bank began business, with Mr. Remington
as president, and this position lie held until his death.
In politics he was an old line Whig, but joined the
Republican part}' on its organization in 1854. Mr.
Remington was married, at Litchfield, May 12,1814,
In Abigail, daughter of William and I.ur\ I'addock,
whi) died in 1841. Besides the sons. Philo, Samuel
and Eliphalet, she bore him two daughters: Mary
Ann, who was married to Rev. Charles Austin, and
Maria, who was married to Lawrence L. Merry.
Mr. Remington died, at Ilion, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1861.
REMINGTON, Philo, manufacturer, was born
at Litchfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., Oct. 31, 1816,
eldest son of Eliphalet and Abigail (Paddock) Rem-
ington. He inherited the mechanical genius of his
father, and, after a course of study at Cazeuovia
Seminary, entered the factory at Iliou, becoming
thoroughly acquainted with the details of the me-
chanical work, and before many years assuming
charge of the manufacturing department of the
armory, as the works were now called. Early in
1805, a corporation was formed, with a nominal
capital of $1,000,000 and a plant valued at $1,500,-
000, the organization retaining the name of E. Rem-
ington & Sons; other interests being retained under
the head of Remington Bros., or by the brothers in-
dividually. With the close of the civil war, manu-
facturing for the government came to an end, greatly
to their financial loss; but their running expenses
were met by other branches of work, and within a
year or two they placed on the market a breech-
loading rifle, which eventually became a source of
great profit, thousands of stands of arms being
ordered by foreign governments, as well as by the
United States. In 1866, Samuel Remington went to
Europe as the representative of the company, and
remained there until 1877. In 1870, he became pur-
chasing agent for France for all the arms and muni-
tions he could procure in this country, nnd on the
conclusion of the Franco-German war was tendered
VOL. IX.— 9.
a vote of thanks for his services by the French
chambers. During the period 1867-75, fully 1,000,-
000 stands of arms were delivered to foreign coun-
tries, lu 1870, a board of officers recommended the
Remington rifle for adoption by the United States
government, and their report was indorsed by Gen.
Sherman; but other parties secured the adoption of
what is known as the Alliu gun. The construction
by foreign governments of manufacturing plants of
their own caused a falling off of orders, and the
Remingtons, to hold their position, engaged in the
manufacture of two kinds of magazine rifles. Con-
siderable loss was sustained, and other lines of manu-
facture were introduced, which it was hoped might
prove profitable. In 1873, James Densmore, with
whom George N. Yost was associated, interested the
Remingtons in a type-writer, of which he was one of
the inventors, but" which was crude anil imperfect.
They secured the exclusive right to make and
sell it, made large expenditures in remodeling it
and adapting machinery and tools
to its manufacture, and gave it
their name. It was the first suc-
cessful writing - machine ever
produced. In 1886, their sales
men, Wyckoff, Seamans and
Benedict, bought the entire inter
est of E. Remington & Sons in
the type-writer business, and still
manufacture the machines at Il-
ion. The armory gradually came
to be a manufactory for sewing-
machines, electrical appliances
and other articles for domestic
use. The Remington Agricultural
Works, a corporation established
at Iliou in 1*64, camea few years
later into the control of the Rem-
ingtons, who assumed the indebt-
edness of the corporation and op-
erated the works thereafter. Com-
petition in t he West wast oost rung,
however, and the losses were swelled by the failure
of certain inventions on which iireat expectations
had been based. In April. 1886, an assignment was
made, and the plant passed into the possession of
Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. In 1888, the main
plant was sold at auction to Hartley & Graham, of
New York city, who operate under the corporate
name of the Remington Arms Co., and still manu-
facture large numbers of sporting and some military
arms and bicycles in great numbers. Philo Reming-
ton was a man of attractive personality, and had the
sympathetic, kindly manner that characterized his
father. He took great interest in young men of
ability; and not a few, especially those who had in-
ventive talent, were helped toward prosperity by him.
For uearlv twenty years he was president of the vil-
lage of Ilion. He gave liberally lo the institutions
of the Methodist Episcopal church, and with his
brother, Eliphalet, to Syracuse University sums
aggregating $250,000. He was married, at Syra-
cuse, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1841, to Caroline A., daughter
of John H. and Susan (Furman) Lathrop, who bore
him two daughters. Ida. the eldest, was married to
Col. Watson C. Squire, at one time prominently con-
nected with the armory as secretary and treasurer,
and, by virtue of his position, as financial executor.
He was governor of Washington territory from 1884-
87, and. on the admission of Washington to state-
hood, U. S. senator for two consecutive terms. Ella
was married to Elijah P. Greene, of Amsterdam,
N. Y., who died in 1876, leaving three sons; and
again, in 1886, to Howard C. Furman, of New York
city. Mr. Remington died, at Silver Springs, Fla.,
whither lie had gone for his health, April 5, 1889.
His remains were interred at Iliou.
130
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
TULANE, Paul, philanthropist, was born at
Cherry Valley, near Princeton, N. J., May 10, 1801.
His grandfather aud great-grandfather held the office
of probate judge at Tours, France, and for more
than 150 years that office remained in the family.
Mr. Tulaue's parents came to the United States in
1793, and his father engaged in the lumber trade
between Philadelphia and the French West Indies.
He early entered into business, and in 1818 with a
wealth}' cousin and namesake made a tour of the
southwestern states, during which he visited New
Orleans. His design of endowing a college is said to
have begun with his seeing the first steamboat that
ascended the Mississippi, carrying among its passen-
gers Louisiana students bound for Transylvania Col-
lege, Kentucky. He saw that the busi-
ness of New Orleans was destined to
increase rapidly, and in November,
1822, be returned to make his home
there. A yellow fever epidemic was
raging and the city was deserted, but
he deliberately selected that particular
time, because it was easy to get situa-
tions when so many clerkships were va-
cant through death or abandonment.
He soon became well established, was
successful in his first speculations and
carried on a large general business,
which in later years was narrowed
down to a trade in clothing. A branch
of the house of Paul Tulane & Co. was
established in New York city, and was
known as Tulane, Baldwin & Co. Mr.
Tulane did a large business with the In-
dians, and frequently visited their reservations. Al-
though he traveled considerably, he rarely remained
away from New Orleans for any length of time, and
was once heard to boast that he had eaten fifty-one
Fourth of July dinners there. Affable manners,
honorable action in dealing with other merchants,
unerring judgment, united to bring him prosperity,
and as his habits were frugal, his fortune became
very large. In 1840 Mr. Tulane went to France to
visit his father, and the latter showed him how the
trade of Tours and Bordeaux had been ruined by the
freeing of slaves in the West Indies, and predicted a
like fate for New Orleans, if emancipation were ever
brought about in the United Stales. This induced
Mr. Tulane to transfer a large part of his estate to
the North. In 1860 he bought a handsome residence
at Princeton, N. J., aud in 1873 made it his per-
manent home, the lands connected with the house
being extensive enough to enable him to indulge a
taste for farming. He was a strong sympathizer with
the South and with the Confederacy, and estimated
his loss from the war at $1,200,000. Mr. Tulane's
life was so quiet, and his objection to notoriety so
direct that to this day no one knows the full amount
of the sums he gave for the benefit of others. Ac-
cording to his own statement, privately made, his
gifts for the education of young men and women,
for several years prior to bis endowment of Tulane
University, amounted to $15,000 per annum. His
heart's desire, however, was to concentrate his ex-
penditures for educational purposes, and in March,
1881, he informed lion. Randall L. Gibson, then
U. S. senator from Louisiana, of his desire to found an
institution of learning in Xew Orleans. On May 2,
1882, he addressed a letter to seventeen gentlemen
named by him a- administrators, giving for the pur-
pose abovr named all his real estate in New Orleans,
valued at $363,000. Subsequently donations for the
same object aggregated $1,050,000, yielding an an-
nual revenue of about $75,000. It was his inten-
tion to add largely to this sum, but he died intestate,
and the residue of his property, amounting to about
$1,000.000, fell to his legal heirs. Mr. Tulane was
characterized by Sen. Gibson as the best friend
Louisiana ever had. Extraordinary honors were paid
to his memory by the people of the state on his de-
cease, and his name is cherished with peculiar rever-
ence. He was fortunate in preserving his mental
vigor until the close of his life and in seeing the insti-
tution he had founded opened aud well started on its
beneficent career. Said one of his many eulogists:
"There was in Mr. Tulaue the power of vigorous
thought, coupled with the energy of a persistent
will — the combination of qualities which are tLie con-
stituents of greatness wherever it exists. Not fa-
vored with educational advantages in his youth, he
had the sagacity and manliness to appreciate them
fully, and rinding the state of his adoption with-
out an adequate seminary of learning, he conse-
crated himself, his toil and his acquisitions, to the
noble purpose of supplying the need. Such a pur-
pose would redeem any life from being common-
place; but the silent retention of it through long
years of self-denying execution, lifts one into the
sublime. It is the heroic quality that meets us here,
and makes Mr. Tulane an object-lesson to the youth
who are to be trained in his school." Mr. Tulane
died at Princeton, N. J., March 23, 1887, and was
buried at that place.
JOHNSTON, William Preston, president of
Tulaue University (1884- ), was born in Louisville,
Ky., Jan. 5, 183l', eldest son of Alben Sidney John-
ston, the Confederate general, and of Henrietta,
daughter of Maj. William Preston and his wife,
Caroline (Hancock) Preston. When he was four
years of age his mother died, and his father depart-
ing to undertake military service in Texas, he was
left to the care of his maternal relatives in Louisville.
He attended schools in that city for a number of
years, and afterwards studied successively at Wp-
mack's Academy, in Shelbyville; Centre College, in
Danville; the Western Military Institute, at George-
town, Ky., and Yale College. He displayed a quiet
aud studious disposition while at school, and at Yale
excelled in the study of lit-
erature, winning a Townsend
pii/e for English composition
and the Clark prize at gradu-
ation for an essay on "Po-
litical Abstractionists." After
graduation he studied law at
the University of Louisville;
was admitted to the bar in
1853, and entered immediately
upon the practice of his pro-
fession at Louisville. He took
an active part in the stirring
political actions of the time,
and sympathized strongly with
the course pursued by the
South. When the trouble
culminated in hostilities, he
spent the summer of 1861 re-
cruiting and equipping several
companies of soldiers for the
Confederate army, aud in the fall was commissioned
major in the 2d Kentucky regiment. Soon after-
ward he was transferred to the 1st Kentucky regi-
ment, with which he served in the army of northern
Virginia during the early operations at Fairfax
Court House and the Acotink as lieutenant colonel.
When the regiment was disbanded he was appointed
aide-de-camp to Pres. Davis, with the rank of
colonel. In this position he continued throughout
the war, participating in the battles of Seven Pines,
Cold Harbor, Sheridan's Raid, Petersburg and other
engagements, and serving always as inspector-general
and confidential staff officer to carry communications
between Davis and his generals. In the end he was
captured, with Pres. Davis, in Georgia, aud kept in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
131
solitary confinement for three months at Fort Dela-
ware, after which he was released, went to Canada,
and there lived in exile for a year. HJ then re-
turned to Louisville and continued his law practice
until 1867. In that year, having been appointed
professor of history and English literature in Wash-
ington College by Gen. Lee, lie retired from the bar
to devote himself thenceforward Coeducational and
literary labors. In 1877 he became noted as a writer
through a work published under the title. "Life of
Albert Sidney Johnston, Embracing his Services in
the Annies of the United States, the Republic of
Texas, and the Confederate Stales." Col. Johnston
remained at Lexington until 1880, and then accepted
the presidency of the Louisiana Slate I'nivcr.sity at
Baton Houge, which, being found in a languishing
condition, was thoroughly rcorgani/.ed. In ISMIJ he
was authorized by the administrators of the Tulane
educational fund to organize and take charge of the
institution it was intended to found, and in the fol-
lowing year the University of Louisiana was merged
into Tulane University, situated at New Orleans,
with Col. Johnston as its president. This instiiution,
Ibe most important university of the southwest, cm-
braces law and medical dcparlmenls, a woman's
college, a college of arts and sciences and one of
technology, and a post graduate department for
teachers. In addition to the biographical work
mentioned, Dr Johnston has published "The Proto-
type of Hamlet" and three volumes of verse, " Mv
Garden Walk," " Pictures of the patriarch* and
Other Poems," and "Seekers A Her (!od"; also a
genealogical volume, entitled "The Johnstons of
Salisbury." He has also written e\lensi\ e]\- for
periodical publications, and many of his public ad-
dresses and lectures have been printed by the press
The honorary degree of LL.I). was conferred upon
him by Washington and Lee University in 1S?7.
He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution.
He was married, July 7, 1853, to Rosa Elizabeth,
daughter of Judge John N. Duncan, of New
Orleans, and granddaughter of Aimer L. Duncan,
who served as aide-de-camp of Andrew Jackson at
the battle of New Orleans, and at one time was the
acknowledged leader of the New Orleans bar. She
died in October, 188f>, leavinir rive daughters. Their
only son died Jan. 9, 1885, aged twenty -four
years. Col. Johnston was married auain, in April,
1888, to Margaret Henshaw, daughter of Judge
Daniel D. Avery, of Baton Rouge, La., and a de-
scendant of James Avery, one of the carlv Massa
chusetts settlers. He died at Lexington, Vai, July
10, 1899
CHAILLE, Stanford Emerson, physician, was
born in Natchez, Miss., July 9, 1830, only son of
William H. and Mary (Stanford) Chaille. His
earliest American ancestor was Pierre Chaille, a
Huguenot, who, having witnessed the massacre of his
family, succeeded in fleeing to England, where he was
naturalized, Sept. 9, 1698,and was married to Margaret
Brown. About 1700 he came to America, settling in
Boston, Mass. His son, Moses, was married to Mary
Allen, a sister of Judge Allen and also of the wife
of Rev. John Rosse, first rector of the Episcopal
church, built in 1734, at Snowhill, Md. Col. Peter
Chaille, the only son of Moses and Mary Chaille,
was a distinguished patriot in the revolutionary war,
a member of the Maryland convention of 1775, and
a member for more than twenty years of the Mary-
land legislature. He was married to Comfort, Hous-
ton, whose father was a Scotch gentleman and whose
mother was a Miss Quintou. Their son, William
(1707-1800), was married to Anna, daughter of Col.
Eben Handy, a patriot of the war for independence.
Their son, "William Hamilton Chaille (1799-1836),
was married to Mary Eunice, daughter of Dr. Clem-
ent Stanford and AnnaDashiell his wife. Dr. Chaille
was educated under private tutors until 1844, when he
entered Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and was
graduated there in 1847. He then entered Harvard
College, and received the degree of A.B. in 1851. and
A.M. in 1854. He began the study of medicine in 1S51,
in the medical department of the' University of Louisi-
ana (now Tulane University), and was graduated in
1853. In 1860-61 Dr. Chaille was a student in Paris in
the laboratory of Claude Bernard, then the world's
most eminent physiologist, lie renewed his studies
in Paris in 1866-67. He was a private of the New
Orleans light horse, 1861-62; acting surgeon-general
of Louisiana, Feb. 17, to May 1, 1862; surgeon and
medical inspector of the army of Tennessee, staff of
Gen. Braxton Bragg, May 12, 1862, to July 24, 1863;
surgeon in charge of Fair Ground No. 2 Hospital,
Atlanta, Ga., 1863; surgeon in charge of Ocmulgee
Hospital, Macon, Ga., January. IS64, to .May, 1865,
when he was captured and paroled. He relumed to
New Orleans in September. 18i;,r>. Dr. Chaille, was
resident stmli nt in the New Orleans Charily Hos-
pital (lsr>2 .">:'>i; resident physician I' S. Marine Hos-
pital 1 ls.-itf-.V4 i; resident physician to t he Circus Street
Infirmary (1854-60); co-edjior and part ownerof the
Ne\\ Orleans "Medical and Surgical Journal,"
(1857-68); demonstrator of anatomy in |he medical
department of the University of Louisiana. I l*.">S-67);
lecturer on obstetrics in the same i IMi.VliO); pro-
fcssor ol 'physiology and palhological
anatomy, since 1867. He \v as chosen
to deliver one of the ten addresses on
medical jurisprudence before the
international medical congress, Phila-
delphia (1876); appointed by congress
one of twelve experts to investigate
the great yellow fever epidemic of
1878, and was chosen secreiary of the
board (1878-79); appointed 'by the
nalional board of health one of the
four members of the Havana yellow
lever commission, and was chosen
and served as president thereof
(Isr'.M; appointed by the national
board of health its "executive
agent " at New Orleans, with the
title of "supervising inspector of
the board of health." March, 1881,
to October, 1882; commissioned by
Pres. Arthur one of the seven civilian members of
the national board of health in January, 1885, and so
continued until 1893, when the board was abolished.
He delivered lectures on physiology and hygiene
to school teachers and the public from 1884 to 1888;
was chosen dean of the medical department, Tulane
University of Louisiana, March 21, 1885, and has so
continued to the present time (1899). He became
professor of physiology and hygiene in the collegiate
department of Tulaue University in 1885, and was
appointed professor of physiology, hygiene and
pathological anatomy in 1890; was chosen the
Louisiana member of the committee on organization
of the Pan-American medical congress, 1891-93.
Dr. Chaille's contributions to medical literature were
begun in 1853, and have been numerous since that
lime. The most important are to be found in the
New Orleans " Medical and Surgical Journal," and
are as follows : eight articles on vital statistics of
New Orleans, (1868. 1870-72-74, 1880-88); and in
connection with "Voters" (1874-76), published by
the U. S. congress; "Origin and Progress of Medi-
cal Jurisprudence," (" Transactions of the Interna-
tional Medical Congress," 1876-77); " Human Anato-
my and Evolution," New York "Medical Record"
(1879); "Medical Colleges, Profession and Public"
(1874); "State Medicine and Medical Organization "
("Transactions of the Louisiana State Medical So-
ciety," 1879); "State Medicine and State Medical
132
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Societies," ("Transactions of the American Medical
Association," 1879); "Sanitation and Evolution"
("Transactions of the American Public Health Asso-
ciation," Vol. VI., 1881); "Abuse of Alcoholics" (ibid,
Vol. XII., 1887); "Appendix to Conclusions, Board
of Yellow Fever Experts" (U. S. congress, 1879);
preliminary reports of the Havana yellow fever
commission (annual reports of the national board of
health Vol. I., 1879); final reports of the commis-
sion (ibid. Vol. II., 1880, and in Vol. III. and IV.);
other reports on yellow fever; " Prevention of Yel-
low Fever" (1882); " Small-pox and Vaccination"
(1883), published by the New Orleans Auxiliary
Sanitary Association; "Importance of the Study of
Hygiene in Schools" (1882); "School Books on
Physiology and Hygiene " (1883); " Inundations and
Their Influence on Health" (1882-83); "Infants:
Their Chronological Progress" (1887), etc. Chiefly
to Dr. Chaille, as chairman of the committee on
state medicine in the Louisiana State Medical So-
ciety, is due the clause in favor of state medicine in
the Louisiana constitution of 1879, and also several
laws enacted by the state. He has been familiar with
yellow fever epidemics since 1850, and studied the
disease in New Orleans for many years, where it
prevailed annually. Dr. Chaille is an honorary
member of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia;
of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, of Maryland ;
of the Academy of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba,
and of the Louisiana Pharmaceutical Association.
He is a member of the American Public Health As-
sociation; American Medical Association; Louisiana
State Medical Society; Orleans Parish Medical So-
ciety; Louisiana Educational Association; New Or-
leans Auxiliary Sanitary Association; Sous of the
American Revolution, etc. He was married, Feb.
23, 1857, to Laura E., daughter of Lieut. -Col. John
Mountfort. His only child is Mary Laura, widow
of Dr. David Jamison. Dr. Chaille has two grand-
sons, Stanford Chaille Jamison and David Chaille
Jamison.
SOTJCHON, Edmond, physician, was born in
Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, La., Dec. 1, 1841, son
of Eugene and Caroline ( Pettit) Souchon. He was
a grandson of one of the two grenadiers, who at the
siege of St. Jean d' Acre, iu Egypt, saved the life of
Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte : all of his immediate
ancestors were of French descent. His father was a
practicing dentist in New Orleans. Dr. Edmoud
Souchon had his earliest education in the schools of
St. Martiusville, La., but at twelve years of age his
parents removed to Mobile, Ala., and then to New
Orleans, where, having studied in private schools, ou
account of the failure of his father's health, lie was
obliged, not only to go into public schools, but to do
what he could towards the support of the family by
selling newspapers. After two years, his father's
health improving, hewasableto go to Paris, France,
where he took a college course, and then, iu 1860,
began the study of medicine. But on account of
the breaking-out of the civil war in thiscountry. his
monthly allowance stopped, and he was obliged" him-
self to provide for his five years' course of medical
studies. He was the fourth who passed in a list of
350 contestants iu the examination for the interne-
ship of one of the hospitals in Paris, and was re-
ceived upon his first trial. Dr. Souchon became not
only the interpreter of, but also assistant of Dr. J.
Marion Sims when he arrived in Paris for the pur-
pose of demonstrating his operation for vesico- vagi-
nal fistula. Dr. Souchon's return to this country
was hastened by his father's death, and he was
graduated at the medical department of the Univer-
sity of Louisiana, in March, 1867. He was treated
most kindly by Dr. T. G. Richardson, to whom a
letter of recommendation from Dr. Sims had been
sent, and Dr. Souchon was allowed the use of his
books and instruments, and was provided by him with
a room in Dr. Stone's hospital until he could support
himself. Iu after years Dr. Richardson would ac-
cept no remuneration. Dr. Souchon assisted Dr.
Richardson in private practice for many years, and
became his prosector and his chief of clinic iu the
Charity Hospital. In 1872 he became demonstrator
of anatomy iu the medical department of Tulane
University; in 1885 was appointed professor of ana-
tomy and clinical surgery. He not only designed
but superintended the" erection of the new Tulane
Medical College building, and as a recognition of
this service the committee and faculty had a mar-
ble memorial tablet placed in the entrance hall
of the building. Dr. Souchon was president of the
New Orleans "Medical and Surgical Association in
1866, and was appointed president of the Louisiana
state board of health iu 1878. In 1879-82 he was
a member of the board of administrators of the
Charity Hospital. He is consulting surgeon to the
Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital; attending sur-
geon to the Charity Hospital; president of the com-
mission of the autiphtisine treatment of Klebs and
von Ruch; member and president of the Orleans
Parish Medical Society; member of the Society of
American Anatomists; the Southern Surgical and
Gynecological Association; the American Medical
Association, and the American Surgical Association.
His contributions to periodical literature, especially
to the ' ' New Orleans Medical and Surgical Jour-
nal, "have been numerous and of great importance.
Besides inventing Souchon's anesthetize!' for use in
face and mouth operations, he has originated a pro-
cess for making anatomical and surgical drawings
for class work. He was married, in December, 1869,
to Corrinne Lavie, of New Orleans. They have
three children.
BEMISS, John Harrison, physician and edu-
cator, was born iu Louisville, Ky., iu 1856, one of
eight children of Samuel Merrifield and Frances
(Lockert) Remiss. He was of Welsh ancestry, but
the family was founded In America, at Worthing-
ton, Hampshire co., Mass. , in the eighteenth century.
His great-grandfather, James Bemiss, served during
the revolutionary war, and notably at the battle of
Bennington, where he was severely wounded. Of
the subsequent generations, at least one son has al-
ways followed the medical profession. John, third
son of James, the soldier, was married to Elizabeth
Bloomer, of New York state, and, about 1801, set-
tled at Bloomfield, Ky., then called Middleburg.
At the age of forty-four lie gave up medicine, studied
theology"^ and, in '1830, was" ordained a Presbyterian
minister. His seventh son, Samuel Merrifield, re-
ceived his medical education in New York city, and
in 1845-61 had a lucrative practice in Louisville. In
1866 he was called to the chair of practice of medi-
cine and clinical medicine in the medical department
of the University of Louisiana, and there remained
until his death in 1885. John Harrison Bemiss was
delicate and sickly from his infancy, never ceasing,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
133
«, )
s?f, >J .
'
as long as lie lived, to suffer from a disease which
first appeared ill these early years. At school he won
various honors, notably for an essay written before
his twelfth year, and when lie entered the University
of Virginia, at the age of fifteen, he was the young-
est matriculant of the college. He was graduated in
1876, and then entered upon a course of study in
medicine at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane
University), where, as has been said, his father was
a professor. In 1878 he was appointed to a posi-
tion under the Hawaiian government as physician in
the Wailuckee and Lahaiua district, and accepting
this in the hope that the climate would prove bene-
ficial to his health, he resided for five years on the
island of Maui, performing the duties of his office,
and making also a practical study
of leprosy, on which lie prepared
several valuable papers. Return-
ing to New Orleans, in 1S82, he
entered into partnership with his
father in practice, and also be-
came his assistant in the hospitals
and at the university. With Dr.
(',. I!. Underbill and Dr. F. W.
I'arhain, he organized in the
medical department I hi' tir-t ipii/.
elates, i ..... leled after the original
one of Prof. Chaille. In 1887 the
New Orleans Polyclinic was or-
ganized, on an entirely clinical
basis, and he became its first pres-
ident, occupying also the chain if
physical diagnosis. Fi >r use in his
classes he prepared a scheme of
physical signs that facilitated the
. understanding of the subject, and
at the Poly clinic he continued his
quiz classes. An associate of his
hi his educational work, F. W. Parham, M. !>..
wrote after his death: "It was no secret among the
students that the chair of physical diagnosis was the
most ably filled and most sought after in the whole
Polycliuic ..... He had a happy knack with
students, encouraging them on from one step to an-
other, guiding them, making them fully appreciate
each explanation so thoroughly that it was a pleas-
ure to go on. Here was displayed conspicuously a
trait recognized by his family from early boyhood —
that of exactness. His attention to details, in his
teaching at least, was unusual, and to this his suc-
cess as a teacher was largely due." He wrote a num-
ber of learned papers for the New Orleans "Medi-
cal and Surgical Journal," and for years he was one
of the editors of the " Medical News." He was pas-
sionately fond of music, poetry and children. In
1897 his health gave way, and he went to Ocean
Springs, Miss., for rest. He arrived during an epi-
demic of yellow fever, and at once, regardless of his
own physical condition, gave his aid to the over-
worked physicians there. "He literally sacrificed his
own life, and died in the latter part of 1897. With
his death, there had for the first time in a hundred
years ceased to be a " Dr. Bemiss."
SMITH, William Benjamin, educator and
author, was born at Stanford, Lincoln Co., Ky. ,
Oct. 26, 1850, son of Jeremiah and Augeline (Kenley)
Smith. The family emigrated to Missouri in 1854,
settling on a farm near St. Joseph. The son attended
for three sessions a private school taught by an Eng-
lishman, Charles S. Raftington. His parents in-
tended sending him to the Jesuit university at St.
Louis, but the assassination of his father, Aug. 1,
1861, frustrated this plan. He entered Kentucky
University, Lexington, Ky., in 1866, being supported
there three years through the heroic devotion of his
mother and sisters, and was graduated A.B. in 1870,
with a record for scholarship" unparalleled in the his-
tory of the university. He served as tutor there one
year, and in 1871 received the degree of A.M. for
proficiency in French, German, Italian and Hebrew.
He became assistant professor of .English and sacred
history, and subsequently acting professor of natu-
ral sciences. In 1874 he was called to the chair of
mathematics in St. John's College, an institution of
the Christian Brothers at Prairie du Chien, Wis.,
where he taught Latin and mathematics for two
years. Thence he went to Europe, where he spent
three years, mainly at Gottingen, in the study of
mathematics and physics. While there he received
two prizes in the mathemalieo physical seminar,
the first ever won by an American, and in 1879 was
graduated Ph.D., tnuiiiiin I'nm Intuit'. Returning to
the United Slates, he served four years as professor
of mathematics in Central College, Fayette, Mo.;
then accepted the chair of physics in the Missouri
State University, Cnlninhia. Mo. , and subsequently
assumed charge of the department of mathematics
and astronomy, which greatly increased in efficiency
under his direction. In 1S<|:! lie was called to the
chair of mathematics in Tnlane University, New Or-
leans. In addition to his duties. Dr. Smith has writ-
ten several works, including "Coordinate Geome-
try"(1885). recogni/.ed as the mo-1 exhaustive and
original work on that subject produced in America;
" A Clue to Trigonometry " (1891), described by a
mathematical critic as being" from a master hand ";
" Imaginaries in (ieometrv " (ISi)lli, a memoir setting
forth some new and surprising results in the geo-
metric depiction of imaginary curves. He has also
published a number of M likini; expositions of " Paul-
inism " in the " Unitarian Review " of Boston, under
the nom de jilitiuf of " Conrad Mascol." His articles
on "Curves of Pauline and of Pseudo- Pauline Style,"
iu the same magazine, have been declared to "settle
once for all " the vexed qucslion of the authenticity
of Colo-siaiis. Ephesians and Philippians. Dr. Smith
lias also published two controversial brochures on
"Tariff for Protection" (1SSS), anil "Tariff Re-
form " (isno): " Memoir of James S. Rollins," father
of i In- University of Missouri (1891); an article iu the
"Educational Review" of November, 1892, on
"Twelve vs. Ten," a plea for duodecimal notation;
"The University: A Plea for Higher Education";
"Introductory Modern Geometry " (1893); "Infini-
tesimal Analysis" (Vol. I., 1898). His great work,
however, is his " Bible of the New Testament: Criti-
cally Edited, Translated, Chronological!}' Arranged
and Historically Interpreted, with a General Intro-
duction," of which Vol. I. (to Romans) is under-
going final revision. His addresses on the tariff ques-
tion, highly esteemed as unpartisan treatment of the
subject, and published for practically gratuitous dis-
tribution, as "invaluable" munitions in the "cam-
paign of education, " well illustrate the originality
and versatility of his genius. Dr. Smith was mar-
ried, in 1883, to Kathleen, daughter of G. C. Merrill,
of Louisiana, Mo.
DEILEB, John Hanno, educator and historian,
was born at Altoettiug, Upper Bavaria, Aug. 8,
1849, second sou of Konrad and Magdalena (nee
Ebeubeck) Deiler, the former being a Bavarian
court musician. The lineage of the Deilers is traced
to 1540, their ancestors at that time being known as
"Genannte, " or members of the Grosse Rath, or
common council of the ancient city of Nuruberg.
Prof. Deiler was educated in the public schools of
his native place, and in addition received a thorough
training in music from his father and the court com-
poser, Anton Miiller. Having a well trained and
remarkably good voice, he at the age of ten was ap-
pointed soloist of the choir of St. Emmeran, at
Ratisboue. This distinction won him a scholarship
at the royal Bavarian Studien and Musik Seminar,
134
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
and he entered the gymnasium at Ratisbone, where
he excelled iu general studies as well as music. In
1866 he won a scholarship in the Royal Normal Col-
lege of Munich (situated at Freisiug), and in 1868
was graduated there with high honors. He next
held government appointments iu several schools as
a teacher, and finally became connected with the
model school in Munich. There were 104 applicants
for some newly created positions, and Prof. Deiler
was the first of the four who were accepted. While
an instructor in this school he pursued an advanced
course of studies in German literature, history,
[esthetics and kindred branches at the Royal Poly-
technic Institute, and later he attended lectures at
the University of Munich. In 1871 he received a
call to become principal of a German school in
New Orleans, and started for that city a.t once, land-
ing in New York. Jan. 22, 1872. In 1879 he was
appointed professor of German at the University
of Louisiana (now Tulane University); in conjunc-
tion with this, he occupied the chair of German
at Sophie Newcomb College, where several Tulane
professors taught. His courses of lectures at Tulane
have been greatly appreciated. Prof. Deiler's am-
bition has been to cultivate a taste for German
literature and song iu New Orleans, and he has also
bent all his energy to better the condition of his
countrymen. That he lias admirably succeeded is
evidenced by the success of
societies which he has founded.
He has been for many years
a director, and is now presi-
dent of the Deutsche Gesell-
schaft, a society whose aim is
to attract and protect German
immigrants; he was the origi-
nator of the German archives
for the history of the Ger-
mans in the South; he founded,
in 1882, the New Orleans Quar-
tette Club, one of the finest
and best known in the South.
With this club he attended
the Saengerfest in the North
and West, and scored won-
derful success. It was dvie
to the efforts of Prof. Deiler
that the twenty-sixth national
Saengerfest of the North
ers' Union was held in New Orleans
0). At this festival one of the urrsit-
est triumphs in the history of the Singers' Union
was achieved. Prof. Deiler was the director-general
and the leader of the great mass-choruses. These
offices were most competently filled by the pro-
fessor. In the same year he was chosen to represent
the National Union at the "Vierte Allgemeine
Deutsche Saengerbundesfest," held at Vienna,
Austria. This visit to his fatherland was a con-
tinual triumph for Prof. Deiler. He was received
with the greatest distinction at all the places he
visited, and by his eloquence moved the delegates
at the Vienna Saengerfest to an unbounded en-
thusiasm. This address was made in the great
Saengerhalle, before an audience of 30,000 people, at
the official opening ceremonies. In 1894 Prof. Deiler
was chosen a member of the college of judges for
the prize singing of the northeastern Saengerbund iu
New York city. In 1896 he attended the "Fuenfte
Allgemeine Deutsche Saeugerbundesfest " at Stutt-
gart, where his success as an orator even surpassed
that gained by him in Vienna in 1890. While there
he received the news that he had been unanimously
elected president of the National Union, North
American Saengerbund, with term of office until
1899, by the convention assembled at Pittsburgh.
This news was particularly gratifying, as the con-
American Sing
(February, 189
volition had gone so far as to suspend the constitution
of the union, then just adopted, in order to be able
to honor the absent professor with the highest posi-
tion within its gift. As an author Prof. Deiler is
well known both iu the United States and Germany.
His historical researches chiefly relate to the Germans
iu the United States. He has published "Ger-
many's Contribution to the Present Population of
New Orleans"; "The System of Redemption in the
State of Louisiana" (Sally Miller, the White Slave,
1889); "History of the German Parishes of All
Denominations in the State of Louisiana" (1891);
"Louisiana, a Home for German Settlers" (1893);
"History of European Immigration to the United
States from 1820 to 1896" (1897), and "History of
the German Society of New Orleans." This was
written for the occasion of the golden jubilee of the
society. In addition to these works, Prof. Deiler
has written numerous papers on miscellaneous sub-
jects, and has contributed to leading periodicals in
Germany and in the United States. In December,
1898, Prof. Deiler received from the German em-
peror the honor of knighthood in the Order of the
Crown for distinguished literary merit and in recog-
nition of his services to the German people in the
United States. Prof. Deiler was married at New
Orleans, La., Dec. 9, 1872, to Wilhelmiua, daughter
of Paul Saganowski, an engineer, who fought in the
Polish legion under Lajos Kossuth during the Hun-
garian revolution of 1849.
ARCHINARD, Paul Emile, physician and
educator, was burn in New Orleans, La., June 4,
1859, sou of Alfred and Melicerte(Donnering) Archi-
nard. On his father's side he comes from Huguenot
stock, driven from France to Switzerland at the time
of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His great-
grandfather, Jean Archinard, emigrated from Geneva
to Louisiana in the latter part of the eighteenth
century, and settled on Bayou Rapides, above Alex-
andria. His grandfather, Evarist Archiuard, was
born at Bayou Rapides, but his father was a native
of New Orleans. His mother also was born in New
Orleans, daughter of Emile Douneriug, a native of
Hoidcaux, and Mclicerte Haydel, an American, born
in Louisiana. Paul Archinard attended the schools of
the Jesuit fathers iu New Orleans, St. Louis, and
Springhill, Ala. .being graduated at the last named
with the degree of A.B. in 1875. He then entered
the medical department of the University of Louisi-
ana (now Tulane), and was graduated at this institu-
tion and at the Charity Hospital as an interne in
1882, being the gold medallist of the hospital for that
year. In 1888 he studied bacteriology under Koch,
iu Berlin, and iu 1889 under Pasteur, in Paris. Since
his graduation, except time spent in studyabroad, he
has practiced medicine in New Orleans, occupying
at different times positions of honor in his profession
and in medical societies. At present (1899) he gives
his time chiefly to laboratory work and to the treat-
ment of nervous diseases. Among the various posi-
tions he occupies are: visiting physician to the Charity
Hospital since 1882, in charge of the nervous dis-
ease wards and outclinics for nervous diseases; vice-
president of the New Orleans Polyclinic.and professor
of nervous diseases in that institution since 1887; dem-
onstrator of bacteriology and microscopy, medical
department of Tulane University since 1889; bac-
teriologist of the state board of health and of the
New Orleans board of health since 1894. Besides
the above, he was assistant coroner and city physi-
cian in 1882-84 and 1888-92, and was president of
the State Medical Society in 1896-98. Dr. Archi-
uard was married, in 1891, to Claire Angela Emma,
daughter of Leon Joubert de Villemarest, a capital-
ist of New Orleans, and great-granddaughter, on her
mother's side, of the Marquis de Marigny.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
135
FORTIER, Alc6e, author ami educator, was
born in St. James Parish, La., June 5, 1856, son of
Florent and Edwige (Aime) Fortier. The Fortier
family is an ancient one, and has a distinguished
record in Louisiana. The first ancestor in this coun-
try came to Louisiana in 1740, and was one of the
signers of the petition of the colonists protesting
against the transfer of the colony to Spain. His son,
Michel Fortier. was a member of the first city coun-
cil of New Orleans, and took part, as colonel and
aide-de-camp of Gov. C'laiborue, in the battle of
New Orleans. Florent Fortier, the father of Alcee,
was a sugar planter he received an excellent ( lassi-
cal education ill France, and was a man of literary
attainments, being the author of some very graceful
poems in French. Fie superintended with the great-
est care tin1 education of his children. His wife was
the daughter of Valcoiir Aime, one of the richest
sugar planters in I isiaiia anil noted for his philan-
thropy; she' was a niece of (Jov. A. 1!. Roman. Al-
cee Fortier, having completed the course in one of
the best school- in N'e« Orleans entered the Univer-
sity of Virginia, but was prevented b ; serious ill-
ness from completing his course in that institution.
He next read law for nearly two years. But in the
meantime, his father having lost his large fortune,
he was forced to be^in earning his living, and for
some time worked as a clerk in a banking-house.
always continuing his studies, however, at spare
moments under able instructors. Subsequently he
taught French in the city high school, and next was
teacher in, and then principal of, the prcparatun
department of the I'liiversity of Louisiana. In isso
he was elected professor of French in the University
of Louisiana, and was re-eleeted when thai institu-
tion became the Tulane University of Louisiana.
This position lie still holds. Prof. Fortier's whole
career has been characterized by an untiring energy
and devotion to the work he has had in hand. He
has unswervingly labored to encourage ami promote
the cultivation anil study of the French language
and literature in his native state. His purpose anil
his achievement has been the improvement of
methods and the elevation of the standard to that of
true scholarship in the study of French, and we find
him active in every enterprise leading to that end.
His own scholarship is at the same time broad and
thorough, including research in English, Spanish,
Italian, German and the classical languages and lit-
eratures. He has followed an extensive course of
study in Romance philology in its various depart-
ments. He is a prominent member and officer in
1'Athenee Louisiauais; the American Dialect Society;
the New Orleans Academy of Sciences, and of the
Modern Language Association of America. From
1888 to 1896 he was a member of the state board of
education. His contributions to literature have been
numerous and varied in character. Among them
may be named " The Importance of Labor and the
Necessity of Education," a prize essay before
I'Athenee Louisianais; " The French Language in
Louisiana and the Negro French Dialect"; "The
French Literature in Louisiana "; " Bits of Louisiana
Folk-Lore"; " Louisiana Studies," and various arti-
cles appearing in " Modern Language Notes," "Jour-
nal of American Folk Lore," and in other journals.
He has also published the following books : "Sept
Grands Auteurs du XIXe Siecle"; "Gabriel d'En-
nerich, Histoire d'un Cadet de Famille an XVIIIe
Siecle"; annotated edition of de Vigny's " Lau-
rette ou le Cachet Rouge"; annotated edition of
Corneille's " Polyeuete, " and he is preparing several
other classic French texts. Prof. Fortier's re-
searches in the Acadian and other dialects of French
in Louisiana have opened an exceedingly attractive
field for linguistic study. His accurate and success-
ful work along this line has earned him a national
reputation, and has rendered his name well known
to European scholars. He has delivered courses of
lectures on French literature and history in French
and in English before the Tulane University, the
Southern Art Union, I'Athenee Louisiauais and the
Monteagle Assembly in Tennessee.
CHATFIELD-TAYLOR, Hobart Chatfield,
author, was born in Chicago, 111., March 24, 1865,
son of Henry Hobart and Adelaide (Chatrield) Tay-
lor. He is seventh in descent from William Taylor,
who settled in Marlboro. Mass., in 1651; eighth in
descent from George Chat field, who settled in Guil-
ford. Conn., in 1640. Among his ancestors who
were distinguished in colonial limes, were Lieut. John
Cbattield. who fought during the invasion of Can-
ada by the English and Asa Taylor, who was a
private inlhesame war. Among those who fought
in the revolutionary war were Col. Timothy Robin-
son, who commanded a regiment of Massachusetts
troops; ('apt. Kli Butler, 1st Connecticut regiment;
Lieut. Job n Kames. of ( 'apt . Nixon's company ol in in-
uie men. Framingham. Mass., and Oliver Chatfield, a
private in thc5ili batialionof Wadsworth's Connecti-
cut brigade. Mr.Chatfleld-Taylor'sancestryisentirely
\ nn-ricaii, as he traces his ancestry through tifty-four
lilies, all of whom were settled in America before the
year 1700, and includes, besides those mentioned
al>o\e, twenty-five ollicers
and soldiers who fought
during I be different colonial
ware, Mr. Chatneld-Tay-
lor inherited a large fortune
from his father, who bad
been engaged in many
manufacl mint; enterprises.
and additional properly from
an uncle. \Vayne Chatticld,
who, d.\ in;: :i bachelor, made
a condition in his will to the
Hlect that if bis nephew
would assume his name he
should become his heir.
Mr. Chat field -Taylor was
graduated at Cornell Uni-
versity in the class of 1886,
and then went into jour-
nalism, establishing in Chi-
cago a weekly political and
literary review called "America." Its contributors
were paid liberally and the journal was in every way
conducted generously, a fortune being expended
upon it. but its standard was too high to suit the popu-
lar taste, and ill a tew years' time he sold it, though
continuing to contribute to its columns. In 1890-92,
while residing in Europe, he acted as correspondent
of the Chicago "Daily News." In 1891 Mr. Chat-
field-Taylor published a novel, entitled "With Edged
Tools." This was followed by several others: "An
American Peeress" (1893); "Two Women and a
Fool" (1895), and "The Vice of Fools" (1897).
"The Land of the Castanet" (1896) consists of
sketches of travel in Spain, most agreeably written.
He has been at various times a contributor to the
"North American Review," " Harper's Weekly,"
the " Cosmopolitan " and other magazines. During
the World's Columbian exposition he acted as con-
sul of Spain and member of the Spanish commission
to the exposition, and as such was the attendant
upon the Infanta Eulalie and her party during
their visit to Chicago. Mr. Chatfield-Taylor has
been an officer of many of the clubs and social
organizations of his native city, and at the present
time is president of the Onwentsia club. He was
married, in Lake Forest, 111., June 19, 1890, to Rose,
daughter of Charles B. Farwell. They have three
children.
C.
136
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
WALLIS, Severn Teackle, lawyer and author,
was born in Baltimore, Md., Sept. 8, 1810, second
son of Pliilip and Elizabeth Custis (Teackle) Wallis,
both natives of Maryland. His mother was the
daughter of Severn Teackle, of Talbot county, Mil.,
who was married, February, 1786, to Lucretia,
daughter of Pollard Edmondson, of Talbot, a de-
scendant of John Edmoudson, an early Quaker and
a friend of George Fox. John Edmoudsou was the
second (Juaker elected to the colonial legislature of
Maryland. His sou, Pollard, was also a member of
the colonial legislature from Talbot, and was one of
those who represented that county in the convention
of 1776, which framed the first constitution of Mary-
land. He was afterwards a member of the state
legislature under that constitution. Philip Wallis,
father of Severn Teackle, was the only child of
Samuel Wallis, of Kent county, who settled there in
the eighteenth century upon a large lauded estate in-
herited from his father. After leaving Washington
College, he studied law with lion. James A. Bayard,
iu Wilmington, but never practiced. After his mar-
riage and the birth of his eldest son, Philip, he re-
moved to Baltimore, where the other children were
burn. In 1837 he removed to a large plantation
near Ya/oo, Miss., which his eldest sou, Philip, had
been managing. By the explosion of a steamboat
boiler on the Mississippi, Mr. Wallis was killed in
1844. Mrs. Wallis was a descend-
ant of Rev. Thomas Teackle, of
Gloucestershire, England, son of
a Royalist, who was killed in the
service of Charles I. Her father
was lieutenant of the 9th Vir-
giuia regiment iu 1776, on "colo-
nial establishment." He rose to
captain in 1779; was taken pris-
oner at Brandywine or German-
towii, and lost nearly half of his
company. Severn Teackle Wal-
lis received an academic and pro-
fessional education at St. Mary's
College, which, iu 1841, conferred
on him the degree of LL.D. Mr.
Wallis was graduated in 1832,
receiving the degree of B. A. at
the age of sixteen, and that of
M.A.'two years later. He com-
menced the study of law with
William Wirt, attorney-general of the United States,
and the only candidate for president ever offered by
Maryland ; and finished his course with Judge John
Glenn in 1837. Mr. Wallis was graduated in law
and was permitted to practice it at the age of nine-
teen, though he could not be formally received at
the bar until his majority. His knowledge of Span-
ish enabled him to be elected, in 1843, a member of
the Royal Academy of History of Madrid. Iu 1846
he was" made fellow of the Royal Society of North-
ern Antiquaries of Copenhagen. In 1847 he visited
Spaiu, and wrote " Glimpses of Spain ; or. Notes of
an Unfinished Tour." In 1849 he revisited Spain,
commissioned by the secretary of the interior to re-
port upon the titles to public lands in Florida as
affected by Spanish grants during the pendency of
negotiations with this country iu 1819. He published
on his return: "Spain: Her Institutions, Politics and
Public Men." He revisited Europe in 1856, and
again in 1884. Iu 1849 lie returned to his law prac-
tice, and by his brilliant eloquence and ability won
a leading position. A friend of Reverdy Johnson
and John Nelson, he had pushed to the front, and
was frequently before the court of appeals and the
supreme court of the United States. Politically, Mr.
Wallis was a reformer. Though an ardent partisan,
he never surrendered personal independence. He
spoke, wrote and acted for himself, and was not
afraid to withdraw his support from any measure
that did not meet his approval. He was first aAVhig,
but refused to go with the Know nothings and Free-
soilers, and voted with the Democrats. Iu 1857. he
was offered the position of U. S. district-attorney by
Pres. Buchanan, but refused it. In 1858 he wrote
the reform address which resulted in the reform
movement which culminated in the election and
police bills of 1860, followed by the election of a re-
form mayor and city council. When that bill was
assailed, he stood by it before the court of appeals
until it was sustained. In 1861 he still cherished
the hope that the Union would be preserved, but
was one of the committee, who, upon the lamentable
outbreak iu Baltimore, in April, visited Pres. Lin-
coln, with the hope of stopping the passing of
troops. Mr. Wallis was a delegate to the legislature
which met in Frederick, iu 1861, and was made
chairman of the committee on Federal relations,
which reported that " the house of delegates had no
power to pass an ordinance of secession." In May he
reported an order for commissioners to visit the
president, with a view to the restoration of com-
munications with the North. He further reported
it "inexpedient to call a convention to consider
secession," and that was adopted. On the night of
Sept. 12, 1861, Mr. Wallis was arrested at his d well-
ing, byorderof Maj.-Gen. John A. Dix, and soon after
the other members of the legislature and the mayor of
Baltimore city were arrested. Conveyed to Fortress
Monroe, to Fort Lafayette aud to Fort Warren, he,
with the others, was imprisoned until 1863, when all
were unconditionally released, but were not informed
of the cause of their arrest. His letter to Hon. John
Sherman, iu reply to some remarks upon Maryland
prisoners, expressed his feelings at that time. Though
he was weakened by his forced abode iu a northern
winter-home, the years which followecl marked his
greatest professional success. His best literary works
and his most important service were after the state
constitution of 1867 had removed all barriers. He
was urged to every position ; none of them had any
temptations. His chief labor was with a view to
benefit young men by bringing them to a sense of
independence. He accepted the presidency of the
Civil Service Reform aud the Reform League, which
he held until his death, aud once was induced to
stand for the office of attorney-general of the state ;
but, with the whole ticket, was defeated by a union
of the independent Democrats and the Republicans.
With declining years he appeared in public but sel-
dom, and then usually before educational institu-
tions, delivering addresses of classic eloquence.
Some of them are : Valedictory before the School
of Medicine (1868) ; Address upon George Peabody ;
Address to the Law Class of the University of Mary-
land ; Address upon the unveiling of the statue to
Chief-Justice Roger Brooke Taney (1872) ; Address
on the Lee Memorial Association (1875). His address
upon George Peabody was repeated before the legis-
lature of Maryland, by the request of that body, iu
1870. Earlier, in 1844, he delivered a lecture on
" The Philosophy of History and Some of Its Popu-
lar Errors." Some of his poems were : " Blessed
Hand," "The Last of the Hours," "Truth and Rea-
son," "The Spectre of Colalto," " In Fort Warren,"
"Henon," " God's Acres" and "Midnight," Dur-
ing 1894, he seldom left his house, and on April
llth he passed away. Mr. Wallis was domestic in
his tastes, and loved his home, his books aud his
friends. A Wallis Memorial Association was organ-
ized iu Baltimore to honor his memory. In 1896
the association published a memorial edition of his
works, aud the intention is to place a bust or other
memorial of him in the new courts. Further, the
state included him in the group of distinguished
members of the Maryland bar whose names are
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
137
to be cut iu the frieze of the supreme court- mom
in the new courts. The late Win. T. Walters, first
president, ol' the \Vallis Memorial Association, pre-
sented a marble bust of Mr. Wallis, by Rinehart,
t» the 1'ealiodv library. Mr. Wallis did not marry,
anil onlv one brother survived him, .John S. Wallis,
whose son, John Mather, is now superintendent of
the Pennsylvania railroad.
KEELY, John Ernest Worrall, mechanical
experimenter, was born iu Philadelphia, Pa., Sept.
8, 1827. His father's parents were German and
French ; his mother's, English and Swedish. He in-
herited mechanical and practical talent from his
father, wlio was an iron- worker, and marked musi-
cal taste from his grandfather, who had been con-
ductor of an orchestra iu Baden-Baden. When still a
mere lad lie lost both parents, and for a time resided
withhisgrandparents.receivinga rudimentary educa-
tion iu the public schools. Very little is definitely
known of his early life ; but it is various!}' reported
that he served apprenticeship to the carpenter trade,
and later worked at decorative painting. lieing an
"exquisite performer on the violin," lie \\asat one
time member of an orchestra, and again leader. 1 le
wandered iu the western states, where he had some ex-
perience as an Indian tighter, aud was once seriously
wounded , lie also developed great skill in presti-
digitation, aud for some years, it is stated, exhibited
in connection with circus companies. His career up
to this point reveals a man of marked versatility and
considerable, talent — qualities which, coupled with
great personal magnetism, even in tlie absence of a
thorough education, were calculated to make him
conspicuous and influential. In view of his subse-
quent career, completely unique in almost every
particular, it is interesting to note that even as a
youth he was a keen observer, especially ou matters
musical and mechanical. His story is that lie early
beiran experiments in "sympathetic vibration," first,
with tuning-forks, and later with complicated con-
trivances of his own , his attention having been
turned to the vast possibilities of vibratory influ-
ence by noting the powerful influence of sound-
waves, sucli as come from street-rumblings, to rattle
windows and shake buildings. As a result of this
line of reasoning, he, in 1S74. announced that lie
had discovered a method of ••disintegrating" the
" etheric force" which controls the atomic constitu-
tion of matter, and applying it to mechanical uses
through a motor, impelled by "harmonic vibrations."
Although his theories and explanations were utterly
at variance with all received scientific principles, he
readily succeeded in interesting several intelligent
persons, who formed the Keely Motor Co., witli a
capital stock of $100,000. Keely at once expended
$(50,000 iu constructing a machine, which proved
worthless ; but, nothing deterred by this failure, he
proceeded to repeat his experiments, ever seeming
successful in persuading capitalists to invest their
money to assist him. and ever holding out the prom-
ise of speedy success and untold wealth. From time
to time he would give exhibitions to the stockholders
and prospective investors, showing ou tliese occasions
ingenious machines and such astonishing results that
several eminent men of science actually became con-
vinced that he was " on the track of some tremen-
dous undiscovered force." Nevertheless, the much-
talked of "commercial engine" was never per-
fected, aud, in spite of the spectacular effects of
Keely's exhibitions, the motor always refused to
"mote," as the newspapers humorously put it,
when those interested became impatient aud de-
manded tangible results. As a consequence of his
pi nodical declarations that the machine was almost
perfected, the stock of his company would rise as
high as 200 — once, it is said, it reached 1,000 — and
in the face of repeated disappointment fell again as
low as ten. During his career of twenty-five years,
several million dollars were placed at his disposal for
experimentation, and he is said in that time to have
made aud destroyed over 3,000 different contri-
vances. In 1888 he was committed to jail for con-
tempt of court iu refusing to explain his theories to
a committee of experts, appointed at the instance of
tlie impatient stockholders. After 1881, Keely's prin-
cipal supporter was Mrs. Bloomtield H. Moore (Clara
Jessup), a well-known author and philanthropist
aud widow of a wealthy paper manufacturer, who
allowed him a yearly salary of $2, 500, and met the ex-
pensesof his innumerable experiments ; sheadvanced
him well over $100,000. After Keely's death his
laboratory was completely searched for any clue to
the secret of his invention, but, besides fragments
innumerable of discarded or unfinished models —
some delicate and complicated, others p lerous —
and what seemed to be a complete journal of his ex-
periments from the start, couched iu his usual jar-
gon about "polar sympathy," "molecular disin-
tegration." "depolar waves of force, " and the like,
nothing satisfactory was found. Later, the building
was taken down, and beneath the main lloor was
unearthed a steel sphere, lot I \ -I woinchesin diameter
and weighing nearly three tons, from which connec-
tions \\cre made with brass tubiug of minute di-
ameter to several parts of
the building. This discov-
ery continued the opinion
of several scientists, who
had declared Keely's sur-
prising effects to have
been produced through the
agency of compressed air,
which, as is known, may
be transmitted through ex-
ceedingly small tubes; Jjut
it in no sense cleared up
the mystery of the man
himself. The theory that
he was a deliberate and
conscienceless exploiter of
human credulity hardly
comports with his years
of industrious experiment-
ing aud the patience he
expended iu the construc-
tion of one complicated
device after another, many
of which were never shown to any one. when
his personal magnetism and plausible address
might have served the end of coercing money at
far less pains. A writer in the New York " Her-
ald " says: "If Keely was a humbug, pure and
simple, he was the most plausible humbug and the
most industrious one I ever met. . . . The man's
fingers were the best possible evidence of his unflag-
ging industry. Tlie grasp of liis hand was like the
clutch of a vise. His palms were as hard as bone,
and usually as soiled as those of a coal-heaver. His
years of strumming at wires aud working in iron,
copper and steel had developed great callous knobs
at the ends of the fingers until the digits were as
hard and twice as thick and broad as those of any
other fingers I ever saw on the hands of a healthy
human being." He was evidently neither insane,
nor merely an ordinary swindler. An excessive fond-
ness for sleight-of-hand performances, leading him
to perpetrate the greatest series of hoaxes of this, or,
perhaps, of any "century, cannot fully explaiu his
course. The most probable solution of the matter
is, that with a crude generalization on familiar physi-
cal phenomena, he had formed a theory characteristic
of an untrained mind, and had passed his years ex-
perimenting and vainly hoping he might at, last strike
the " right combination, "after the manner of mediae-
138
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
val alchemists seeking the elixir mice,. Although the
recipient of vast sums of money, he lived plainly,
expending most of his means on his experiments.
He left at his death scarcely $1,500 in cash. His ap-
pearance was imposing ; his address fascinating and
convincing, and his character irreproachable. He
was a regular attendant al church and known as a
generous giver. Mr. Keely died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Nov. 18, 1898.
SCBANTON, George Whitfield, founder of
Scranton, Pa., was born at Madison, Conn., May 11,
1811, son of Theophilus aud Elizabeth (Warner)
Scranton. He was descended from John Scranton,
who emigrated from England in 1639, with Rev.
Henry Whittield's company, and became one of the
planters of Guilford. Either he or his son, Capt.
John (1641-1703). settled in that part of the town
which became East Guilford, and later Madison, and
there descendants of his are still to be found. " The
name Scranton," says a local historian, "is full of
energy and push, making itself felt in every form of
industry and enterprise throughout the land — creat-
ing and naming cities — a strength and help in every
good cause, a genuine live element in the world's
forces. " Although farmers by occupation for gener-
ations, the Scrantous knew how to carry a gun as
well as to swing a scythe. The third John (1676-
1723), like his father, bore the title of captain, while
Capt. Ichabod (1717-60) commanded a company of
Guilford men in the second French war. The son
of Ichabod was Theophilus (1751-
1827), who was the grandfather of
George Whitfield Scranton. The-
ophilus Scranlon, 2d, owned and
operated for years the line of stages
that can ied the U. S. mail between
New Haven and Saybrook, and in
the latter place met the lady who
became his first wife, the daugh-
ter of Chapman Warner. George
Scranton, after attending Lee's
Academy at Madison for two years,
' began, at the age of seventeen, to
earn his own living. He found
his way to Belvidere, Warren co.,
N. J., on the Delaware, where
he worked as a teamster, receiving
f S a mouth Tor his services. It was not long before
he was offered a position in a store as a clerk, nor
long before his services were of such value that he
was admitted as a partner ; but in 1835 he sold out
his interest to engage in farming. It would hardly
have been possible for one having the ability of Mr.
Scranton to go on contentedly filling the soil. He
soon began to desire a larger field of operation, and
in 1837 he and his brother, Selden, purchased the
lease and stock of an iron furnace at Oxford, in the
same county. This sudden change from agriculture
to manufacturing was deprecated by their friends ;
but subsequent events proved that the young men
were warranted in making it, and the fact that they
passed through the financial crisis of 1837 with un-
impaired credit was in itself sufficient proof of their
ability as managers. In the year 1839 William
Henry, an iron manufacturer, engaged to buy an ex-
tensive tract of laud in the Lackawanua valley, in-
cluding Slocum hollow, the site of the present city
of Scranton. The fine quality and abundance of an-
thracite coal in that region induced Mr. Henry to
undertake, with the use of this coal, the smelting of
ore; but he was unable to pay for the property, which
passed into other hands. The new owners were
George W., Selden and Joseph H. Scranton and
their brother-in-law, Joseph C. Platt ; and in 1840
they settled at Slocum, which consisted of three
small houses aud a stone mill, surrounded by forests,
and scarce deserved a name. Several attempts to
smelt iron ore with anthracite had been made in this
country, but none had been satisfactory, and two
experiments by the Scrantous, in 1841, were failures
also ; but George Scranton had a sanguine tempera-
ment, enforced by a strong will, and could inspire
others with his hopefulness. A third experiment
was made in January, 1842, aud was successful ; but
now the manufacturers were confronted by two
problems: how to meet their heavy expenses and
how to find a market for their output. George Scran-
ton, by his pleasing address and persistent efforts,
succeeded in interesting the directors of the New
York and Erie railroad in his project, and by making
the lowest bid secured the contract for furnishing
the road with rails, the directors agreeing to advance
the money requisite to cany on the business. Out
of these small beginnings grew the great iron and
steel industry of Scranton, and in the place of a few
rude houses and cornfields there stands a city of
100,000 inhabitants. Mr. Scrauton was not satisfied
with placing the iron industry on a firm basis ; he
at once began to plan greater things ; one project,
which was carried through, being the investment of
foreign capital iii the Lackawauna valley and the
construction of railroads having Scranton as their
centre. He was for a long time president of the
( 'ayuga and Susquehanna and the Lackawanna and
Western railroads. On the death of the Whig party,
he joined the Republicans, and became known as
an enthusiastic advocate of the principle of protec-
tion to home industries. In 1856 he was elected to
ci ingress by a majority of 3,700 in a district that
usually gave Democratic candidates 2,000 majority,
and gave so much satisfaction by his course, especi-
ally by his defense of protection, that he was re-
elected, and was in office at the time of his death.
Mr. Scranton was married, at Belvidere, N. J., Jan.
21, 1835, to Jane, daughter of George Hile, who
bore him two sons and two daughters. Mr. Scranton
died at Scranton, Pa., March 24, 1861.
GALLAUDET, Thomas Hopkins, founder
of deaf-mute instruction in America, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 10, 1787, son of Peter Wal-
lace and Jane (Hopkins) Gallaudet. Early in the
eighteenth century there settled at New Rocuelle,
N. Y., a French Protestant, Peter Elisha Gallaudet,
who some years previous had tied from his native
country to escape persecution. His family was an
ancient one, and for generations had adhered to
the reformed faith. Peter Wallace Gallaudet, a
grandson of the emigrant, was a commission-mer-
chant in Philadelphia for many years; also lived in
New York cit}- aud Hartford, Conn., and in 1824
took up his residence in Washington, D. C., where,
in his eightieth year, he founded a manual-labor
school and orphan asylum. Jane Hopkins, his wife,
was descended from John Hopkins and Rev. Thomas
Hooker, founders of Hartford, and by her ardent
piety showed herself worthy of her Puritan ances-
tors. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was the eldest of
twelve children, and was precocious in his mental
development. He was fitted for college at the Hop-
kins Grammar School, Hartford, in 1802, entered the
sophomore class at Yale, and in 1805 was graduated
with the highest honors. He spent a year in a law
office in Hartford, another year in private study of
English literature, and two years, 1808-10, as a tutor
in Yale College, but ill health disarranged every
plan, and in order to lead a more active, outdoor life,
he became a traveling agent for a business house in
New York city. Suddenly, and before bis mind was
free from religious doubts which had depressed him
for years, even before he had united with a church,
although it was his purpose to do so, he decided to
study for the ministry, and in 1812 entered Andover
Theological Seminary. After a conscientious course
of study here for two years, he was licensed to
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
139
preach in 1814, and soon received calls to important
churches, but declined them, his health not having
been established. During one of his vacations,
while a theological student, he grew deeply inter-
ested in a deaf and dumb child, daughter of Dr.
Mason Fitch Cogswell, an eminent physician of
Hartford, and was convinced that he could impart
to her a knowledge of simple words and sentences.
Tha result of his first effort was so encouraging that
lie gave considerable time to the task during the
winter of 1814-15, aided by a publication of Abbe
Sicard, of Paris, and Dr. Cogswell became eager to
have a school for deaf-mutes established in the
United States and to have Mr. Gallaudet placed at
its head. A meeting of influential citizens was called,
a fund was raised for the purpose of sending Mr.
Gallaudet abroad to acquire the art of teaching the
deaf in the schools of Great Britain and France, and
not many weeks later, on June 25, 1815, the young
clergyman landed in Liverpool. In spite of letter-,
of introduction, intercessions of people in high life,
and of persistent personal efforts, lie tailed to achieve
the object of his mission, so far as the schools in London
and Edinburgh were concerned. These were under
thecontrol of asiugle family, which had for general ions
selfishly monopolized the work, and so many obsta-
cles were thrown in Mr. Gallaudet's way, and so
many galling conditions imposed, that he abandoned
all hope of becoming acquainted with the English
method, and departed for Paris. There he met with
a different reception. The Abbe Sicard gave him
every possible facility for the study of his methods,
and when, in June, 1816, Mr. Gallaudet. returned to
the United States, he took with him Laurent C'lerc,
a young deaf-mute who had been the abbe's most
valued teacher. Meantime, the new institution had
been incorporated, a grant of money obtained from
the state legislature, and through Mr. Gallaudet's so-
licitations, Hberal donations from individuals in differ-
ent parts of the eastern ancf middle states had been
received. The Han ford School for the Deaf was
opened with seven pupils, April 15, 1817, and for
fourteen years Mr. Gallaudet
remained at its head, over-
coming difficulties and bear-
in sr burdens with a self-sac-
rifice that was not fully
appreciated by the board
of directors. He was over-
worked, underpaid, and, ow-
ing to lack of a fixed policy
on the part of the directors,
was subjected to many an-
noyances. Although he had
brought the institution to
a state of prosperity, an at-
tempt to remove him was
made in 1823; fortunately
for the life of the school
it was frustrated, and he
kept on, bearing increas-
ing burdens, until April 7,
1830' wneu. for the sake of
his health, he resigned. In
addition to teaching classes,
drilling new teachers, preparing annual reports, and
conducting a large correspondence, he had spent a
large part of his'time in helping to found similar in-
stitutions, in delivering public addresses on deaf-
mute education, in making appeals to legislatures,
and in preaching; moreover, "in most of the organ-
ized public movements of the day his support and
active cooperation were considered essential." Of
his work as a teacher, his son and biographer Ed-
ward M. Gallaudet, says : " His skill in adapting
methods borrowed from Prance, to the needs of
American children, was great. He possessed pecu-
liar and natural endowments for the special work of
instructing the deaf, prominent among which was a
really marvelous grace and clearness m all Kinds of
pantomimic expression. He was the first to suggest
and use in schools for the deaf the language of
signs in religious exercises and lectures. His elo-
quence in this language has never been surpassed
and rarely equalled." Mr. Gallaudet ended his
labors Oct. 1, 1830. Meanwhile he had been invited,
to inaugurate in Boston the education of the blind in
America; to represent the Colonization Society in
New England; to accept professorships in several
colleges, and to be-
come principal of va-
rious institutions, in-
cluding the first, nor-
mal schoolin A met icn.
and to inaugurate a
professorship of the
philosophy of educa-
tion in the New York
University. All of
these lie declined, to
devote himself to the
preparation of books
for the young, for
which he was peculiar-
ly fitted. Before the
end of the year hehad
written the "Child's
Book on the Soul,"
and this was followed
by the " Child's Book
on Kepenlance," the
"Child 'sBook of Bible
Stories," the "Youth's
Book on Natural The-
ology." and eleven
volumes of "Scrip-
ture Biography," all of which were circulated to
the extent of thousands of copies, and were trans-
lated into many languages. Assisted by Rev. Hor-
ace Hooker he prepared a "Practical Spelling Book,"
and a "School and Family Dictionary and Illustrated
Deriner," both of which had a large circulation.
His work as an author covered a period of eight
years. For eight years also he acted as agent of
an association for the promotion of Protestantism
in the West, especially in sections settled by Ger-
mans. In 1S8S he was invited to become chaplain
of the Insane Hospital at Worcester, Mass., and
in the same year to accept a similar position in the
Retreat for the Insane at Hartford. He accepted the
latter position, and held it until his death. It was a
tield of labor for which he was admirably fitted, and,
supported by the love and confidence of his medical
associates, he did a work that was hardly inferior to
that performed in the other institutions. His culture,
his personal magnetism, his tact, his humor, were
all brought into exercise, and his direct influence on
the patients was considered a most important cura-
tive force. Throughout his life Mr. Gallaudet was
a member of the ancient First Church (Centre Con-
greirational) of Hartford, but was broad-minded
enough to sympathize with the gifted pastor of the
North Congregational Church, Horace Bushnell,
when the latter was under trial for so-called hetero-
doxy. His relations with clergymen of all denomi-
nations were of the most cordial nature. As a pub-
lic speaker and as a preacher he had great popu-
larity. His topics were logically arranged, his
thoughts were set forth in polished language, the
earnestness of his manner compelled attention, and
his personal presence, in spite of the fact that he
was undersized, had a gentle power of fascination.
Mr. Gallaudet was married, at Guilford, Conn.,
Aug. 29, 1821, to one of his pupils. Sophia, daughter
140
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of Miner and Rachel {Hall) Fowler. Attractive
in person, vivacious in manner, and lovely in char-
aeler, she endeared herself to every one, and
her sympathy and encouragement brought her hus-
band through many a period of trial. She was of
great aid to him and to her son, Edward Miner, in
the schools of which the}' respectively had charge.
She bore him four sons and four daughters, and
survived him for twenty-six years. Mr. Gallaudet
received the degree of LL. I), from Western Reserve
College a short time before his death, which occurred
at Hartford, Sept. 10, 1851. In 1854 a monument,
the gift of deaf-mutes and designed by two deaf-
mute artists, was erected on the grounds of the Hart-
ford School for the Deaf, and in 1888, a bronze
statue, by Daniel Chester French, also the gift of
deaf-mutes, was placed on the grounds of the Na-
tional Deaf-Mute College in Washington.
GALLAUDET, Thomas, clergyman, was born
at Hartford, Conn., June 3, 1822', eldest son of
Thomas Hopkins and Sophia
(Fowler) Gallaudet. His fam-
ily relations brought him into
intimate acquaintance with the
deaf and dumb in his early
life, for his father was the first
principal of the school for deaf-
mutes in Hartford, and his
mother was educated in that
institution. He was graduated
at Washington College (after-
wards culled Trinity), Hart-
ford, in 1842, receiving the
degree of B.A. In 1845, the
degree of M.A. was conferred
upon him by his alma mater,
and in 1862, that of D.D.
In September, 1843, he be-
came a teacher in the New
' York Institution for Deaf-
Mutes, under the elder Dudley
Peet, and remained connected with it until Oct.
1, 1858. Having been ordained a deacon in 1850, he
began a Bible-class for deaf-mute men and women
in old St. Stephen's Church, corner of Broome and
Chrystie streets. In June, 1851, he was ordained
priest in Grace Church, Brooklyn Heights. In Oc-
tober, 1852, he founded St. Ann's Church for deaf-
mutes and such hearing people as were willing to be
associated with him in the care of the silent ones.
The services were held in hired halls for seven years,
and then this church and rectory became settled in
West Eighteenth street, near Fifth avenue. So tnany
openiugs for church work among deaf-mutes in other
places came to his attention, that in October, 1872, he
founded a society, which was incorporated under
the title of the Church Mission to Deaf-Mutes, the
bishop of New York being ex-otticio president of
the board of twenty-five trustees. As the repre-
sentative of the society, Dr. Gallaudet traveled ex-
tensively throughout the country, and was instru-
mental in establishing many missions. This society,
all of whose annual reports he has written, is now
limited in its missionary work to the dioceses of New
York. Long Island. Newark and Connecticut.
Though he has kept up his interest in the various in-
stitutions for deaf-mutes, Dr. Gallaudet's life-work
has been chiefly of a pastoral kind among those who
have left school. As the general manager of the
mission, he has founded a beautiful home for the
aged and infirm on a farm by the Hudson river, near
I'oiighkeepsie. Providential circumstances led loan
important change. In 1897 old St. Ann's Church
and old St. Matthew's formed a new parish under
the name of St. Matthew's Church, pledged to care
for deaf-mutes, and to build and support the new St.
Ann's Church for deaf-mutes by themselves, with a
pastor of their own. Dr. Gallaudet is rector emeri- -
tus of St. Matthew's Church, West Eighty-fourth
street, near Central park, and the vicar of St. Ann's
Church for Deaf-Mutes. Dr. Gallaudet has made
many visits to institutions and missions for the deaf
and dumb in Great Britain and Ireland. He has
been for thirty years pastor of the sisterhood of the
Good Shepherd, New York city, and has served in
the executive committees of numerous church so-
cieties. He was married, in New York city, July
15, 1845, to Elizabeth R., daughter of Dr. Bern W.
and Caroline E. Budd, who was one of the pupils in
Dr. Peel's institution. They have had two sons and
five daughters. In the. education of the deaf. Dr.
Gallaudet believes in uniting the manual and oral
methods in what is called the combined system. He
maintains that signs are to the deaf, through the eye,
what sounds are to the hearing, through the ear. He
therefore favors the preservation and cultivation of
the sign-language as the means of the rapid commu-
nication of ideas in the social life of the deaf as well
as in lectures and debates of societies and religious
services for their benefit.
GALLAUDET, Edward Miner, educator, was
born at Hartford, Conn., Feb. 5, 1837, youngest son
of Rev. Thomas Hopkins and Sophia (Fowler) Gal-
laudet. After attending the high school of hisnative
city f c >r three years, he became, at the age of fourteen
and a half, a clerk in the Phfenix Bank in the same
place. He was several times promoted, and received
Haltering offers from other banks, but in 1854 gave
upbusiness and entered Trinity College. In twoyears'
time lie completed a course of study which entitled
him to the degree of B.S. In this time lie covered
ground ordinarily requiring four years of study, and
often had recitations with the
four college classes at the same
time, ^n December, 1855, he
began teaching three hours a
day in the School for Deaf-
Mutes, at Hartford, founded by
his father, and on his gradua-
tion at. college, in 1856, he as-
sumed full duties as an instruc-
tor in that institution. In
May, 1857. Mr. Gallaudet was
invited to Washington, D. C.,
by Hon. Amos Kendall, to or-
ganize a new school for deaf-
mutes, chartered liy congress,
in February of that year.
Though not of legal age he
at once took charge of this
important institution, with the
assurance from the board
of directors, of which Mr.
Kendall was president, that they looked with favor
on his scheme, then definitely proposed, to develop
the new school into a college. In 18(14 congress
gave the Columbia Institution collegiate powers,
and Mr. Gallaudet. at the age of twenty-seven, was
made president of the college he had founded. Lib-
eral appropriations from congress have enabled the
college to carry out the plans of its president for the
higher education of the deaf, and after thirty-five
years of most successful work it is still the only col-
lege for the deaf in the world. Beautiful grounds
and buildings have been provided by congress, and
an ample corps of professors carries forward the edu-
cation of young deaf-mutes of both sexes to the
point of graduation in the liberal arts. Pres. Gal-
laudet. besides conducting the affairs of the institu-
tion in all its departments, planning and superin-
tending the erection of its buildings, has found time
for considerable literary work, and has visited Europe
four times in the interest of his profession. He has
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
141
been a contributor to the "American Aunals of the
Deaf," the "NewEnglander," the "Peuu Monthly,"
"Harper's Monthly," "International Review." and
other publications. In 1871) he published a "Manual
of International Law," now used as a text-book in
many colleges. In 1887 he published a "Life of
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (his father). Founder nf
Deaf-Mnte Education in America." His first visit
to Europe was in 1867, after which he published a
report on schools for the deaf in Europe, which ex-
erted an important influence in piomoting the or.d
teaching of the deaf in this country. His second
official visit to Europe was made in 1880, when he
went as a delegate to an international convention of
instructors of the deaf at Milan. He took an active
part in the discussions uf the convention, and com
mented on its proceedings in the London "Times"
and several American journals. In 1886 Dr. (I;d-
landet was invited by the British government to
visit London for the purpose of giving testimony be-
fore the royal commission on the blind, deaf and
dumb, etc. He appeared before the commission in
November, and it is understood that his account of
methods approved iu America hail an important in-
fluence in shaping the policy of the commission,
whose recommendations ir.'.ve been favorably consid-
ered by parliament. Dr. Gallaudet has been for
thirty years chairman of the executive committee of
the convention of American institutes of the deaf;
was one ol' the founders and has been president of
the Cosmos Club; was Gartield's successor as presi-
dent of the Literary Society of Washington; i> an
active member of the American Social Science As-
sociation, and has been chairman of the department
of education; is a member of the Philosophical and
Anthropological societies of Washington, and of the
American Historical Society and the Huguenot So-
ciety, and is president of the District of Columbia
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
The degree of Ph.D. was conferred upon him by
Columbian University, in ISliy, and that of LL.D.
by Trinity College, Hartford, the same year, and
by Vale University, in 1895. Dr. Gallaudet was
married, in Hartford, Conn., July 20, 1858, to Jane
M. Fessenden, daughter of Edson and Lydia W.
Fessenden. Mrs. Gallaudet died iu 1806. He was
married again, Dec. 22, 1808, to Susan, daughter
of Joseph A. and Elizabeth (Skinner) Deuison. He
has three sous and three daughters.
McCULLOTJGH, John, tragedian, was born at
Blakes. near Coleraine, Londonderry, Ireland, Nov.
14, 1832, son of a small farmer, in humble circum-
stances. Shortly after the death of his mother, iu
1844, he came to the United States, accompanying
his three sisters, older than himself, ami several
friends, who settled iu Philadelphia. There he made
his home who a cousin, who was a cliairmaker ;
and soon after his arrival, having found employment
at that trade, followed it for several years. Later,
his father also emigrated to America, and began
farming near Philadelphia ; he died at Morristowu.
N. J., iu 1878. On his arrival iu America, John
McCullough possessed only the barest rudiments of
an education ; but, by virtue of a native brilliancy
of intellect and a desire to advance, he gradually
obtained a fair degree of culture. A workman,
whom he met while engaged in chairmaking, led
him to read Shakespeare ; and the study of this
master, together with the few dramatic performances
which he witnessed, produced iu him an ardent long-
ing for the stage. He, accordingly, joined a society
of amateur actors, and later studied elocution under
the instruction of Lemuel White. On Aug. 15, 1857,
he made his professional debut, as Thomas in "The
Belle's Stratagem," at the Arch Street Theatre.
Philadelphia, then under the management of AVil-
liam Wheatley and John Drew. He remained at the
Arch Street Theatre for three years, and then, after
one season at the Howard Athemeurn, Boston, re-
turned to Philadelphia, to fill an engagement at
the Walnut Street Theatre It was while engaged at
this theatre that he made the acquaintance of Edwin
Forrest, who made him the leading man of his com-
pany, and thereafter took a warm interest in his
future. He appeared with Forrest for the first time
iu Boston, in October, 1801, playing Pythias to For-
rest's Damon, and during his connection with the
company was seen as Laertes, Macduff, lago, Edgar
and Richmond, and appeared also in "Metamora,"
"The Gladiator," "Jack Cade" and " The Broker
of Bogota." When Forrest gave a revival of
"Coriolanus" at Niblo's Garden, New York, iu
November, 1863, McCullough appeared as Cominius.
In 1866 he went to San Francisco, Cal., where, in
conjunction with Lawrence Barrett, he assumed the
management of the California Theatre, and retained
it for nearly nine years, through a period made bril-
liant and sueeessfiii by the appearance of some of the
best actors of the time In 1870 Barrett retired, and
thereafter McCullough was the sole manager of the
theatre. It was during this period that he was seen
for the first time as Yiruinius, a role in which, un-
til his death, he remained without a rival. At
Itootli's Theatre, on May 4, 1874, McCullough was
seen for the first time in New York
city as a star, and during his engage-
ment of four weeks he appeared
in the title-roles of " Richelieu " and
"Hamlet." and as Falconbridge in
" King John." When Boucicault's
" Belle le Mar " was produced at the
same theatre, in August, 1S74, Mc-
Cullough acted Col. Bligh, and in the
following mouth appeared as Pierre iu
a notable revival of Ot way's "Venice
Preserved." Following this, he rilled
profitable engagements as a star iu
various parts of the United States —
his receptions in San Francisco. Wash-
ington and Boston being especially
enthusiastic — and dnrini; this period
lie appeared iu San Francisco as De
Mauprat and Richmond to Edwin
Booth's Richelieu and Richard III.
On April 2, 1877, he opened a long
and profitable engagement at Booth's Theatre, New
York, and was seen as Yirginius, Richelieu, Richard
III., laso. Othello, King Lear, Metamora aud Spar-
tacus. His third engagement in New York was in-
augurated at the Grand Opera House, on April 22,
1878, and one of its features was a revival of "The
Fall of Tarquin," he himself appearing as Lucius
Brutus. At the Boston Theatre, on Feb. 3, 1879,
he revived "Pizarro," acting Rolla. Opeuing at
Utica, on Sept. 5, 1880, he starred during that sea-
son in thirty-four cities of the United States. His
first London engagement opened at Drury Lane
Theatre, on April is, 1881, aud during a run of
somewhat over a month, he was seen as Vir-
ginius and Othello. In the spring of 1883 he began
to give evidence of mental impairment, and, although
he sought relief for his ailment at Carlsbad. Ger-
many, it made such rapid progress, that in Chicago,
on Sept. 29, 1884, he was compelled to abruptly
quit the stage, and was never again seen as an actor.
From June until October, 1885, he was confined in
Bloomiugdale Insane Asylum, New York city, and
thereafter until his death was cared for at his home
in Philadelphia. During his career as au actor he
played man)- parts ; his best, observes a competent
critic, " were those which rested upon the basis of the
human heart and progressed in the realm of the af-
fectious. He was a heroic actor, the manly friend,
142
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
tbe fond and tender father, the simple, affectionate,
high-minded man, whose soul could only exist in
honor. To ideals of this kind he gave perfect ex-
pression." No actor in recent times held a higher
place in the affectionate regard of the people, and
his place on the American stage has not been filled.
Mr. McCulloiiffh was married, in 1849, to Let ilia
McClare, of Germautowu, Pa., who survived him
with a son. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov.
8, 1885, and was buried in Mount Moriah cemetery.
BRANT, Joseph (Thayendauegea), Indian
chief, was born about 1740 on the banks of tbe Ohio,
whither his parents, who were Mohawks, had gone to
hunt, as was their custom. His father was a full-
blooded Mohawk, of the Wolf tribe, and Brant was not
a halt-breed, as some accounts allege. Th'ere is some
doubt about his being tbe son of a chief, but it is
undisputed that his grandfather was one of the In-
dian chiefs who had visited England a half-century
before. He was a lad of uncommon enterprise and
pluck, and at the early age of thirteen he joined the
warriors of his tribe, under Sir William Johnson,
and was present, at the battle of Lake George. Sir
William Johnson, believing that the Indians could
be educated and civilized, devoted considerable of
his time in aiding them to build churches, organiz-
ing missions and improving the moral and social
condition of the race. He became interested in
Joseph Brant and his sister, Mary, who later, as his
wife, became mistress of "Johnson Hall." He sent
Joseph to Dr. Wheelock's Charity School in Lebanon,
Conn., where he not only became expert in the use of
the English language, but acquired also some knowl-
edge of general literature and history. When he left
this school he was taken by the missionary, Rev.
Chas. J. Smith, as his interpreter in 1762, but only
acted in this capacity a short time. He joined a
company of Johnson's soldiers that went out against
the Indians, and he "behaved so much like the
Christian and tbe soldier that
he gained great esteem." Brant
married about that time, and set-
tled in Canajoharie, N. Y. , where
lie joined the Episcopal church,
and led a peaceful life, engrossed
in missionary work among the
Mohawks, in improving their
minds with the knowledge he
had gained at school. He was a
man of earnest and serious char-
acter, and his devotion to the
rliuirli endured throughout his
life. But with this character nf
devout missionary and earnest
student Joseph Brant combined,
in curious contrast, the attributes
of an Indian warrior developed
to the highest degree. There
was no accomplishment prized
by tin- ''raves in which he did
not outshine all bis fellows.
lie was as much in advance
of his men in conducting warfare as in peaceful pur-
suits, and just as successful ; and, being early called
to take the warpath, he rendered much assistance to
the British throughout several campaigns. He was
with Johnson in the Niagara expedition, and was in
Pontiac'swar, in 1763, in which he fought with great
distinction on the English side. Having visited Eng-
land in 1775, he sided with the British at the outbreak
of the war of the revolution. He received a colonel's
commission from Gov. Carleton, who employed him
in many raids against the colonists until bis' became
a name of terror from the St. Lawrence to the Sus-
quehanua river. He took an active part in the mas-
sacre at Cherry Valley, N. Y.,as well as in that which
desolated MinHnk, in Orange county, in 1779. He
was at the head of a band of warriors in Col. St.
Leger's expedition against Fort Stanwix, and he bore
a prominent part in the battle of Oriskany the fol-
lowing August. The barbarities attending the de-
struction of the Wyoming valley, in July, 1778, have
been ascribed to him by some American writers
and by Campbell, in his poem, "Gertrude of Wyo-
ming"; but Brant was not present at that massacre.
The Indians were commanded by Col. John Butler,
whose heart was more ferocious than that of any
savage. John Fiske says of Brant: "The tincture
of civilization he had acquired was by no means
superficial. Though engaged in many murderous
attacks, his conduct was not marked by the ferocity
so characteristic of the Iroquois. Though he some-
times approved the slaying of prisoners, on grounds
of public policy, he was flatly opposed to torture,
and never would allow it. He" often went out of his
way to rescue women and children from the toma-
hawk, and the instances of his magnanimity toward
suppliant enemies were very numerous. " After the
treaty of peace, in 1783, he retained his commission
in the British service, drawing half pay. He imme-
diately exerted himself to get a home for bis people,
the Mohawks, across the St. Lawrence river. He
went to Quebec, where he obtained, through Gen.
Haldimand, a grant of land six miles on each side of
the Grand river, in Ontario, which flows into Lake
Erie, the grant extending the length of the river,
about 100 miles. Here, where the names of Brant
county and its county-seat, Brant ford, have been
given to preserve his memory, Joseph Brant ruled
over his people ; laboring for their improvement,
leaching them tbe Gospel, and looking after their
moral and intellectual improvement. He translated
the prayer-book and parts of the New Testament
into his native tongue, and he planned to write a his-
tory of the Six Nations, which was never accom-
plished, however. In 1785 he again visited England,
where he was received with the greatest honors, in-
troduced into the best society and presented at court.
While there he secured sufficient funds with which
to build a church for his people — the first Episcopal
church ever erected in Upper Canada. His last days
were spent on his estate at the head of Lake Ontario
— a gift from the king — upon which he built a large
residence ; and here resided with him his youngest
son, John, who afterwards became a chief, and a
daughter, Elizabeth, who married William Johnson
Kerr, a grandson of Sir William Johnson, while his
wife preferred the simpler life of the savage, and
dwelt with the tribe in tbe Indian village at Grand
river. Tbe last survivor of the Brant children was
Catherine B. Johnson, who died at Wellington
Square, Canada, in 1867. Joseph Brant was sagacious
and brave, chivalrous and faithful, kind and gentle,
and unquestionably the greatest Indian of whom we
have any knowledge. Theodosia Burr, having en-
tertained him at her house in New York, wrote her
father, Aaron Burr: "After all, he was a most
Christian and civilized guest in his manners." He
died, Nov. 34, 1807, at his home in Wellington
Square, Canada, and was buried beside the little
church he built on Grand river. There is a monu-
ment over his grave, with this inscription : "This
tomb is erected to the memory of Thayendanegea,
or Capt. Joseph Brant, principal chief and warrior
of the Six Nations Indians, by his fellow-subjects,
admirers of his fidelity and attachment to the British
crown." A statue of Brant was unveiled at Brant-
ford in 1886.
TODD, Mabel Loomis, author, was born at
Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 10, 1858, daughter of Prof.
Eben J. and Mary Aldeu (Wilder) Loomis. Her
mother was directly descended from John Alden, of
the Mayflower. Mabel Loomis was educated in the
private schools of Washington and of Boston, in the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
143
latter city being especially trained in music and
painting. She was married. March 5, 187il, to
David B. Todd, then an astronomer of the naval ob-
servatory, but who soon became professor of astron-
omy at Amlierst College. For some years Mrs.
Todd had devoted most of her time to music- and to
painting, occasionally writing an article.' for the
magazines. One of her studies of milkweed and
brown linttc'i-llii's was used as a cover decoration for
Dr. Samuel H. Scudder's great work, "The Butter
tlies of New England." She accompanied Prof.
Todd to .l.-cpan, in 1*87, upon the total solar eclipse
expedition of which he had charge, and her interest
in astronomy was so decided that she was able to lie
of much assistance to him. She contributed articles
in regard to this expedition to the New York
" Nation," "St. Nicholas," the " Century" and other
publications After much laborious work of copy-
ing, arranging and editing the poems of Ivnilv Dick
iiison idec-easi-d), the lirst volume of these verses
was published in ISKO; the second volume, with Mrs.
To Id's preface, in IS'.ll. In 18114 appeared a volume
by her on "Total Eclipses of the Sun," which is an
accepted authority upon that subject. Later that same
year Mrs. Todd brought out two volumes of Emily
Dickinson's " Letters," which she edit ed. with copious
notes. In 1896 she accompanied Prof. Todd to Japan
upon another eclipse expedition, which he super-
intended, and this time they visited the- northern coast
of Ye/,o, on the sea of Okhotsk. The result of this
expedition and its work appeared in various articles
written bv Mrs. Todd, as well as interesting accounts
of the hairy Aino, aborigines who live in this part of
Japan, Mrs. Todd being the first foreign woman to
visit Kitnmi province. These articles were published
in the New York "Nation," "Outlook," " Inde-
pendent," the "Journal of Education," the "Atlantic
Monthly," the "Century Magazine" and others. In
the autumn of 18%, a third series of Emily Dickin-
son's poems appeared, under her editorship, as well
as a "Cycle of Sonnets" by an anonymous author.
Mrs. Todd's book upon the last Japan expedition,
entitled "Corona and Coronet," (1898), includes
eight or ten chapters upon the Hawaiian islands.
She made, while in northern Japan, an ethnological
collection of Aino articles of dress, ornament and use,
the second only in this country, for the Peabody
museum at Salem, Mass. Every season Mrs. Todd
gives drawing-room talks on astronomical and
literary subjects, as well as upon travel, in the
women's clubs and the homes of Philadelphia, Bos-
ton, Brooklyn, Chicago, Cleveland and other cities.
She is regent of a chapter of the Daughters of the
American Revolution, and was for many years upon
the state committee of the General Federation of
Women's Clubs; is also a director in the Massa-
chusetts State Federation, and has held many other
club offices. Prof, and Mrs. Todd have one daugh-
ter, Millicent, born in Washington, D. C., 1880.
BIGELOW, Poultney, journalist and author,
was born in New York city, Sept. 10. 1855. son of
John Bigelow, the eminent author and diplomat, and
Jane T. Ponltuey, of Baltimore, Md. He is in the
eighth generation from John Bigelow, who settled
at Watertown, Mass., in 1633. and figures in the
town records as Biglo, Begulah and Baguley. By
his wife, Mary Warren, he had thirteen children,
one of whom, Joshua, was a soldier in King Philip's
war, and for his services was awarded a tract of
land near Westminster, R. I. Another member of
the family who bore a military title was Joshua's
son, John (1681-1770), a lieutenant. Asa, great-
grandson of Lieut. John, was the father of John
Bigelow, the author. Poultney Bigelow was taken
to Paris by his parents in 1861, his father having
been appointed U. S. consul, and as the latter was
subsequently U. S. minister, he remained in that city
until 1867. In 1870 he went to Germany to continue
his education. He there formed a strong friendship
with the son of the then crown prince, now the
reigning sovereign, sharing in his sports. He entered
Yale in 1873, but at the end of his freshman year,
stalled on a voyage round the globe in a sailing-
vessel. The vessel was wrecked on the coast of
Japan, and Mr. Bigelow barely escaped with his life.
Alter an adventurous trip to the Great Wall of
China, he returned to his native country by way of
California, and re-entered Yale. He began his
literary career while a senior as an editor of the
'Yale Courant." He became acquainted with
Freileric Remington while both
wen- si inlying in the Yale Art
School, and made his debut asaii
illustrator in that journal. Mr.
liiu'clow was graduated in 187!).
and then entered the Columbia
Law School; was admitted to I In-
supreme court bar, and practiced
.several years in New York. taking
at the same time an active inter-
est in politics a- secretary of the
New York Free Trade Club and
City Reform Club. lie has Keen
connected with the " Herald " in
different departments, dividing
liis time between the 1'iiiled
Slates and Europe; traveling ex-
tensivi-lv, and frequently under
ollicial auspices. He was the (irst
editor of " Outing " as a magazine
devoted to outdoor sports, remo\ •
in^ ii from Boston to New York.
In I8'J1 he descended the Danube in a canoe, being
the first to take a canoe down the Iron Gate- rapids.
He has paddled this canoe over nearly every large
river in Europe, and has sailed another around the
islands of St. Thomas and St. Kills, in the Caribbean
sea. In 18(12, in company with Freeh-tic Remington,
he visited Russia on a commission in behalf of the
I". S. government. Notwithstanding his semiofficial
position, he fell under disfavor \\ilh the Russian
government, and was obliged to leave the country,
though the cause of his offense undoubtedly arose
from a misapprehension as to the purpose of his mis-
sion. His companion, who was engaged in studying
the Russian soldier from the- sin ml point of the artist,
was included in the proscription. On the outbreak
of the Spanish American war, Mr. Bigelow went to
Cuba, and acted for a time as correspondent for the
London "Times" and the New York ".Herald."
His trenchant criticism of certain conditions and
people made him a marked figure in the journalism
of the war. The secretary of war made Mr. Bige-
low's stay with the Cuban army of invasion impos-
sible, and consequently he abandoned his highly
flattering connection with his two papers and went
on his own account to the Philippines, there to con-
tinue his studies of army administration. This enabled
him to make a second voyage around the world,
gathering material upon colonial administration in
the far East. He is the author of "The German
Emperor and His Eastern Neighbors" (1891);
"Paddles and Politics down the Danube" (1892);
" The Borderland of Czar and Kaiser" (1893); "His-
tory of the German Struggle for Liberty" (1895);
"White Man's Africa" (1896), and many review
articles which have been reprinted as pamphlets —
some translated. He was married, in New York city,
in 1884, to Edith Evelyn, daughter of Edward S.
and Anna (Phillips) Jaffray. She is the author of
several works of fiction, including "The Duke and
the Commoner," "Beautiful Miss Thorndyke" and
"Diplomatic Disenchantments."
144
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
VINCENT, John Heyl, M. E. bishop, was born
at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa co., Ala., Feb. 23, 1833,
eldest son of John Himrod anil Mary (Raser) Vincent.
His paternal ancestors were Huguenots, who, after
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, fled from their
home in southern France and came to America. A
branch of the family settled in central Pennsylvania,
near Milton, Northumberland county, and there Bish-
op Vincent's father was born. The latter, about 1820,
removed to Alabama, where he was married, his wife
being the daughter of a sea captain, Bernard Raser, of
Philadelphia. His household was governed in ac-
cordance with the precept, "the fear of the Lord is
the beginning of wisdom," and in accordance with
I he strictest tenets of the Methodist Episcopal church ;
but, strict as the home life was, it was a happy one.
It was hallowed especially by the presence of Mrs.
Vincent, who has been eulogized in a volume en-
titled "My Mother," in which her sou describes her as
"an incarnation of consistency, fidelity, self-sacrifice
and serenity." John was consecrated to the ministry
from his birth, and is said to have accepted his
destined calling so early that at the age of five he
began discoursing on religious themes to the negro
children of the neighborhood. When he was six
years of age his father returned to his old home on
Montour Ridge, in Pennsylvania, and the boy began
his education under a governess. At the same time,
he derived much profit from
the conversation of the preach-
ers of different denominations
who from time to time were
guests of the hospitable fam-
ily. He next attended acade-
mies at Milton and Lewisburg,
Pa.; at the age of fifteen be-
gan to teach, and at the age of
eighteen was licensed to "ex-
hort," and became a local
preacher. Giving up a long-
cherished desire to go to col-
lege, he took a brief course
of study at the Wesleyan Insti-
tute, Newark, N. J., and com-
pleted, in 1857, the course of
the New Jersey conference.
The longer he worked in his
profession the more he felt the
need of the mental training
afforded by a college course, and endeavored to
make up for his deficiencies by laying down for
himself a systematic course of study. From time to
time he studied Greek, Hebrew, French and physical
science under special teachers, and gave considerable
time to readings in science and general literature. A
trip to the Old World, in 1862, was made a part of
his intellectual training, and during it he visited
Egypt, Palestine, Greece and Italy. Tn 1855 he was
ordained deacon, and labored in New Jersey; two
years later became an elder, and was transferred to
the Rock River conference, acting as pastor at Jo-
liet. Mt. Morris, Galena, Roekford and Chicago. In
1866, he was elected general agent of the M. E.
Sunday-school Union; in 1868, general correspond-
ing secretary of the Sunday-school Union and Tract
Society, which necessitated a residence in New York
city. In connection with the work of Sunday-
schools, Dr. Vincent was a thorough reformer. He
had organized, as early as 1855, the "Palestine
Class," for the study of Bible history and geog-
raphy. This class had suggested to him the ne-
cessity for a thorough training for Sunday-school
teachers, and he organized, in 1857, at Joliet, 111., a
church normal class (undenominational) for this pur-
pose. The work grew rapidly, spreading beyond
i lir limits of his own parish, and in 1861 he held the first
Sunday-school institute in America. In this same
year, Dr. Vincent prepared a manual, entitled
Footprints in Bible Lauds.'
'Little
This was the first of a
large quantity of Sunday-school literature, chiefly un-
denominational in character, which the new ideas
called forth. In 1865 he established the ••North-
western Sunday-school Quarterly," and the next year
the "Sunday-school Teacher," into which he intro-
duced the present system of Sunday-school lessons,
with lesson-leaves. As corresponding secretary of
the Sunday-school Union (1868-88), Dr. Vincent was
also editor of all Sunday-school publications of his
denomination, and under his management the circu-
lation of the " Sunday-school Journal " increased
tenfold. His lesson-leaves had a circulation of nearly
2,500,000 copies. The complete series of his books
forms in reality an encyclopedia of modern Sunday-
school work, and includes, among others, the Berean
question-books from 1871-82, a series of handbooks
for normal work, a volume on the "Modern Sunday-
school," and another on the "Church School." The
work, having progressed thus far, found its ultimate
development in the Chautauqua Sunday-school
Assembly, originated by Lewis Miller, of Akron, O.,
and Dr. Vincent, in 1874, when an institute, unde-
nominational in character, met for two weeks at
Chautauqua, N. Y., for the preparation of Sunday-
school teachers. As the organization grew from year
to year, new plans were developed ; the time of session
was extended to eight weeks, and the work made
to include a complete summer school, with courses
of lectures and entertainments, and Chaulauqua be-
came a meeting-place for various Christian bodies,
while still retaining its early form of instruction in
Sunday-school methods and Bible study. The
Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, by which
definite courses of reading are planned for individuals
or clubs, was founded in 1878. and within a few
years had 100,000 students enrolled. A Chautauqua
College of Liberal Arts was established, by which
courses of study were given through correspondence,
and degrees conferred. This remarkable work has
been described by him in a volume entitled "'The
Chautauqua Movement " (1886). In 1888 Dr. Vin-
cent was elected bishop in the M. E. church, and was
stationed at Buffalo, N. Y., subsequently removing
to Topeka, Kan. In 1893 he was appointed one of
the preachers of Harvard University, and in 1896
the university conferred upon him the degree of
D. D. Among his published works, not mentioned
above, are: ""The Home Book" (1886); "The
Modern Sunday-school "(1887); "Better Not" (1887);
and "Studies in Young Life" (1889). Bishop Vincent
was married, at Portville, N. Y., Nov. 10, 1858, to
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Caroline (Butler)
Dusenbury. His only son, George E., a graduate
of Yale, is principal of the Chautauqua System: aNo
assistant professor of sociology at the University of
Chicago.
BUCKINGHAM, John Duncan, musician,
was born at Huntinglou, Pa., May 17, 1855, sou of
Rev. N. S. Buckingham, an eloquent preacher and
member of the Baltimore conference and Central
Pennsylvania congress of the M. E. church, and of
Margaret Morris (Duncan) Buckingham. His pater-
nal ancestors came from England and settled iu
Virginia iu early colonial days." Through his mother,
he is descended from an equally old Pennsylvania
family of Scotch origin. He studied at the Dickin-
son Seminary at Williamsport, Pa., and the Wyoming
Seminary at' Kingston, Pa., beginning at the age of
twelve, howeverrto subordinate his other studies to
that of music. When eighteen years of age, he
went to Boston, Mass., to perfect his musical educa-
tion, as organist and pianoforte player, and in ls7!l
he was sradualed at the Boston University College
of Music and College of Liberal Arts. While still a
sl.ideiit of the institution, he was employed by its
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
145
founder and principal. Dr. Ebcn Tourjcc, to teach
less advanced pupils of the institution, and imme-
diately after his graduation he was made profes-
sor of the pianoforte, in addition to that of su-
perintendent of the normal department of the
conservatory. He remained there until June, 1896.
Annul.!; those of his pupils who have become famous
as musicians, the must eminent, are Alvah G. Sal-
mon and Mrs. Lilian Lord Wood, who are well
known as public performers. Mr. Buckingham has
traveled frequently in Europe, and lias met iimny
distinguished European musicians. As an organist,
he has held positions in prominent Boston churches,
but since 1898 has been organist and choirmaster
of St. Michael's R. C. church, Providence, R. I. He
is also head of the pianoforte department of the
Y. M. C. A. music-school of Boston and director of
the musical department of Woodward Institute, at
Quincy, Mass. Few of his musical compositions
have been published. In the Alumni Association of
the New England Conservatory he lias held olh'ce as
president and chairman of Hie board of directors; in
the first of these capacities lie advocated and caused
a tablet to be erected in memory of Dr. Tonrjee. He
has held membership in the Boston Art Club, the
Roxbury Club, the Boston Athletic Association, the
Faculty Club and the Clefs, a club of 100 prominent
Boston musicians. lie was married, June 8, 1875,
to Anna M., daughter of Archalaus and Mary
(Fletcher) Cummings. of New Hampshire, and had
one son, now deceased.
HENRY, Stuart, author, was born at Clifton
Springs, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1800, son of Oliver 11. and
Harriet H. (Crane) Henry. His branch of the family
was twin with that of Patrick Henry, of Virginia,
and was connected with the Hilliard family, of
which Henry H. Hilliard, of Alabama, was a member.
His mother's family was one early established at
Saybrook, Conn. He was reared and educated in
Abilene, Kan., and received the degrees of A.B. and
A.M. from Hie University of Kansas. During a
period of len years he was trained in business
methods under his brother, who became well known
in Hie Western states by the names of the "Kansas
Wheat King" ami the "Irrigation King of Colo-
rado." In 1883-84 Mr. Henry studied and traveled
in Germany; and in 1391, after having made the
beginning of a literary career by articles in the
" Nation " and " Popular Science Monthly," he went
to Europe to study literature critically. He spent
nearly five years in Paris, making a systematic study
of French literature under the guidance of Georges
Pellissier and other critics, and at the same time
coming gradually under public notice through
articles on French themes published in London,
periodicals. These; beiiiR also read in France, at-
tracted the attention and brought him the friendship
of the leading litterateurs in Paris, including Sardou,
Alphonse Daudet, Comtesse de Beausacq, Marcel -
Prevost, Coppee, and others. His article, published
in 1893 in the "Contemporary Review," on the
"Gray and Gay Race," appeared, in the minds of
French reviewers, to fasten the characterization of
"gray" upon the French. Mr. Henry returned to
the United States for a visit iu 1895, but his perma-
nent residence is in Paris. He published "Paris
Days and Evenings" in London in 189G; "Hours
with Famous Parisians" iu Chicago in 1897; and
"French Etudes and Rhapsodies," a collection of
essays, in London iu 1899. He was twice married:
first^ in November, 1889, to Nellie, daughter of
Judge Solon O. Timelier, of Lawrence, Kan. ; his
wife dying while he was still resident in the United
States, he was, four years later, in June, 1895, mar-
ried in London to Georgia, daughter of George W.
Johnson, of Champaign, 111.
VOL. IX.— 10.
CAMPBELL, James Valentine, jnrist, was
born in Buffalo, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1823, son of
Henry M. and Lois Campbell. In 1826 his father
removed to Detroit, Mich., where he established
himself as a merchant, and subsequently held the
position of county judge, a capacity iu which he had
officiated previously iu New York. The son al-
ien,led school at Flushing, L. I., entered St. Paul's
College there, and was graduated in arts in 1841.
He then returned to Detroit, studied law, and iu
1844 was admitted to the bar. Establishing himself
as a lawyer in that city. In- practiced his profession
for thirteen years, "distinguishing himself, "as was
said in a report made by the senate of the University
of Michigan after his death, "for acuteness of intel-
lect as well as for accurate and comprehensive knowl-
edge." When the supreme court of Michigan was
reorganized, in 1857, and a new court thus virtually
established, he was, although but thirty-four years
of age, elected one of its justices, and, by successive
reflections, he was continued in this ollice for the
remaining thirty-three years of his life. More than
seventy volumes of the Michigan legal reports are
devoted to his judicial decisions. As a judge, he
displayed a great partiality for the common law of
England as administered by Coke, Mansfield and
Kenyon, and lie was little hiase'd by dern prece-
dents. He was particularly careful that in a trial
a criminal should have every
advantage to which he had a
legal right, upholding his
immunity from arrest without
a warrant, anil his right to a
trial according to the ancient
forms of the law. In politics
he \\as a Whig, and afterward
a Republican, and at all times
an upholder of individual
state rights, and jealous of
any interference of the Fed-
eral government. In 1895
Judge Campbell was made
Marshall professor of law in
the law department of the Uni-
versity of Michigan, which was
then opened. He opened
tin' law-school with an
address on "The Study
of Law." and continued
to administer the duties
of his professorship for
twenty-five years, resigning in 1885. His scholarship
extended beyond his professional range; he was
deeply versed in history, particularly that of Michi-
gan in its early days. On this subject he wrote his
only literary work, entitled "Outlines of the Political
History of Michigan." It has been said of him that
he was so genial in bearing, so punctilious in the
discharge of his obligations, that to no man was the
description more applicable, "integer vitas, sceleris-
que purus." He was married, in 1849, to Cornelia
Hotchkiss, whose death occurred shortly before his
own. He died, March 26, 1890.
HALSEY, Harlan Page (Old Sleuth), au-
thor, was born in New York city, Oct. 23, 1837,
the son of William and Mary A. (Sickles) Halsey,
the latter a daughter of Lieut. Daniel Sickles, U. S.
N. The Halsey family has been prominent for cen-
turies in England and America. Records exist
showing them to have been lords of the manor
of Lanesley iu Cornwall in 1189. In 1458 a branch
of the family settled at Great Gaddesden, and in
1545 King Henry VIII. bestowed the estate of the
rectory of Gaddesden upon William Halsey. His
descendants still retain the estate, the present owner
being Thomas Frederick Halsey, M. P. The Ameri-
can branch of the family was founded by Thomas
146
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Halsey, who was born at Great Gaddesden, edu-
cated at Oxford University, and emigrated to New
England in 1637. In 1640 he was one of the found-
ers of Southampton, L. I. His wife was the first
white woman killed by Indians on Long Island.
The family was represented in the revolutionary war
by Stephen Halsey and Capt. Luther Halsey, aide-de-
camp of Gen. Washington, and several others. In
the war of 1812, members of the family also took a
prominent part, notably Capt. Silas P. Halsey, who
was killed in an attempt to blow up the British block-
ading frigate Ramilles, and in the Mexican war a
Dr. Seymour Halsey took part as surgeon of the
First Mississippi Rifles. Through his mother, Har-
lan Page Halsey was descended from several equal-
ly prominent colonists,
among whom were: Rob-
ert Treat, third governor
of Connecticut colony
and commander of the
Connecticut troops for
thirty years, and at th-e
Great Swamp fightwhen
the Indians were finally
subdued ; Rev. Francis
Higginsou, first "teach-
er" of the church at
Salem, Mass.; Edmund
Tapp, one of the sevui
pillars of the church at
Milford. Conn., and first
presiding judge after the
union of the Connecticut
settlements ; Gov. John
Ogden, of East Jersey;
Thomas Chatfield, and
Capt. Samuel Swaine.
His maternal ancestors
also took a prominent part in the colonial wars. Shortly
after the birth of their son, his parents returned to
Brooklyn, where they had formerly resided, and where
the boy was brought up and received his early edu-
cation. At the age of fourteen he began to write
sketches and verse for the Brooklyn " Eagle," con-
tributing frequently to its columns until he entered
Willistou Semiuaiy, Easthampton, where he re-
mained two years. At the age of eighteen he wrote
a novel entitled "Annie Wallace." He became con-
nected with " Frank Leslie's Magazine," and several
other periodicals, and at the same time wrote his first
short stories and several political pamphlets, which
were used as campaign documents. In 1856, during
the Fremont campaign, he wrote a poem entitled
"The Issue and theCandidutes." containing prophe-
cies which later political history has verified. He
served in the 7th New Vork regiment during the
civil war. In 1870 he wrote '"Old Sleuth," for
George Munro, and that publisher found the work
so successful that he engaged the author to write se-
rials for him. Adopting the title of his book as a
pen-name, Mr. Halsey spent twenty-two years in this
employment, and during that period nearly three
hundred serials appeared, which made the fortunes
of both author and publisher. In 1894 he deter-
mined to be his own publisher, and from that time
he supervised the publication of all his subsequent
books, one hundred and thirty-five in number,
the sales of which reached 2,000,000 copies per
annum before his death. Latterly these highly suc-
cessful works were produced at the rate of two a
month. Most of them are detective stories, and their
style has been described as "a combination of the lit-
erary methods of Balzac, Charles Reade and Anthony
Trollope." He also produced a number of society
novels, among which were: " My Aggravating Wife,"
"A Lady Bachelor," and "Her Great Surprise."
During the presidential campaign of 1896, he again
appeared as a political writer, producing a pamphlet
entitled "The Silver Republic." He was a financier
of great ability; organized the Hamilton Trust Co.
and the Kings County Trust Co., and was deeply
interested in corporation matters. In 1891 he was
appointed a member of the Brooklyn board of edu-
cation. He was also a member of the Union League
Club. In 1854 he was married to his cousin, Henri-
etta A., daughter of Henry A. Halsey. Mr. Halsey
died at his home in Brooklyn, Dec. 16, 1898. His
wife, two sons and a daughter survive him.
BUTLER, Nicholas Murray, educator, was
born at Patersou, N. J-, April 2. 1862, sou of Henry
L. and Mary J. (Murray) Butler. He was educated
in the public schools of his native city, where his
father was for many years president of the board of
education. At the age of sixteen lie entered Colum-
bia College, New York, and was graduated there in
the class of 1882. The following year he received
the degree of A.M. from his alma mater, and in 1884
that of Ph.D. The same year he visited Europe,
and continued his studies at the universities of Ber-
lin and Paris. At the former a lasting friendship
was formed with Prof. Paulsen, the foremost living
philosopher of Germany, which has strongly influ-
enced Dr. Butler's life and character. At an early
age Dr. Butler determined upon the career of a
teacher, and on his return to America, in 1886, he
became instructor in philosophy in Columbia Col-
lege. Two years later he became adjunct-pro-
fessor, and in 1890 was made full professor of
philosophy, ethics and psychology, and lecturer on
the history and institutes of education. In that same
year he was elected dean of the faculty of philoso-
phy for a term of five years, and re-elected at its ex-
piration. Besides his duties as the head of the philo-
sophical department of a great university, Dr. But-
ler has found time for other work. Not content to
sluily educational systems, state and city, in statisti-
cal reports and otlicial documents, he has made him-
self acquainted with them by participating in their
administration. He was for several years a member
of the state board of education in New Jersey, and
was instrumental in bringing about the educational
revolution in his state which substituted the town
for the district system of administration. As presi-
dent of the board of education iu Paterson, N. J.,
he acquired a thoroughly practical acquaintance with
the working of a city system of schools. In 1887
he planned, organized and became the first president
of the New York College for the Training of Teach-
ers, now Teachers' College, of Columbia Univer-
sity, where, in the Horace Mann School of Practice,
he had an opportunity to test his theories by experi-
ment. In K'itl a threatened breakdown in health
from overwork led him to retire from this congenial
field of labor, but not before he had made the col-
lege famous for the work of its mode! school and
the skill of the teachers it had graduated. That in-
stitution, which has become closely affiliated with
Columbia University, is now not only a great train-
ing school for teachers, but the working laboratory
of the department of philosophy and education. Dr.
Butler has also achieved success in the literature of
his profession. In 1891 he founded, and he still con-
tinues to edit, the "Educational Review," probably
the foremost educational magazine in the world. He
is editor of the "Great Educators" series, and of the
"Teachers' Professional Library, "as well as of the
"Columbia University Contributions" to philosophy,
psychology and education. In 1898 he published
"The Meaning of Education," a collection of essays
and addresses which had been delivered in one form
or another in almost every state of the Union. In
1894 Dr. Butler became university examiner in edu-
cation for the state of New Y'ork. The same year
he was elected president of the National Educa-
OP AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
147
tional Association. On Feb. 7, 1887, he was married
to Susanna Edwards, daughter of J. Rutsuu Schuy-
ler, of Bergen Point, N. J., and they have one
daughter. Dr. Butler is a man of great natural force
and of high attainments. To those who know him
intimately his versatility is a constant source of won-
der. \Vnli apparently equal aptitude he discusses
philosophy, politics, literature, finance, educational
theory and educational administration. As a student
lie is always thorough, and he lias the rare and pre-
cious gift of extracting the suhstance out of an essay
or a book in a few minutes or a few hours, which it
would take ordinary men hours or days to master.
As a thinker he is logical, consistent and thoroughly
honest. He never persuades himself that a wrong
thing is right because he wants it to appear right.
As a writer and speaker he is clear, forcible anil con
cise, and he possesses in an extraordinary degree that
power of exposition which convinces friends and
confounds opponents. Basing his theories on well-
considered principles, and guided by high ideals, lie
may be regarded as a type of the most progressive
element in our contemporary educational life.
THOMSON, Benjamin, poet, was born in the
town of Dorchester, now a part of Boston, Mass., in
1640. He was educated at Harvard College, when- be
was graduated in 1002. He is supposed to be the first
native American poet, and on his tombstone is in-
scribed : " Benjamin Thomson, learned schoolmaster
and physician and ye renowned poet of New Eng-
land." His principal work, " New England's Crisis,
appears to have been written during the wars of King
Philip and of the Pequods against the colonists in
1675 and 1070. Besides bis great epic, three shorter
poems have been preserved. He died in April, 1714.
TOLMAN, William Howe, sociologist, was
born at Pawtucket, It. I., June 3, 1861, son of Wil-
liam E. and Martha Lee (Howe) Tolman. His father
•was principal of the high school at Pawtucket for
more than twenty-five years, and in this school Wil-
liam II. Tolmau prepared for Brown I'niversitv,
where he was graduated in 1883. After this Ire
taught for some years, and then took a post-graduate
course at the Johns Hopkins University, where lie
took his degree of Ph.D. in 1891. While occupying
the position, the next four years, as professor of his-
tory in Dr. Julius Sachs' Collegiate School, New
York city, he went thoroughly into the study of the
housing problem of large cities in different countries,
and collected photographs, of which he has since
made use in his lectures. In 1894 lie became asso-
ciated with Dr. Parkliurst in the City Vigilance
League of New York, the object being to promote
better citizenship among young men. After this,
until August, 1898, he was the executive manager
of the New York Association for Improving the
Condition of the Poor ; he then became associated
with Dr. Josiah Strong as secretary of the League
for Social Service, "a clearing-house for practical
philanthropy." He collaborated with his friend, Dr.
William I. Hull, a "Hand-book of Sociological Ref-
erences for New York," and made a report on public
baths and public comfort stations, while in the posi-
tion of secretary of the mayor's advisory committee
on public baths. Mr. Tolman has been secretary of
the Improved Housing Council, the organizer of the
Get-Together Club of Manhattan and Brooklyn, and
has always been closely identified with the committee
for the cultivation of vacant city lots, and is secretary
both of this and of the committee for the promotion
of agriculture in New York state. He has lectured
on industrial and social questions before some of
the most prominent colleges, and has written upon
these subjects for the leading reviews. He was mar-
ried, Aug. 25, 1891, to Anna C., daughter of Wil-
hehn Gerhold.
PRYOR, Roger Atkinson, jurist, was born
near Petersburg, Va. , July 19, 1828, son of Theodoric
and Lucy E. (Atkinson) Pryor. His father was an
eminent Presbyterian minister; and his mother a
descendant of the Randolphs, Blauds, and other his-
toric families of the Old Dominion. He was
graduated at Hampden-Sidney College in 1846. and
at the University of Virginia in 1848. He studied
law, and was admitted to the bar, but left the law
for journalism, editing the Petersburg " Soutuside
Democrat," the Washington "Union" and the
Richmond " Enquirer." In 1855 he was sent on a
special mission to Greece by Pres. Pierce. In 1856
he opposeil William L. Yaucey's proposition to re-
open the slave trade. In 1857 he was active in the
political campaign that led to the overthrow of
Know-nothingism and the election as governor of
Henry A. Wise. He established at Richmond a
newspaper called "The South," in which he set
forth his views of states' rights, which were extreme.
Hi1 was elected to the I'. S. congress in 1858, and
was re elected in isoo. He favored the secession of
Virginia, but remained at his post until that event
occurred, when he ardently espoused the southern
cause, became a member of the provisional Confed-
erate congress, and was elected to the tirst regular
congress. He was soon afterward appointed a colonel
in tlie army, and after the battle of Williamsburg was
made brigadier-general, but resigned his commis-
sion, and re-entered the service as a private in Gen.
Fitzhugli I.ee's cavalry. In 1864 he was taken
prisoner, and was confined in Fort Lafayette. Re-
leased on exchange, he returned to the South, and
advocated the adopt i if a policy of acquiescence by
the people of that section. Having been made penni-
less by the fortunes of war, and seeing no immediate
prospect of gaining a livelihood in the South, he re-
moved with his family to New York city in 1865. and
began again the stud}- of law, supporting himself by
writing for the press. As soon as he was admitted
to the bar, he gained recognition as an astute and
aeci implished lawyer. He was counsel for Theodore
Tilton in his suit against Henry
Ward Beecher; was associated
with Gen. Butler in the Sprague
estate litigations, and in the suit
in the U. 8. circuit court to re-
cover the New York and New
England railroad for its origi-
nal stockholders. He was also
engaged in the elevated railroad
cases, and many moreof likeim-
portance. In November, 1890,
he was appointed judge of the
court of common pleas by Gov.
Hill, and afterward elected for
the full term of fourteen years.
In honor of the appointment,
he was tendered a banquet by
the Hon. John Russell Young,
at which Pres. Cleveland and
many other noted men of all
political parties and religious creeds were pres-
ent. By the constitution of 1894, he was trans-
ferred to the supreme court. Since the war, Judge
Pryor has taken no active part in politics, but has
devoted himself to his profession. He is the author
of a number of speeches and of addresses on literary
subjects. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon
him by Hampden-Sidney some years ago, and he was
one of the board of visitors of the University of
Virginia. Retired from the bench by the age limit,
he has resumed the practice of his profession in the
city of New York. He was married at Charlottes-
ville, Va., Nov. 8, 1848, to Sarah Agnes Rice, a de-
scendant of Nathaniel Bacon of Virginia, the famous
colonial leader. They have six children.
148
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
KEENER, William Albert, dean of the Co-
lumbia Law School, was born in Augusta, Ga.,
March 10, 1850, son of Henry Keener. His mother
was noted for her great piety and extraordinary
force of character. As his parents died when he was
very young, he was brought up in the home of a
married sister, and attended the public schools of his
native city. Entering Emory College at the early
age of fourteen, he was graduated with distinction
in 1874. After spending a year in ,the office of Hou
James C. Black, oue of the most conspicuous mem-
bers of the Augusta bar, and feeling the need of
thorough legal training, he entered the Harvard Law
School, Cambridge, Mass., taking his degree in 1877.
He removed to New York city for practical work,
after having taken a third year of
post-graduate study at Harvard.
He was fortunate in being con-
nected with the office of James
C. Carter, and also soon gaining an
independent practice. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1879, and from
that time until 1883 was a member
of the law firm of Ashley & Keener.
On the retirement of Judge Oli-
ver AVeudell Holmes from the fac-
ulty of the Harvard Law School,
Mr. Keener was, in 1883, appointed
professor of law, and in 1888 he
became Story professor of law in
that school of legal learning, of
which such brilliant lights as Dane,
Langdell, Holmes, Thayer and Ames
were the creators. In 1890, when
it was decided to reorganize Colum-
bia Law School, Prof. Keener was
invited to go to New York and give that institution
the benefit of his experience and scholarship. He
became dean of the school in 1891, and Kent pro
fessor of law in 1893. The degree of LL.D. was
conferred upon him, in 1894, by the Western Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, in recognition of the valu-
able and inestimable service he has rendered to the
cause of legal education. The high position of Co-
lumbia Law School is largely due to Prof. Keener's
lofty ideals and to his resolute and scientific spirit.
Prof. Keener has not only edited many volumes of
collected cases for the use of Harvard and Columbia
students, but is the author of an epoch-making treatise
on the law of i|iiasi contract, which has long waited
for separate and adequate treatment.
HUTCHINSON, Anne (Marbury), religion-
ist, was born in Lincolnshire, England, about 1590,
daughter of Hev. Francis Marbury, a Church of Eng-
land clergyman. At the age of twenty-two, she was
married to William Hutchiusou, of Alford, and set-
tled in the neighborhood of Boston, where she joined
herself to St. Botolph's, John Cotton's, Church, and
became an enthusiastic adherent of his teachings, as
they marked his progress to recognized leadership
in the nonconformist movement. When, in I(i33,
Cotton was silenced by Archbishop Laud and driven
to refuge in America, she found herself deprived of
acceptable spiritual consolation, and within a year
followed him with her husband and children. It
would seem that her unusually active mind had al-
ready formulated many of the "pinions which later
made her notorious, for on the voyage from Eng-
land, it is related, her claim to be a recipient of
revelations from God greatly scandalized the passen-
gers, particularly Zechariah Symmes, later pastor at
Charlestown, at whose recommendation her admis-
sion to the Boston church was long delayed. As a
woman of striking personality and many grace* of
character, she soon became an acceptable addition
in the colonial city, attending the sick with some
little medical skill, acting as midwife, and proving
herself an able adviser on religious doubts and per-
plexities. It was the custom at that time for the
men of the Boston church to hold weekly meetings
to review and discuss the sermon of the previous Sab-
bath ; but as no such advantage had as yet been en-
joyed by the women, Mrs. Hutchinson's love of
religious discussion led her to inaugurate similar
gatherings for her own sex. She lierself invariably
Ted the exercises, expounding, criticizing and ampli-
fying the sermons, and importing so many ideas of
her own into her " interpretations " as to quite dis-
tort the meanings. Later, emboldened by increasing
attendance and her evident influence with her hear-
ers, she left off the pretense of expounding, and
openly arraigned the Rev. Mr. Wilson and other
ministers as dangerous and unspiritual preachers.
Her prime point of departure from current teaching
was that the saving grace of God was manifest in
the soul, not by sanctification or outward evidence
of obedience to divine law but by justification in a
lively sense of the Spirit's immediate indwelling.
This contention, apparently innocent enough, in-
volved with her such a direct and full revelation as
would confer ecstatic visions and prophetic powers
on the believer. Upon this basis, she declared that
all the preachers in the colony, save only John Cot-
ton and John AVheelwright, her husband's brother-
in-law, were " under the covenant of works," having
no guide but the moral law, and quite outside the
true fold of Christ ; herself and her followers she
spoke of as under the "covenant of grace," as ac-
cepting only the immediate testimony of the Spirit,
and obeying only His direct behests. On this point,
Cotton Mather "says : "Though the truth might
easily have united both of these persuasions, yet they
that were of the latter way carried the matter on to
a very perilous door, opened not only for new en-
thusiastic revelations, but also for neglect of such
qualifications in all godliness and honesty as must
be found in all who would be prospered and not re-
jected in their confidences. Yea, they employed
their distinctions about a covenant of works and a
covenant of grace at so extravagant a rate as threat
eued a subversion to all the peaceable order of the
colonies. They drove at this, that the most virtuous
man upon earth might nut be admitted into the
churches without professing that, renouncing (of)
sanctification as the evidence of his good state, he
waited for immediate revelations to assure him of it ;
and such as were already in the churches, unlessthey
became fond of the New Lights in this thing pretended
unto, were presently branded as favoring a covenant
of works." It would seem that at first little objec-
tion was made to Mrs. Hutchinson's teachings, many
spiritual men, like Cotton, seeing in them only a
somewhat extreme way of setting forth some such
doctrine as was later developed in t .e Westminster
Confession (Chap. XVIII.) as the "assurance of
grace and salvation." Says Mather : "Tis believed
that multitudes of the persons who took in with both
parties did never to their dying hour understand
what the difference was. By the same token, in the
bighth and heat of all the difference, when some
ships were going from hence to England, Mr. Cot-
ton, in the whole congregation, advised the passen-
gers to tell our countrymen at home that all the strife
here was about magnifying the grace of God ; the
one person seeking to advance the grace of God
within us as to sanctification, and another person
seeking to advance the ^racc of God toward us as to
justification : and Mr. Wilson stood up after him,
declaring, on the other side, that he knew none that
did not labor to advance the grace of God in both."
Mi1*. Hutchinson's ideas, which some writers have
erroneously described as the " Lincolnshire variant
of non-conformity," and which, in their complete-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
149
ness, were held by no minister save Wheelwright,
who had been assigned to the newly founded church
at Mount \Vollaston (Quincy), rapidly leil her fol-
lowers from a "spiritual discernment of salvation"
and an antinomian attitude toward the mural law,
into open contempt for all authority, ecclesiastical
and civil. She herself, on one occasion, abruptly
left the church when Wilson arose to preach, and
her abuse of preachers anil magistrates as "mere
legalists," persons not to be obeyed, presently pre-
cipitated serious complications. The whole of the
Boston church, except live, it is related, s\ mpatlii/.ed
with her. as did the governor. Sir Henry Vane, aud
two of the magistrates, Ihnnmer and Coddington.
Gov. Winthrop writes : " In time she had more re-
sort to her for counsel about matters of conscience
than any minister, I might say than all I he elders, in
the country." The cll'ect of her teaching was plainly
visible when a military company, organi/.ed in the
city, refused to march against the Pequods, because
ils chaplain was under a covenant of works, and
petitioned tor another better suited to its needs. For
the same reason, increasing multitudes refused to at-
tend the churches, violence was frequently precipi-
tated, and the integrity of the colony and I he continu-
ance of the charter seemed in imminent danger.
Accordingly, on Aug. 30, 1037, a synod was con-
vened at Cambridge, before which were produced
eighty-two erroneous opinions on religious matters,
characteristic of antinomian and familistical teach-
ing. "The authors of these errors were neither
mentioned nor enquired ; but the errors themselves
were considered, confuted and condemned from the
plain Word of God." Upon the authority of this
council, Mrs. Ilutchinson was summoned to re-
nounce her errors, and did so categorically, adding,
however, " that she never was really of any opinion
contrary to the declaration she had just made." This
latter statement being flatly contradicted by many
persons present, site was "demonstrated uuilty of
gross lying .... and cast out of the church with
them that love aud make a He." The civil magis-
trates then taking her case in hand, delegated se\
eral ministers, among them John Eliot, the Indian
Apostle, to confer with her and attempt to persuade
her , but failing in this, sentenced her to banishment
from the colony. At her trial she resumed her
prophetic character ; compared her case to that of
Daniel before the " presidents and princes" bent on
his destruction, and foretold the downfall of the gov-
ernment. Several of her noted followers, including
Wheelwright, Coddington and Underbill, were also
banished ; others were disfranchised and fined, and
seventy-six citizens signing a protest against the pro-
ceedings were publicly disarmed, as enemies of law
and order. This course lias been frequently men-
tioned as a glaring case of " Puritan intolerance and
narrowness"; but an intelligent understanding of
the religious conditions of those troublous limes —
the dread of "Popish errors" being insinuated by
doctrinal latitude, aud of godlessuess in all that was
apart from strict religions observances — shows how
easily even the smallest dissent would seem a menace
to the purity of evangelical faith. Frequently also
Quaker and other fanatics would so violence the
peace as to rush naked through the streets, shouting
denunciations of the church and the government,
and the persistent repetition of these and similar
nuisances was the immediate occasion of most of the
"persecutions." Furthermore, the colony was never
in full favor at court, and the fear that the authori-
ties would seize almost any pretext to confiscate the
charter was by no means ill-founded. It was actual!}'
demanded in the next year (1648). Says Ellis : "We
apply the terms intolerance aud persecution to the
party which carried with it the balance of power; but
the magistrates and elders would not have regarded
these terms as fitly characterizing their measures. And
it might be questioned which party was the more in-
tolerant; for certainly neither of them was tolerant."
On leaving Massachusetts, Mrs. Hutchinson obtained
permission from the chief of the Narragansetts to es-
tablish herself and family and her immediate fol-
lowers in Rhode Island. She bought land from the
Indians, aud Portsmouth and New port were founded
by her followers. Her husband died in 10-1 'J, and short-
ly after, while removing with her family to a Dutch
settlement, west of the Connecticut line, slut was
murdered by Indians with all her household save one
daughter, a girl of ten years, who was cairicd
into captivity. This child was ransomed in 1647,
and four \ears later was married to John Cole, of
the Rhode Island colony. Edward Ilutchinson. the
first of the family to emigrate to America, had ac-
companied his mother to Rhode Island, but returned
to Boston after her death, and rose to considerable
prominence and official position, lie, however, met
with his mother's fate, beinu1 ambushed and slain by
Indians, while on a peaceful mission, in 1075. Mrs.
Ilutchinson died near Stamford, Conn., in Septem-
ber, 10-43.
McGREW, George Smith, merchant, was born
at Lexington, Mo., June 0, 1851, son of Joseph and
Elizabeth (Smith) McGrcw. natives of Kentucky.
His father, who was a prosperous merchant, removed
with his family to St. Louis in is.ls, and died there
in 1S07. The son's education was obtained at the
Washington public school, City University, and
Washington Unh eisity of St. Louis, with a finishing
course at the University of Virginia, lie commenced
his business life as a clerk in a wholesale hardware
house, and. after trying various kinds of business,
finally, in 1878, became a traveling salesman for Geo.
I). Barnard & Co.. wholesale .stationers and blauk-
book makers, of St. Louis. He began on a very
small salary, but met with success
from the start, his first t i.-n elingbe-
iug on horseback over a rough and
unsettled portion of southern Mis-
souri. Ina lew years he was acting
as a pioneer for the house, intro-
ducing the business in twenty-two
states and territories, and educat-
ing many salesmen for his estab-
lishment. In 1890 he became a
junior partner, and since then has
had charge of the office furniture
department in the largest house in
his line of business in the world.
Mr. McGrew has always taken an
active part in commercial travel-
ers' associations, and is now a mem-
ber of almost every organization
of the kind in the United States.
In 1887 he was elected president
of the Missouri division of the
Travelers' Protective Association,
and was re-elected to the same office
in 1888. 1889 and 1890. Through
his' individual efforts, the organization in Missouri
increased more than tenfold. In 1890 at Denver,
Col., he was unanimously elected national presi-
dent of the Travelers' Protective Association of
America. In 1891, at Little Rock, and in 1893, at
Old Point Comfort, Va. . he was re-elected without
opposition. In 1893 he was compelled to decline a
re-election on account of his manifold business in-
terests. The Travelers' Protective Association of
America is the largest association of commercial
travelers in the world, having a branch organization in
every state in the Union. Mr. McGrew presided at
the "meeting of the commercial travelers at the
World's fair, Chicago, in June, 1893. In December,
1894, he was unanimously elected president of the
150
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Western Commercial Travelers' Association, another
large and influential body of commercial travelers.
He is a member of the Mercantile Club and Busi-
ness Men's League of St. Louis; of the Royal Arca-
num and Legion of Honor, and is a Knight Tem-
plar, being a member of St. Aldemar Command-
ery, No. 28. On Sept. 13, 1893, he was appointed
captain and commissary of the 1st infantry,
N. G. M., and served three years. In October, 1894,
was organized the McGrew Guards, composed of the
best class of young men of the city of St. Louis,
which has become more widely known than any
other military organization in the West. In June,
1898, it was mustered into the service of the United
States as company C, 1st Missouri volunteers,
in the Spanish-American war for Cuban inde-
pendence. Capt. McGrew was married, April 18,
1877, to Pinkie, daughter of Col. John Donaldson,
of Waverly, Mo. He has one daughter, Bettie
Myrtle, now the wife of Albert Bond Lambert.
EVANS, Thomas Wiltberger, dentist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 23, 1823. He at-
tended the common schools of his native city until
he was fourteen years old, when he obtained em-
ployment in a goldsmith's shop. Here he acquired
great facility in the manipulation of gold; and, as
his employer made it a part of his business to con-
struct gold plates for artificial dentures, the boy had
his attention turned particularly in this direction,
and soon became so expert in the art that he de-
termined to become a dentist. He entered the office
of Dr. John D. White, a prominent Philadelphia den-
tist, in 1841, at the same time pursuing a course of
studies in the Jefferson Medical College. His first
attempt at practice was made in Maryland, whence
he removed to Lancaster, Pa., where he was very
successful, especially in making difficult fillings, and
thus saving teeth that had been given up by oilier
practitioners. An exhibition of his work, which he
made before a meeting of the Franklin Institute, in
Philadelphia, brought him an award of a gold
medal. With this as tangible evidence of his skill
and reputation. Dr. Evans determined to try his
fortune in Paris, France, where there was at this
period (1846) but one American dentist, Dr. Webster,
into whose office he entered,
at first as assistant, later be-
coming a partner, and, after
a few years, opening an estab-
lishment of his own. Ameri-
can dentistry, long since ac-
knowledged to be the most
expert in the world, may be
said to have been introduced
to all Europe by Dr. Evans.
He was a master of Ins profes-
sion, and was soon recognized
as such in the United States,
as well as in Europe, where
the thousands of difficult cases1
which he handled attracted
the attention of traveling
Americans of his own profes-
sion. He became, at an early
period of his practice in Paris,
the official dentist of Napoleon
III. and the Empress Eugenie, and continued to be
the court dentist until the downfall of the empire.
Such a favoring impulse naturally spread abroad a
knowledge of the perfection of his work, and intro-
duced him into other imperial and royal families.
Such was the case with regard to the king of Den-
mark, whose family he attended whenever such ser-
vices were required. This brought him into acquaint-
ance with the Princess Alexandra, who afterwards
became Princess of Wales, and through this counec-
LJ
tion he was introduced to the British court, and be-
came the regular dental surgeon of the royal family.
In the course of time, Dr. Evans had as his patients
Queen Victoria, Nicholas I., the czar of Russia;
Abdul-Aziz, the sultan of Turkey; the king of the
Belgians, and the German royal and imperial
families. His remarkable successes and his agree-
able manners made him a general favorite in the
highest circles, and he was a welcome visitor at
Marlborough House, London, the residence of the
Prince of Wales, as he was at the royal residences in
Brussels, Berlin and St. Petersburg. On one occa-
sion, while he was on a vacation trip to St. Peters-
burg, the Czar sent an equery to his hotel, or-
dering him to present himself at the imperial palace
and examine his majesty professionally. To the
amazement of the official. Dr. Evans informed him
that he was visiting the capital in the course of
a pleasure-trip, and that being an American, and not
a Russian, he respectfully declined to consider him-
self under the orders of the Czar. The latter, on re-
ceiving this response, promptly dispatched a cordial
invitation to Dr. Evans to visit him. This the doc-
tor accepted, and at the close of the interview offered
to make an appointment with his majesty during his
stay in St. Petersburg, the result being that he
numbered Nicholas among his friends as well as
patients until the Czar's death. Of course, such
associations, unique in the history of professional
men of any country, brought to Dr. Evans not only
enormous emolument, but also a vast collection of
souvenirs, medals, orders, honorary distinctions and
gifts of priceless value, many of which it was his
delight to bring with him on "his occasional visits to
the United States, and to exhibit at special meetings
of members of his profession. Among the in-
numerable honors which were showered upon him,
the following may be mentioned: grand commander
of the French Legion of Honor; commander of the
orders of St. Ann and St. Stanislas of Russia ; com-
mander of the orders of the Osmauli and Medjidie of
Turkey ; commander of the Order of Frederick of
Wurtemburg ; commander of the Order of Zachrin-
gen of Bavaria ; officer of the orders of the Crown
mid Red Eagle of Prussia, of the Oaken Crown of
Holland and" of St. Michael of Bavaria, and member
of the orders of St. Maurice and St. Lazare of Italy
and St. Sauveur of Greece. Dr. Evans accumu-
lated, through his profession and by investments,
a fortune estimated to have amounted to $35,000,-
000. He owned property in Baltimore and Phila-
delphia valued at $5,000,000; but his chief wealth
was brought to him through early information of
the vast "improvements in Paris, originated by
Napoleon III. and carried out by Baron Haussman.
By taking advantage of this knowledge, gained
through his intimacy with the imperial family, he
was enabled to be first in the field of speculation
which these wonderful improvements occasioned.
During the Franco-Prussian war, Dr. Evans fitted
out at his own expense an ambulance corps, which
was sent with the French army, and he was promi-
nent in the organization of the Red Cross Society.
He founded the ' American Register," which was
the earliest of the newspapers published in Paris in
the English language, and was noted for his char-
itable conduct towards large numbers of unfortu-
nate Americans who became stranded in that city.
But the most remarkable event in his life was
his rescue of the Empress Euseuie from the violence
of the Commune. On Sept. 2, 1870, Napoleon III.,
with his army of 90,000 men, surrendered to the
Prussians at Sedan. On Sept. 4th, the news of the
surrender and of the capture of the emperor reached
Paris. At once the city was in rebellion, the senate
was dissolved, and an armed and infuriated mob
paraded the streets and attacked the public build-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
151
ings. Bearing the red flag, an imposing crowd of
the people moved upon the Tuilleries, armed with
whatever weapons they had been able to loot from
the armories and gun-stores. At once the safety of
the empress had to be provided for; and, accom-
panied by her friend, Mine, de Breton, and by the
Austrian and Italian ministers, who managed her
flight from the palace, she made her hurried de-
parture from the scene of her former grandeur down
a private stairease into the gardens. Here the party
found the mob in advance of them, surrounding the
Tuilleries, and they were forced to turn back and
pass through the galleries of the Louvre and a
private door leading into the Place de St. Germain
d'Auxerrois. Here the empress was recogni/.ed by
a street gamin, but his shout at the discovery was
unheard in the noise of the si reels, ami the two
ladies were placed in a cab and driven hastily away
from the immediate seei f danger. The cab was
stopped bv the mob, but the empress and her com-
panion alighted and succeeded in eluding them.
Finding themselves near the residence of Dr. Evans,
they took refuge there, when the doctor took upon
himself the responsibility of their future safety.
Assuming the dress of Mrs. Evans, the empress,
with Mine, de Breton, was placed in Dr. Evaus'
private carriage, and the three were driven rapidly
to the suburbs, escaping on the plea that the ladies
were a patient and her attendant, whom Dr. Evans
was taking to a sanitarium. Two days later the
fugitives reached a coast town, and were taken on
board Sir John Burgoyne's yacht. They succeeded
in reaching England, after crossing the channel in
the gale which wrecked the English battle-ship
Captain. After accomplishing this desperate feat,
and after the city had become quiet, Dr. Evans re-
turned to Paris and resumed his practice. His wife
died, and he visited America once more before his
death, bringing with him her remains. He returned
to Paris, very much broken by his grief at her loss,
and died there, Nov. 15, 1897. His body was taken
to Antwerp, and from there to New York, May 17.
1898. He was buried, May 25th. in the family plot
at Woodlawn cemetery, Philadelphia. He had no
children, and the most of his large property was
given to charities.
CARNEGIE, Andrew, business man and au-
thor, was born in the historic town of Duufermline,
Fifeshire, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1837, elder son of Wil-
liam and Margaret Carnegie. His father, a man of
strong character and favorably known in his native
burg as a writer and speaker on political questions,
was by trade a master- weaver, and before the day of
steam factories was in comfortable circumstances.
In 1848, finding his occupation gone, he decided to
sell his looms and emigrate to the United States ;
with great reluctance, however, and solely for the
sake of his sons, who would have better chances in
life under the influence of republican institutions.
The family settled in Allegheny City, opposite Pitts-
burgh, where they had relatives, and William Car-
negie entered a cotton factory, followed the next
year by his son, Andrew. The latter, by toiling from
daylight to dark as a bobbin-boy, earned a little over
one dollar a week, meantime supplementing the edu-
cation he had received at the Dunfermline school,
through the kindness of a Col. Anderson, of that city,
who was iccustomed to lend books from his library to
working men and boys. The seed unconsciously sown
by Col. Anderson was to result in an abundant har-
vest, for among the dreams of this particular lad
was one of wealth sufficient to imitate his benefactor
on a larger scale. Before " Andie " was thirteen
years of age he found employment in a factory for
making bobbins, there having charge of the steam-
engine that drove the machinery, a great respon-
sibility for a lad, and a great strain. His em-
ployer, discovering that he could write a fair
hand and could cipher, took him into his office ; but
his duties there were not less arduous, and he de-
termined to take a step higher. At the age of four-
teen, he applied for a position in the office of the
Ohio Telegraph Co. at Pittsburgh, and secured it,
becoming a messenger boy, at $2.50 a week. The
superintendent of the office, who took a. great in-
terest in the youth, encouraged him to learn tele-
graphy. In a short time young Carnegie was able
to send and receive mes-.-iL'e*
by sound — a rare feat in I hn.se
days — and was advanced to
the position of an operator,
with a salary of $300 a year.
This was the sum lie had fixed
when a factory hand as the
fortune he wished to possess,
because the family could be
almost independent upon it —
his father had died some years
previously. Not long after
this the Pennsylvania railroad
was completed to Pittsburgh,
and its superintendent, Thomas
A. Scott, frequently visited
the telegraph office. When
the great railway system un-
der him put up its own line,
he invited Mr. Carnegie to
become his clerk and op-
erator, offering him a salary of $35 a month, which
was gladly accepted. He remained with the com-
pany for thirteen years, and during that term of ser-
vice originated the now widely-used system of run-
ning trains by telegraphic signals between the
" blocks " or stations, so as to insure the greatest de-
gree of safety with the maximum speed. When Mr.
Scott was elected vice-president of the road, Mr. Car-
negie succeeded him as superintendent of the west-
ern or Pittsburgh division. While still a boy, he
made his first business venture, buying, at Mr.
Scott's suggestion, ten shares of Adams Express Co.
stock ; but the money was raised by mortgaging the
family home to nearly its full value, the bold step
being taken by the advice of Mr. Carnegie's mother,
and the loan obtained by her personal solicitation.
During a railway journey, Mr. Carnegie accidentally
met Thomas T. Woodruff, an inventor, who showed
him a model of a sleeping-car. He at once perceived
the value of the invention; introduced Mr. Woodruff
to Mr. Scott; was instrumental in organizing the
Woodruff Sleeping Car Co. ; and, to secure an interest
in it, borrowed money from a local bank and signed
his first note. His good fortune iu this enterprise
was the real foundation of his success in several
directions. In I860 he induced Pres. Scott and
Supt. Thomson to join him in buying the Storey
farm on Oil Creek, Pa., where petroleum had been
found the year before. They paid $40,000 for the
property ; eventual!}' the shares of the company had
an aggregate market value of $5,000,000, and iu one
year the cash dividends amounted to $1,000,000. On
the outbreak of the civil war, Col. Scott, who had
been appointed assistant secretary of war, summoned
Mr. Carnegie to Washington, and put him in charge
of the military railroads and government telegraphs,
one of his first duties being to reopen communication
between Annapolis and the capital. At the battle
of Bull Run he had charge of the railway communi-
cation, and was the last official to leave for Alexan-
dria. Soon after this the Pennsylvania Railroad Co.
made experiments with a bridge of cast iron, and
Mr. Carnegie was convinced that the use of that
material would become general. Accordingly, he
organized the Keystone Bridge Co., borrowing
money to raise his share of the capital, and began
152
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the Keystone Bridge Works. The first great bridge
over tlie Ohio, at Steubenville, 300 feet span, was
built by this company. A few years later the Union
Iron Mills were erected. lu 1808, Mr. Carnegie
visited England, and, seeing that in that country
steel was supplanting iron for rails, returned to
introduce the Bessemer process into his mills.
Later lie became the owner of the Homestead Steel
Works at Pittsburgh, and by 1888 had control of
seven great plants, all within a radius of five miles
of Pittsburgh. These are the Homestead, the Ed-
gar Thomson, and the Duquesue steel-works and
furnaces, the Lucy furnaces, the Keystone Bridge
Works, the Upper Union Rolling Mills and the Lower
Union Rolling Mills. Including the Frick Coke Co.,
the united capital of the Carnegie Steel Co. exceeds
$90,000,000. They own also more than two- thirds
of the Counellsville coal-field and several of the
greatest ore mines of Lake Superior. At the Home-
stead works are manufactured armor plates for the
ships of the U. S. navy, steel frames for buildings
and many other kinds of structural material. There
are forty open hearth furnaces and two Fentou-Bes-
semer converters ; the daily output is 4,000 tons of
steel ingots, and the number of men employed is over
4.000. The Edgar Thomson Steel Works 'is devoted
to the production of pig-iron and the manufacture
of rails, the daily output of pig-iron being 2,800
tons, and of steel rails, 2, 000 tons. The Duquesue SI eel
Works has four lame blast-furnaces, and manufac-
tures daily 2,400 tons of pig-iron into rails, bars and
other articles. The Frick Coke Co. owns 10,500
ovens, with a daily output of 17,000 tons. The Car-
negie Steel Works can produce in the aggregate 200,-
000 tons of pig-iron and 200,000 tons of steel ingots per
month. The total number of men employed in all
branches is about 35,000, and the monthly pay-roll
exceeds $1,600,000. About the year 1890', Mr. Car-
negie introduced the system of paying for labor on
a sliding scale, based upon the prices obtained for
the product manufactured, thus making the work-
men partners. Men who render exceptional service
are promoted . and are given a personal interest in the
business. Only one serious strike, that at the Home-
stead works, has occurred in the thirty years' exist-
ence of the firm. In whatever part of the world Mr.
Carnegie may be, he receives every month a detailed
account of the; work done in every department ; at
the same time he maintains that he is simply one of
many managers, and not the sole head of this im-
mense industrial system. Mr. Carnegie became a
citizen of the United States in 1853, while he was a
minor, through the naturalization of his father. He
has a deep affection for his adopted country and a
most optimistic faith in the permanency and efficacy
of her institutions. He was a delegate to the Pan-
American congress, in 1889. by appointment of Pres.
Harrison, and in other ways has been honored with
official positions. He has always acted with the Re-
publican party, and approved of its measures; but
the annexation policy of 1898 found in him a strong
opponent, as his letters to the press showed. Politi.
cal matters in his native country are not less impor-
tant in his eyes. He was a warm friend of Mr. Glad-
shmr, and, in connection with Samuel Storey, M. P.
for Suuderland, he formed a syndicate to establish
radical newspapers in different parts of Great Britain,
ami at one time partly owned and published no less
than seventeen. This was not a profitable venture,
however, and he soon disposed of his interests. As
an author, Mr. Carnegie has met with deserved suc-
cess. His first books, "Round the World " (1879)
and " Our Coaching Trip" (1880) were printed for
private circulation, but excited so much interest that
they were republished for sale, the latter as "An
American Pour-in-Hand in Britain," in 1883 ; the
former in enlarged form in 1884. " An American
Four-in-IIiind in Britain," the " Spectator "declares,
" does not contain a single duller unreadable page,"
and his "Round the World," it says, "is worth
reading for the new way of putting facts, and also
for tlie shrewdness and freshness of the reflections
which they suggest." By far his most important
work, however, is his "Triumphant Democracy ; or,
Fifty Years' March of the Republic" (1886'; new
ed. 1893), which was widely read both in America
and Europe, and excited much comment and criti-
cism. He treats of the progress of the American re-
public largely as an advance in material prosperity,
which lie regards as the surest test of the validity of
the claims of popular noverumeut to superiority. Of
this book the New York " Nation " said : "There
is, perhaps, hardly a word which passes the truth.
It is only when it is placed before us in this vivid
way that we realize the stupendous development."
" Triumphant Democracy " has passed through eight
editions in England, and has been translated into
French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and Japanese. Mr.
Carnegie's opinions are decided, and, although some-
times original, are well expressed and fortified in his
writings. In 1891, he contributed an article to the
New York " Tribune " entitled " How to Get Rich,"
the main thesis of which was that native ability and
industry are quite sufficient to insure prosperity with-
out the aid of college training. It was largely copied
and .pioted. with the result that numbers of college
graduates attacked and criticized it freely, but with-
out refuting its main thesis, which is well upheld by
numerous examples. Mr. Carnegie's fourth book,
"Wealth" (1880), was reprinted in England, under
the title "The Gospel of Wealth." Its principal
contention is that " surplus wealth is a sacred trust,
which its possessor is bound to administer in his
lifetime for the good of the community from which
it is derived," and that "the man who dies possessed
of millions of available wealth, which was free and
his to administer during his lifetime, dies disgraced."
This noble and exceptional ideal, Mr. Carnegie has
faithfully exemplified in his own life and practice,
and few of his contemporaries have been more gen-
erous and constant benefactors. At Pittsburgh he
has built and endowed a library, museum, music
hall and art galleries, all under the one roof.
Brandies are to be created in and around the city,
and Pittsburgh will then stand almost unrivaled for
the advantages of instruction and amusement af-
forded the public. The Lawrenceville and West
End branches are already in operation. He has
aided in establishing libraries, reading-rooms and
public halls in many other places in the United
States and Scotland, and has been similarly gener-
ous toward existent institutions of the kind. He
erected a tree swimming bath in his native town
of Dunfermline, Scotland, and', in 1880, a free pub-
lic library ; the last as a memorial to his mother, his
first teacher and his iuspirer to courageous effort.
Among his benefactions to New York city, which
has been his place of residence for many years, is a
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
153
gift of £50,000 to Rellevuc Hospital for tin- erection
<if a library ; also the Carnegie Music Hall, built by
the Music Hall Co., ill which he is the principal stock-
holder. Mr. Carnegie's tula! benefactions to libraries
and other institutions are to the present date (IMl'.h as
follows: To the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, $-,>.-
000,000 ; endowment of the same institution, si, 000.
000 ; Carnegie Institute at Allegheny, $300,000 ;
Johnstown Library, $550,000; Fail-field, la., $40,000;
liraddock Institute, $50(1,000; Homestead Institute,
x.MKHMH) ; Dmpiesne Instiiuie, $500,000 ; Bellevue
Medical College, $00,000; Greeusburg Library, $60,-
000; Pittsburgh Observatory, $20,000; library at the
town of Carnegie, $210,000; Washington Library,
$250,000 ; Pennsylvania State College Library,
$100,000; Edinburgh Library, $250,000; Dunferm-
line (Scotland) Library, $90,000 ; 1 lunt'ermliue Tech-
nical School, $50,000'; Ayr (Scotland) Library, $50,-
000; Sterling Library, $"30,000; Aberdeen Library,
$5,000; Jedburgh Library, $10,000; Inverness I'.i
brary, ss.r.UK ; \Virk Library, $15,000; Peterhead
Library, $5,000 ; Dumfries Library, $50,000, mak-
ing a total of $5,298,500. His younger brother,
Thomas Morrison, who was associated with him in
his varied business enterprises, was born in Dun-
fermline, in 1843. and died at Homewood, Pa.. Oct.
19, 18*0. Mr. Carnegie was married iu New York,
in INS?, to Louise, daughter of John and Frances
(Davis) Whittield. They have one daughter.
GILBERT, Jasper Willet, jurist, was born in
Rome, Oneidaco. ,X.Y., Jan. 15. 1812, son of Mariuus
Willet and Sally (Easton) Gilbert. The family
originated in Devonshire, England, and among its
members were Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his half-
brother, Sir Waller Raleigh. Raleigh Gilbert, iu
command of the ship Mary and Joliu, and George
Popham, brother of the renowned chief-justice Pop-
bam, in command of the Gift of God, with a party
of colonists, sailed for the northerly coast of America,
and established a colony at what is now Sagadalioe,
on the coast of Maine, in 1607, thirteen years before
the Pilgrims from the ship Mayflower lauded and
founded the colony of Plymouth. Jonathan Gilbert,
a great-nephew of Raleigh Gilbert, settled in Hart-
ford, Conn., in 1640. His grandson, Nathaniel Gil-
bert, of New Lebanon, N. Y., was the great-grand-
father of Jasper W. Gilbert. Thomas, grandfather
of Jasper, was a gallant officer in Col. Mariuus
Willet's regiment in the war of the revolution, and
died a resident of Oneida county. Judge Gilbert's
father was a prominent merchant in Watertown,
Jefferson co., N. Y., and rendered important service
in transportation of troops and supplies for the army
and navy on the lakes iu the war of 1812-13. His
mother. Sally Easton, was born in Washington,
Conn., iu 1784. The early education of Jasper W.
Gilbert was at the academies of Lowville and Water-
town. He afterwards pursued the study of law in
the offices of the distinguished Abraham Varick, in
Utica, and vice-chancellor Frederick Whittlesey, of
Rochester, and was admitted to the bar at the July
term, 1835, of the supreme court. He immediately
began practice in Rochester, N. Y., where he early
acquired high professional standing and success. In
1838 he was appointed by the governor and senate
injunction master in chancery for the eighth judicial
district. In 1839 he was appointed corporation
counsel for the city of Rochester, being the first to
hold that office, and continued incumbent until 1842,
when he became, and until 1845 continued to be, the
district attorney for the county of Monroe. In 1847
he was married to Catharine, daughter of James
Horn, of New York city, and soon afterwards re-
moved to that place, where he at once became promi-
nent at the bar, and conducted a large practice of
a high order. Later, he removed to Brooklyn. He
was elected, in 1865, a justice of the supreme court
tor i he second judicial district, which position he
occupied until he reached the constitutional limit of
age, on Jan. 1, 1883. His retirement from the bench
was the cause of much public regret. He was indeed
a pure, wise, linn, dignified and rpright judge, in-
defatigable in performing the duties of his high
station. His judicial opinions were marked by brevity,
accurate learning, sound judgment and remarkable
clearness and purity of style. After leaving the
bench, be was engrossed by professional labor, his
advice being constantly sought, as associate counsel,
in cases of difficulty and importance. He is master
in all branches of the profession, especially iu that
of ecclesiastical law, and his opinions are regarded
as of the highest authority. He has held important
relations to the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Long
Island, and is a trustee of the corporation of
the Cathedral of the Incarnation. lie has many
times represented the diocese iu general conventions,
and has been active in securing to it its interests at
Garden city. His amenity, refinement, benevolence
and dignity, his large attainments in literature and
general knowledge, and his good judgment give him
great power, and secure for him in large measure
the respect and attachment of his professional breth-
ren and of the community at large.
KELLERMAN, William Ashbrook, educa-
tor and botanist, was burn at Ashville, O. , May 1,
ISoll. son of Daniel Keinberling
and Ivy (Ashbrook) Keilermau.
His father was a prominent
fanner and stock-breeder, and
noted for his public spirit; he
was descended from Frederick
Kellerman, who came from Eu-
rope at the time of the revolu-
tionary war, and fought with the
Americans in their struggle for
independence. His mother, a
forceful, conscientious and indus-
trious woman, was descended
from a Virginia family, who
were among the earliest settlers
of Ohio. William A. Kellerman
was educated at a good country
school in Fairfleld count}', and
began to teach at seventeen
years of age, preparing for col-
lege while thus occupied. He entered Cornell Uni-
versity in 1S71, and finished the natural science
course in 1874, receiving the degree of B.S. He
then became engaged as teacher of natural sciences
in the State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wis. He
taught most acceptably and with enthusiasm for five
years, and then went to Germany with the purpose of
continuing his botanical studies. After one year at
GOttingen and Zurich, and having received the de-
gree of Ph.D. from the latter in 1881, he returned to
America and became professor of botany and horti-
culture in the State College at Lexington, Ky. After
one year in this position, he accepted the professor-
ship of botany and zoology in the Kansas State
Agricultural College at Manhattan. He shortly was
relieved of the teaching of zoology, and devoted his
whole time to botany, becoming botanist to the
Kansas Experiment Station as well as to the state
board of agriculture. He collaborated successfully
with W. T. Swingle in the experimental work on
the prevention of the smuts of wheat and oats, and
demonstrated for the lirst time in this country the
efficiency of hot water as a fungicide for these smuts.
In 1891 he became the professor of botany in the
Ohio State University, which position he still holds.
In 1893 he served as botanist to the Ohio Geologic
Survey. He has been an enthusiastic teacher and a
154
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
most interesting lecturer on educational and scientific
subjects. He has made a valuable herbarium of
parasitic fungi, besides contributing extensively to
botanical and horticultural journals. He founded,
in 1885, the "Journal of Mycology," and edited the
first four volumes, besides being the author of the
following text-books: "Elements of Botany,"
"Plant Analysis," "Kansas Flora," "Ohio Forest
Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit," "Spring
Flora of Ohio." "Elementary Botany and Spring
Flora," "Phytolheca" and "Practical Lessons in
Elementary Botany."
CAMPBELL, Andrew, inventor, was born
near Trenton, N. J., June 14, 1821. When he was
eight years of age the family removed to Matawau,
MOD mouth co., and there, five years later, his father
died, leaving a large family unprovided for. Andrew
began work on a farm, but as this kind of labor was
distasteful, apprenticed himself to a carriage-maker.
Dissatisfaction with his employer led him to break
his indentures, and, making his way to Trenton, he
worked for three months in a brush- maker's shop,
inventing while there a vise for holding the block,
still in use. In April, 183G, he left Trenton on foot,
bound westward, but with no goal in view apparently,
and at the end of the first day reached the Schuylkill
river, where he found employment as a driver on a
canal. He was engaged in this occupation for six
mouths, and during that time rose to the position of
slack water pilot; but he was a youth with ambitions,
and, resuming his westward journey, he eventually
reached Alton, 111., where he apprenticed himself to
a carriage and wagon maker. Here his inventive
genius again found expression, and he constructed
several labor-saving machines, ac-
quiring thereby such a reputation
as a skilled mechanic that before
he obtained his majority he was
offered a leading position in a
manufacturing company. This
lie accepted, but soon gave up,
and in 1842 he removed to St.
Louis, where fora time he worked
at his old trade, brush-making,
and next became a carriage
maker. He constructed an omni-
bus called the "Great Western,"
the first used in the city, with
accommodations for forty-eight
persons, besides many carriages,
the designs of which were so
pleasing that they were widely
copied. In the spring of 1847,
Mr. Campbell removed to Colum-
bia, Mo., and busied himself with
repairing machinery and with
the invention of a machine for making match and
pill boxes, which was so successful that, about 1850,
he settled at Paducah, Ky. , and devoted himself to
the manufacture of these boxes. The attempt of
certain persons to discover how the machine was
made, led him to destroy it, and he then became a
superintendent of bridge-building, displaying the
same ingenuity that had characterized him in other
occupations. One of his achievements was the con-
struction over Cedar river, Iowa, of a single-span
wooden bridge, 558 feet between abutments; this
being the longest bridge of the kind ever built. In
1851 he returned to Missouri, settling at Linnius, in
Linn co., and there built and repaired machinery.
Such was his versatility that he was sometimes called
upon to perform surgical operations, and was as for-
tunate in these as in everything else. Reading in a
newspaper that George Bruce, a typefounder of New
York city, had offered $1,000 for a printing-press
which would print 600 copies an hour, and could be
sold for $500, he became a competitor, and in 1853
went East, hoping to induce some one to aid him in
building a press. He was disappointed in his plans,
but was afforded an opportunity of visiting the
world's fair, and while inspecting the machinery
fell into conversation with a stranger, who proposed
to him to resume in New York city the manufacture
of match and pill boxes. This being a business prop-
osition, he brought his family on from Missouri;
but the supposed friend failed to carry out his part
of the bargain, and Mr. Campbell was obliged to
find some other means of support. A Dr. Pitlmau,
of Matawan, N. J., where Mr. Campbell had lived
when a boy, urged him to invent a feeder for print-
ing-presses; and having constructed a wooden model
capable of feeding forty sheets a minute, he found a
press-builder named Taylor willing to make a per-
manent machine. In January, 1854, he entered Mr.
Taylor's factory, and there remained until April,
1858, inventing several movements and appliances,
the most important being the endless baud-fly used
on the Bullock press, for which he discarded his
first feeder, because it could not be used profitably.
His reputation was further increased by the skill
with which he cured a Hoe press of slurring after
other mechanics had tried their hands without suc-
cess. In 1857 he built an automatic press for Frank
Leslie, the first of the kind ever made; and for Leslie
and the Harpers he built other presses, among them
the first with table distribution ever constructed in
the United States. In 1858 he became a builder
himself ; constructed, from his own designs, the
well-known Napier press, and, in July, 1861, ex-
hibited the Country press, an entirely new ir.achine,
remarkable for simplicity of construction and for
being the first registering power-printing press for
color work ever invented. In 1869 he invented the
two-revolution press, on which such publications as
the "Century" and "Scribner's" magazines are
printed, and in 1875 the first stereotype perfecting
press, with folder attached. Priority to this last in-
vention was claimed by another, however, and the
patent was issued to him. Among other large
presses constructed by him was one for J. C. Ayer
& Co., of Lowell, Mass., with which it was possible
to print 120 almanacs per minute. For the Cleve-
land " Leader" he made a press capable of printing
12,000 copies per hour, and to him is due the credit
for making the first press ever built (hat printed, in-
serted, pasted, folded and cut in one continuous
operation. His long list of devices, only a few of
which were patented, comprise labor-saving ma-
chinery relating to hat manufacture, steam engiueiy,
machinists' tools, lithographic machinery and elec-
trical appliances. Foi" two years prior to his death
he was not engaged in active business. Mr. Camp-
bell died in New York city, April 13, 1890.
GIHON, Albert Leary, medical director IT. S.
navy, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., Sept. 28, 1833,
son of Dr. John Hancock and Man* J. Gihon. He
was educated at the Central High School of Phila-
delphia, and there obtained the degree of A.B. in
1850, having been the first graduate of that institu-
tion under its collegiate establishment ; then entered
the Philadelphia College of Medicine and Surgery,
where was graduated in 1852. In 1854 he received
the degree of A.M. at Philadelphia and from Prince-
ton University. On May 1, 1855, he entered the
U. S. navy as assistant -surgeon, serving first on
board the receiving-ship Union at the navy-yard,
Philadelphia. Dr. Gihon was then assigned to the
Levant, on the East India station, and was in the
Portsmouth's boat with Adm. Andrew II. Foote, on
the occasion of its being tired upon by the Chinese,
Nov. 15, 1856, while attempting to pass the barrier
forts on the Pearl river, near Canton, and partici-
pated in the subsequent engagements, which resulted
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
155
in the capture of these forts. During the Para-
guay expedition, iu 1858-59, lie served oil board the
brig Dolphin. He also served on the coast of Cen-
tral America and Panama; in the naval hospital :it
Brooklyn, N. Y., and at the outbreak of the civil
war on the blockade of Fernandina. Fla. He was
promoted to the rank of surgeon iu 1861, and during
the civil war was on special service with the Eu-
ropean squadron, cruising in the Atlantic in pursuit
of the Confederate steamers Alabama, Florida and
Georgia, and was, in 1804, on the blockade of the
coast of South Carolina. From 186") to 1868 he was
senior medical officer of the navy- van 1 at Ports-
mouth, N. H..and for the following two years was
attached to the Idaho, which was anchored as hos-
pital-ship at Nagasaki, Japan, and was on board
when this vessel was wrecked by the typhoon of
Sept. 21, 1869. For his services rendered to the
Portuguese colony at Dilly, Island of Timor, and to
the Portuguese warships Principe Dom Carlos and
Sa da Bandeira, he received from the king of Portu-
gal, with the consent of congress, the decoration of
knight of the Military Order of Christ ; for services
to H. B. M. ships Flirt and Dawn, the thanks of the
British government ; and for similar services to the
French gunboat Scorpion, those of the commander-
iu-chief of the French East India squadron. After
1875 he was exempted by his rank from service
afloat, and served successively as head of the medi-
cal department of the Naval Academy at Annapolis,
Md.; medical director in charge of the naval hos-
pital at Norfolk, Va. ; member of the board of in-
spection of the navy ; inspector of recruits and re-
cruiting stations, and director of the naval hospitals
at Washington. D. C. ; Mare Island, Cal., and Brook-
lyn, N. Y. lie became the senior medical director
of the U. S navy on May 1, 1895, and the following
September, having reached the constitutional limiia
tion of age, he was retired from active service, with
the rank of commodore. During the forty years of
his naval service, Dr. Gihou was altogether only one
year and ten months unemployed, and for the first
eleven years he was almost continuously at sea. In
1876 he designed for the Centennial exhibition at
Philadelphia, at the request of the chief of the
bureau of medicine and surgery, a model hospital-
ship, and at the same exposition presented his design
for the "Gihon ambulance cot," which was adopted
in 1877 for use in the navy. He has represented the
medical department of the navy during the past
twenty years in many prominent medical, sanitary
and climatological associations and international
medical congresses. He is a member of numerous
American and foreign scientific associations ; is a
fellow and ex-president of the American Academy of
Medicine, ex-president of the Association of Military
Surgeons of the United States and of the American
Public Health Association. He published "Practical
Suggestions in Naval Hygiene " in 1871 ; was for sis
years on the editorial staff of the "Annual of the
Universal Medical Sciences," and is the author of
numerous addresses and essays published in scientific
and literary journals. Dr. Gihou was married, April
3, 1860, to Clara Montfort, daughter of Charles H.
Campfield, of Savannah, Ga. Their only daughter,
Charlotte, died June 18, 1885. Their two sous, Al-
bert Dakin aud Clarence Moutfort Gihon, are suc-
cessful artists in Paris.
HALSEY, Francis Whiting, journalist and
author, was born at Unadilla, Otsego Co., N. Y.,
Oct. 15, 1851. His father was Gains Leonard Hal-
sey, a physician at Unadilla for fifty years, and de-
scended from Thomas Halsey, an Englishman, who
in 1640 helped to found the settlement at South-
ampton, L. I. Southampton contests with Southold
the claim of being the earliest settlement made by
Englishmen in the present territory of New York
state. Mr. Halsey was educated at the Unadilla
Academy aud at Cornell University, where he was
graduated in 1873, having received at college one of
t lie prizes for an essay in English literature. In the
tall of 1873, he became the assistant editor of the
l!ini;hamton "Times. "and after two years' service
joined the staff of the New York "Tribune," of
which he remained a member five years. He acted
as political correspondent and special obituary writer
for the "Tribune"; wrote a few letters from Paris;
was assistant day editor, and contributed regularly
to the literary department, of which Dr. George
Hipley was the chief. In 1880 he became a mem-
ber of the stall' of the New York " Times," and for
"e\eral years filled the place of foreign editor and
writer of book reviews. In 18<)2 he was made liter-
ai v editor of the " Time"." and in 1896 took charge
of the "Times'" "Saturday Review of Books and
An, of which he is still the editor. In this supple-
mentary publication uew books
have been dealt with as part of the
day's news, and in pursuit of that
policy the supplement has acquired
a distinct place a- a weekly liter-
ary newspaper, with subscribers
in every Mate in the Union, and
many foreign countries. In 1878
Mr. Hal-e\ printed a volume of Eu-
ropean letters, with the title, " Two
Months Abroad "; and in IHH.') wrote
an extended introduction for a vol-
ume of family history entitled,
"Thomas Halsey, of Hertford-
shire, England, and Southampton,
Long Island." He has since com-
pleted a work entitled, "An Old
New York Frontier: Its Indian
Wars, Pioneers and Land Titles,"
being an account ot the early history
of the head-waters of the Susque-
hanna from Otsego Lake to the Pennsylvania line.
Iu line with this historical work he had delivered
lectures on the revolutionary history of New York.
One lecture, entitled "New York as the Central
Ground of the Revolution," has been delivered sev-
eral times in New York city and elsewhere. He
has contributed to periodicals, including "Harper's
Weekly," "Book News "and the "Book "Buyer, "and
on July 4, 1898, he delivered the annual address at the
Wyoming massacre celebration, near Wilkes-Barre.
In the alumni affairs of Cornell University he has
been active, taking a leading part in the agitation by
the New York alumni in 1882 and 1883 for a broader
and more vigorous policy on the part of the univer-
sity trustees — a policy since adopted and followed by
an increase in the number of students from about
400 to nearly 2.000. During this agitation, he was
president of the New York Association of Cornell
Alumni. Mr. Halsey was married, in 1883, to Vir-
ginia Isabel, daughter of Alexander S. Forbes —
she died in January, 1899.
HAMM, Margherita Arlina, journalist and
poet, was boru in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, April
29, 1871. She is of French, English and Spanish
descent, through her parents, Rufus Hamm, son ol
Gen. Pierre Hamm, who was the leader of the
Liberal party in Quebec during the rebellion of
1866. and Almenia (Spencer) Hamm, daughter of
Rt. Rev. Harold Jean Spencer, a bishop of England.
Through her mother, she is related to Herbert
Spencer. She was educated in the Convent of the
Sacred Heart, Carlton, N. S. ; at Emerson College,
Boston, and in the University of the City of New
York. Developing early a gift for letters, her liter-
ary efforts found publication before she was sixteen
156
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
years of age, in the "Youth's Companion," and not
long afterwards she was appointed to the editorial
staff of the Boston "Herald." Since then she has
tilled editorial positions on eight newspapers, and is
at present editor of the woman's department of the
New York "Mail and Express" and assistant editor
of " Peterson's Magazine. " She has contributed to
some of the leading newspapers of London, England,
as well as those of afl the more important American
cities, and to newspapers of India and Australia.
In • 1889 she interviewed Pres. Cleveland on the
tariff question in the interests of the London ' ' Times " ;
and she again made a sensation in business circles by
publishing the results of an important interview with
Mr. Elaine. She frequently contributes graceful
verses to prominent literary periodicals. In the
interests of various journals, and for her own
pleasure, Miss Humm lias traveled in all parts of
North America, in Europe, India, China and Japan,
the Sandwich Islands and the West Indies, and the
results of her observations have
been given to the public, not only
through the press, but in public
lectures, which she has delivered
in many American cities. The
subjects which she has most
successfully treated in her ad-
dresses are: "Life in the Ori-
ent," "Chinese Jurisprudence-."
" International Arbitration," "Ir-
rigation in the Far East," " The
War iu Corea." She possesses an
unusually clear, sweet and sympa-
thetic voice; her presence is good,
and she has that magnetic per-
sonality that is always found in
successful orators. She holds
membership in the Society of
Women Journalists, the Writers'
Club of London, the Professional
Woman's League, the Medico-
Legal Society, the Phalo, the So-
ciety for Political Study, the Herbert Spencer Club,
the West End Club, the Political Equality League, the
Crusaders of Liberty, the Hermitage Association, the
Mary Washington, the International Maybrick Asso-
ciation, the American Institute of Civics, the Federa-
tion of Clubs, and many others. She was honorary
commissioner of the Atlanta Exposition and of the
Tennessee Centennial. The women editors of the
" Woman of the Century " proudly declare that
"wherever and whenever brought info direct rivalry
with male journalists, she has shown her ability to
do the work far better than most of the men, and as
well as the best of them."
CO WELL, David, clergyman and acting presi-
dent of the College of New Jersey, was born at
Wreutham, Mass., Dec. 12, 1704, son of Joseph and
Martha (Falt-s) Cowell. He was a great-grandson of
Capt. Edward Cowell, famous in King Philip's war.
After a good school education, he was graduated at
Harvard College in 1732, and immediately applied
himself to the study of divinity. Five years later,
while still a licentiate, he received a call from the
newly founded United Church (Presbyterian) of
Trenton, N. J., and iu November of that "year (1737)
was ordained to the ministry. He was the first pas-
tor of that church, and continued incumbent until
nearly the last day of his life. Of the College of
New Jersey he was so early and active a friend that
he may be counted among its founders. He was its
acting president from September, 1757, to January,
1758, during the period elapsing between the death
of Pres. Aaron Burr and the accession of Pres.
Jonathan Edwards. His friend, Pres. Samuel Pavies.
iu his funeral sermon, says of him : "The charac-
teristics of his youth were a serious, virtuous and
religious turn of mind and a remarkable thirst for
knowledge. The study of books was both his amuse-
ment and serious business while he was passing
through college, and I am a witness how lively a
taste for books and knowledge he cherished to the
last. He had an easy, natural vein of wit, which
rendered his conversation extremely agreeable, and
which he sometimes used with great dexterity to ex-
pose the rake, the fop, the infidel and the other fools
of the human species. But never did his humanity
allow him to use this keen weapon to wound a
friend, or the innocent, whether friend or foe. This
church has lost a judicious minister of the Gospel,
and, as we hope, a sincere Christian ; the world has
lost an inoffensive, useful member of society ; this
town an agreeable, peaceful, benevolent inhabitant ;
the College of New Jersey a father, and I have lost
a friend." Mr. Cowell is buried in the churchyard
at Trenton, and inscribed upon his tombstone is the
following: " A man of penetrating wit, solid judg
inenl, strong memory, yet of great modesty, piety
and benevolence." Mr. Cowell was never married.
He died in Trenton, N. J., Dec. 1, 1760.
HONEYWOOD, St. John, poet, was born in
Leicester, Mass., Feb. 7, 1763, the son of an English
physician who had taken his family there a few
years before. In 17G6, his father, who had enlisted
in the American army as a surgeon, lost his life at
the battle of Ticouderoga, leaving his son an orphan
and in destitute circumstances. He was educated in
Lebanon, Conn., and afterwards went to Yale Col-
lege, residing in the house of the president, Kev. Dr.
Stiles, and was graduated in 1782. He then removed
to Schenectady, N. Y., where for the two succeeding
years he was principal of an academy. Desiring to
become a lawyer, he studied law iu the office of
Peter W. Yates, of Albany, N. Y., and on being ad-
milled to the bar removed to Salem, N. Y., which
was his home for the remainder of his life. He was
one of the electors of the president of the United
Stales when Mr. Adams became the successor of
Gen. AVashiugtou, and he held other honorable
offices also. He was a man of much professional
and general learning, rare conversational abilities
and scrupulous integrity, and he would probably
have been distinguished as a man of letters and a
jurist had he lived to a riper age. A posthumous
volume of his poems was published in 1801. They
are generally of a political character, distinguished
for wit and vigor. Some of these verses form a
curious picture of the closing years of the previous
century, when Washington declined a re-election,
which was the subject of several pages of heroic
verse. Mr. Honeywood was married, in 1788, to a
daughter of Col. Mosely, of Westfield, Mass. He
died in Salem, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1798.
HUNT, Mary Hannah (Hanchett), temper-
ance reformer, was born in South Canaan, Litchfield
co., Conn., July 4, 1831, daughter of Ephraim and
Nancy Hanchett. Her father was of Welsh descent,
an iron manufacturer, and grandson of the first
discoverer of iron ore in the United States. He
was active in the reforms of his times, and was
vice-president, of the first temperance society formed
iu the United States, by Rev. Lymau Beecher. Her
mother was a descendant of Edward Wiuslow, gov-
ernor of Plymouth colony in 1633; and of Thomas
Thacher, D'.D., the first pastor of the Old South
Church of Boston, Mass., one of the Oxford students
who refused to submit to the ecclesiastic dictation of
Archbishop Laud ; and of Col. John Thacher, who
led the Massachusetts bay colony troops, under Gen.
Wolfe, at the capture of Quebec. The daughter was
graduated at Patapsco Institute, near Baltimore,
Md., where she was afterwards teacher of chemistry
and physiology. In 1852 she was married to Leander
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
157
B. Hunt, of East Douglass, Mass. Alnml 1S70 Mrs.
Hiinl was accidentally attracted, l>y some chemical
experiments made by her son, In tin: scientific study
of tin1 nature and effect* of alcoholic drinks. Con-
vinced that the only remedy for alcoholic intem-
perance is abstinence through early education as
to the evil nature and effects of such beverages,
as a part of the study of general hygiene, she pro-
posed compulsory instruction on that subject for all
!n I pi Is in all public schools. She drafted many of I lie
aws for compulsory temperance education now on
the statute-books of the ("uiled Stales. These laws
have been taken as models for similar legislation in
other countries. In effecting the passage and en-
forcement of these statutes she was greatly aided by
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, in which
She holds the position of national superintendent of
this special work. Vermont was the first state to
make scientific temperance a compulsory study in
tin' public schools by legislative enactment, in lss-j.
Sixteen years after the first publication of Mr-.
Hunt's plans temperance education laws hail been
enacted in forty-one of the forty-five states of the
Union, and by the national congress for the benefit
of the military, naval, territorial and other schools
under Federal control— covering fully 111,000,000
children. These laws, with some modifications, have
been adopted in several provinces of Canada and in
Sweden. Mrs. Hunt personally conducted the cam-
paigns which secured the enactment of these laws,
appearing as their advocate before congress and the
legislatures of the most important -tales. In 1897
Mrs. Hunt attended the international anti-alcoholic
congress, held at Brussels, under the auspices of the
king of Belgium, where she was received with distin-
guished honors by the scholars, government officials
and other representative people, convened to consider,
among other questions, how tenipeianee education
should lie imparted in public schools. The "Journal
of Education1' says of her : "The greatest statesmen
of our country, in state and national legislatures,
have enacted into laws the statutes which she wrote.
Our great men of science have paid tribute to her
learning by submitting their works on her topic to
her revision, and gladly accepting her emendations;
and, with it all. Mrs. Hunt is a womanly woman,
on whose face the home virtues sit enshrined."
MARKHAM, (Charles) Edwin, poet and edu-
cator, was born in Oregon ( 'ity. Ore., April 23, 1852,
son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Winchell) Markham.
His ancestry on both sides is of the oldest colonial
stock in Pennsylvania and New England. By the
paternal line, he descends from Col. William Mark-
ham, first cousin and secretary of William Penn ;
acting-governor of Pennsylvania during Penn's ab-
sence in England ; made first deputy-governor of
Delaware in 1691, and later an associate of Lord
Baltimore in important territorial matters. Although
a staunch adherent of the Church of England, he
believed with his Quaker cousin in non-resistance
and the rights of the masses. Another AVilliam
Markham, mentioned in Bentham's works and "Wai-
pole's Letters," was of this famil/ line ; he was
a graduate of Christ Church College, Oxford ; dean
of Westminster, where his body" lies; bishop of
Chester, and tutor of the Prince of Wales. He was
renowned for vigorous mind and profound learning,
and was a close friend of Edmund Burke, whose
"Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful " he helped
correct, although he later quarreled with him over
the case of Warren Hastings. The Wiuchells are of
equally ancient and distinguished lineage, deriving
descent, according to tradition, from Robert Wiu-
chelsea, made archbishop of Canterbury in 1293.
The line is Welsh or English in origin, and is repre-
sented on the Continent by the names Wiukel and
Wiinschel. Having espoused the cause of the Puri-
tan dissenters early in the seventeenth century, the
famil}' suffered persecution in England ; some repre-
sentatives accordingly taking refuge in America, and
others in Holland. Descendants of the Holland branch
later came also to America, and the combined families
at the present time number some 3,000 members,
settled mostly in the New England and middle
states. One of the earliest American Winchells is
mentioned for a contribution to King Philip's war ;
and another, Robert Winchell, is mentioned in the
most ancient records of tin-church at Windsor. Conn.,
as the lirst to pay for a sitting, while his young son is
memoriali/.ed by an appointment to beat the drum,
calling the congregation to service. Twenty persi uis
of the name served in the revolutionary war, seven
in the war of 1812, and over sixty as privates, chap-
lains ami field officers in the civil war. Throughout
its history the family has been noted for intellectual
vigor and aggressive activity in the affairs of church
and state ; many representatives having been noted
as legislators, preachers, scientists and in other
learned professions. Deriving descent from such
distinguished ancestry, and passing his early years
amid the primitive surroundings of pioneer life, Ed-
win Markham — for so he is best known to the world
of letters — early manifested tin- vigor and originality
of thought which have characterized his entire
career. He was the youngest son of pioneer parents,
who, shortly before his birth, had crossed the plains
from Michigan. Having lost the care of his father
before reaching his fifth year, he settled with his
mother and brothers in a wild and beautiful valley
near Siiisun, in central California, where he grew to
young manhood, inured to every kind of labor re-
quired on a western cattle ranch, and depending for
education on the rude country
schools and his own ceaseless
reading. For companionship I he
young poet depended almost
wholly on an elder brother, who
was deaf and dumb, and on his
mother, a stern anil silent woman,
of strong character and great ori-
ginality. His reading was large-
ly poetical — Homer and Byron
being his first masters — and his
thoughts soon sought expression
in verse. One of his earliest at-
tempts in this direction was a
Byronesque fragment, "A Dream
of Chaos," which displayed
poetic feeling and insight ; and
with this beginning, he has con-
stantly added to iiis reputation
until he now ranks high among
the popular and effective poets of
America. In 1871 Mr. Markham entered the State
Normal School at San Jose, making his way on nu \
he had earned, and then pursued the classical course
at Christian College, Santa Rosa, Cal. After leaving
college he read law for a time, but has never prac-
ticed at the bar. As superintendent and principal
of schools at various places for many years, he has
rendered important services in the educational prog-
ress of California. He is now (1899) head master of
the Tompkins Observation School. Oakland, con-
nected with the University of California, where he
has been engaged for a number of years in a work
which is highly significant to the interests of acade-
mic education. Prof. Markham's library is acknowl-
edged one of the largest and best chosen in the state,
and is especially excellent in the departments of
philosophy and "literary criticism. His own con-
tributions" to literature are chiefly poetical, and his
work has been described as the most significant yet
produced west of the Rocky mountains. He has
158
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
contributed to many of the leading American maga-
zines, and enjoys high favor with the critics. Ed-
mund Clarence Stedmau has described his verse as
" truly and exquisitely poetical " ; but, added to its
delicate lyric beauty, it may be said to possess a deep
spiritual significance and a burden of daring and
radical thought. He gravitates in philosophy toward
Plato and Hegel ; in religion, toward Swedeuborg
and the seers; in sociology, toward Ruskin, Mazziui
and Herron. His genius has been well described as
"Hebraic and religious, rather than Hellenic and
sensuous." He has written on sociological ques-
tions, taking the stand of applied Christianity in
regard to the political and social conscience, as
shown in a baccalaureate address recently delivered
at Leland Stanford, Jr., University. For years he
has been at work upon a lyrical epic, designed to be
his masterpiece and to embody his ripest thought
upon man and his destiny here and hereafter. He
has gathered his fugitive poems into two volumes,
"The Mau with the Hoe. and other Poems" and
"In Earth's Shadow." Perhaps the most remark-
able event in Mr. Markham's literary career was
the publication of his "Man with the Hoe," a
poem inspired by Jean Francois Millet's great
painting with that title. This excited enthusiastic
comment in the American press, and brought the
author many letters from critics and admirers in
Europe and America. It is generally conceded to
be one of the greatest productions of the last quarter
of a century, ranking with Kipling's "Recessional."
A recent critic says of Mr. Markham's verse : " One
of its distinctive features is its breadth of range.
This gives it greatness — a greatness unknown to the
singers of the flowery way. He breaks open the
secret of the poppy; he feels the pain in the bent
back of labor ; he goes down to the dim places of
the dead ; he reaches in heart- warm prayer to the
Father of Life."
HUNTER, Robert Mercer Taliaferro, states-
man, was born in Essex county, Va., April 21, 1809,
son of James and Maria (Garuett) Hunter. His
father, a representative of a noted
Scotch-American family, was a
landed proprietor of consider-
able means and high standing,
and for two terms a member of
the Virginia legislature ; his
mother was a daughter of Musc< «
Garnett, another wealthy planter
of Essex county. His maternal
grandmother, Grace Fenton Mer-
cer, belonged to the distinguished
family of that name, one of the
most prominent members of
which was Charles Feuton Mer-
cer (1778-1858), the well-known
philanthropist, who was a member
of congress from Virginia (1817-
40). Two of his uncles, James
Mercer Garnett and Robert Sel-
deu Garnett. were also representa-
tives in congress from the Essex
district, for two and five terms respectively. With
so many of his immediate family in public life, the
young man's mind turned naturally to the study of
current politics. The science of government, his-
tory and biography were always his favorite studies,
but with active mind, comprehensive intellect and
retentive memory, few fields of learning escaped his
attention. After receiving a careful home training
and the best the schools of the vicinity afforded, he
entered the University of Virginia at its first session,
in 1825, having for his classmates Prof. Gessner
Harrison, Prof. Henry Tutwiler, and others little
less distinguished, and was one of its first gradu-
ates, in 1829. On leaving college, he entered the law
school of that eminent jurist and publicist. Judge Hen-
ry St. George Tucker, of Winchester, and in 1830 es-
tablished himself in professional practice in his native
county. In 1835, when but twenty-six years of age,
he was elected to the house of delegates from Essex,
and served during two sessions (1835-37). This
period is memorable for the discussion and adoption
of the Virginia resolutions on the northern anti-
slavery associations and the formal denial of the
power of congress to legislate on the subject, and
further by the discussions on the Expunging Reso-
lutions. Upon the latter he made probably his first
speech in the house, on Feb. 26, 1836. In 1837 he
was elected to the national house of representatives,
where he served continuously until 1847, with the
exception of one term. During th« sessions of 1839-
41 he was speaker of the house, and his rulings are
still regarded as of high authority ou questions of
parliamentary law. He advocated the annexation of
Texas, the compromise of the Oregon question, the
retrocession of Alexandria to Virginia, and supported
the Walker tariff of 1846. In "December, 1847, he
was elected by the general assembly to the U. S.
senate, and soon took a leading position in that body,
among such distinguished statesmen as Calhoun,
Clay, Webster, Cass and Beuton ; and at a later
period, he, with Davis, of Mississippi, and Toombs,
of Georgia, constituted what was known as the
"Southern Triumvirate." Early in his congressional
career he adopted in the main the state-rights and
low tariff views of Mr. Calhoun, and was among the
ablest of the disciples and supporters of that eminent
statesman. He voted for the Clayton compromise,
and the extension to the Pacific coast of the line
36° 3', established by the Missouri compromise of
1820. As chairman of the committee on finance in
the senate, he made an able and exhaustive report
on the coinage of the country; he was the author of
the tariff of 1857, which effected a considerable re-
duction in duties and enlarged the free list ; he
originated the bonded warehouse system, under
which imported goods were allowed to remain in
government warehouses until the owners desired to
put them upon the market, paying the duties at the
time of withdrawal. He was a prominent candidate
for the presidency in 1860, having secured the Vir-
ginia delegation over ex-Gov. Henry A. Wise, a fact
attesting his great popularity in the state, as the
delegates were elected by conventions held in e:ich
congressional district. On Feb. 22, 1858, he deliv-
ered a stirring oration at the unveiling of Crawford's
equestrian statue of Washington in the capitol
square of Richmond. His address delivered in the
same city in the campaign of 1852, in which he
traced the growth and history of parties, and demon-
strated the soundness of the state-rights view of the
Federal compact, is one of the ablest popular dis-
quisitions on that subject ; and his address in the
African Church in the memorable Know-nothing
campaign of 1855, on the dangers to be apprehended
from secret political parties, is still referred to as a
masterpiece of eloquence, oratory and overwhelming
logic. When Virginia seceded, he resigned his seat
in the senate, and was soon afterwards invited by
Pres. Davis to accept the office of secretary of state
of the Confederacy in his second cabinet. He filled
this position until elected, in 1862, to the Confed-
erate States senate, in which he served until the
evacuation of Richmond and the dispersion of the
Confederate government. He was one of the three
Confederate commissioners appointed by Pres. Davis
to treat with Pres. Lincoln and Secy. Seward at
the Fortress Monroe conference, his associates being
Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, vice-president
of the Confederacy, and John A. Campbell, of
Louisiana, ex-associate justice of the U. S. supreme
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
159
court. He was among the prominent Virginians
summoned by Mr. Lincoln to meet him in Rich-
mond, to confer as to the restoration of Virginia to
her relations in the Federal union — a meeting which
was to have been held in April, 1865, and was pre-
vented by Lincoln's assassination. Mr. Hunter was
soon after arrested, and confined for several month-
in Fort Pulaski. with James A. Seddon, the last
Confederate secretary of war, and other distinguished
men. Having been released, through the efforts and
intercession of friends in both the North and South,
he returned to his home, and devoted himself to
study and to agricultural pursuits. Thereafter he sel-
dom participated ill public affairs ; his speech in
New York city in the presidential campaign of 1872,
and an occasional appearance in his own state, are the
only instances now recalled. In 1874 he was circled
by the legislature treasurer of Virginia, and dis-
charged the duties of the office until January, 1880,
when he was defeated for re-election, in consequence
of the triumph of what was then called the Read-
just er party. In 1885 Pres. Cleveland appointed
him Collector ot the port of Tappahannock, a posi-
tion which he held to the time of his death. There
have been few men in this country whose public
career extended over a longer period, or who tilled
so many exalted positions with such conspicuous
ability. In private life, he was as distinguished for
his simplicity of manner, amiability and purity of
character, and the philosophical equanimity with
which he bore the reverses of fortune, as he was in
public for his fervent patriotism, eminent ability and
fidelity to duty. No citizen of any age has left a
more stainless record, and he illustrated by his life
the grand maxim of Robert E. Lee, that "Human
fortitude should be equal to human calamity." Mr.
Hunter was married, in 1836. to Mary Evelina Dan-
dridge, of Jefferson county, Va. , a lineal descendant
of Gov. Alexander Spottiswoode, a relative of Mar-
tha Washington (nee Da.ndrid.ge) and a niece of
Judge Henry St. G. Tucker. He died at his home
in Essex county, Va., July 18, 1887.
D ALL. Caroline (Healey), author and philan-
thropist, was born in Boston, Mass., June 23, 1822,
daughter of Mark and Caroline (Foster) Healey. Her
father was a merchant in the India trade and the
president of the Merchants' Bank. She was edu-
cated by masters and governesses chiefly in her
native city, and early began to write, although her
first work, "Essays and Sketches," consisting of
Sunday-school lessons for the West Church, was not
published until 1849. In 1840 she became vice-
principal of Miss English's school for young ladies
at Georgetown, D. C. In September, 1844, she was
married to Rev. Charles Henry Appleton Dall, a
Unitarian minister, and the first, of his denomination
in America to become a foreign missionary. In
1855 he sailed for India, and he remained connected
with that country until his death, in 1886 ; returning,
however, every fifth year to visit his family. Re-
forms of various kinds and the opening of new fields
of work for women found an enthusiastic advocate
in Mrs. Dall. Many of her works and lectures hav-
ing to do with these subjects, and her pulpit dis-
courses— for she has preached with acceptance more
than 300 times — have dealt with kindred subjects,
as well as with theological questions. She practi-
cally originated the Social Science Association,
wrote its first constitution and by-laws, and has read
many papers before that body. In 1854 she was
associated with Paulina Wright Davis in editing
"The Una," the first woman's-rights journal pub-
lished in Boston. For several years she conducted
classes for adults in Shakespeare, Herodotus and
philology. The degree of LL.D., conferred on her
by Alfred University in 1877, was well deserved,
being the first given to a woman in modern times.
I
She has for the last twenty years conducted a class in
literature and morals in her own house in the city of
Washington. No fees are paid. To be a member of it is
considered a distinction, and it has come to be an in-
stitution. In 1898 it had forty members, ten of
whom had belonged to it from the beginning. Her
writings are distinguished for vigor and scholarship,
and "The College, the Market and the- Court"
I IsiiTi is said to be the strongest presentation of the
"woman question " ever published. Among other
works are " Historical Pictures Retouched " (1859) ;
"Woman's Rinlit to Labor" HSC.O); " Life of Dr.
Xakr/.ewska "(I860); "Woman's Rights Under the
Law" (1861); "Patty Grey's
Journey to the Cotton Islands"
(!! vols., 1869, 1870); "Romance
of the Association: or, One Last
Glimpse of Charlotte Temple
and Eli/.a Wharton"(1875); "My
First Holiday," a sprightly ac-
count of travel in the far West
( 1 ss l ) ; •• What We Really Know
About Shakespeare" (18H5 ; 2d
ed. 1S86); "Life of Dr. Anandi-
bar .loshee" (1888); "Barbara
Frietchie" (1892); " Mai-aret
and Her Friends" (1895); Lec-
ture on "Transcendentalism in
New Kmilaiid " before the So-
cielv for Philosophical Enquiry,
Washington,!). C. (1897); mem-
oirs of Jane W. Turner, Wil-
liam W. Turner, librarians
of the Smithsonian and the
patent office (1898), and of Alexander Wadsworth.
(1898). These memoirs were printed at her own ex-
pense, for the use of libraries and encyclopaedias.
A large number of essays on reform and papers writ-
ten during the civil war remain in manuscript, but
will eventually be published in a uniform edition of
her works. Her son, William Healey Dall, is a well-
known biologist and author of many scientific works.
CHOATE, Joseph Hodges, lawyer, was born at
Salem, Mass., Jan. 24, 1832, son of George and Mar-
garet Manning (Hodges) Choate. His father (1796-
1880), also a native of Salem and a graduate of Har-
vard College (1818), was widely known as a skilled
physician, and represented Salem in the general
court for several years. His mother was a daughter
of Gamaliel Hodges, of Salem. By both lines, Mr.
Choate descends from early colonial stock, and is
related directly and collaterally with some of the
most memorable characters in New England history.
The original American representative of the Cboate
family was John Choate (1624-95), a native of Gro-
ton, Boxford, Colchester. England, who emigrated
to Massachusetts in 164?, settled at Chebacco (now
Ipswich), and was admitted a freeman of the colony
in 1667. From this worthy and his wife, Anne, to
whom he was married in 1660, the line of descent
runs through their sou, Thomas Cuoate (1671-1745),
first of the family on the ancestral estate, Hog or
Choate Island, and representative of Ipswich in the
general court (1723-25, '27), and his wife, Mary Var-
ney ; through their son, Francis Choate (1701-77),
farmer, church elder and friend of George White-
field, and his wife, Hannah Perkins; through their
son, William Choate (1730-85), who was during most
of his life a sea captain, and his wife, Mary Gid-
dings , through their son, George Choate (1762-
1826), representative for Ipswich (1814-17) and for
Essex (1819), and his wife. Susanna, daughter of
Judge Stephen Choate, of Ipswich, parents of Dr.
George Choate. Probably the best known of the
line, after the present representative, was his father's
cousin, that famous orator and lawyer, Rufus
100
THE NATIONAL < ' Y < ' I.< > I'.EIM A
Choate, who, even after the lapse of nearly forty
years since his death, still holds a name and place at
the American bar to which noue has succeeded.
Two characteristics, which seem to descend from
generation to generation in this family, are great
scope and concentration of mind and effective ora-
torical power, and this appears in several of the line
who lay no other claim to lasting remembrance.
The Hodges family traces descent from a representa-
tive of the family who came from England, and set-
tled in Bristol county, Mass., about "l 630. Joseph
H. Choate was prepared for college in the public
schools of Salem, and was graduated at Harvard
College in 1852, ranking fourth in the class of which
his elder brother, William Gardiner Choate, was the
first ; among their classmates being many men who
have since won prominence and position. He then
entered upon the study of law in the Harvard Law
School, where he was graduated LL.B. in 1854, and
after an additional year of reading and practice in
the office of Leverett Saltonstall, in Boston, was ad-
mitted to the bar of Massachusetts in 1855. His pro-
fessional career was short in his native state, and in
the same year he made his home in New York city,
which has been the scene of his brilliant career as an
advocate, orator and maker of history. [lis first con-
nection (1855) in New York was with the firm of
Scudder & Carter, of which James C. Carter is now
(1899) sole survivor ; but upon presenting a letter of
introduction from Rufus Choate to
William M. Evarts, prophetic in
its reference to the possession by
Mr. Choate of those qualities which
were bound to win him fame and
leadership at the bar. he was in-
vited to enter the office of the firm
of Butler, Evarts & Southmayd in
1856. Later (1858) lie formed a
partnership with William II. L.
Barnes (who thereafter became a
prominent lawyer of San Francis-
co), under the style of Choate &
Barnes, which was continued until
his admission to Mr. Evarts' firm,
which then (1859) became Evarts,
Southmayd <fc Choate. This firm
in turn became, in 1884, Evarts,
Choate & Beaman, and so continues
to the present time (1899). It has always been an
association of remarkable men, and has been and is
still reputed to be the foremost legal firm in the
country. As a trial lawyer, Mr. Choate has few, if
any, rivals. His deep knowledge of human nature,
wonderful ability in discerning situations and com-
bining facts, and perfect self-possession before a
court render him formidable as an examiner uf wit-
nesses, while his ready wit and great eloquence give
him unusual influence with juries. His practice,
which often takes him outside his own state, is tbe
most extensive in the city of New York, and he has
conducted some of the most memorable cases of re-
cent years in opposition to the most distinguished law-
yers of the nation. Among them are the case of Feuar-
dentTO. di Cesnola. in which he successfullydefeuded.
in a trial lasting several months, the genuineness of the
Cypriote antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of
Art ; the Credit Mobilier case, involving the contract
for the construction of the Union Pacific railroad ;
and the case of Stewart vs. Huntington, brought to
recover a large sum of money, alleged to be due on a
ci.iitract for the purchase of stock, and involving the
operations of the builders of the Central Pacific rail-
road; the cases of Hutchinson TO. the New York
Stock Exchange and of Loubat vs. the. Union Club,
in each of which he was successful in securing
the reinstatement of the plaintiff to membership
in the defendant association, and the trials in
which cases excited very great public interest at,
the time 'and presented many novel questions ; the
case of Hunt TO. The Executors of Parau Stevens, in
which Mr. Ghoate represented the plaintiff, the well-
known architect, Richard M. Hunt. He also appeared
for the plaintiff in the case of Laidlaw vs. Sage, in-
volving the liability of Russell Sage for damages,
arising from the fact, as alleged, that he had used
the plaintiff as a shield and protection on the occasion
of the sensational dynamite explosion in the defend-
ant's office in New York city ; the famous Maynard
New York election fraud cases of 1891-92 ; many
famous cases in the admiralty courts ; various cases,
in different jurisdictions, involving attacks on the val-
idity of the so-called Standard Oil Trust and the To-
bacco Trust, the amount of money involved running
into the millions ; the Cruger, Vanderbilt, Tilden,
Siewart, Hoyt, Drake and Hopkins-Searles will cases,
and all of the other important will contests during the
last twentv-five years. Mr. Choate was also success-
ful in a somewhat extraordinary case before the in-
terstate commerce commission, in securing, against
the score or more of railroads centering in New
York city, a very material reduction and graduation
in freight rates on milk, which the railroads had re-
fused to change for many years, for the benefit of
the farmers in near-by territory supplying the milk
for the New York market. Among his numerous
cases before the U. S. supreme court were. Geb-
hard vs. Canada Southern Railway Co., involv-
ing questions concerning the rights of holders of
foreign railway company bonds; Miller TO. Mayor,
etc., of New York, involving the lawfulness of the
structure of the first New York and Brooklyn
bridge ; the case of David Neagle, who shot Judge
Terry in defense of Mr. Justice Field, where the
question presented related to the right of the U. S
government to protect its own otlicers within the ter-
ritorial limits of a state, as against the enforcement
of state laws : tin1 Stanford case, which involved the
right of the U. S. government to collect many mil-
lions of dollars from the estate of the late Leland
Stanford, which would have deprived Stanford Uni-
versity in California of nearly its entire support — Mr.
Choate's appeal for the university resembling that of
Webster for Dartmouth College ; the Bell Telephone
case, which involved the validity of substantially the
entire Bell telephone patent ; other important patent
cases in that court and elsewhere ; the Behring -ra
case, in which Mr. Choate represented the Canadian
government, and which presented the question of
tin' government's right to seize and condemn Cana-
dian and other vessels engaged in the sealing fishery
in Behring sea, and involved many delicate and im-
portant international questions; the Berdan arms
case, involving the right of the widow of Gen.
Berclau to compensation from the government for
its use of his very valuable patents in the manu-
facture of the rifles used throughout the rebellion;
the Pullman palace car case, which involved a
novel controversy over several millions of dollars,
arising out of the lease between the Central Trans-
portation Co. and the Pullman Palace Car Co.; and
the alcohol-in-the-arts case, upon which, accord-
ing to the attorney-general of the United States, de-
pended the disposition of fifteen or twenty millions of
dollars, and which involved the right of manufacturers
to rebates, under the Diugley Tariff Law, on alcohol
employed in the arts. Famous and successful as has
been liis career in the general practice of the law and
in ordinary legal controversies, he has won a much
wider reputation as an authority on questions of con-
stitutional law. Especially notable among the cases
presenting constitutional questions which he has ar-
gued before the supreme court of the United States
are the following : The case of Philadelphia Fire
Association /•«. New York, involving the coustilu
^
NEW YORK
PUBLIC
OF AMKHK'AN BIOGRAPHY.
161
tionality of the so called reciprocal and retaliatory
taxation laws airaiusl foreign corporations enacted
by mauy of the states ; the Kansas prohibition law
case, involving the validity of the Kansas liquor
law, perhaps the most stringent of modern statutes
on the subject ; the Chinese exclusion cases, which
presented the question as to the general right of the
government to exclude or deport Chinese immi-
grants ; the California irrigation cases, which in-
volved the nencral question as to the constitutional-
ity of the irrigation acts passed by many of the west-
ern states; Manchester »«. The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts fisheries
case, involving the constitutional right of a state to
protect fisheries in the arms of the sea and within
and beyond the three-mile limit ; the famous income
tax cases, which involved the constitutionality of
the Income Tax Law of IS'.lt, and generally of that
species of taxation under the Federal constitution;
and In re Griec, Unown as the Texas trust law-
case, which involved the constitutionality of the
"Anti-Trust" Law of the state of Texas, which has
been substantially re-enacted in fully two thirds of
the states of the Union. Besides these, mauy other
important cases, presenting equally important consti-
tutional questions, have been argued by him before
the highest courts of his own and other state's. In
1879 he greatly added to his national reputation by
his able and successful defense of Gen. Fitz-.Tohn
Porter before1 the commission appointed by Pres.
Hayes to inquire into the justice of the sentence of
the court-martial which, in istio, had deprived Gen.
Porter of his military rank for alleged misconduct in
battle. Mr. Choate's able conduct of the ease not,
only established Porter's innocence, but brought
about the restoration of his rank. Mr. Choate's ver-
satility was further displayed in his presentation of the
case for the defendant before the naval court-martial
appointed to try Coinr. McCalla for certain alleged
breaches of the naval regulations ; auda still further
illustration of that quality of his mind may be found
in his genial and diplomatic conduct of the unprece-
dented investigation, undertaken by the New York
Yacht Club, of the Vigilant- Valkyrie controversy,
upon charges made by Lord Duuraven as to the
conduct of the international yacht race between
those boats. He has always been a strong champion
of the bar as against aggressions or slights from the
bench. The best instance of his defense of the rights
of his brethren in the profession was his presenta-
tion, in 1893, of the case of John W. Goff, now
recorder, as against the charges of contempt of
court preferred from the bench by Recorder Smyth.
His constant thought and kindly consideration
for the younger members of the profession have
long ago led them to make of him almost an
idol. The absolute confidence and respect with
which he is universally treated and regarded by both
bench and bar are altogether extraordinary, and con-
stitute a great tribute to the strength and purity of
his personal and professional character. Mr. Choate
is a member of the American, New York State and
New York City bar associations ; was president of
the last-named, of which he was a founder, during
1888 and 1889. and is president of the American Bar
Association and the New York State Charities Aid
Association. He has been active as a Republican in
all local and national election campaigns since he
first took the stump for Gen. Fremont in 1850, and
was one of the most active members of the original
committee of seventy which routed the Tweed ring.
In the Maynard election fraud cases of 1891-92, and
during the investigation of the police department of
New York city in 1894, he was again prominent in
the anti-Tammany movement. Among his most no-
table oratorical efforts may be mentioned those at
the unveiling of the Farragut statue in New York
VOL. IX.— 11.
(1881), of the statue of Rufus Choate in the Boston
court-house (1898), the address on "Trial by Jury "
before the American liar Association (1898), and that
on Leverett Saltonstall (Boston. lsi)S). His public
addresses maybe said to have lie^un with that at the
Metropolitan Fair in New York city, in 1864, and
since then he has, nearly every year, delivered
mauy such speeches and addresses before college and
other societies, at public banquets, and Harvard
commencements. He enjoys a wide social popu-
larity, and has a great reputation as an after-dinner
speaker. He has been president of the New Eng-
land Society of New York (1H07-71); of the Har-
van! Club (1874r-78) ; of the 1'iiion League Club
(1873-77), and is a member of the Union League,
I niversity. Harvard. City, Metropolitan, Riding,
New York Athletic, Century and Dow n Town clubs,
and of the Metropolitan Museum of An and American
Museum of Natural History. In his public speeches,
as in the conduct of his cases, Mr. Choate generally
subordinates details, and liases his arguments on the
salient points at issue. He is always eloquent and
wittv. With the insight of genius, be instinct-
ively seizes upon the vital questions. While using
them freely and with remarkable force when neces-
r/oi , " ~i* s» " w^ns-i&=Ei y
sary, he, as a rule, encumbers his arguments with
precedents and citations less than is usual with suc-
cessful advocates, but has the peculiar power of so
elucidating and arguing an issue, in the light of con-
trolling principles, apart from precedent, as to set it
forth with well-nigh irresistible force. At the same
time, his manner is always natural, without any at-
tempt at mere oratorical effect. The feeling is cur-
rent in New York that a case placed in Mr. Choate's
hands is as nearly certain of a successful outcome as
is possible. He is more sought after to represent im-
portant interests and argue test cases than perhaps any
other lawyer in America. His versatility and ability
are exhibited in equal degree and with equal force
throughout the entire gamut of professional employ-
ment, from patent and admiralty causes and courts-
martial, through will contests and breach of promise
cases, to thoseiuvolving the greatest constitutional and
international questions; and whether called into play
in consultation, or before a jury, or before an appellate
tribunal — at all times and in all places he is equally
at home and at his ease. Few men can be named
who have possessed this marked quality and charac-
teristic, which makes, in the language of the pro-
fession, the recognized all - around lawyer. Many
have been eminent in one branch or on one side of
162
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
professional life ; he has been preeminent in all its
departments, and has been, under all circumstances
and conditions, facile princ.eps. Despite his eminent
qualifications for any position, he has, notwithstand-
ing great urging, steadily refused to seek public
office. Once, by request, he became an independent
candidate for a U. S. seuatorsliip, in 1895-96, as
against a party machine ; but, with that exception,
and save for occupying the presidency of the New
York state constitutional convention of 1894, he has
never before emerged from private life and profes-
sional business. lu that respect, his whole life has
been based upon the principle that the office must
seek the man, but that the good citizen is bound to
accept office, when it conies to him, at any personal
sacrifice. In January, 1899, Pres. McKinley appointed
him ambassador to Great Britain, to succeed John
Hay. The appointment was received with exceptional
enthusiasm and commendation in both England and
America. He is regarded as representative, in train-
ing, culture and refinement, of the very best there is in
the Anglo-Saxon race. Unknown to the world at large,
his broad, catholic and benevolent spirit is constantly
manifested in works of charity ; and, notwithstand-
ing the drafts upon his professional time, his services
as a lawyer are repeatedly given gratuitously to some
public cause, or to clients too poor to pay a fee ; and
for them his skill is employed even more persistently
and earnestly than in the ordinary cases where fees
are paid. Mr. Choate is an exceptionally hard
worker, with great powers of concentration and
application, sparing himself neither night nor day
during nine months of the year. The other three
months he sets apart for an adequate vacation, with
comparative relaxation and repose, at Stockbridge,
Mass , where he has a summer home. Personally,
whether seen in his capacity as an advocate or in the
more favorable surroundings of social life, he is uni-
formly kind, courteous and considerate, eloquent,
convincing and fascinating, mingling with his serious
oratory a keen satire and ever-ready humor that
have been the despair of many an able opponent.
Like Abraham Lincoln, he can, with a few dry,
satirical remarks, shatter in small pieces the most
studied and elaborate argument before a jury. He
is a man of striking individuality, fearless and hon-
est in all things, and of absolute independence in
thought and action; always ready to take the initia-
tive, liberal in his sentiments and beliefs, and of
broad and generous impulses and strong affections.
He is an ardent lover of nature. His instinctive be-
lief in God and his knowledge and appreciation of the
Bible, apt quotations from which he constantly em-
ploys, are notable characteristics. With that great
Book of the human race, he is unusually familiar,
and to it he pays the homage of absolute reverence.
As he himself has said of Rufus Choate, "this
Book, so early absorbed and never forgotten, satu-
. rated his mind and spirit more than any other,
more than all other books combined. It was at
his tongue's end, at his fingers' end — always close
at hand." He has declared that he owes to Rufus
Choate "more than to any other man, or men — to
his example and inspiration, to his sympathy and
helping hand " — whatever success has attended his
own professional efforts. It is not surprising, there-
fore, that in his description of that great man — a
word- portrait, throbbing with the life that is born of
love — we find not only a portrayal of his own ideal,
but a faithful picture of himself. He was mar-
ried, Oct. 16, 1861, to Caroline Dutcher, daugh-
ter of Frederick A. Sterling, of Cleveland, O.
They have had five children, three sons — Ruluff
Sterling, George and Joseph Hodges Choate, Jr. —
and two daughters — Josephine and Mabel. Two sous
(George and Joseph Hodges, Jr.) and one daughter
(Mabel) are now (1899) living.
SPEARS, John Randolph, journalist and
author, was born in Van Wert, O., April 21, 1850,
son of Richard Cary and Louisa (Spear) Spears.
During the period of the civil war he entered the
printing office of a country newspaper, and in the
excitement of the times was made familiar, with un-
usual rapidity, with the various phases of journalism.
In 1866, determining to fit for entrance in the navy,
he entered the naval academy, where he spent three
years. At the end of that time he abandoned this
plan, and returned to journalism. He became, in
1875, editor of the " Advertiser," a weekly journal
published at East Aurora, N. Y., and from 1876
until 1882 he edited the Silver Creek "Local." He
then became a reporter on the staff of the Buffalo
"Express," and shortly after-
wards accepted an appointment
to a similar position on the
New York "Sun." In the
course of his subsequent la-
bors for this journal, he traveled
in the Tennessee mountains,
mixed with the White Caps of
Arkansas, explored in Green-
land, journeyed through the
Death Valley in California,
and in Patagonia, Mexico and
Central America. Of his jour-
nalistic articles on these trav-
els, some have been published
subsequently in book form,
notably "The Gold Diggings
of Cape Horn." He has also
published many short stories in
various magazines and news- . (\
papers, of which three were
issued in book form, under the title of "The Port of
Missing Ships." His descriptions of animal and bird
life are happy and accurate. In 1898 he published
a "History of Our Navy," which received very
favorable commendation. His literary style is sym-
pathetic, fluent and thorough, and marked by
journalistic conciseness. His' most successful short
story is "The Port of Missing Ships." Mr. Spears
was married, Nov. 11, 1873, to Celestia, daughter of
James Smiley.
VAN VECHTEN, Abraham, jurist, was born
at Catskill, Greene county, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1762, son
of Tennis and Judith (Ten Broeck) Van Vechten.
The first of the family in this country was Teunis
Dirckseu Van Vechteu, a native of Vechten, near
Utrecht, Holland, who, will) his wife, child and ser-
vants, came to Beaverwyck, or Fort Orange, in the
ship Arms of Norway, in 1638. In 1648 he was the
owner of land atGreenbush, N. Y. (now Rensselaer),
which remains in the possession of his descendants.
The oldest son, Dirk Teunisse Van Vechten, born in
Holland, in 1634, died at Catskill, in 1702, at the
place purchased by him almost from Indian occu-
pancy, in or before 1681. The land was confirmed
to him by patent therefor, and for other land adjoin-
ing, byGov. Thomas Dougan, in 1686, and part of it is
still in the family, together with the old stone house
built by him in "1690. He was married to Jaunetje,
daughter of Michael Jansen and Fytje (Hartman)
Vreelandt, one of the first patentees of Commuui-
paw, now Jersey City ; in 1644 a resident of New
Amsterdam, and in i649 one of the nine men repre-
senting the commonalty of New Netherland in com-
munications to the states-sreneral of Holland. Tennis
Van Vechten (1668-1707), son of Dirk Teunisse,
was married to Cathalyntje, daughter of Claas
Frederickse Van Petten, of Schenectady. Michael
Van Vechten, oldest son of Dirk, removed, in 1685,
to Raritan, N. J., and left numerous descendants in
that state. The family Bible, dated 1603, inherited
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
163
from his father ami grandfather, is in the collection
of the American Bible Society iu New York city, ami
is an interesting relic of the " eighty years war " of
the Netherlands for religious freedom In the next
generation, Tennis Van Vechten (1707-85) was mar
ried to Judith, daughter of Jacob Ten Broeck He
was an officer in the colonial militia, and was present
at Braddoek's defeat Samuel, their sou (1742-1813),
was burn in Catskill , was an officer iu the revolu
tiou, a county judge and a large landowner. His
wife was a -isier of Jacob Van Olden, an early law
ver and resident of Calskill Another son was the
Rev. Dr Jacob Van Vechten, long pastor at Scheu-
ectady, and trustee of Union College, where he was
graduated Alirahain Van Vechten, the subject of
this biography, was educated
at an academy at Ksopus (now
Kingston), N. Y., and King's
mow Columbia) College, and
then studied law at Albany,
under John Lansing, subse
quently chancellor of the slate
of New York, who became
bis intimate friend as well a-
his instructor. Hi" was admit-
ted to practice at a term of
the supreme court of the stair,
held at Albany in October,
1785. and was the first law
yer admitted to practice alter
the adoption of the state con
stitution From this circum-
stance, and from the fact of
bis distinction as a lawyer,
be became known as the
" father of the bar of the state
of New York." Immediately after his admission to
practice he opened an office at Johnstown, N. Y..
but soon removed to Albany, and resided there until
his death He was not overshadowed by the oilier
members of the bar. but quickly attained eminence
and was repeatedly called to fill positions of trust
In 1796 (Jov Jay appointed him attorney for the
5th district, of the state, embracing the counties of
Albany, Saratoga, Montgomery and Schoharie, and
in 17'jt associate-justice of the supreme court of the
slate — a signal honor, since he was one of the young
est members of the bar . but the latter office was de
clined. From 1797 until 1808 he served as recorder
of the city of Albany In 1798 he became a candi-
date for the state senate, and was elected almost
unanimously , continued in office until 180.") ami was
chairman of the judiciary committee, and also a
member of the court for the correction of errors He
refused a re election, having decided never again to
hold political office . but, in the autumn of 1805, cer-
tain laws were proposed materially affecting the in-
terests of the county of Albany, and he consented to
return to the legislature as member of the assembly.
He occupied a seat in this body until 1813. when he
retired. In 1810 he was appointed attorney general
of the state, and also, in 1813, holding that office
asiain for two years, his successor, in 1815, being
Martin Van Buren The convention for changing
the state constitution, held in 1821, was brought
about largely by his writings and speeches, and he
had a commanding influence in that body. Among
the speeches made by him were those on the revisory
power, on freehold qualifications for voters, on ex-
tending the elective franchise and the registry of
negro voters, on the appointing power of the execu-
tive, on the elective franchise and the registry of
voters, on the powers of the legislative department,
and on the powers and jurisdiction of the court of
chancery. This was his last appearance iu political
life ; thereafter he devoted himself to his profession,
frequently appearing in the U. S. supreme court, as
well as In the supreme court of his native state
and other tribunals. He was often called on to pre-
pare written opinions, and one of the most important
was in the case of Gibbons vs. Ogden (9 Wheaton, 1)
It has been called, by competent professional au-
thorities, one of the ablest, legal documents in the
history ot litigation, and denied the power of the
legislature of New York to siive anyone the sole
right to navigate the waters of the state From 1797
until 1823 Mr. Van Yechten was a regent ;>f the Uni-
versity of the State of New York, He' was icuarded
as one of the great intellectual pillars of the state
bar, and it is said that, the ablest judges of the state
ami nation listened to him with profound attention.
" His arguments, clear and learned, always eluci-
dated and instructed, and greatly aided I lie tribunals
to which they were addressed in coming to correct
i ilusions. His style was remarkable for per
spicuil v and siren gl li, enforced In thought I id logic."
lie was a prominent member of the Dutch Reformed
Church of Albany for many years, and his pew is
slill preserved intact as he used it, Mr Van Vech-
ten was married, May 24, 17*4, to Catherine, (laugh
ter of Philip P. and Anna (\VemlelhSeliuvler, and
the union \\;is eminently happy, lie i lied at Albany,
N. V.. Jan. (1. 1S37.
BEACH, Alfred B., clergyman, was born al Shel
don, Franklin CO., Vl.. Sept. !». lv-l lie made bis
early studies at thcacadem\ al < 'hcshire. Conn under
I he direction of Rev Dr. Allen C. Morgan In 1841 he
was graduated at Trinity College. Hartford, and iu
!S45in theology al the General Theological Seminary,
Ne\\ York. In the latter year he wa- adinilled to
deacon's orders at Christ Chinch. Harll'ord, by
Bishop Brownel) and in 1S47 to priest's orders at
Chrisi Church. Cooperslown. N. Y., by Bishop De-
lancey. Mr Beach uegan his lirst pastorale, in
is |5 at Cooperstown wheie he remained until 1848,
in the autumn of which year he went to St. John's
Chuieh Caiiandaigua, N. Y. Here he continued to
officiate until May, 1853. when he removed lo New
Yotk having accepted a call
to the rectorship of St. Peter's
Church. The history of this
church dates back to the year
1827, when it may be said to
have been organized by services
which took place in the chapel
of the General Theological
Seminary iu West Twenlielh
street. The parish was incor-
porated May 9. 1831. and Dr.
Benjamin I. Haiglit was called
the same year as its first rec
tor. The corner stone for the
church was laid also in that
year, on West Twentieth street,
between Eighth and Ninth
avenues, anil the edifice was
huili in 1836-37, the prop-
erty costing $118,000. Dr
Beach received the degree of
D.D. from Columbia College in June, 1857. He was
a member of the ecclesiastical court appointed to
trv the case of the Rev. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., in
lsr,7. He was a man of earnest opinions, positive and
self reliant. He secured a large influence among his
people, and, indeed, in his whole denomination. He
was ever patient, self-sacrificing and earnest in his
ministerial work. His preaching was marked by
the solid practical features which characterized his
ministerial work in other directions He was delib-
erate and impressive iu his oratory. A man pos-
sessing great scholarship, he was fond of common-
sense sermons, which please and instruct by their
very simplicity He was married to the daughter
of Samuel Nelson, of the U. S supreme court.
164
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
DEEMS, Charles Force, clergyman, was born
in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 4, 1820, sou of George W.
Deems, a clergyman of the Methodist church, who
was himself the son of a clergyman. His mother
conducted his education, and prepared him, iu his
fifteenth year, to enter Dickinson College, where he
was graduated with honors in 1839. He at once be-
gan preaching for the Methodist church at Asbury,
N. J., but iu 1840 accepted appointment as North
Carolina agent for the American Bible Society.
During 1842-47 he was professor of logic and rhet-
oric at the University of North Carolina, and in 1847-
48 of natural sciences at Randolph-Macon College,
Virginia. Then returning to the pulpit, he became
pastor at Newbern, N. C., and iu 1850 was a delegate
to the general conference in St. Louis of the Meth-
odist Episcopal church, South. In the same year he
became president of the Female College at Greens-
boro, N. C., and during an incumbency of four
years greatly increased its prosperity and usefulness.
After resigning, he was engaged in regular pastoral
work at Goldsboro and Wilmington, N. C., for four
years ; was again a delegate to the general confer-
ence in 1858, and for the next five years was pre-
siding elder of the Wilmington and Newbern dis-
tricts of the North Carolina conference. In 1860 he
spent six months in Europe, and on his return was
offered and declined the chair of history at the
University of North Carolina.
He, however, organized a male
and female school at Wilson,
N. C., which he conducted with
success for several years. He
took no active part "in the civil
war, but his eldest son, who
had enlisted in the Confeder-
ate army, was killed in battle
at Gettysburg. In December,
1865, he removed to New
York, to engage in journal-
ism, believing that from the
metropolis he could better
accomplish the reconciliation
of the late warring sections.
His first labors were as edi-
tor and publisher of a relig-
ious weekly, entitled "The
Watchman," and for several
months his editorial study was
a corner of the billiard room of his hotel. His paper,
for lack of capital, was unsuccessful, and was dis-
continued at the close of its first year. Meantime,
having been solicited to assume regular pastoral
functions in New York, he, on July 22, 1866,
preached his first sermon in a room in the New York
University building, to fifteen persons, including his
own family of five. The quarters soon becoming too
small for the growing assemblage, he organized his
congregation into the Strangers' Sunday Home So-
ciety, and selecting five men of as many different
creeds to form its executive committee, rented the
large chapel of the university. Among the earlier
members of this little flock were two southern ladies
— mother and daughter — who became warmly at-
tached to him. The daughter subsequently became
Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, and sointerested her hus-
band in Dr. Deems' work that he made him a gift
of the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church building,
which was for many years known as the Church of
the Strangers. In January, 1898, the congregation
removed to the building formerly occupied by the
Central Congregational Church, on West 57th street.
During 1846-51 Dr. Deems was editor of the
"Southern Methodist Episcopal Pulpit " ; during
1849-59 he was editor of "The Annals of Southern
Methodism " ; in 1866 he started " The Watchman,"
and iu 1873 "The Christian Age." In 1876 he was
made sole editor of Frank Leslie's " Sunday Maga-
zine," which was the first of any religious magazines
to seek popularity by illustrations and through sales
on public stands, and by his popularity and skill
made it an immediate success. At the end of three
years he resigned, in order to make a tour through
Palestine, and on his return, in 1881, founded the
American Institute of Christian Philosophy, of which
he was president until his death. In connection with
this organization, he became editor of its organ,
"Christian Thought," which was started in 1882.
Dr. Deems was the author of "Triumph of Peace,
and Other Poems" (1840); "Life of Adam Clarke,
LL.D." (1840); "Devotional Melodies" (1842);
"Twelve College Sermons" (1844); "The Home
Altar" (1850); " What Now ?" (1853) ; "Forty Ser-
mons Preached in the Church of the Strangers"
(1871); " Jesus " (1872), which occupied three years
iu writing, and is the great literary work of his life
(new edition, with title " The Light of All Nations,"
1880); "Weights and Wings" (1872); "Sermons"
(1885); " A Scotch Verdict in re Evolution" (1886);
" The Gospel of Common Sense " (1888); " The Gos-
pel of Spiritual Insight" (1891); "Chips and Chunks"
(1890), and "My Septuagiut " (]892). With Phrcbe
Cary, he edited " Hymns for All Christians" (1869),
and with Theodore E. Perkins, "Coronation Hymns
and Songs" (1879). Randolph-Macon College gave
him the degree ot'D.D. in 1850, and Dickinson Col-
lege LL.D. iu 1877. At one time Dr. Deems was
president of Rutgers Female College, New York
city, and a member of the council of the University
of the City of New Y'ork. So urgently did he repre-
sent the educational needs of the South to Mr.
Vanderbilt, that the Vanderbilt University of Teu-
nessee became a reality, with an endowment fund
of $1,000,000. For the University of North Caro-
lina he established the Deems fund of $15,000, to be
lent to poor students. This fund is a memorial to
his son. Lieut. Theodore Disosway Deems, who fell
at Gettysburg. He was married, June 20, 1843, to
Anna, daughter of Israel Doty Disosway, of New
York city, one of the founders of Randolph-Macon
College. They had five children. He died in New
York city, Nov. 18, 1893.
PRATT, Zadock, manufacturer, was born at
Stephenstown, Reusselaer Co., N. Y., Oct. 30, 1790,
son of Zadock Pratt, who had been a soldier in the
revolutionary war, and was of New England ances-
try. His father, a tanner and shoemaker, had a
small farm, which the son, at the age of ten, helped
to clear. Until he reached the age of twenty, he
worked iu his father's lanyard, and while thus em-
ployed invented a pump for raising liquid from the
vats, which saved the labor of three men, and has
been used ever since. In 1810 he was apprenticed
to a saddler; but, in 1813, began business for himself
as saddler and harness-maker, and in 1815 formed
a partnership with his brothers in the tanning busi-
ness. In 1S-J4 the business was removed to Scho-
harie Kill, Greene Co., and the next year they
built a tannery 550 feet in length, said to be the
largest in the world, using about thirty cords of
hemlock bark daily. This gave employment to so
many people that a village named after Mr. Pratt
grew up about it, more than 100 houses being erected
by him, and an academy and several churches being
established with his aid. ' From 1826 until 1830. Pratts-
ville stood at the head of tanneries in the United
Stales; after that, certain establishments in Pennsyl-
vania did a more extensive business. Subsequently,
Col. Pratt was partner in a tannery of equal capacity,
situated at Samson ville, Ulster co., and of ten similar
establishments in different parts of the state. In
ls:;7 he received from the New York Institute the
tirsi silver medal ever awarded for hemlock leather.
In 1823 he was elected colonel of the 116th regiment
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
165
of New York — lie made his own saddle and bridle,
which were elegantly ornamented with silver — but
in 1820. owing in thij pressure of business, resigned
the office. Me \va- a presidential elector in 1831! and
1852. He was elected a representative to congress
from the- eight h district in !*:!(> as a Democrat, ami
again in 1843. Me- showed himself a far-sighted and
liberal-minded man during hi- ollicial career. He
established the national bureau of statistics; in 1838
moved a resolution in favor of a reduction of post-
age, and later favored its reduction to five cents; in
1844 voleil foratelegraph due from Baltimore to Wash-
ington, the same year, offered an amendment appro
priating $10,0(1(1 to the bureau of topographical
engineers to survey a route lor a railroad to I lie
Pacific; as one of the committee on public buildings,
advocated the use of granite or marble in their con-
struction. The post-office buildings in Washington
were erected according to his designs. In 18-l."> he
offered a resolution for the distribution throughout
the country of engravings of patent devices, lor the
benetit of mechanics and I he stimulation of invention.
Ill that same year he closed his tannery business.
During the twenty years in which he was engaged in it
he, in various ways, emploved 30,000 men. ami
paid for labor more' than .•*.'. .")0! 1, 0(11 1. Me founded a
bank at Pratlsville in 1X4:!, was several times j|s
president, and was oll'ered Hie presidency of two
others in ls.~>(). Col. Pratt was an extensive traveler,
and often lectured on his impressions of foreign
countries. He was senior vestryman of the l-'.pU
copal church at Prattsville, and contributed liberally
to its support, also to various reliirious institutions
and charities, his gifts exceeding si, 000,000. Ilis
only son. (jeorge Watson, a highly accomplished
man, was a brigadier general of tin? Federal army,
and was killed at the battle of Manav-a-. Col. I'ratt
died at Bergen. X. .!., April IS, 1*71.
EWER, Ferdinand Cartwright, clergyman.
•was born at Nanluckct. Mass , May ',>',.'. 18,'ii, son of
Peter Folger Ewer, a shipowner in comfortable cir-
cumstances, and Mary Cartwright. his second wife.
His grandparents on both sides were members of
the Society of Friends, but of very liberal views,
•while his parents were Unitarians. In IS'3'.I the
family removed to I'rovidence. K I , ami in I*:i4
to New York city, where young Ewer attended
school, and, from lime to time, Episcopal churches.
During the period 1836-44, he was a student in
schools at Jamaica Plain, near Boston; Providence.
R. I., and Nantucket, where, in 1843, be was re-
ceived into the Episcopal church. In 1844 he
entered Harvard College, took a high sta.nd as a
scholar, and on his graduation was strongly inclined
towards teaching as a profession. During the first
year of his course he attended the Church of the
Advent in Boston, and at that time had full belief
in the plenary inspiration of the Scriptures; but re-
searches in German literature and the radical utter-
ances of Theodore Parker, whom he occasionally
heard preach, caused an utter change, and, in his
own words, he was ' ' left at loose upon the sea of
unbelief." As has been said, his first impulse was
to adopt teaching as a profession, but, failing to
carry out his plans, he began the study of civil
engineering, and had a brief practical experience on
the Boston and Fitchburg railroad. Hcping to find
some occupation in California, where there was less
competition, he sailed for San Francisco, in April,
1849, his father having preceded him; but on his
arrival was unable to establish himself in business,
and became a reporter for the "Pacific News." Of
this, one of the first daily newspapers published west
of the Rocky mountains, he soon became the editor,
and embellished its columns with many a witty
article; but in a short time he resigned, and became
editor and part proprietor of the Sacramento
"Transcript." Aftera brief and financially disastrous
experience, he returned to San Francisco to work as
a newspaper reporter and as a clerk in the custom-
house. In .January, 1854, with William II. J.
Brooks, he established "The Pioneer," the first
monthly ma<ja/.ine published on the Pacific coast, but
soon disposed of niosi ,,t his pecuniary interest in it.
Before Hij,-, in the winter of 1*51. the re-reading of
Cousin's "Psychology." one of his college text
books, had led him back to a belief in Christianity,
and in the spring of 1H53 he decided to become a
clergyman. In lsr>T he was ordained deacon by
Bishop Kip, and, resigning his place in the custom-
house, became the bishop's assistant at (i race Church.
On the resignation of the bishop at the end of the
\car. hi. Kwer uas elected reclnr. In .lanuary,
1S5S, he was ordained priest; in June, 1858, was
eleeied one of I lie si and ing eon i mil t ee < >f ihe diocese,
and the1 nexl year was appointed its secretary. He
won a high reputation as an orator, and by a series
ol seimons on the question. "Is Protestantism a
Failure," excited considerable discussion. In IKIH),
his health being impaired. Dr. Kwer resinned; but
his congregation refused to accede to his request,
granting him, however, a year's absence, lhat he
mii; lit visit New York city for medical advice. For-
bidden to return to California by the physicians, he
became assistant to Hev. Dr. (lallaudet, at St. Ann's
Church, New York city, and
labored there with greal popu
larity for two years, when he
was called to the' rectorship
of Christ Church, having pre-
viously declined a call to the
Church of St. Stephen. Ilis
y.eal as a patriot was fervid
throughout the civil war, and
he was urged to become chap
lain of several regiments, in-
cluding the 1st California.
In May, ISIil, lie preached a
sermon on "The National
Crisis." which was published
by general request ; and in
February, 1862, he delivered
in public an oration, entitled
"The World's obligation to
War," under the auspices of
the 7th regiment. He was
rector of Christ Church for seven years, and while
there, in 1868. repeated his course of sermons on the
"Failure of Protestantism." These, although de-
fended by Rev. Morgan Dix, D.D., as in no way
exhibiting a spirit of disloyalty to the church, cost
him a large measure of his popularity, and, together
with changes in the ritual that alarmed some of his
parishioners, led to his resignation. Great excite-
ment was created within the church, as well as out
side, by the sermons, although the main doctrines
therein set forth had been preached by Dr Ewer
without protest; and he was bitterly assailed as a
Romanist With a majority of the communicants
of Christ Church, Dr. Ewer founded the parish of
St. Ignatius, secured the edifice on West Fortieth
street formerly occupied by Rev. O. B. Frothing-
ham's Unitarian congregation, and conducted ser-
vices with a ritual whose features, he maintained,
had the expressed sanction of the historical church
and the implied approbation of the general conven-
tion. The recognition of the Real Presence he re-
garded as vital, nor would he abandon any rite or
ceremony which recognized it. On Jan. 30, 1870,
at East Hartford, Conn., he preached a sermon on
the "Seven Sacraments, "which led Bishop Williams,
of Connecticut, to move to present him for trial for
teaching false doctrine; but he defended himself in
so scholarly a manner that the intention was not
166
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
carried out. Dr. Ewer was fond of controversy,
yet he was ever courteous toward his adversaries,
and the ripeness of his scholarship commanded the
respect of many who did not always side with him.
He received the degree of A.B. from Harvard in
1848; S.T.D. from Columbia in 1867, and A.M. from
Harvard in 1868. Besides leaflets aud pamphlets, he
published " Sermons on the Failure of Protestantism
and on Catholicity " (1869. three editions): "Manual
of Instruction for Classes Preparing for First Com-
munion" (1878, two editions); "Catholicity in its
Relationship to Protestant ism and Romanism" (1878);
" The Operation of the Holy Spirit " (1880); "Gram-
mar of Theology" (1880, three editions); "What is
the Anglican Church" (1883, four editions). He was
married, in San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 9, 1854, to
Sophia Mandell, daughter of Benjamin Taber and
Deborah (Bryant) Congdon, formerly of New Bed-
ford, and sister of Charles T. Congdon, a veteran
journalist. By her he had three sons and three
daughters, two of whom died in infancy. Dr. Ewer
died" in Montreal, Canada, Oct. 10, 1883.
HECKER, Isaac Thomas, R. C. priest and
founder of the Congregation of St.. Paul the Apostle,
was born in New York city, Dec. 18, 1819,
third son of John aud Caroline (Freund) Hecker,
both natives of Prussia. His maternal grandfather,
Eugel Freund, a uative of Elberfeld, Rhenish Prus-
sia, and a clock-maker by trade, emigrated to the
United States in 1797, aud built up a prosperous
business in New York. His paternal grandfather
was Johu Hecker. a native of Wetzlan, Prussia, and
a machinist ; his sou, having learned the trade, emi-
grated, in 1811, to New York city, where, eleven
years later, he was married to Caroline Freund, in
the old Dutch church in " the swamp. " John Hecker
did not prosper in business, and his three sous
were early thrown upon their own resources. Isaac,
at, the age of twelve, became an apprentice at clock-
making in his grandfather's shop. Later, he was em-
ployed in the office of " Zion's Herald," a Methodist
paper of New York ; then in a type-
foundry, ami finally in the bake-
house conducted by his brother.
There he remained, doing the hard-
est manual labor; meantime devot
ing his leisure to metaphysical and
philosophical literature which con-
tinued liis mind in a decidedly mys-
tical habit. By the advice of Dr.
Orestes A. Browuson, he joined the
Tnmscendenlalist community at
Brook Farm, where he fondly
hoped to supply the deficiencies of
his early education. He possessed,
however, little natural aptitude for
continuous study, and, although
always a thinker and reader, was
never what might be termed a
scholar. Prior to going to Brook
Farm, though still under age, be had
taken a prominent part in politics.
and was well known among the voters of his ward
as a lucid and persuasive speaker ou social and politi-
cal reform. In his new surroundings ha found much
to appeal to his intellectual tastes — men aud women
of culture and refinement there gathered together,
endeavoring by a united and unselfish effort to
ameliorate the material condition of mankind — but
in all this there was nothing to touch or satisfy the
spiritual life. lie was never one of the inmost circle,
but earned his board by working in the community
bakery. George William Curtis said of him : "By what
influences his mind was first affected by the moral
movement known in New England as Transcenden-
talism, I do not know. But, among the many in-
teresting figures at Brook Farm, I recall none more
sincerely absorbed than Isaac Hecker in serious ques-
tions. The merely aesthetic aspects of its life, its gay-
ety aud pleasures, he regarded good-naturedly, with
the air of a spectator who tolerated rather than
needed or enjoyed them. There was uothing ascetic
or severe in him ; but I have often thought since
that his feeling was probably what he might have
afterwards described as a consciousness that he must
be about his Father's business. " Not finding what
he sought at Brook Farm, Mr. Hecker made arrange-
ments to join Bronson Alcott and his associates at
Fruitlauds. This settlement, however, he found still
more uncongenial, aud shortly after, at the solicita-
tion of his family, returned home to resume his busi-
ness associations with his brothers, on condition that
no separate purse should be kept, and that lie have
supervision of the workmen they employed. In the
spring of 1844 he again returned to'Concord. osten-
sibly for the study of Greek and Latin, but really to
prepare himself for "working in the field of the
church"; howbeit the question of " which church "
was still undetermined in his mind. His attention
had previously been drawn to the claims of the
Roman Catholic church, and while at Concord, in
June, 1844, a letter from his friend, Orestes A.
Brownson, terminated his indecision about uniting
with it. Repairing at once to Boston, he placed
himself under Bishop Fenwick for instruction, and
on Aug. 1, 1844, was baptized by Bishop McCloskey,
then coadjutor to Archbishop Hughes, who was al-
ways thereafter one of his warmest friends and sup-
porters. Burning with the desire to guide others to
the haven he had reached, he joined theRedemptor-
ists, a missionary order, aud went to Holland for
his novitiate with Clarence Walworth, another con-
vert from Protestantism. He first went to the novi-
tiate of the Redemptorists at St. Leoua, in the
province of Belgium, where, on Oct. 15, 1846, he
took his first vows as a member of the Congregation
of the Most Holy Redeemer ; then to the house of
stvulies at Wittem, in Dutch Li mini rg, and finally to
the Redemptorist house at Clapham, three miles
from London bridge. This truly remarkable man
encountered almost insurmountable difficulties in
making his theological studies, frequently fearing
lest he should not "be able to reach the required
standard ; but on Oct. 23, 1849, he was ordained
priest by Bishop Wiseman. Speaking of the diffi-
culties he had experienced in making his studies, he
writes : " During my novitiate aud studies, one of
my great troubles was the relation between infused
knowledge and acquired knowledge ; how much
one's education should be by prayer and how much
by study ; the relation between the Holy Ghost aud
professors." During the year following his ordina-
tion he performed parochial duties at Clapham and
its vicinity, and returning to America in March.,
1851, he took up his abode at the Redemptorist con-
vent. New York city, and at once began his life as a
missionary. About this time he made the acquaint-
ance of Father Hewit, who subsequently became
his most active co-worker and his successor as
superior of the Paulists. The little band of Ameri-
cans who had united with the Redemptorists con-
tinued their labors with marked success uutil 1857.
Then a difference of policy, which had been in-
creasing between the old German fathers and the
young American fathers culminated, and the ques-
tion of founding a house where the ordinary lan-
guage should be English, in order that it might be
a centre of attraction for Americans, was first
mooted. Father Hecker was appointed to go to
Rome to settle the difficulty, and the matter was
there examined by the pope, the propaganda and
the cougregation of bishops, with the result that
the American fathers were sustained at every point,
and, having been released from their vows to the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
167
RedeniptoristS, authorized In form a new congrega-
tion particularly adapted to the needs of the church
in America. Before the letter of separation was
granted, Father Ilecker was reinstated in the Re
demptorist order, from which he had been expelled
seven months previously for going to Rome without
the permission of the superior general of the order,
although it had been done with the full knowledge of
the American provincial. I >n his return to New York,
in May, ls.~>s, Father Meeker, in connection with
Fathers Hcwit, Deslion, \Vahvorth and Baker, at once
organized the community of Missionary I'riestsof St.
1'aul the Apostle, and drew up a programme
of rules, which was approved by A rchbi-lmp
Hughes on July I. 1H,">S, and later by Pope Plus
IX., who authoi i/.ed the establishment of the
order. These rules are similar to those of the He
dcmptnrisls, with the exception that the members
may withdraw from the community at any time.
With the assistance of his brother, ({come, w Im had
followed him into the Catholic church, Father
Hecker secured money to make the lirst payment for
the land on which Si. Paul's Church was afterwards
erected, and, in addition to their laborious wmk as
missionaries, (lie Paulisls now began to do parish
work. Father Hecker was peculiarly happy as a
lecturer and preacher, being a clireel ami earnest
speaker, whose manner never failed to carry the con-
viction of his words, and one whose personality
made itself felt, throughout his audience. He early
appreciated the advantages of the dissemination of
Catholic literature, and one of his liiM aels after
establishing the community was to take sieps inward
the founding of the " Aposlolale of the I'rcss." In
1861 the first volume of "The Paulist Sermons " ap-
peared ; in 1H65 the "Catholic World," now the
leading Catholic periodical ill the United States, was
founded, and in 187(1 "The Young Catholic," a
juvenile magazine. In 1*11!) Father Meeker received
an autograph letter from Pius IX., approving the
various religious works of Ihe community, and espe-
cially commending the " Apostolate of the Press,"
and in November of that year he went to Home, to
attend the Vatican council as theologian to Arch
bishop Spalding. In 1S71 his health, which had
never been robust, began to fail, having doubtless
been impaired by Ihe many austerities lie practiced in
his youth, even before he joined the Catholic church.
He traveled abroad, in hopes of restoring his shat-
tered strength, but all efforts proved useless, and he
gradually declined. In matters of doctrine. Father
Hecker was in fullest sympathy with the teachings
of the Roman Catholic church, and his constant desire
was to present the claims of the church in a way
to he more readily understood by the modern world.
His biography was written by Father Walter Eliott,
C.S.P. Father Hecker died at the Paulist Convent,
New York city, Dec. 22, 1888. His funeral, which
took place on the 26th from the Church of St. Paid
the Apostle, was attended by persons of all classes
and denominations.
COOK, Albert Stauburrough, educator, was
born at Montville, N. J., March 6, 1853. He is, in
the main, of English extraction, though a strain of
German blood comes through his mother. His father
was Frederick Weissenfels Cook, a farmer, who in-
herited a taste for public affairs from his father, Silas
Cook, a locally well-known jurist and legislator,
was a justice of the peace, and held other public
offices in his locality; his mother was Sarah Barmore,
a relative of Judge John L. Kanouse, of Boonton,
N. J. The family was founded in America by Ellis
Cooke, who was probably a native of London or its
vicinity, and a resident of Southampton, L. I., in 1644.
Albert S. Cook received his early education in public
and private schools in the vicinity of Montville;
taught in district schools for one year, and entered
the scientific department of Rutgers College at the
age of sixteen. In 1872 he was graduated at the head
of his class, obtaining the thesis prize for a disserta-
tion on " The Inclined Planes of the Morris Canal,"
and being chosen to deliver the German oration
(his subject being "Culture "), the highest commence-
ment honor open to a seientific student. Before his
graduation, the professorship of chemistry at Fukui,
Japan, was offered him, but he1 remained to teach in
his alma mater, anil afterwards, for four years, in an
ae;;demy at Freehold, N. J. During lids lime he
acquired a knowledge of Ihe Lai in. Greek, and Italian
laminates, and read extensively in the literatures of
England anil Germany, to which hi- tastes attracted
him. In 1H77, liming resolved to devote his life to
the teaching of English, he wenl to
Germany to spend a year in studying
the foundations of Ihe language at
the universities of Gdllin^en and
Leipsic. During bis slay alnoad he
made tours in Germany. Swil/.er-
land, Italy, Holland, France and
England. In 1N7H he was appointed
assuci-iie in Knulish at Ihe Johns Mop
kins University, w here lie or^ani/i'd
the English department. In 1881 he
wenl to England, and. after some
months spent in the study of nianu-
scripls in the British Museum and of
phonelies w ith Dr. Henry Sweet, pro-
eeeded to Germany, and at the <•!.. e oi
the year received the degree of I'h D.
from the University of Jena. In I**:.1
he was appointed professor of English at the Uni-
versity of California. Mere, aeeording to I 'rot'.
Jones, the historian of that uni\ ersii \ . his significant
work " was, first, in thoroughly organi/ing Ihe de-
partment of English. . . . In the second place, he was
one of the foremost in briiiLMU'j the university and
the schools into co-operative relations. It is owing to
him that the English requirements for admission were
placed above I hose any where else in the I'nited States,
and that California became noted for its superior
grade of high-school instruction in English." In 1889
Prof. Cook accepted I he chair of English language and
literature offered him by Yale University, where he
has subsequent Iv remained. Me received the degrees
of M.A.andL.il.D. from Rutgers College, and M.A.
from Yale University. He won considerable "elebrity
by hi.s scholarly translation of Sievers' " Old English
Grammar, "of which the " Nation " said : "It was at
once welcomed as the best Anglo-Saxon grammar. . . .
In a cursory comparison of the German text with the
translation, we have noticed many additions made by
Prof. Cook, . . . which materially increase the value
of the work." English scholars throughout Europe
and America warmly recommended this version, and
it has been adopted as the standard text-book on the
subject in most English-speaking universities. Prof.
Cook has made many important contributions to
various German, English ami American journals,
philological and otherwise ; has published three
original works: "A First Book in Old English";
" A Glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels";
and "Biblical Quotations in Old English Prose
Writers"; and has brought out scholarly and valu-
able editions of "Judith, "an Old English "Epic Frag-
ment"; Sidney's "Defense of Poesy"; Shelley's
"Defense of Poetry"; Newman's "Poetry, with
reference to Aristotle's Poetics"; "The Bible and
English Prose Style"; "The Art of Poetry, con-
taining the Poetical Treatises of Horace, Vida and
Boileau, with the translations by Howes, Pitt and
Soame "; Addison's " Criticisms on Paradise Lost";
Leigh Hunt's "What is Poetry?" "Paradise Lost,
Books I and II"; Burke's "Speech on Conciliation
with America"; and Tennyson's "The Princess."
168
THE NATIONAL CYCLOP/EDI A
A graceful tribute to his work was paid by Edmund
Clarence Stedinan, who wrote: "More than once
when asked to name a course of reading upon the
spirit and structure of poetry, I have at once recom-
mended Prof. Cook's series, and have been grateful
to him for his admirable labors. He could have
made no better choice of treatises to edit ; and Sid-
ney, Shelley, Addison, Hunt and Newman have
had no better editor, so far as their exquisite essays
upon the divine art are concerned. Prof. Cook's
notes are the fruit of sympathetic taste and liberal
scholarship." The books, in fact, are models as
hand-books on au ideal subject; designed for prac-
tical use. Prof. Cook was married, in 1886, to
Emily, daughter of Oscar L. and Mary Z. Chamber-
lain, of Berkeley, Cal. In 1897 lie was president of
the Modern Language Association of America, has
been a member, and latterly secretary of the National
Conference for Entrance Requirements in English,
and is English co-editor of the "Journal of Ger-
manic Philology."
WHEAT, Chatham Roberdeau, soldier, was
born in Alexandria, Va., April 9, 1836, son of John
Thomas and Selina (Patten) Wheat. His father, an
Episcopal clergyman, was a native of Maryland; his
mother was a daughter of Thomas Patten and of
Mary Roberdeau, who was the daughter of Gen.
Daniel Roberdeau, of revolutionary fame. The
Wheats emigrated from England and settled in
Maryland in the early days of the colony. Chatham
R. Wheat received a good education, partly in the
j i **.
schools of New Orleans, whither his parents had re-
moved when he was an infant, and was graduated at
the University of Nashville in 1845. While a student
he was alike popular with his fellows and proficient
in scholarship. On completing the course, he began
]aw studies in Memphis, Tenn., but discontinued
them on the outbreak of the Mexican war, when he
enlisted and became lieutenant of a company of
dragoons. At the expiration of the twelve months'
service, he raised another company, and was elected
captain. A severe attack of yellow fever prevented
him from serving with his command, and later he
was detailed as captain commanding the bodyguard
of Gen. Scott, in whose official reports he was re-
peated!}' mentioned "for important services and
gallantry on the field." At the battle of Resaca de
la Palma his company captured au elderly officer,
•whom Capt. Wheat entertained in his tent with tine
soldierly courtesy. Although unknown to him, this
prisoner was Gen. La Vega, one of the most distin-
guished in the Mexican army, who, charmed by this
unusual hospitality, presented his valuable sword to
Capt. Wheat. After the capture of the city of
Mexico, he returned to Nashville to recruit another
company, with which he was stationed at Ilapa,
Mex., until the close of the war. Then resuming
the study of law in New Orleans, he was admitted to
the bar in 1847, and soon won distinction as a
criminal lawyer. He also became prominent in
politics as a Whig, canvassing the state in the presi-
dential election of 1848, when he was elected from
New Orleanstti the state legislature. Having mean time
become acquainted with Gen. Narciso Lopez, his sym-
pathies were actively enlisted in the cause of Cuban
independence, and lie accepted the commissiou of
colonel in a filibustering expedition then being fitted
out. By his force of character alone he prevented
the majority of the party from deserting, forming
them into a regiment, which he commanded in an
unsuccessful night attack on Cardenas. He was
severely wounded on this occasion, and on the home-
ward voyage his ship narrowly escaped capture by
the Spanish steam frigate Pizarro. He was for-
tunately prevented from accompanying the second
expedition, in which the gallant Lopez lost his life.
This same generous sympathy with the oppressed
afterward caused him to join Caravajal in his efforts
to put down the church party in Mexico, and intro-
duce free republican institutions. In 1856, when the
filibusters Walker and Henuingsen were in peril of
their lives, after the battle at llivas, his admiration
of their bravery led him to fit out an expedition at
New York for their relief. In Nicaragua lie was
given command of a corps, and shared the fortunes
of the insurgents to the end. During this period he
narrowly escaped death by an explosion on a river
steamboat, being blown from the hurricane deck
into the river; but he swam safely to shore, and at
the same time rescued one of his injured comrades.
When Alvarez became president of Mexico, he ac-
cepted a commission as general of artillery in the
patriot army, and mi Alvarez's retirement resigned
his command. Having become acquainted with Gen.
Garibaldi in New York city, he hastened to Italy on
the outbreak of the war for independence, being re-
rrivrd with joy and appointed to the general staff.
His dash and gallantry in numerous battles was fre-
qiiiMilly commented upon by the European press,
which styled him "the Murat of America." At the
beginning of the civil war he returned to America,
and having refused the offer of a command from
Gen. Scott, recruited a battalion of cavalry, 500
strong, which attained fame under the name "Louis-
iana Tigers." No body of troops in the war made a
more brilliant record, and none were more of a ter-
ror to the enemy. He arrived in Virginia in time
for the first battle of Bull Run. in his report on
which Gen. Beauregard said: "Wheat's battalion
held the enemy in check for the first hour." Maj.
Wheat was, however, severely wounded, a ball
passing through his body from side to side, piercing
both lungs. When told that there was no case on
record of recovery from such a wound, he bravely
responded: " Then I will put my case on record" —
and he did. Even on his bed of suffering this gallant
soldier could plan acts of kindness and courtesy,
giving explicit directions that a certain Federal
officer, a former friend of his, then a prisoner, should
be provided from his own stores with all that he
needed of food or clothing. Upon his recovery,
Maj. Wheat rejoined his command, then attached to
the army of "Stonewall" Jackson, whom he accom-
panied in his brilliant march through the valley of
Virginia. At the battle of Port Republic, Maj.
Wheat's horse was shot from under him while lead-
ing his "Tigers" in the thick of the fight; but Gen.
Jackson, observing this, sent his own horse to take
its place, and after the fight embraced him with
great emotion. At the battle of Games' Mill, Va.,
while riding in his usual place at the head of his
now diminished troop, he fell with a bullet through
his head, exclaiming: "Bury me on the field, boys!"
This injunction was observed at the time, but next
year his remains were removed to Hollywood ceme-
tery, Richmond. Personally, he was most lovable
and magnetic, being able not only to command, but
also to inspire enthusiastic devotion. He died. June
27, 1862.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
169
A'&inC
McCORD, Louisa Susannah (Cheves), author,
was horn in Columbia, S. ('., Dec. 3. ism. Her
father was Hon. Langdon Cheves, u distinguished
lawver of South Carolina, a speaker in the house of
representatives, and a member of the eelebrated
"war mess, " as the coalition of congressmen was
termed which carried the declaration of war in 1812.
She was carefully educated, at an early age devel-
oped an ambition to write, and displayed an interest
ill mat I ITS of weighty import. Her earliest work
appeared ill periodical publications, and in 1S48 she
published a translation from the French of Basleal.
entitled "Sophisms of the
Protective Policy. " and a
volume of poems. " My
Dreams." In isf>l appeared
a tragedy in blank verse, en
titled " Cain's Gracchus."
She also wrote. 1'or the
" Southern tjnarlerly He-
view " and other pi-nodical.-..
a number of essays on the
political and other questions
of theilay, maintaining 'a con-
.ser\alive posiiion as regards
slavery and the women's
rights movement. Among
the best of these essays are:
"Justice and Fraternity";
" The Right to Labor " ;
"N'cM-roand While Slavery ";
" \Voinan and Her Needs ";
" British Philanthropy and
American Slavery," and "Carey on the Sla\e
Trade." She was' married, in 1840, to Col. David .1.
McCord, and resided at tin- " Lantrsvnc " plantation
at Fort Mode, where she labored for the. iinpro\ c
ment of negro conditions. She died in Charleston,
S. C., Nov. 27, IKSO.
FERRY, Thomas White, statesman, was born
in Maekinac, Mich., June 1, 182<>. son of William
Montague and Amanda (While) Ferry. His father
was a Presbyterian minister, who. under a commis-
sion from the United Foreign Missionary Society,
established a mission to the Indians on the island of
Michilimackinac in Lake Huron ; he later removed to
Grand Haven, Mich., where he acquired extensive
tracts and engaged in the lumber business until his
death in 1867. Reared among the hardships and
privations of pioneer Hfe, the future lawmaker en-
joyed only the limited advantages of the frontier
public schools, supplemented by the tender guidance
of his devout parents, who implanted in his mind
a deep and permanent conviction of the verities
of religious Bfe. When very young he became clerk
in a store at Elgin, 111., but, returning to Grand Haven
after two years, was employed by his father and
lir. ithers in the firm of Ferry & Sons, lumber dealers.
Mr. Ferry began his political career in his twenty-
first year, when he was elected on the Whig ticket a
member of the board of supervisors and clerk of
Ottawa county. Two years later he was elected as
a Republican to the legislature, and in 1856 to the
state se_nate. So great was his talent from the very
beginning that he rose rapidly in reputation anil
public favor. In 1860 he w-as Michigan's candidate
for vice-president of the United States, and although
a prominent member of the convention which nomi-
nated Abraham Lincoln, was unsuccessful through
the greater reputation and popularity of his rival,
Hannibal Hamliu, of Maine. At the close of his
career in the state senate he again devoted his time
to the lumber business, in which he was nominally
engaged throughout life. For eight years he was a
member of the Republican state committee of Michi-
gan ; was appointed in 1863 to represent, his state on
the board of managers of the National Soldiers'
Cemetery at Gettysburg, and in 1864 was elected a
representative to the thirty-ninth congress. In this
congress he served on the post office, post-road, loyal-
siaies'- war-debt, and militia committees, and was'ap-
poiutcd a congressional commissioner for his x,tate to
aci ipany the body of the martyred Lincoln toils
last resting place in Springfield, ill. In ISfili be was
a delegate to the loyalist convention held in Phila-
delphia, where he still further increased his reputa-
tion and popularity by able speeches and sage counsel.
He was thrice re-elected a representative ; served on
the commillec on naval affairs in the fortieth con-
gress ; plav ed an equally prom in en I part in theforty-
tirsl, but did not take bis seat in the forty second,
having been elected I S. senator to succeed Jacob
M. Howard, resigned. I lis career in I be senate cov-
ered two Mill terms, and amply fulfilled Ihe promise
of his previous record. His knowledge of the Great
Lake's and the need of harbor and river improve-
ments early enlisted his earnest efforts, and all
through his public life he was continuously an advo-
cate for needed improvements upon the Great Lakes
and along our extended sea coast. The principal
works on the lakes were: the Saull Sic Marie ship
canal, connecting Lakes Superior and Huron ; im-
provements through the SI. Clair Flats, the great
breakwater of the port of Chicago, and protection
for entrance into the principal ports of the sev-
eral Great Lakes. As president of Ihe commit-
to rules he reported a table of classification
and revision of Ihe rules of procedure for the
senate, which were unanimously adopted without
amendment, and as a member of the special senate
committee he drew up the bulk of the " resumption
act " of Jan. 14, 1S75. Having on several occasions
acted as president Jim t<:nt. of the senate, he was,
upon the death of Vice-Prcs. Henry Wilson, in No-
vember, Is7">. chosen ailing vice-president of the
United States, and held the office with dignity and
ability throughout the stormy period of the Hayes-
Tilden electoral contest, gaining urea t reputation as
a tactician and practical parliamentarian. During
this controversy he presided at the impeachment
trial of Sec. lielknap. and at sixteen joint meetings
of the two houses of congress. In the absence of
Pres. (Irani, lie furl her discharged
the duties of his temporary office by
formally open ing the Centennial e\
position at Philadelphia, July 4.
1876. Grant's term expiring on Sun-
day, March 4th, at noon, and Hayes
being inaugurated on March 5th,
at noon, he was president of the
United States for the twenty four
hours intervening. l?y appointment
of Gov. Rich he became president
of the Maekinac park commission,
and it was most, largely through
his efforts in congress that the en-
terprise was brought to a success
ful issue. His creditable record led
to his re-election to the senate in
1876; but, having been proposed as
candidate for a third term in 1882,
he met with a strenuous opposition
which culminated in his defeat by Thomas W.
Palmer, of Detroit. In the excitement of this cam-
paign his business interests in the firm of Feny
Bros., lumbermen and proprietors of the Ottawa
Iron Works at Ferrysburg, suffered so greatly that
the hitherto prosperous concern was placed in the
hands of a trustee. After this double calamity, Sen.
Ferry spent three years in travel through Europe,
Egypt and the Holy Land, and upon his return re-
sumed business, although he never recovered his
former prosperity. A loyal Republican from the in-
ception of the party, he was a stanch adherent to its
170
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
principles aud deeply versed in its history and tradi-
tions. In the days of the ' ' greenback ""controversy
following on the panic of 1873, he took an un-
equivocal stand in favor of a system of national
banks ; the recognition of greenbacks as legal tender;
a low-interest convertible bond, aud the substitution
of silver for the fractional paper currency then in
circulation. His senate speech of May 2, 1878,
"Greenbacks Redeemable in and Equal to Coin,"
together with his other able contributions to the
financial debates of the period, greatly contributed
to the result of stopping the discredit by the govern-
ment of its own currency. He was also a lifelong
advocate of the free coinage of silver, and chairman
of the Republican caucus of the forty-sixth congress
on refunding the government at three aud three aud
one-half per cent. Sen. Ferry's special characteris-
tics were energy, untiring industry and a never-
faltering loyalty to his friends aud his party. He
was of fine presence, and of a genial manner, as be-
comes a Christian gentleman. He was in religious
failh a Presbyterian, and a consistent adherent to its
standards, lie was never married, and resided with
his aunt. Mary A. White, until his death at Grand
Haven, Mich., Oct. 14, 18110.
CHENEY, Seth Wells, artist, was born at South
Manchester, Conn., Nov. 28, 1810, the sou of George
and Electa (Woodbridge) Cheney. On both sides he
was descended from English fami-
lies, which had been established in
New England for a century pre-
v inns to hi* birth. He was one of
eight brothers, all of whom were
men of unusual intellectual power,
although he and his brother, John
Cheney, were the only ones who
developed artistic gifts. Seth,
unlike his brothers, was of a deli-
cate constitution from his earliest
childhood. He was gentle and
retiring among people, but- de-
votedly attached to his relatives ;
fond of nature, and possessed of
mechanical as well as artistic gifts.
He was brought up on his parents'
farm, attending the village school
in summer, aud in later youth
studying at a more advanced
school, where he learned Latin and French. His
father died in 1829, and he then left school and
went to Boston, where he joined his brother John,
who was working as an engraver, and began himself
to study Unit profession. There lie remained after
his brother left to study in England, and subse-
quently he worked for a year for "a publishing firm
in Brattleboro, Vt. In 1833 he and his brother
went to Paris, and there studied under Isabey,
De la Roche, and other artists. They continued to
support themselves by making engravings, and both
worked laboriously on but a scanty income. Seth
found that fasting enabled him to do better work,
and he would often work all day after nothing but a
light breakfast. This mode of life, however, proved
too great a strain upon him, and after remaining at
Fontaiuebleau for many weeks, he was obliged to
return to America in May, 1834. The voyage home
in a sailing-vessel did much to restore his health,
and he subsequently spent several months employed
only with domestic and farm labors at the family
homestead. During their life in Paris he and his
brother had worked together, and some engravings
had been sent home, without name, ami published
only as by Cheney, but it was found that the best of
the work had been executed by the younger artist.
Mr. Grossman wrote of this part of his work : "All
Seth's engravings, like his drawings, whether por-
traits or landscapes in crayon, have a charming
sweetness aud beauty of expression very rarely met
willi, even in the best productions of the best artists.
The effect of his work is to produce the same pleas-
urable thrill, or something nearly akin to it, we ex-
perieuce in the best examples of Grecian art — an
emanation of beauty which almost entrances the be-
holder, that makes ' the sense ache.' " The number
of his engravings is small, and the subjects are
usually simple genre pictures. In 1835 he accom-
panied his brother, Charles, to the West, and settling
in Ohio, near the home of Alice and Phoebe Gary,
they were engaged in farming, growing mulberry-
trees and rearing silk-worms. Others of the brothers
afterwards joined in the business of growing mul-
berry-trees, which became a promising speculation.
In 1837 Setli and his brother, Frank, wenttoEurope
to purchase mulberry-trees for the firm, and Seth
also resumed his artistic studies in France, Italy and
Germany. While thus employed, he received news
that the mulberry speculations had failed at home ;
but his brothers entered immediately upon an ex-
tensive manufacture of silk, aud in this way retrieved
their fortunes. Seth never returned to business life.
In 1840 he went back to Manchester, and there be-
gan to work on crayon portraits, which afterwards
became the most celebrated of all his artistic work.
In 1841 he opened a studio in Boston, and there, as
his work became known, he was gradually relieved
from all pecuniary difficulties. In 1841 and 1842 he
drew over 150 portraits in craj'ons, among them
heads of many of the leading families in Boston,
such as Lowell, Jackson, Gray, Putnam, Appleton,
Bowditch, Winthrop, Goddard. Higginson, etc.
During this period lie was deeply interested in tran-
scendentalism, and it has been said that his pictures
at that time, especially his heads of women, seem to
ex j press the very spirit of this epoch. In 1843 he
again went to Europe, traveling aud studying in
England, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. In
Home he studied anatomical drawing under Ferrero,
aud while there he drew his celebrated head of an old
beu'giir-man. In 1844 he returned to America, and
resumed his artistic work at intervals, when his feeble
health allowed. In 1847 he again opened a studio
in Boston, and in the fall of that year married
Mi-s Pitkin, who died three years later. After her
death Mr. Cheney was dangerously ill for some time,
Inn recovering, he once more returned to his work
in Boston ; and in 1854, having married again, he
made a last trip to Europe. In France he visited
the ateliers of the Sheffers and of Millet, and his was
a familiar face to the American artists of Paris.
While abroad he suffered more and more from ill
health, and this finally necessitated his return home,
wheie he spent the few remaining mouths of his life.
Mr. Cheney's great talent was in the expression of
character in individual heads. He left a few paint-
inns and some few attempts at sculpture. His best-
known works are the crayon heads, "A Roman
Girl," " Rosalie," and portraits of Theodore Parker,
Mrs. Parker, W. C. Bryant aud Ephraim Peabody.
He was twice married : in 1847, to his cousin, Emily
Pitkin ; and in 1W3. to Ednah Dow Littlehale ; and
he left, one daim-hler, Mariraret Swan Cheney. He
died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 1856.
CHENEY, Ednah Dow, author, was born at
Boston, Mass., June 27, 1S~4. third daughter of Sar-
gent Smith and Edna Parker Littlehale. She was
educated at private schools in Boston until about
sixteen years of age, when she attended Margaret
Fuller's "conversations" for three years. While
under this influence she met Theodore Parker, whose
society she joined in 1845, and she subsequently
became much interested in Emerson, Alcott and
other leaders of the transcendental movement. She
helped to establish the school of design for women
in 1851, ami was elected its secretary. Two years
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
171
later she was married to Scth Wells Cheney, the
artist, with whom she visited Europe in 1854, and
who died at South Manchester, Conu., on Sept. 10,
1856, their only child, Margaret Swan, having been
linrii the year previous. Upon her return to Boston,
Mrs. Cheney aided in establishing a hospital in con-
nection with the Female Medical School ; took part
in a women's convention in 1860, and in 1803 became
secretary of the New England Hospital, started in-
dependently. During the succeeding years she was
active in the Freedman's Aid Society ; was secretary
of the committee to aid colored troops, and was sec-
retary of the teacher's committee. She continued
to identify herself with all movements lending to
the elevation of the colored race, as well as with re-
forms for the benefit of her sex. She has lectured
extensively before women's clubs and schools, ami
upon the formation of the Massachusetts School Suf-
frage Association, became its first vice president, and
in 1879 its president. Mrs. Cheney lias also preached
at various times and places, and was a participant
in the women's council held in Washington i isssi ;
spoke at I he conference of women's clubs, belli in
Chicago (1892), and wai a delegate to the conference
of clubs, held in Philadelphia in 1S!I4. Amon^ her
publications are: "Hand-book for American ( ni
zens"(1860); " Patience " (1870) : " Failhl'ul to the
Light" (1870) ; " Social Games " (1871) ; " Child of
the Tide " (1874) ; " Life of Susan Dinn.ck "(1875) ;
" Memoir of S. W. Cheney " (1881) ; "Gleanings in
the Fields of Art" (1881); "Selected I'oems of
Michael Augelo, with Translations," edited (l**~» ;
"Poems of David Wasson," edited (1SH7); "The
Children's Friend : Sketch of L. M. Alcott " (1*^, .
" Biography of L. M. Alcott " (1HS9) ; " Memoir of
John Cheney, Engraver" (1888); "Memoir of
Margaret S. Cheney" (1888); "Nora's Return."
sequel to " Doll's House " ( Is'iO) ; " Stories of the
Olden Time" (1891); "Sally Williams" (1873);
with many important articles appearing in the
periodicals of the day.
SMITH, Elizabeth Oakes (Prince), author
and lecturer, was born in Cumberland, Me., Aug.
12, 1806. She was descended through both lines
.from early New England Puri-
tan settlers. When still very
young she was married to Mr.
Sel'.-t Smith, a distinguished jour-
nalist, whom she assisted in his
subsequent literary career, until
his death in 1868. She also wrote
constantly for the press after
her marriage, and, encouraged
by her success with fugitive
efforts, soon undertook more
ambitious work. For three years
she supervised the annual issue
of the "Mayflower" of Boston,
Mass., but in 1842 removed
with her husband to New York
city, where, in addition to
her literary work, she made a
new departure by appearing
on the lecture platform — the
first woman to speak before an American public.
She was an ardent advocate of women's rights, and
in later years she preached in several churches,
being for a time also pastor of an independent con-
gregation in Canastota, N. Y. After her husband's
death she removed from New York city, and the
last years of her life were spent at Hollywood. S. C.
Mrs. Smith published, in 1838, a volume of poems
collected from periodical publications, to which she
gave the title of "Riches Without Wings." This
was followed by "The Sinless Child, aud Other
Poems" (1843); "Stories for Children" (1847):
"The Roman Tribute, "a tragedy in five acts (1850);
" Woman aud Her Needs " (1851); " Jacob Zeisler,"
a drama (1853); " Hints on Dress aud Beauty " (1852);
"Bald Eagle; or, the Last of the Ramapaughs" (1867);
" The Newsboy," " Sagamore of Saco," " The Two
Wires," and other stories, plays and poems. Her
writings were at one time extremely popular. Mrs.
Smith died at Hollyw 1, S. ('., in' IMi;;.
WESTON, Sullivan Hardy, clergyman, was
born at Bristol, Lincoln co.. Me., Oct. 7, 1816. He
was graduated at Wesleyan University, Middletown,
Conn., in. 1S42, and then studied theology privately
preparatory to entering themin-
istry of the Protestant Episco-
pal church. He was ordained
deacon in Trinity Church. New
York city, in 1847, aud became
connected with St. John's par-
ish. He was ordained priest in
1852, and, after spending several
months in European travel, re-
turned to become assistant rec-
tor of Trinity Church, succeed-
ing Bishop Waiuwright, and
rector of St. John's Chapel,
where he remained until the
end of his life. That part of the
cily had a semi-rural character,
and was the abode of many old
and aristocratic families; but
as years went ou the charac-
ter of I he com: re nation changed
almost wholly, and the church
was .surrounded by lenemcnt-
houses. This made Dr. Wes-
ton's work mure arduous; but, in no sense discour-
aged, he adapted himself to changed conditions, and
the church became more useful than ever. The
edifice was beautified and the organ was rebuilt;
parish schools, sewing schools, a free reading-room
and other agencies were brought into being; guilds
of St. John, St. Chrysostom, St. Paul, St. Augustine,
St. Margaret, St. Agnes and St. Nicholas, aud the
Sisterhood of the Holy C'ross were established, while
a flourishing missionary union and a Sunday-school
teachers' association gave additional strength to the
life of the church. Dr. Weston was one of the
leaders in the revival of interest in church music, and
for several winters Sunday evening anthem-services
were held, and the church was crowded to over-
flowing. Dr. Weston was chaplain of the 7th regi-
ment, and during the civil war served two campaigns
in the field— in 1861 and 1863. Among his published
occasional sermons is one preached in the house of
representatives, Washington, on the Sunday after
the arrival of the regiment in Washington, and
another delivered in St. John's Chapel, entitled the
"March of the Seventh Regiment," arguing that the
providence of God had been exhibited in the relief
of the national capital. Another sermon on the
"Sanctity of the Grave," preached at the time it was
proposed to extend Pine street through Trinity
churchyard, made a sensation, aud was published by
order of a special committee of Trinity Church
vestry. In 1856, Dr. Weston was elected bishop of
Texas, but declined. He was particularly attached
to the poor of his parish, especially the children,
some 1,600 of whom attended the different schools
connected with the church. Dr. Weston was tall
and finely proportioned; impulsive, yet courteous in
his manner; fervid and fearless in his utterances.
The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by
Columbia College in 1861. At the time of his de-
cease he was the senior priest in length of service in
Trinity parish, and one of the oldest in service in the
city. He died, in New York city, Oct. 14, 1887, and
was buried amidst the scenes of his life's labors.
173
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BURKE, Stevenson, railroad president, was
born in St. Lawrence county. N. Y., Nov. 26, 1824,
son of David and Isabella Burke. His early educa-
tion was received in the district schools, and at the
age of seventeen he became a teacher, conducting
successfully various schools through several terms.
In 1846 he became a student in the Ohio Wesleyau
University at Delaware, where he began the study
of law, which he had determined to adopt as his pro-
fession. He read law with Powell & Buck, of Dela-
ware, and Hon. H. D. Clark, of Blyria, and was
admitted to the bar Aug. 11, 1848 ; a few months
later forming a partnershrp with his former precep-
tor, Mr. Clark. At twenty-seven he controlled the
most extensive law business in Loraiu county, and
in 1861 was elected to the common pleas bench. In
October, 1866, he was re-elected for a term of five
years ; he retained his position two years, when, de-
".. V •. „
siring a wider field for his efforts, he removed to
Cleveland, O., (1869) and entered into partnership
with Hon. F. T. Backus and E. J. Estep. He is
widely known as a most able corporation lawyer,
his connection with important railway affairs having
brought him into much prominence. The most no-
table case with which lie had to do in Lorain county
(known as the Oberlin rescue case) touched closely
the question which led to the civil war, and
served to greatly strengthen the abolition sentiment
already so strong in northern Ohio. As if his pro-
fession were not sufficiently absorbing, Judge Burke
has for years been one of the most energetic and suc-
cessful railway men in the country. For a long
time he was general counsel for the Cleveland, Co-
lumbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Co., a
director, vice-president during four or five years,
and subsequently president ; lie has also been chair-
man of its financial and executive committees, and
represented, as attorney, a large amount of stock
owned abroad. Among other important cases was
that of Butzman and Mueller, in the supreme court
of Ohio, involving the constitutionality of the Scott
liquor law. in which Judge Burke opposed the law
and won; that of Kimberly vs. Arms, involving a
large sum; tried in the U. S. circuit court of north-
ern Ohio; and a series of cases tried at Indianapolis
and Chicago and in the supreme court at Washing-
ton, connected with the foreclosure of the mortgages
upon the Indianapolis and St. Louis railroad, and
the obligations of that road to other railroad
companies. For a dozen years he was general
counsel and attorney of the Cleveland and'Maho-
ning Valley Railway Co., has been its president since
1880, and for the last decade has represented, as at-
torney, all its stockholders. He has been vice-presi-
dent and president of the Indianapolis and St. Louis
Railway Co. In June, 1881, Judge Burke made
his first great venture in railroading. He possessed
large interests in the coal lands of Hocking valley,
and decided that it would be advantageous to control
the railroads carrying coal from that region. Ac-
cordingly, he, with others, bought the capital stock
for about $7,000,000. He was at that time president
of the Snow Fork and Cleveland Coal Co., which
owned a very lanre tract in the Hocking valley ;
he and his associates promptly purchased an
additional tract, aggregating about 11,000 acres,
and organized what is now known as the pros-
perous Hocking Coal and Railway Co. In 1885,
after the re-organization of the Ohio Central rail-
way, a line running from Toledo to Corning, O..
the centre of the Hocking coal field, with a branch
to Columbus, O., Judge Burke negotiated an ex-
change of a small percentage of the stock of the
Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Railway Co.
for three-fourths of the stock of the new Toledoand
Ohio Central Railway Co ; he and his associates
thus became the owners of a controlling interest in
both corporations, the two gieatest coal carrying
roads in the West. Railway men of experience
pronounced this last move of Judge Burke the most
important of all. The difficulties of the undertak-
ing may be more easily appreciated when it is
known that there are nearly 800 stockholders
in the Toledo and Ohio Central Co., with whom
contracts had to be made before control of the
railway could be secured. Judge Burke also
negotiated the purchase of the New York, Chicago
and St. Louis railway — the "Nickel Plate" — for
William H. Vanderbilt, Oct. 26, 1882. For years
he represented as attorney three-fourths of the stock
of the Shenango and Allegheny Railway Co. in Penn-
sylvania ; he was also a director in each. For more
than two years (until 1885) he was a director of the
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, and of the Cin-
cinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis Railway Co. He
has long been a director of the Central Ontario Rail-
way CoT, and is now (1899) its president. As a lawyer,
Judge Burke is abreast of the times; a practitioner
whom only the best can match; he has never been
cornered, never been taken unawares. Proof of his
ability on the bench is in the fact that he not in-
frequently held court term after term without an ex-
ception being taken to his rulings, and further, that
but two or three of his decisions, during a term of
seven years, were reversed. In politics, he is a Re-
publican'; is thoroughly cosmopolitan in his views,
public spirited and progressive. He was married,
April 26, 1849, to Parthenia Poppleton, of Richland
county, O., who died, Jan. 7, 1878. The Judge's
second marriage was to Mrs. Ella M. Southworth,
of Clinton, N. Y., June 22, 1882.
EDWARDS, Arthur, clergyman and editor,
was born in Norwalk, O., Nov. 23, 1834, son of
John and Mary Ann Edwards. On his mother's
side he comes of English stock; on his father's, of
mixed Welsh and Scotch. His father, a native of
Indiana, was the son of a hero who served in
both the revolution and the war of 1812 ; his
mother was a daughter of Thomas Adams, of Ohio.
When seven years of age he was taken to Michi-
gan to live with an uncle, whose name he bore,
and who undertook his education. After a year
at Albion (Mich.) Seminary, he was matriculated
at Ohio Wesleyau University, was graduated with
a bachelor's degree in 1858, and at once en-
tering the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
church, was appointed pastor at Marine City, Mich.
On the outbreak of the civil war he became chap-
lain of the 1st Michigan infantry, but after the
battle of Gettysburg was relieved of the chaplaincy
in order to become colonel of a cavalry regiment.
During his period of service he achieved consider-
able reputation as a writer through an exceptionally
able and brilliant series of letters from the front to
one of the Detroit (Mich.) dailies, and on being mus-
tered out was invited to the assistant editorship of
the "Northwestern Christian Advocate," an official
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
17!}
organ of I In- Methodist church, published in Chicago.
This position he held eight years (1864-72), and then
by vote of the governing body of the church be-
came editor-in-chief, having been re-elected by the
same body wit h practical unanimity at every succeed-
ing quadrennial session lo the present time ( ls9lh.
Ill view of the numerous issues which have been
raised, debated anil settled by the .Methodist church
during this period, — the admission of laymen into
general conference, an elective presiding eldership,
the organization of educational and missionary work
annum I lie coin red people of the South, the licensing
and ordaining of women to preach and the admis-
sion of women as "laymen" into the general con-
ference, the election of missionary bishops, the ex-
tension of the time limit, the organic uni.ui of all
American Methodist bodies, and many another —
there can be no doubt of the gills and power of the
man who can so commend his fairness, prudence and
sagacity lo the church as to be returned by six suc-
ceeding general conferences to I he responsible posi-
tion of official editor. To moral and political issues
Dr. Edwards has always iiiveii prompt and serious
emphasis, and has never been deterred by personal
considerations from frank and fearless discussion of
them. The Detroit conference, of which lie has been
a member since 1S.1S, retained him as its secretary
for ten years, and sent him as u delegate to six
general conferences (1872-92). He was a delegate
from the American church to the ecumenical con
fcrcnce of Methodism held in London in 1SH1, and
before tins body read an important paper on "The
Growth of Methodism in the Light of Statistical Re-
sults." He was also a member of the centennial
Methodist conference which met in Baltimore in
1884, and the church lias frequent ly claimed I lie
exercise of his gifts in the work of numerous boards
and trusteeships connected with denominational and
benevolent work. He was an active and influential
member of the committee which, in ]S7<>, nave the
church its admirable hymnal. While Dr. Edwards
has restricted his literary work
largely to the paper which he
edits, he has occasionally con-
tributed to the "Methodist He
view " and other church periodi-
cals, and has ever responded to
calls for papers and addresses on
lines, calculated to increase the
povM-r and influence of Metho-
dism. He is master of a terse,
vigorous style, and his produc-
tions are characterized by clear-
cut thinking and close reason-
ing. His gifts are at their best in
debate or exposition, but few can
deal with topics of a personal
character with a kindlier humor.
Dr. Edwards is a musician and
connoisseur of painting; well read
in mathematical and mechani-
cal sciences; an expert on birds
and bees, and on boating, bicycling and photography,
as well as on naval operations and army tactics, — he
was official visitor to West Point in 1889, — and
is skillful with tools. Indeed, there is nothing
bearing upon human well-being which does not in-
terest and attract him. He spares neither time nor
energy in preparing himself for adequate discus-
sion of current questions. By close and diligent
study in a variety of quarters he was able to afford
his readers such descriptions of the operations in the
Chino-Japauese and American-Spanish wars as were
rivaled by few religious papers. He was also one of
the first to encourage the use of illustrations in
\veekly religious papers, and still uses them more
freely than any of his colleagues of the Methodist
press. The degree of A.M. was conferred upon him
by his alma mater in I8(il, and of D.D. by the
Northwestern University in 1S72. On Jan. 24, 1868,
he was married to Caroline Maria, daughter of Kev.
Henry Whitehead, of Chicago, who survives, with
three children.
HOWARD, Frank Turner, capitalist and
philanthropist, was born in New Orleans, La., May
81, 18,15. son of Charles Turner and Floiselle (Boul-
iemet) Howard. I !y the maternal line he is descended
from Lieut. I'icrre I'.oulleniet, of the army of Napo-
leon I., who, after the defeat at Waterloo, sailed for
Martinique. West Indies, with his wife and one son.
The latter, Pierre Boiillemel. settled in New Orleans
in ls:i(). Frank T. Howard
was educated in the schools
of his native city, and then
studied three years (1S71-74)
al Washington and l.ce Uni-
versity, Lexington, Va., and
one year , is; (-75) at liens-
selacr Polytechnic Institute.
Troy, N. Y., not remain-
ing for graduation on account
of physical disability. He en-
tered active business life as a
member of the banking and
brokerage firm of Pike A:
Howard, of New ( Irlcaiis. com
posed of himself and John
H. Pike. In connection with
the extensive business of his
firm. Mr. Howard became largely interested as a
stockholder and director in Mich important financial
and manufacturing corporations as the New Orleans
National Hank, the New Orleans Gas Lii;hl Co., anil
the Caff rev Sugar Refining Co.. and has been promi-
nent in tin1 organization of several other lead ing busi-
ness concerns. He has always been a firm believer in
the great advantages for investment offered in the
South, and pursuant of this conviction has reaped
large profits from numerous enterprises, thus several
times doubling the fortune left him by his father, and
being reputed at present the wealthiest man in Louisi-
ana. He is deeply interested in numerous benevo-
lent enterprises of New Orleans, and is especially act-
ive in the public libraries of the city; being secretary
and treasurer of the Howard Memorial Library,
founded in 1889, in memory of his father, and presi-
dent of the Fisk Free Library and the public library
of New Orleans. Although frequently urged to ac-
cept nominations for public office, he has ever steadily
declined, preferring to exercise the influence wielded
by a private citizen in personal capacities. He is a
member of the Boston, Pickwick, La Variete, Mys-
tic and Carnival clubs, all of New Orleans ; is a
leader in artistic and literary circles, and a great
traveler. His elegant home is embellished by a
choice collection of paintings, statuary and articles
of virtu gathered from all parts of the world, and
his large estate contains fine gardens and hot houses,
where the owner indulges his taste for horticulture.
He has many rare specimens of orchids and other
exotic flowering plants. Mr. Howard was married,
in 1880, to Emma Corey, daughter of William 8.
Pike, of the firm of Pike Bros. & Co. , for many
years the largest banking house in the South. Mrs.
Howard died, Jan. 9. 1898, leaving two sons, Edgar
Billings and Alviu Pike Howard.
HOWARD, Charles Turner, philanthro-
pist, was born in Baltimore, Mil., March 4, 1SH'2,
son of Richard Turner and Elizabeth (Harrison)
Howard. The Howard family is of English ori-
gin, long prominent in the United Kingdom, and
many of its representatives have been counted among
174
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the nobility and landed gentry. His father was the
youngest sou of Charles Howard, of Carlisle, Eng-
land, 'and hence, according to the entailment law
of England, was cut off from a share in the ancestral
estate. He came to the United States in 1825, and,
with his young wife, Elizabeth, daughter of William
Harrison, of Manchester, settled in Baltimore, Md.,
where he became engaged in the shipping business.
He later removed to Philadelphia, Pa., where he
died in 1*76. Charles T. Howard was educated in
the public schools of Philadelphia, and at an early
age engaged in commercial pursuits in that city. In
1852, the family having re-
moved to New Orleans, La.,
he entered at once on a busi-
ness career scarcely excelled
in the annals of trade for judi-
cious investment, well directed
enterprize and financial pros-
perity. His first venture was
in connection with steam-
boat interests on the Missis-
sippi river; a beginning which
led to greater things, and
became the absorbing con-
cern of a long and honorable
career. His connection with
this line of commercial ac-
tivity lasted until 1880, five
years before his death. On
the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted in the Con-
federate service ; serving first in the navy and after-
ward in the "Crescent Regiment," commanded by
Col. Marshall .1. Smith, in which he was made or-
derly sergeant of company G. In this company lie
remained until sickness led to his discharge, and on
his recovery, entering the cavalry, he was stationed
near Mobile, Ala., until the termination of the war.
Mr. Howard's name is connected with many of the
leading institutions of the city of New Orleans. He
was a prime mover in the establishment there of
one of the finest race courses and jockey club houses
in the United Stales. He also took a lively interest
in other public amusements and pastimes, and gave
liberally of bis means for their support. The great
bulk of his large accumulations, however, were dis-
pensed in unostentatious charities. It is said that,
upon a modest estimate, his gifts of money to pub-
lic and private charities would easily aggregate
$500,000. It was part of his conviction regarding
the obligations of wealth that charities, to he ser-
viceable and of the highest value to those sought to be
benefited, should be wholly unostentatious. In this
belief lie abstained from the establishment of any
great institutions bearing his name, but was a con-
stant and generous donor in aid of churches, schools,
asylums, hospitals and other organizations, regard-
less of sect or color, which had for their object the
amelioration of the conditions of the poor and un-
fortunate. So great was the liberality with which
Mr. Howard dispensed aid, that, upon his death, it
•was found that nearly all of bis vast earnings had
been dissipated in (his manner, and his remaining
estate was comparatively small. In his private
character as a citizen, as in his home life, Mr. How-
ard was known as a man of unswerving integrity,
and as hospitable' and affable. He maintained a
lively interest in politics, as one of the obligations of
citizenship, and with no thought of political reward.
In 1854 he was married to "Floiselle Boullemet, a
daughter of one of the wealthiest and most respected
French families of New Orleans, by whom he had
four children. He died at Dobb's Ferry, Westchester
CO., N. Y., May 31, 1**.Y
LAUGHLIN, Homer, manufacturer and capi-
talist, was born at. Little Beaver, Columbiana co. ,
O., March 23, 1843, son of Matthew and Maria
(Moore) Laughliu, both of Irish descent. His father
was long a merchant, and mill-owner in Ohio. His
mother was a daughter of Thomas Moore, of Duu-
gannon, county Tyrone, Ireland, who was a graduate
of Dublin University and a relative of Sir Thomas
Moore, the poet. His grandfather Moore, shortly
after his arrival in America, in 1799, obtained em-
ployment as an engineer in the government service,
and, being assigned to duty in the Northwest Terri-
tory, settled within the present confines of Ohio,
where he laid out several counties. After the admis-
sion of the state he founded the settlement, or village,
of Little Beaver, and improving a valuable water
power there, erected saw, grist and carding mills.
Homer Laughlin passed his early years at home, as-
sisting his father in his store and studying in the
local schools, and on the outbreak of the civil war he
enlisted in the 115th Ohio volunteer infantry. A
large part of his service was on detached duty as ex-
pert recorder of important military tribunals, and he
participated in the engagements around Murfrees-
boro, suffering the full privations of a soldier's life
during the memorable raid under Gen. Hood. After
the mustering-out, July 7, 1865, he engaged in retail
business in Pittsburgh" Pa., but this line soon prov-
ing insufficient to his ambition, he gave it up, to en-
gage in petroleum development in the Smith's Ferry,
I'n.. district. This enterprise also he presently re-
linquished, and, with his brother, Shakespeare, en-
gaged in importing, wholesaling and jobbing in
original packages English crockery, in New York
city, a move which proved the turning-point not
only in his own fortunes, but also in the history of
the pottery trade in the United States. Up to that
time the monopoly of the market by the English
potters had been practically undisputed, but Mr.
Laugbliu's quick insight soon discerned an unusual
opportunity for American intelligence and enter-
prise to make its mark in competition with the out-
side world. Accordingly, in 1873, he founded the
Homer Laughlin China Works of East Liverpool, O.,
which straightway set the standard for all American
manufacturers of crockery. By 1876 his products
had been brought into direct competition with the
entire commercial world, par-
ticularly England, and at the
Centennial exposition in Phila-
delphia he won a medal and
diploma for the "best white
granite wares." This honor
called forth the accusation of
some English manufacturers
that the success of the Laugh-
lin ware was due to the coun-
terfeiting of English trade
marks, a charge utterly un-
founded. Determined, how
ever, to disprove the slander,
this intrepid potter adopted a
mark for all his products, not
only completely distinctive,
but entirely un-English : the
British lion, prone and help-
less, with the American eagle on
its belly, rampant and tearing
at its vitals. Again at the Cincinnati exposition, in
1879, Mr. Laughlin was awarded the first gold medal
ever given ic this country for pottery; and at the
Columbian exposition, Chicago, in 1893. received
the only gold medal anil award on ceramics for both
plain and decorated white granite. Much of his
success has been due to his careful attention to the
matter of designs and decorations, and in this work
he has shown such a high order of taste as to win
the commendation of prominent authorities on the
subject. In 1878 Dr. William C. Prime, author of
"Pottery and Porcelain of All Nations," wrote to
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
175
him : " I must frankly say that I have seen no prod-
uct of ceYamic art iu America that at all ap-
proaches your ware. It is the verification of my en-
tire hope for both [lottery and decoration." In 1*7!*
Charles \Vyllys Elliott, author of "Ceramic Art,"
wrote: " Your ware must take precedence of :.ny
earthenware or of any mez/.o-porcelain I have yet
seen." Outside his special line of business, Mr.
Laughlin has been largely interested in several
prominent corporations. For fourteen years In- was
chairman of the executive committee of the U. S.
Potters' Association, and for four years its \>\r-\
ilenl. He is a director of the American Cotton
Picker Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa., anil of the Potters'
Mining and Milling Co., of Last Liverpool, ( ). He
has been for many years one of the eighteen mem-
bers of the hoard of managers of I lie Ameiie:m Pro-
tective Tariff League. A member of the .Masonic
fraternity in liiuli standing, he was one of the mem-
orable party of forty-two Knights 'I'cmplar, known
as the" First ( Irusaaers," \\ ho, in 1*71 , made a tour
of Lurope. In 1897 lie relinquished most of his out-
si, le interests, and removed to LOS Angeles. Cal.,
where he still (1899) resides. In his new home he
has also become identified with industrial and public
affairs, and has added to its institutions h\ Ihecni
tion of the Homer Lauirhlin building, which is tin-
first office-building ever erected in the I'm'ted Stales
in which all the tl -s. including their surface, and
all the doors, door frames and trim are fireproof.
Mr. Laughlin was married, .li.ne is. |s7| t,, c,,r
nelia, daughter of Levi Bottenben. of \VelNvillc, O.
They have one daughter, Gueudoleu Virginia, and
one sou, Homer Laughlin, Jr.
ALLEN, Augustus Chapman. lawyer, was
born at Houston, Tex., March 1, 1*04, only child of
Samuel L. and Margaret E. (Caffrey) Allen, and
grandson of Itoland and Sarah (Chapman) Allen.
His grandparents on his mother's side w ere Thomas
T. and Margaret P. Caffrey, of Ya/.oo i lily. Miss.
One of his great-grandfathers, lienjamin Chap-
man, of New Ln^land descent, was captain of
a company in the Continental arnn. under a com-
mission from (iov. Clinton, of New York. Augustus
( Allen was named alter an
uijcle. one of the founders of
Houston, who. together with
another uncle, purchased from
the Austins the square league
of land on which the city rose.
At the time of the purchase
wild cattle, buffalo and ante-
lope roamed over the plains,
and drat. k unmolested from the
Buffalo bayou. Samuel L.
Allen erected the first cotton
storage house iu Houston, ami
was tlie first to carry on a ship-
ping business of large propor-
tions. The family home \\as a
picturesque villa, with gabled
roof and long windows opening
on a "gallery, "after the south-
ern fashion. The grounds were
extensive and park-like in their appearance, shaded
by oaks of many species, whose branches were
draped with long streamers of gray Spanish moss,
and ornamented with the fragrant magnolia and
sweet-bay, the holly and yupon, studded with
crimson berries. The indoor life of the family
was as happy as the outlook from the windows was
beautiful, and everything that indulgent parents
could devise to give their child pleasure was done.
Augustus attended the most advanced schools in
Houston, and when older entered Lebanon Univer-
sity, Lebanon, Teuu. He was graduated in the law
school of that institution in 1886, and returned to
his native city. He was admitted to the bar, and
began practice in 18*7, remaining alone for several
years. H<" then formed a law partnership with Judge
Norman G. Kittrell. which continued for over three
years; in January. l*!lfi, Mr. Allen became associated
with Edgar Watkins, and later with Frank C.
Jones, known as Allen, Watkins iv. Jones. The firm
has a hi^h n-putatioii thoiiuhoni the stale, and the
eases it handles Lrn>w in importance yearly.
McGANNON, Matthew Charles, physician
and surgeon, was born at 1'ie-coit, ( imario. ( 'anada,
AUU 11, I*."i7, son of John and Harriett McGanuon,
of Scotch Iii-h descent. I le attended
the public schools ol (iniario; spent
two years in a French college in
(Quebec and four years in the I'niver-
-it\ of Ottawa, and then entered the
medical department of McGill I'nivcr-
sity, at Montreal, when- he studied
for lour \ears. and was ^raduated
with very hii:h honorsin l*v>. Lai Iv
in his cnur-e Dr. Mi-Gannon showed
a preference for the study of diseases
of women, and through the courtesy
of Prof. William Gardner, of Mon-
lieal, lie was Liiven unusual opportu-
nities to pursue this special line. He
formed a part nership with his brother.
E. A. McGannon, M.I). .at Hrockvillc,
which lasted for six yea r~, and i In ring
that time their otlice had the largest
clientele of any in Eastern On-
tario. At the same lime, Dr. McGan-
non continued his studies in gyna-coloL_'y in a prac-
tical w a\ . In 1**7 he was appointed surgeon to the
St. Vincent de Paul Hospital at Brockville. In 1891
he removed to Nc\\ York city, and became an in-
terne at the Woman's Hospital. He remained eighteen
months, pursuing his special studies under the re-
nowned Thomas Addis Lmmett and Drs. Cleveland,
Nichol, Bache, Emmetl and Hanks. Soon after
leaving this hospital, he was appointed independent
instructor in diseases of women at the Posi Giaduate
Medical School and Hospital, and not Inn;:1 after was
appointed to the Northwestern and Demilt dispen-
saries. All of these positions he held when he was
elected to the chair of diseases of women in the
medical department of the I'niversiiy of Nashville
in l*!l.">. He is a member of the British Medical
Association. American Medical Association, Southern
Surgical and Gynaecological Association, Middle
Tennessee Medical Society, Tennessee State Medical
Society, Tri-State Medical Society, Nashville Acade-
my of Medicine and Woman's Hospital Alumni Asso-
ciation ; also of the University and Country clubs. He
is editor of the "Medical and Surgical Bulletin of
Nashville," which is the official organ of the Alumni
Association of the Medical Department of the Uni-
versity of Nashville. He has contributed to medical
journals on his special subjects. He conducts a pri-
vate infirmary, well equipped with the newest appli-
ances for surgical use and with an extensive library.
Dr. McGannon was married in New York city, April
30, 1894, to Gertrude, daughter of Noah Snow, of
Waterbury, Conn., a lady of decided literary and
musical tastes. Dr. McGannou's success in his pro-
fessior seems to be due iu part to inherited ability,
for he has three brothers who are prominent physi-
cians; but positions such as he has held and now holds
are obtained only by those who have applied them-
selves unsparingly to work, and have acquired skill
in years of practice.
PARRISH, Charles, banker, was born at Dun-
daff, Susqueharma CO., Pa., Aug. 27, 1826, son of
176
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Archippus aud Phoebe (Miller) Varrish. He was a
descendant of Dr. Thomas Parrish, boru in 1620,
who emigrated to Massachusetts in 1637, and at-
tained eminence in his profession, but returned to
England, and died there. One of his sons, John, an
original proprietor of Groton, Mass., an ensign in
the militia and a deputy to the general court in
1693, removed to Stoniugton, Conn., in 1712. Isaiah,
son of John, settled in Windham county, and was
married to Margaret Smith. He was lieutenant of the
first train-band7>f the county, and served through the
French and Indian wars. His son Archippus was mar-
ried to Abigail, daughter of Jacob and Abigail (Clark)
Burnap, of Windham, and granddaughter of Joseph
and Rebecca (Huntington) Clark, of Lebanon. Abi-
gail Clark was a granddaugh-
ter of William Clark, repre-
sentative to the general court
from Lebanon with Samuel
Huntington, and of Hannah,
daughter of Elder John Si r< mg,
of Windsor, Conn. Charles
Parrish received a good educa-
tion in the grammar school at
Wilkes-Barre, and then, at the
age of fifteen, entered as a clerk
the store of Ziba Bennett. Not
many years later he became a
partner, and remained in the
rirm until 1856, when lie with-
drew to engage in operations in
coal aud speculations in coal
lands. About that time the
great value of anthracite coal
began to be realized by the
public; but Mr. Parrish was al-
most the first to be concerned in
operations of great magnitude, and these were in-
variably successful. The Wyoming valley, with its
advantages, was made not only a source of wealth
to himself, but also the centre of a great population
and of an industry giving employment to thousands.
He organized the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Co.,
a combination of different companies, mines, rail-
roads and canals, and for twenty years was its presi-
dent. He induced his employes to allow the entire
wages of one day a year to be retained for a fund for
the relief of disabled workmen and their families,
the company agreeing to set aside the proceeds of
the mines for one day yearly for the same purpose.
The sum accumulated in this way amounted to
$15,000 a year, and a great amount of suffering was
thereby alleviated. Other charities for the benefit
of the workmen were originated by him, and served
their purpose well for a number of years. For seven
years Mr. Parrish was president of the borough of
Wilkes-Barre, and subsequently was president of
the city council. During his incumbency, the streets
were for the first time adequately paved and lighted,
an efficient police force was organized and the fire
department made efficient. Mr. Parrish was presi-
dent of the First National Bank for twenty years,
also president of the Parrish aud Annora coal com-
panies; a director of the Northwest Branch railroad,
and for thirty years was a director of the Lehigh
Coal and Navigation Co. He was a member of the
Society iif tin; Sons of Revolution, and in politics a
Republican. Mr. Parrish was married at Wilkes-
Barre, June 21, 1864, to a lady of old revolutionary
stock, Mary, eldest daughter 'of Hon. John N. and
Ruth A. (Butler) Conyngham. Of their family of
five children, three daughters survive.
NIXON, William Penn, editor, was born at
Fountain City, Wayne co., Ind., son of Samuel
Nixon aud Mrs. Rhoda (Hubbard) Butler, his wife.
His parents were Virginians of English descent, and
were members of the Society of Friends, of which
body his grandfather, Barnaby Nixon, was a highly
esteemed preacher, who, becoming convinced that
slavery was contrary to the law of God, freed the
slaves he owned long before his denomination had
begun to give testimony against human bondage.
Mrs. Butler, by her marriage to Mr. Nixon, brought
a strain of Indian blood into the family, as her grand-
mother was a daughter of the Cherokee nation. Wil-
liam Peun Nixon, after attending a private school un-
til he was fourteen years of age, spent two years at
Turtle Creek Academy, Warren county, O. He then
for a year assisted his brother, who was principal of
Harveysburg Academy, after which he entered Earl-
ham College, Richmond, Ind., an institution under
the care of the Society of Friends. After another year
of teaching, he entered Farmer's College, near Cin-
cinnati, O., and was graduated in 1853. He taught
for two years in Cincinnati, and then took a post-
graduate course of four years in law at the University
of Pennsylvania, being graduated in 1859. He was
admitted to the bar in Cincinnati, and opened an office
in that city; met with flattering success, and con-
tinued in practice until 1868. Having taken a
vigorous part in politics as a Republican, he was
elected to the state legislature in 1864 to fill a vacancy
caused by the death of the Hon. Mr. Keck; was re-
elected for a full term in 1865, and served through
the legislature of 1866-67. In the meantime he had
become president of the Cincinnati Mutual Life In-
surance Co. In 1868, in connection with his elder
brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, and other friends, he
established the "Daily Chronicle," an evening paper,
of which he was made commercial editor, but soon
became publisher and general manager, and thus
acted until a year or two later; but upo'n the con-
solidation of his paper with the "Daily Times, "sold
his interest. He still continued president and man-
ager of the insurance company until 1871, when it
was consolidated with the
Union Central Life Co., of
the same city. In 1872 Mr.
Nixon became business man-
ager of the Chicago " Inter-
Ocean," founded by J. Y.
Scammon. In 1875 the com-
pany was forced to dissolve,
and a new organization was
formed, in which Mr. Nixon
and hiselder brother obtained
a controlling interest. As
general manager and editor-
in-chief, he carried the news-
paper through its critical pe-
riod, and, pushing it to the
front, gave it a high moral
tone and a distinct and posi-
tive character as a dispenser
of political aud literary news.
In moral and political work
and thought it soon became a
leader. During the time from
1875 until 1897 Mr. Nixon was editor and general man-
ager, giving personal superintendence to every de-
partment. Willis J. Abbot, in "The Review of
Reviews" in 1896, in an article entitled "Chicago
Newspapers and Their Makers, " speaks of Mr. Nixon
as follows: "More than any other newspaper in
Chicago, ' The Inter-Ocean ' has represented the per-
sonality and the convictions of one man. . . . One
who knows ' The Inter-Ocean ' may justly feel that
he knows its editor, while he who enjoys the friend-
ship of Mr. Nixon can at all times forecast with
almost perfect accuracy the course of the newspaper
upon any given public issue. It is this straightfor-
ward pursuit of a never-changing ideal; this undevi-
ating progress along the path that never wanders.
OF AMERICAN IUOORAPHY
177
that gives 'The Inter Ocean' its character and its
strength. . . . It is interesting to consider how much
the lovaltv of its subsciibers to the paper may be-
due to loyalty of the paper's stall' to each other.
The periodical shake-ups I hat unsettle almost everj
other newspaper in Chicago have no parallel in
'The Inter-Ocean.' Members of the si a IT have
irrown gray in its service. . . . The editorial siall
in its harmony and irood fellowshipclosely resembles
a great family. It would seem that Ihe kindly spirit
of the editor in chief, of whom his bitterest political
opponent speaks only words of respect and admira-
tion, has permeated the entire force as- it certainly
has fixed the character of the paper." The paper has
alwavs advocated the caii-e of municipal reform,
and never hesitates to arraign corruption even in
Republicans. In July. 1-S1I7, Mr. Nixon sold the
Controlling interest, but still retains his connection
with the company, of which he is secretary and
treasurer, as well as publisher. In December, i^n;
he was appointed collector of I'. S. customs, and
took charge of Ihe ollicc in January, I Mrs. The
business has greatly increased, but. it has been
conducted without an increase in the number of
clerks or of expense to the IMH ci iinienl. lie has
been a commissioner of Lincoln park since |s«i.°i.
holding olliee under Dei -ralic as well as Repuh
lican governments. He is a member of the I'nion
League, Marqucllc and Press clubs, and for several
years was president of the Associated Press. II. i,
a director of the Humane Soeiel \ and a member of
the Ohio Society. Mr. Nixon was married in Cin-
cinnati in September, ISI'd, to Mary, daughter of
Hezekiahand Kuih i Ferris) Stiles. She died in I SUM.
He was again married. June !.">. l-siill, to Kli/.abelh.
daughter of Charles and Sarah K. Dutlield, ol Chi
cago, by whom he has three children: Marv Stiles,
Bertha Dultield and William IVnn.
ZETTLER, Louis, merchant and philanthro-
pist, was born at Monsheim. a suburb of Maycnce.
Germany, Feb 29, ls:ii, son of Jacob and Cornelia
(Spiudler) Zettler. His father was an extensive
dealer in wines, and also
had la r ire millinii interests ;
but, having met with busi-
ness reverses in 1835-30, he
removed to America in Aug-
ust, 1837, and settled at Co-
lumbus, O. Louis Zettler
was educated at a private
school in Columbus, O.. and
in May, 1S44, started in the
retail grocery business with
his brother, Jacob. In 1850
they went into the pork-
packing business, and also
in the grain trade, and con-
tinued to conduct all three
branches until 1801. Then
relinquishing the pork-pack-
ing department, they con-
tinued the trade in grain
and the wholesale and re-
tail grocery for another
seven years, when the part-
nership was dissolved, and Mr. Zettler retired from
business. In 1870 he again entered the grocery
trade, in company with his brother-in-law. James
Ryan, and the firm of Zettler & Ryan continued un-
til the death of the latter, in 1875" Thereafter Mr.
Zettler continued in this business alone until 1885.
when he admitted his son, J. Bernard, as partner;
his son Edmund joining them two years later. In
1809 he had established the Zettler Hardware Co.,
consisting of his sons, Albert, Frederick, Raymond
and Robert, to conduct a wholesale and retail hard-
Vox.. IX. -12.
ware business in Columbus. The Zettler Grocery Co.
is now managed by his sons. Kdmund and Hubert,
who are I he sole owners. In politics Mr. Zeltler has
always been a Democrat, but during the civil war
wax a pronounced sympathizer with the Federal
cause, lie was a member of the city council anil
police commissioner of Columbus in the earh seven
lies. A prominent member of the Roman Catholic
church, he has contributed ^eiieroiislv to all religious
and charitable' undertakings, regardless ol denomina-
tion. When St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum was
founded, in the early seventies, by III. Re\ . Sylvi-s.
til II. l!o-ecrans, in Mr. Zel tier's old homestead, he
donated immediately $10.000 toward its support and
extension. Mr. Zeltler is one ol1 tin' \ei'\ lew sur-
viving pioneers of Columbus, which be 'helped to
build up from the mete village ii was when he first
locaieil there to its prcseni proportions and impor-
tance. On June '21. ISliO, he was married to Cath-
erine Rose, ; tive of Aachen i Ai.x-la-Chapelle),
Prussia. Ten children — nine |M,\S Mini one uirl —
were born lo them ; J. llcmaid. Ki'mund. Louis,
Albert, Frederick, Raymond, Robert, llubeil, Harry
and Marie A nloineite. ill these Seven survive.
Mrs. Zclllerdied on April •,'.">. 1SHS
SLATER, Alpheus Brayton, was born at
Warwick. R. I., Nov. Mil. ls:iM. s t Brayton and
Palicncc I Millardi Slater. lie :'ed at the
district schools of Xrwbury-
port , Ma-s , ami Kas| Kil-
lingly, Conn.; at Smithville
Seminal \ , North ScitU
R. I., and the Providence Con-
ference Seminary, at I
(ireenw ich, R. I. On an
Ing his majority, be bei ame
a clerk in the otliee of thr-
Providenee (!:is ( 'o. , and five
\eais later, in 1858, was made
i'liiet clerk. In 1st!!) he be.
came assistant- treasun r, and m
|S70 director, seerelary, trcas-
itrerand general manager. All
these positions he holds at
present, being, with one ex-
ception, thr niilv official now
remaining of tl rirani/alion
as it existed when he entered
it. The success of the corpora-
tion is largely due to his prac-
tical knowledge of the busi-
ness and his great executive ability. II." aas devoted
much of his time to organizing several associations
for Ihe development and improvement of gas light-
ing. He is a member of the New England Associa-
tion of Gas Engineers, of which he was president for
two years. He is also a member cf the New Eng-
land Guild of Gas Engineers, of which he was sec-
retaiy from its organization until 1885, when he was
elected its president; he held this position two years.
Mr. Slater is also a member of the Society of Gas
Lighting of New York cit_v, and honorary member
of the Western Gas Association ; also the American
Gas Light. Association ; has been on its finance and
executive committees, and was elected third vice-
president in 1885, second vice-president in 1886,
first vice-president in 1887, and its president in 1888.
Close attention to his own business has prompted
him to decline all solicitations to accept public office.
Personal!}', he is an affable and courteous gentleman,
popular among all his associates, and possessed of a
manly vigor, mental and physical, which makes him
a marked figure in all the surroundings of life. He
was married, at East Killinaly, Conn., June 25,
1855, to Ruib, daughter of "John and Elizabeth
(Mitchell) Matthews, 'and has three children.
178
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BALDWIN, Abraham, statesman, founder of
the University of Georgia, and its first president
(1786-1801), was born at Guilford (north parish),
Conn., Nov. 22, 1754, sou of Michael and Lucy ( Dud-
ley) Baldwin. He was a descendant of Nathaniel
Baldwin, of Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire, England,
who became one of the founders of Milford, Conn.,
in 1639. Abraham Baldwin was graduated at Yale
in 1773, and was a tutor in that institution in 1775-
79. On Feb. 1, 1779, he succeeded Timothy Dwight
as chaplain of Parsons' brigade in the Continental
army. His brigade, which Was attached to the main
army along the Hudson, spent the
winter of 1779-80 at Morristown,
and the two subsequent winters at
"Connecticut village," nearly op-
posite West Point. When, in 1781,
the regiments were reduced, he
was transferred to the 2d Connecti-
cut brigade, and remained in the
service until the war ended. He
was one of the original members of
the Connecticut Cincinnati Society.
At the request of Gen. Greene,
Baldwin, in 1784, removed to Sa-
vannah, Ga. ; was soon admitted to
the bar, and in the same year was
sent to the legislature. While
thus serving he originated the plan
of the University of Georgia, and
was chiefly instrumental in secur-
ing the passage of an act by which
40,000 acres of land were set
apart for its endowment. The charter, granted Jan.
27, 1785, was drawn up by him. The intention was
to erect buildings at Louisville, Jefferson co. ; but
the university remained on paper until 1801, when
Gov. Milledge made a generous donation of land in
Jackson county (which then included Clarke coun-
ty), and in the same year the institution came into
existence at Athens. Baldwin was elected president,
Feb. 3, 1786; but in November, 1800, he recom-
mended his old tutor at Yale, Josiah Meigs, for the
chair of mathematics, and on the hitter's arrival re-
signed his office. Baldwin was a member of the
Continental congress in 1785-88, and of the constitu-
tional convention. May 25-Sept. 17, 1787. At this
convention three plans of government were presented.
The "Virginia plan," whose chief author was Jef-
ferson, made the national legislature consist of two
houses. " In both," says Fiske (" Critical Period of
American History "), " the votes were to be votes of
individuals and no longer the votes of states. Each
state was to have a number of representatives pro-
portionate either to its wealth or to the number of its
free inhabitants. To adopt such a plan would over-
throw the equality of the states altogether." The
" New Jersey plan " proposed a single house, repre-
senting states, and these were to vote equally, with-
out regard to wealth or population. " The conven-
tion," continues Fiske. "was on the verge of disso-
lution, when Ellsworth and Sherman proposed a com-
promise (the 'Connecticut plan '), according to which
the national principle was to prevail in the house and
the federal principle in the senate. . . . When the
question as to allowing equality of suffrage to the states
was put to the test, the result was a tie. Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland
voted in the affirmative; Massachusetts, Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina
in the negative." Georgia had supported the Vir-
ginia plan, but Baldwin temporarily sided with the
advocates of equality, dividing the vote of his state,
"and prevented a decision wliich would in all prob-
ability have broken up the convention. His state
was the last to vote, and the house was hushed in
anxious expectation when this brave and wise young
man yielded his private conviction to what he saw to
be the paramount necessity of keeping the conven-
tion together. All honor to his memory ! " Bald-
win was otherwise prominent in the convention. He
was on the committee of details, and was a member
of the grand committee to which the convention re-
ferred everything relating to the choice of president.
When the question of prohibiting the slave trade
came before the convention, hedeclared that Georgia
would not confederate if not allowed to import
slaves. He was a representative in congress in 1789-
99. and then entered the senate, where he remained
until his death, serving as president protempore in
1801-02. Among the projects supported by him
was that to locate the seat of government on the
Potomac. In 1802 Baldwin, Milledge and James
Jackson negotiated with three U. S. commissioners
a treaty by which Georgia ceded most of her western
territory to the federal government. In recognition
of his public services counties in Georgia and Ala-
bama were named after him. Henry Baldwin, of
the U. S. supreme court, was his half-brother, and
Mrs. Joel Barlow his half sister. He died, unmar-
ried, in Washington, D. C., March 4, 1807.
MILLEDGE, John, patron of the University of
Georgia. (See Vol. I., p. 221.)
MEIGS, Josiah, second president of the Uni-
versity of Georgia (1801-11), was born at Middle-
town, Conn., Aug. 21, 1757. He was a sou of Re-
turn Jonathan Meigs (1734-1823), who served as
major in the Continental army during Benedict
Arnold's invasion of Canada, and as colonel under
Gen. Wayne at the storming of Stony point. He
was of P'uritan ancestry, tracing his descent from
Vincent Meigs, or Meggs, who, with his sons John
and Mark, emigrated from England — probably from
Dorsetshire — and after living at Weymouth, Mass.,
settled at New Haven, Conn., about 1644. John
Meigs, a direct ancestor of Josiah, removed to Guil-
ford, Conn., about theyear!650. Josiah Meigswas
graduated at Yale College, in 1778, in the same class
with Noah Webster, Joel Barlow and Oliver Wol-
cott, Jr. During 1781-84 he was tutor in mathe-
matics, natural philosophy and astronomy in the
college, and at the same time stud-
ied law. He was admitted to the bar
of New Haven in 1783. In 1784,
with Daniel Bowen and Eleutheros
Dana, he established a printing of-
fice, from which, in May, came
forth the first number of the New
Haven "Gazette," a weekly. Al-
though it had but one rival, and
numbered several eminent men
among its contributors, it was not
successful, and in February, 1786,
ceased to exist. Mr. Meigs was
city clerk (hiring 1784-89, and then
removed to Bermuda to practice
law. While there he was involved
in difficulties attending his efforts to
defend the owners of United States
vessels that had been captured by
British privateers, and was tried for £,
treason, but acquitted. In 1794
he returned to the United States, and in that same
year was called to the chair of mathematics and
natural philosophy at Yale, where he remained until
1801, then becoming president of the University of
Georgia and professor of mathematics, natural phi-
losophy and chemistry. Although the university
had been chartered sixteen years previous, its trustees
had been hampered by lack of funds with wliich to
give it vitality. The lands granted by the legisla-
ture lay in a region sparsely settled and still infested
by Indians, and notwithstanding the almost nominal
price at which they were offered, few purchasers
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
179
had been found. The first recorded meeting of the
academic senate was lirld in November, 17!l!t, at
Louisville, Jefferson en. In 1SII1, a site having been
secured, the trustees determined to put a college in
operation, although they had no buildings, and no
innncy to erect them or pay I lie salaries of a faciilly.
The salary ollereil Prof. Meigs— $1,500— was inu-
nificent for those time-., lull, the disadvantages under
which he was obliged ID begin his work were almost
dishearten! ML''. A I hens, in 1801, Consisted of but two
houses, and for lack of better shelter the tirst
classes cif Franklin College, as the nucleus of the
university was called, were in-lruclen under an oak
tree. In 1803 a three story brick building, I he now-
historic "old college," was erected; in 1SO2 the
Denioslhenian Literary Society was founded; the
first commencement exercises wen' performed in Ma\ ,
1804, a rustic arbor being constructed fur the occa
sion, and degrees were eonl'iTied upon (en yoitiig
men. During I'res. Mi'igs' incumbency about (illy
students took decrees, and during a part of (he time
a professor of modern languages was employed
(Petit de C'lairville), and a tutor (Addin Lewis). lu
1806 the trustees were allowed to establish a lottery
for the purpose of raising xil.diMl to purchase a
library. For several years the income was slender
and uncertain, for, although a portion of the uni-
versity lands was sold in iso:{, it was fora ridiculously
small sum, and but little had been rcali/ed from the
rental af oilier portions. lu 1S11 I'res. Meigs re-
signed, and for lack of funds the exercises of the
college were .suspended foi a year. In 1812 he was
appointed surveyor-general of the United Stale-.,
and in 1814 commissioner of the general land office
at Washington, where he served until his death.
He was president of Ihe Columbian Institute at
Washington from 1*1!) until ISJI, and then became-
professor of experimental philosophy in the newly
established Columbian University in that city.
Pres. Meigs died in Washington. !>.'('., Sept. t, 1822.
BROWN, John, third president of the University
of Georgia (1811-16), was born in county Antrim,
Ireland, June 15, 17(13. His parents were among
the thousands of Protestants who emigrated to the
southern Males from the north of Ireland, and by
their godliness ami strength of character exerted a
powerful influence in the communities where they
settled. They secured a tract of 160 acres of land
in Chester district, S. C., and farmed it, young
Brown aiding his father. A short course in a gram-
mar school in the Waxham settlement was all the
schooling he obtained, and in 177!' he left home to
enter the patriot army as a volunteer and to tight
under Gen. Slimier. On leaving the army he went
to Thyatira, N. C., where the Rev. Samuel E.
McCorkle had a classical school, called by him Zion-
Parnassus, and under that clergyman began the
study of theology. He was licensed to preach in
1788, and soon after became pastor of the church at
Waxhara. In 1809 he was elected professor of logic
and moral philosophy in the University of South
Carolina, and there continued until 1811, when he
was elected president of the University of Georgia.
In 1813 college exercises were suspended on account
of the war with Great Britain; but during the re-
maining four years of Dr. Brown's incumbency
seventeen students received diplomas. In Decem-
ber, 1815, the state legislature passed an act under
the provisions of which the university lands were
sold, the aggregate amount realized being about
8150,000. Of this sum "$100.000 were converted
into bank stock, and the balance, it is supposed, was
applied to the purpose of reimbursing the state for
advances made to the university from time to time."
Dr. Brown resigned in 1816, and again took up pas-
toral duties. Subsequently he removed to Fort
Gaines, Ga., where he died," Dec. 11, 1842.
FINXEY, Robert, fourth president of the Uni-
versity of Georgia (IMTi, was horn at Princeton,
N. .1.. in 1772, son of .lames Finley, an emigrant.
from Scotland in 1769. He wa- uradualed at the
College of N' w Jersey (Princeton) in 1787, and then
be. '.ime principal of the grammar school connected
with the college Later he had charge of an a< adi
my at Allcntown, N. .].; but in 171U removed 1o
Charleston, S. C., where he held a similar position
and won an enviable reputation as a teacher. Having
decided to enter the ministry, he returned to Prince-
ton to study, anil on Sept. 16, 1704, was licensed
to pieach by the presbytery of New liiunswiek; he
also served as tutor in the college in 1793-95. lie
was installed pastor of the Presbyterian chinch at
Baskingridge, Somerset CO., X. .!., .June 16, 17117,
and also conducted there a school, which became
large and prosperous. During his residence at
Baskingridiie lie MIM MeMed to the general assemhiv
of the Presbyterian church the advisability of or-
gani/.ing Bible classi > in the local churches, and this
proposed innovation was sanctioned by that con-
sei A.-ilive body. The condition of the tree negroes
in the United Stall s rai 1\ excited his sympathy . and
lie conceived the idea ol coloni/iiig them in . \frica.
lie received the cooperation of influential men, and
in 1S16 visited Washington for the purpose of per-
suading congress to approve the scheme. (In Dec.
21st a public meeting was held, at which addresses
were made by Mr. Clay and Mr. Randolph, and on
the 28th the American Colonization Society- was
formed, .Tud^e Washington being chosen president.
On his return to New Jersey, Dr. Finley aided in
establishing an auxiliary society at Trenton. In
.luh. 1S17. he became president of the University
of Georgia, having previously resigned the office of
trustee of the College of New Jersey, which he had
held since 1806. He was a man of strong feelings
and of great energy and a preacher of more than
usual ability. Had ho lived, it is probable that he
would have brought the university to a condition of
great prosperity. His death was followed by a. sus-
pension of the college exercises, and this interregnum
lasted two years, 'from inability to organize the
faculty in a manner satisfactory to the board of
trustees. Dr. Finley received the degree of D.D.
from the College of New Jersey in 1817. He pub-
lished several sermons and a pamphlet, entitled
"Thoughts on the Colonization of the Blacks"
(1816). His son, Rev. Robert Smith Finley, also a
laborer in behalf of colonization, was for two years
principal of the Presbyterian Female Institute at
Talladega. Ala. Pres. Finley died at Athens, Ga.,
Oct. 3, 1817.
WADDELL, Moses, fifth president of the Uni-
versity of Georgia (1819-29), was born in Rowan
county, N. C., July 29, 1770. son of William and
Sarah (Morrow) Waddell. His parents came from
ISO
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
county Down, Irelaml, about the year 1764, with the
intention of settling iu -Georgia, but for some cause
lauded at Charleston, S. C., where they arrived in
the month of January. Early in February induce-
ments of immediate employment caused them to re-
move to the upper part of North Carolina, and they
Eurehased a small tract of land on the banks of the
outh Yadkin river. Their son, Moses, entered the
neighborhood school at the age
i if >i\ years. His progress was
considered unusual; so much
so, that at. the age of four-
teen he had completed the
course offered in such schools
in the languages, the sci-
i-ncesaiid mathematics. Short-
ly after he had passed his
fourteenth year some gentle-
men iu a neighborhood about
fifteen miles distant from his
lioine desired to establish a
school iu which Latin should
lie taught, and having heard
that young Waddell was pro-
ficient in that language, re-
quested his father to allow
him to become its principal.
The request being granted,
it was agreed that his remuneration should be his
board and $70 per annum. When the year's work
was done his health failed, and he returned to his
father's home. The next year his father removed to
Greene county, Ga., and there the youth again en-
gaged in teaching. At the age of seventeen lie be-
came a communicant of the Presbyterian church,
and very soon was convinced that he was called to
the ministry. Obeying the call, he set to work to
fit himself for the profession, and as he knew of no
institution for higher education in the Carolinas or
Georgia, applied for advice to his friend, Rev. John
Springer, of Abbeville district, S. C. The latter
urged him to enter Hampdeu-Sidney College, iu
Prince Edward county, Va. Acting upon this ad-
vice, he left his home in Georgia and made the trip
to the far-distant institution on horseback. He en-
tered the senior class iu January, 1791, and was
graduated in September; and during his college
course also prepared for examination for the minis-
try, the presbytery meeting two months before
he took his academic degree. After graduation he
spent a few months in Virginia, and then removed
to Abbeville district, S. C., where, at Willington,
he organized a classical school for boys, and became
known as one of the most successful educators in the
South. Among his pupils were John C. Calhoun,
Hugh S. Legare, James L. Petigru and many others
win i became eminent. Alexander II. Stephens said
of him: "In his insight into the character of boys,
the construction of their minds, their capacities and
aptitudes, and in drawing out and developing their
faculties by proper training, discipline and govern-
ment, he had few, if any superiors in the United
States.' In 1819 he was called to the presidency of
the University of Georgia, aud entered upon his
duiii-s without professors, students or funds. His
remarkable administrative ability soon displayed
itself, and one result was the election of the best
faculty the institution had ever had, comprisimr. as
it did^ Henry Jackson, LL.D., John R. Golding,
A.M., and Alonzo Church, A.M., professors; and
Ebenezer Newton, A.M., tutor. In 1821 the legis-
lature passed an act " by which the state took into
its own keeping the $100.000 < f bank slock owned
by the university, and secured to the institution the
payment of eight per cent, per annum on $100.000."
This permanent endowment fund, as it may be
called, freed the institution from fear of further
financial embarrassment, and it entered upon a
career of usefulness that was interrupted only by the
civil war. During Dr. Waddell's incumbency
Demosthenian Hall was erected (1824) and the Phi
Kappa Literary Society was founded (1820). Dr.
Waddell preached as well as instructed. He or-
ganized the Presbyterian church at Athens in 1820,
and was its pastor until he resigned the presidency
in 1829. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon
him in 1807 by South Carolina College. He was
twice married: first, to Catherine C., sister of the
eminent statesman, John C. Calhoun; second, to
Elizabeth Woodson Pleasauts, of Virginia. He left
six children: James Pleasants Waddell, professor of
Latin and Greek in the University of Georgia; Rev.
Isaac Watts Waddell, D.I).: William Woodson
Waddell, M.D. ; Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth Atkinson,
Mrs. Marv Anna DeVall and Rev. John Newton
Waddell, "D.D. He died at Athens, Ga., July 21,
1840.
CHURCH, Alonzo, sixth president of the
University of Georgia (1829-59), was born in Brattle-
boro, Vt., April 9, 1793, son of Reubrn and Eliza-
beth (Whipple) Church. His grandfather, Timothy
Church, was an officer in the French war, a colonel
in the revolutionary army, and was prominent in
the controversy between New York and Vermont,
in course of which he was imprisoned by Ethan
Allen for advocating the claims of New York. His
father was a lieutenant in the revolutionary army.
Notwithstanding the shortened means of his father,
who after the revolution tilled a farm near Brattle-
boro, Alonzo Church succeeded in acquiring a col-
legiate education at Middlebury, Vt. ; supporting
himself, meantime, by teaching, and being gradu-
ated with much credit in 1816. At that time, fearing
tin- cffecl of the severe climate of Vermont upon his
weak lungs, he left his native state and went to
Georgia, where he became principal of a classical
school iu the town of Eatonton. His teaching was
marked with such success, his reputation as a scholar
and educator so well established, that in 1819 he was
chosen to the chair of mathematics in the univer-
sity. In this position he continued until 1829, when
on the resignation of Pres. Waddell he was elected
president of the university, and so continued for
thirty years, resigning in 1859 on account of impaired
health and increasing years. Dr. Church was or-
dained a minister of the Presbyterian church in
1824, and throughout his life was
prominent and influential in that de-
nomination. He never had a regular
pastoral charge, but gave his services
without remuneration to the poorer
churches near Athens. Few Sun-
days passed without seeing him on
his way to some log church, some-
times many miles distant, to per-
form his sacred duties and receive
full compensation in the devoted at-
tachment of his humble parishion-
ers. Going to Georgia at a time
when the people of the state were
just aroused to the importance of
higher education, he almost imme-
diately took rank amon<; those who
werse prominent in its promotion. Dur-
ing his forty years' connection with
the university he held its best interests
in view, and his success as an instructor is attested
by the number of prominent Georgians who re-
ceived their early training at his hands. Among
noted men who were graduated under him were
Alexander H. Stephens, Benjamin H. Hill, Robert
Toombs, Howell Cobb aud Herschel V. Johnson.
Heexcelled in the peculiar tact required in the man-
agement of young men, and though a strict disci-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
181
pliuarian, he was no martinet. While his kindly
heart recogni/ed and made due allowance for the
frailty and folly of youth, when occasion required
he was stern and unflinching in enforcing discipline,
and it is to be remembered that no one ever accused
him of injustice. Courteous and urbane to all, high
and low. he was called the Chesterfield of (Jeorgia.
During his incumbency the number of students in-
creased. In one year (lX5:i) then- wen- lliirly-live
graduates and in only one year were there' as lew as
twelve. In ix:30 one of the main buildings, includ-
ing the library and a portion of the apparatus, was
destroyed by lire. The legislature promptly \oted
a donation of $6,000 to make i;ood the loss and to
aid in meeting current expenses and this was eon
tinned annually until 1M41. Within a period of
four years four buildings were erected: New Col
lege(1881), Ivy Building (1882), Chapel (is:i2), and
Phi Kappa ifall (is:1, h. the aggregate cost being
$39.000. Iii isri-i Dr. William Terrell, of Bancoch
county, bequeathed $20,000 to the university. With
this fund, the only benefaction from private sources
since Gov. Miliedge s M-JH (,t hind in ISOI, a chair of
agriculture was established. Dr. Church was ihe
lasl of the presidents, for in 1 still the title was
changed to I hat of chancellor. Other decided
changes occurred alter his resignation and during
the term of his successor, Dr. I.ipscoinb. and an
advance along various lines was made by the univer-
sity. Thus, in December, Is.V.l, an ad was passed
by the legislature abolishing the scnai us acadcmiciis,
wh icli body had been established in 1 Ts.'i lo su |n i in
tend and regulate the university, and literature in
general in thcslale. This governing body was com-
posed of the governor and council, the speaker of
the house of assembly, and the chief justice, con-
stituting a board of visitors; anil the thirteen per-
sons who constituted the board of trustees. By the
new act the board of trustees was given sole power,
subject to the direction of the general assembly. In
187'3 the charter was amended so as to allow the So
ciety of the Alumni to elect four of their own mini
ber to membership in the board of trustees, In ]s.v.i
was established the Lumpkin Law School, named
iu honor of Judge Joseph H. Lumpkin, who lie
came one of the professors and who, in isiii), dc
clined the chancellorship. On his death, iu 1SH7. the
present law department was inaugurated. In ISTtf
the Medical College of Augusta irave up its inde-
pendent posit ion a nd was merged into the university,
becoming its medical department, and in the same
year the North Georgia Agricultural College at
Dahlonega was opened in accordance with the act
of congress of July 2, 1862. The Georgia stale
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts hail
been organized at Athens iul872 in accordance with
the same act, as a distinct organization yet an inte-
gral school of the university. In 1869 an elective
course of study, on certain conditions, was given
the students, and new courses were added to the cur-
riculum: about 1870 what is termed the university
system of instruction was introduced. Dr. Church
spent a long life in the service of his adopted state.
and, it is safe to say, no man in Georgia was CMT
more loved and honored. To this day his name is
invariably spoken with reverence and affection.
Upon his retirement, in 1859, he withdrew to a small
homestead in the vicinity of Athens, where he died
May 18, 1862. His son, Alonzo W. Church, a gradu-
ate of the university in 1847, is librarian of the U. S.
senate.
LIPSCOMB, Andrew Adgate, D.D., LL.D.,
first chancellor of the University of Georgia (1860-
74). (See Vol. VI., p. 217.)
TUCKER, Henry Holcombe, D.D., LL.D.,
second chancellor of the University of Georgia (1874-
78). (See Vol. VI., p. 396.)
MELL, Patrick Hues, third chancellor of the
University of (Jcurnia i |s;s ••;,, was born at Wal-
thourville, Liberty co., Ga., July 111, 1X14. .s<m of
Maj. Benjamin and Cynthia (Siiiiinrn .Mrll. His
parents died before In- reached I In- a'je i 'I 'eighteen,
anil in order to help support his brothers and sisters
and repair Ihr family fortunes, he taught school,
while stiiihini: in preparation for a college course.
It had lieen the desire of his godly mother thai he
should enter the ministry, and another preparatory
slep was taken in I*)!',', \\lien he became a commii-
nicant of the Baptist church at North Newport,
Libeiiv CO. The llmi. George Wallhoin- became
interested in young Mell and enaliled him to enter
Amhersl College, Massachusetts, bill his independent
spiril having excited the displeasure oft lie faculty, he
voluntarily led the in-l il iilimi. and in I*:!.") afler
teaching in \Ves| Sprinutield. Mass., and Kasl Hart-
ford, Conn., he returned to Ceornia. Fruiu ()<•!. 1,
|s;;;,to 1-Yh. U, ls;!!l, he taught school, successively,
at Kerry's Mill, Talnall co., and al Uyal's. Mont'joni-
ei \ CO., <ia., and then became principal o| ihe clas-
sical and English school al Oxford. In October,
lx:!!l, he \\as licensed In preach, and in IS)IP bemiu
ininistralioiis to destitute places in the \icinit\ .,!
Oxford, on Fell 17, 1841, he became professor of
ancient languages in Mercer University, I'entield,
(!a. His labors as a preacher and pasl or were coex-
istent w ilh his labors as :i teacher.
From IS-I'J, when he wa- oidaim-d to
Ihe ininism .until Is.Y,!. he served the
Baplist chun-li al I Jreeiishoio. I in rue
Co. ; in lx 4s In- also 1 01 >k chai gi o|
the' church at Bairdsiown. and in
ls.->3of that at Anlioeh, Ogleihorpe
co. So powerful was his intlucnee,
and so strongly attached to him
were his parishioners, thai the terri-
lorv in which these churches were
situated was known as " Mcll's King-
dom. " I'rof. Mell and Dr. Craw-
ford, |iresident of the university,
became estranged. owinu to a dis-
ag leenienl as lo their respective du-
ties; the board of trustees summarily
ejected Prof. Mell from otlice, and in
Oclolier, ls.->5. he retired, to the re-
grei of the students and the former
president. Dr. John L. Dagg, who declared that the
prosperity of the institution was attributable to no
one more than to him. Declining many flattering
calls to universities and colleges throughout the
South, I'riil'. Mell accepted the position of professor
of ancient languages in the I'niver-iu of (Georgia, to
which lie was elected Dec. 11, Is.Yli, and entered
upon the work in January, lH.r)7. In 1X60 the uni-
versity was reorganized ; Dr. Mell — the degree of
D.I), had been conferred in 1858 by Furman Univer-
sity— was elected to the chair of ethics and meta-
physics and also held the office of vice-chancellor,
then created, until it was abolished in 1X72. At the
opening of ihe civil war. a company called the Mell
volunteers and later the Mell riflemen, was organ-
ized in Athens, and Dr. Mell, having been unani-
mously elected captain, was commissioned by Gov.
Brown. Owing, however, to the death of his wife,
he was obliged to resign for the sake of his young
children. In the spring of 1863, when the northern
part of the state was threatened by the Federal army,
he was commissioned colonel and instructed to form
regiments in different places for home defense. The
one organized at Athens was joined by the faculty
and nearly all the students, and the university,
having been closed, did not reopen until Jan.
1, 1866. Col. Mell was in camp with his regiment,
at Rome, Ga., and also at Savannah, and was not
mustered out until the war ended. Soon after re-
-
182
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
suming his duties, the movement began that ended in
transferring Mercer University from Penfield to Ma-
con, and although Dr. Mell was opposed to the
change, he did all in his power to aid the institution
after the removal was accomplished and gave liber-
ally to its endowment fund. In 1871 he broke down
under the pressure of manifold duties and cares, and
was compelled to rest for nearly two years, during
that period making a trip to Europe, through the
generosity of friends. In 1878 he was elected chan-
cellor of the university, and at first declined, since
the institution was not in a flourishing condition, and
strenuous efforts, which he feared lie had not the
strength to make, were requisite to regain the lost
ground. Resigning his pastorates with sorrow, he
levoted his energies to building up the university,
Polity " (1878). The degree of LL.D. was conferred
upon him in 18G9 by Howard College, Alabama. Dr.
Mell was twice married : first, on June 29, 1840, to
Lureue Howard, daughter of George Cooper, of
Montgomery county, who died in 1861, leaving eight
children; second, on Dec. 24, 1861, to Eliza E.
( 'ooper, of Scriveu county, by whom he had six chil-
dren. He died at Athens, 'Ga., Jan. 26, 1888. A
" Life," by iiis sou, Patrick H. Mell, was published
in is!),-..
BOGGS, William Ellison, fourth chancellor
of the University of Georgia (1888 ), was born
at Ahmedmiirgur, presidency of Bombay, India,
May 12, 1838. His family was of Scotch-Irish
descent, and his ancestors emigrated to America in
1704, settling in Maryland, whence they scattered
vard through Virginia and the Carolinas. His
and by 1884 the number of students, "which had fallen southward throng!
from 344 in 186!) to 116 in 1878, had increased to 203. grandfather, Joseph Boggs, born in South Carolina,
His course as chancellor was marked by great wis- served under Gen. Sumter during the revolutionary
clom. He opposed the introduction of a dormitory war, and was a famous scout and rifleman. Dr.
system desired by the board of trustees, because it
had features that would, in his opinion, result in
ruining the morals of the students ; yet he caused
the law abolishing secret fraternities to be rescinded,
believing that these institutions could be made pow-
erful influences for the good of the institution. He
advocated workshops in connection with the univer-
sity years before the Harris bill to that effect was
introduced in the legislature, and he used every le-
gitimate influence to have the Technological School
Boggs' father, Rev. George W. Boggs, was a Pres-
byterian minister, and was for seven years a mission-
ary in India under the American Board of Commis-
sioners for Foreign Missions; the failure of his wife's
health compelled him to give up the work. Wil-
liam E. Boggs was a child when his parents returned
to South Carolina. Having received his preparatory
education at Wiuusboro, that state, he entered South
Carolina College, Colun.Lia, wherehe was graduated
in 1859. With a view to entering the
located at Athens, in order to complete the organiza- Presbyterian ministry, he attended the
tiou of the college of agriculture and mechanic arts.
The more central position of Atlanta and the liberali-
ty of her citizens, however, caused that city to be
chosen as its site. While he was chancellor, branches
of the state College of Agriculture were established
at Thomasville, Cuthbert, and Milledgeville, and tui-
tion became free in all departments except those of
law and medicine. The closing years of Dr. Mell's
life were saddened by attacks of enemies of the uni-
versity, made through the religious and secular
press, and the labor of replying proved too great a
strain after an exhausting college session, and on
Dec. 15, 1887, prostrated by fatal illness, he laid
aside his duties. As an educator Dr. Mell had few
if any equals. He was a strict disciplinarian, but no
one complained of his injustice, and he exerted his
authority with such gentleness and tact that no one
felt driven to obey. His treatment of his pupils was
so courteous, so considerate and so sympathetic that
they were irresistibly led to return the confidence he
reposed in them. He was the embodiment of the
culture with which he strove to imbue them, and
could invest a study with such interest that it be-
came a privilege rather than a drudgery to undertake
it. As a preacher he was eloquent and powerful ;
now bold and fearless, now tender and persuasive ;
a true fisher of men, he drew in heavily laden nets ;
and as a pastor he was faultless. He was not only
the spiritual adviser of his parishioners; he was the
personal friend of each and every one, and no pastor
was ever more beloved. Dr. Mell was ever promi-
Theological Seminary, Columbia, where
he remained until the spring of 1861.
then enlisting as a private in the 6th
South Carolina regiment. After serv-
ing actively for a year, he resumed his
studies, was ordained, and returned to
his regiment as its chaplain, remain-
ing in that capacity until the surren-
der at Appomattox. Returning home
at the close of the war, he preached for
a year in Winusboro, when he was
called to the pastorate of the Presby-
terian church at Columbia, S. C. In
1871 he accepted a call to the Second
Presbyterian Church in Memphis.
Tenn., and was there during the fatal
yellow-fever epidemics of 1873 and
1878-79. He removed to Atlanta, Ga.,
in 1879 as pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church,
which charge he resigned, in 1882, to accept the
chair of church history and government in the theo-
logical seminary at Columbia, S. C. When the
Woodrow controversy began in that institution, Dr.
Boggs, being in sympathy with his colleague, re-
signed his position, and in 1885 returned to Mem-
phis, where he resumed the charge of his former
church. In 1888 he accepted the chancellorship of
the University of Georgia. On Aug. 23d of the
year following, a change in the charter was made.
An amendment in 1879 had given the Georgia State
Agricultural Society permission to elect four ad-
ditional trustees, who should be practical farmers,
neut in the councils and assemblies of his denomi-
nation. For thirty years he was moderator of the but this and the amendment of 1872, allowing the
Japtist association, for seventeen years president of alumni representation on the board, were repealed,
Bar
the Southern Baptist convention, and for twenty-six
years president of the Georgia Baptist convention.
He so excelled as a presiding officer that he was
called the "prince of parliamentarians." A "Man-
ual of Parliamentary Practice" by him was pub-
lished in 1868 for the use of religious bodies. A
course of lectures on parliamentary law was orgau-
i/.ed by him in the university in 1870 and continued
up to the time of his death. His principal publica-
tions were "Baptism" (1852); "Corrective Church
Discipline" (1860); the manual above mentioned ;
" The Philosophy of Prayer" (1875), and ••Church
the appointments of all the trustees were vacated,
and provision made for the appointment by the gov-
ernor of a new board, composed of one trustee from
each congressional district, four from the state at
large, and two from the city of Athens. The gov-
ernor of Georgia and the chairman of the boards of
directors of the Technological School, the Georgia
Normal and Industrial School, and the College for
Colored Youths, are ex-officio members of the
board. Since Dr. Boggs became chancellor the
University has made most gratifying progress, and
the attendance has steadily increased. The degree
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
183
of D.D. was conferred on him by South western Uni-
versity, Clarksvillc. Tenn., in 1873, aud LL.D. by
the Central University of Kentucky in 1889. Dr.
Boggs was married, in 1870, to .Minion, daughter of
Adam L. Alexander, of Washington, Ga.,by whom
he had six children.
RUTHERFORD, Williams, educator and
author, was born at Midway, Meriwclher co., <!a.,
Se|it. 3, isis, son of Williams and Eli/.a (Boykin)
Rutherford. He was descended from Kobe-it Ruth-
erford, of Scotland (HID), and from a later Hubert,
the first of the name to come to America; the latter
sell led on Nottaway river, Virginia, and was married
to Dorothy Ann Brooks. His grandfather. John
Rutherford, was a colonel in
the revolutionary war under
Gen. i freene, and was distin-
guished for his bravery, and
his maternal grandfather. Maj.
Frank Boykin, commanili-d
forces in the same war and
also won distinction. Wil-
liams Rutherford s|ient his
boyhood on his father's plan-
tation in southern Georgia.
In IN:«; he entered Frank-
lin College, Athens, the nu-
cleus of the future I'niver-
-ity of Georgia, ancl was
graduated in 1838. The eight-
een years succeeding: were
siient on his plantation in
southern Georgia and at < 'ow
pens, Walton co. In 1S5(»
he was elected to the chair of mathematics in
the University of Georgia, and he remained there
until his health forced him to resign in 1889. He
was then made emeritus professor of mathematics.
Prof. Rutherford wrote many articles for news-
papers and periodicals, but they were chielly of a re-
ligious character. He published ••Church Mem-
bers' Guide for Baptist Churches." aud left in
manuscript "The Family Related to Civilization," a
treatise on family government. Rev. Benjamin M.
Palmer of New Orleans; Prof. Shelton P. Sanford
of Macon, aud Richard Malcolm Johnston, of Bal-
timore, were among his life-long friends. Dr.
Palmer, in speaking of him, said: "There are men
who pass through successive transformations till at
the end there is a confused image of several charac-
ters blended in one ; but nobler spirits are stereo-
typed from the beginning, the mould in which they
are formed being too precious to be broken. Wil-
liams Rutherford was cast in that granite mould
which cannot change. At nineteen years of age he
had the maturity of one at fifty. His character was
already crystallized; his moral instincts had been re-
flectively converted into principles. There was, of
course, through the years a constant deepening of
the channel through which his life flowed. His
habits of thought, feeling and action became more
confirmed, his disposition more mellow, his affec-
tions more tender, aud under the gracious discipline
of mingled sorrow and joy he came forth in the
victor}' of faith the Christian hero at his death."
Richard Malcolm Johnston said of him: " His ab-
solute fidelity to every trust put upon him, his cheer-
fulness in discharge of duties of every degree of im-
portance, his freedom from every sort of guile, even
from its temptations, the naturalness with which
the honor that he was born with, clung to him
through all vicissitudes, his unreserve of friendship
with friends, all these served to draw me close to
him soon after my first acquaintance began." Prof.
Rutherford was married, at Athens, Ga., in 1841, to
Laura Battaile, daughter of John aud Sarah Robin-
son (Rootes) Cobb, and granddaughter of John
Cobb, who was married to Mildred, great grand-
daughter of John Lewis, a royal councillor. Ilowell
Lewis, of Virginia, was another of Mrs. Rutherford's
ancestors, as wa- George Reade, a member of the
house of burgesses. She was a woman of marked
intellectual endowment-, and wa- a sister of
Gens. Howc-11 and Thomas R. R. Cobb. She bore
her hn-band eiulit children, three of whom, one son
and two daughters, died in infancy. One sou, Col.
John Cobb Rutherford, became a lawyer. The
daughters who survived are : Mr-. M. A. l.ip-comb,
principal of Lucy Cobb In-litute, Athens, Ga. ;
Mildred Rutherford, principal of the same in-
stitution for lil'leen years, and author of
eral works, including "F.n^li-h Authors "(1889);
"American Auihnrs" (IslMi; "Bible (Questions,"
and " Mamiie Brown," a novelette ils'J7); Mrs.
lies.- ie Mel], founder of lie-sic Mell Industrial
Home idled, IMMi. and Mrs. Laura Cobb Hutchins.
Prof. Rutherford died at At lien-, Ga.. Aug. 21,
1896.
RILEY, Benjamin Franklin, educator, was
born at Pinevillc. Ala., July 111. 1S49. His ancestors
on the paternal side were Irish, the name being origi-
nally U'Reily, and on the maternal -Me French.
1 1 is grandfathers were a mom: the earliest immigrant-
to Alabama. lie was reared on a farm, and between
interval- of labor was a student in a country school.
lie would lake his books to the tic-Id and read anil
study at noon while other- were re-ling. At the age
ot eighteen his father yielded to bis solicitations to
lie liberated in order to procure ,-u, education, and
with one hundred dollars in hand lie entered Krskine
College, South Carolina. Here, by the most economi-
cal practice, he was enabled to defray the expenses
ol' Ihree se-sion-, and wa- LM'adllated A. 1>. A few
months later he entered ihe Souihern Baptist Theo-
logical Seminary, Greenville. S. ('., but on account
of failing health was forced todi-contimie the course.
He returned home, and al'U-i a year of hard labor on
the farm entered the Cro/er Theological Seminary,
Chester, Pa., where he took an eclectic course. He
held pastorates at Carlowville, Opelika and Livings-
ton, Ala., and Albany, Ga..
and for one year edited the
"Alabama Baptist." In 1888
he was elected to the presi-
dency of Howard College,
which had the year before
been removed from Marion to
Birmingham, Ala. He found
the college bankrupt aud with-
out buildings. Two other
gentlemen had previously de-
clined the office on account
of the discouraging outlook
and general disaffection. To
add to his embarrassments, the
yellow fever was prevailing
throughout the southwest.
When the time came for the
session to open, students were
put off the trains at quaran-
tine stations, and he himself
was arrested in Birmingham for running the block-
ade. In spite of this the college was opened, aud
the work conducted in two wooden buildings. The
measurable success of the first year restored some
confidence among the friends of the college, and
little more than a year later two brick buildings
were erected and other improvements begun. The
patronage of the college has since been doubled, and
it has been brought to the front rank of southern
schools. In 1885 the University of Alabama con-
ferred on him the degree of D.D., as did Erskine
College in 1888. In 1893 Dr. Riley was elected to
the chair of English in the University of Georgia.
This position ue~still holds. In 1894 the Society of
184
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Science, Letters and Art of London made him a fel-
low with the degree of F.S.Sc. He has been a regular
contributor to some of the leading journals of the
country, and is the author of n "Physical History of
Alabama," which was purchased by the authorities
and made the official hand-book of the state. He
has recently written a history of the Baptists of
Alabama, which, because of its value as a contribu-
tion to denominational literature, has had an exten-
sive circulation. He has also written a history of the
Baptists of the South, being one of a series on the
Baptists of the United States. In July, 1898, he
read a learned paper before the Society of Letters and
Art on the " Difficulties of Pursuing Pure English in
the United States."
JONES, William Louis, scientist and educa-
tor, was born in Liberty county, Ga., March 27,
1827, son of William and Mary Jane (Robarts)
Jones. UN father, a planter and botanist, was the
great-grandson of Samuel Jones, who emigrated
either from Wales or Devonshire, England, to Mas-
, sachusetts, and settled at Dorchester, now a part of
Boston. A colony from that place settled Dorches-
ter, now Summerville, S. C., and a portion of this
colony, including Samuel Jones, removed to Georgia
and settled in St. John's parish, now Liberty county,
about the year 1754. Mr. Jones' mother was also
a native of Liberty county, her ancestors on her
mother's side, the Quartermans, having come into
Georgia with the Dorchester colony, as did the
Ways, ancestors of Prof. Jones on his father's side.
John Robat'ts, grandfather of Prof. Jones, was de-
scended from Pierre Robert, a Huguenot minister,
who after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in
1685, accompanied a colony that fled to South Caro-
lina and settled on the Santee river, some twenty
miles from Charleston. The Robert family trace
back to Wales and to the year 1285. Prof. Jones'
great-grandfathers, Musts Way and John Robarts,
were appointed captains in the Georgia army in the
revolutionary war and were granted lands by the
state for their services. All his ancestors were plant
ers of rice and cotton on the seaboards of South
Carolina and Georgia. Prof. Jones was graduated
at the University of Georgia in 1845 with first honor
and then attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical
College, Philadelphia, and at the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons, New York citv. receiving the
degree of M.D. from the latter in 1848. In 1850-51
he attended the Lawrence Scientific School. Harvard
University, and at the same time was a private pupil
of Louis Agassiz, receiving the degree of B.S. in
1851. He practiced mrdicine for a year and a half,
meanwhile (1851) having been elected professor of
natural sciences in the University of Georgia. This
position he held twenty-one years (1851-72), and
again after an interregnum of nine years during 1886-
91. Besides filling this chair, he was professor of
agriculture after the endowment of agricultural col-
leges by the general government and was also direc-
tor of the Georgia agricultural experiment station
as long as it remained connected with the Univer-
sity of Georgia. During 1867-99 he edited and
contributed to agricultural magazines, especially the
"Southern Cultivator, "the leading paper of its kind
in the South. For a short time during the civil
war lie served as a private in the state troops, but
was in no engagement. He was also chemist in
charge of powder making at the Confederate mills
at Augusta, Ga. He is a member of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science,
and at times has been a member of the Lyceum of
Natural History, New York city, and corresponding
member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia. He was married at Athens, Ga., in July,
1852, to Mary, daughter of William and Rebecca
(Harvey) Williams, who died Dec. 6, 1896, leaving
four sons and one daughter. Her father, a native of
North Carolina, was a banker and cotton manufac-
turer in Georgia. Her mother's family was from
Virginia.
WHITE, Henry Clay, educator and chemist,
was born at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 30, 1850, son of
Levi S. and Louise E. (Brown) White. He was
graduated at the University of Virginia in 1870; re-
ceived the degree of Ph. D. from the same institu-
tion in 1887; was professor of chemistry at the
Maryland Institute, Baltimore (1870-71), and at
the same time lecturer at Peabody Institute; pro-
fessor of chemistry, St. John's College, Annapolis,
Md. (1871-72), and has held the same position at the
University of Georgia since 1872; he was state
chemist of Georgia (1880-90); has
been president of Georgia State Col-
lege since 1890. and vice-director
and chemist, Georgia experiment
station, since 1888. He was presi-
dent of the National Association of
Official Chemists (1881-82); and of
the Association of American Ag-
ricultural Colleges and Experiment
Stations (1897-98), and was vice-
pivxideut of the National Educa-
tion Association (1898-99). He is a
member of the American Chemical
Society; fellow of the Chemical
Society (London); fellow of the
American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, and corre-
sponding member of the British
Association for the Advancement -,
of Science (1885). He has published
"Complete Chemistry of the Cot-
ton Plant " (1873); "'Elementary Geology of Tenn-
essee"(1874); "Lectures" (1880'), and "Addresses"
(1885). He was married, Dec. 19, 1872, to Ella
Frances, daughter of Leonard and Rachael (DeWees)
Roberts, of Chester county, Pa.
WADDELL,, William Henry, educator, was
born at Willistou, Barnwell Co., S. C., April 28,
1834. son of James P. and Frances Winsfield (Hull)
Waddell. His mother, a native of Washington,
Ga., was the daughter of Rev. Hope Hull, a pioneer
Methodist preacher of Georgia. His paternal grand-
father, Moses Waddell, D. D. , was president of the
University of Georgia, and his father was professor
of Greek and Latin in the same institution. Natu-
rally William Henry Waddell inherited a love for
study, and with this was combined a singular aptness
for teaching. He was graduated with the valedictory
at the University of Georgia in 1852, and then taught
for a year in a Mississippi school. He was elected
tutor to his alma mater in 1853, and remained a mem-
ber of the faculty until his death. Prof. Waddell
was a close student and a finished scholar ; lie had,
moreover, the power of awakening the enthusiasm
of his pupils. Cordial in manner, strict without
severity, honest and just, in his hands the student
felt safe, and it is doubtful if he ever made an
enemy among all who came under his instruction.
He published Greek and Latin grammars in 1870.
During the Atlanta campaign he served as a private
in the Confederate army. Prof. Waddell was tall
and moved rapidly. He strode as he walked swing-
ing his arms at length. He was a deeply religious
man, a ruling elder in the Presbyterian church, and
toward the end of his life was licensed to preach.
Prof. Waddell was married at Atlanta, Ga., in 1871,
to Mrs. Mary (Brumby) Tew, a daughter of Col. A.
V. Brumby "of that city. He died at Milford, Va.,
while returning from a visit to Baltimore, in Septem-
ber, 1878. His loss to the college, the church and
the community was felt to be irreparable.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
185
CAMP, William Augustus, financier, was
burn in Iliirliani, Conn., Sept. 23, 1S22, son of Wil-
liam Smilhsi.n and Margaret (Cook) ('amp. His
father was a merchant, and then for many years
cashier of the Bank of Middletown; his mother w a-, a
daughter of Augustus Cook, of Wallingford, Conn.
He was of English ancestry ou both sides, his first
paternal ancestor in America having been Nicholas
Camp, of Nasing, county Essex, England, whocame
to this country in Ki30, and his maternal ancestor was
Francis Cooke, one of the Mayflower pilgrims. Mr.
Camp received a liberal education, and began his
career in the dry-goods business at home. Being
afterwards employed in New York cily, until 1855,
he accepted a situation as note teller in the Im-
porters' and Traders' Bank, then newly organized,
and subsequently obtained a better position as pa\
ing teller of the Artisans' Bank. His duties occa-
sionally took him to the clearing-house, then in iis
infancy, anil one day he assisted I lie manager, in the
absence of his assistant, in making up the proof-
sheet. The work was done so quickly anil accu-
rately that when the assistant manager resigned, two
years afterwards, in June, 18.J?, his position was
given to Mr. Camp. In 1M64 he was appointed man-
ager, and for over a quarter of a century \\ as the
presiding genius of the clearing house, successfully,
independently and incorruptibly directing the vast
machinery of that great financial institution. .Meet
ing daily with many of the foremost financiers of our
day — men of sound judgment, experience and ster-
ling integrity — he acquired an experience that placed
him in the front rank of the ablest financiers of this
A
it
country. Few men were more familiar than he with
the principles on which the finances of the country
are grounded, and fewer still possessed a more criti-
cal knowledge of the varied financial interests of the
nation. His services in floating the war loan in 1863
won him wide distinction, and his career in the New
York Clearing- house is signalized by the great suc-
cess of that institution, which has proveu'itself one
of the most valuable financial auxiliaries ever origi-
nated. At the time of his death there had passed
through this institution exchanges aggregating a
sum exceeding $900.000.000,000, without an error
or deficit of one cent. He was for years a promi-
nent member of the Union League Club, and served
on its art and auditing committees. He was also
chairman of the art committee of the Palette Club.
an association composed principally of artists and
those interested in the advancement of American
art. Mr. Camp was a member of the New England
Society, and for four years one of its board of officers;
was likewise a member of the Chamber of Com-
merce, the Lawyers' Club, a trustee of the Ameri-
can Institute. Ill-sides boing connected with a num-
ber of charitable institutions in New York city, and
deeply interested in all that pertained to its moral
and material prosperity. In 1*4* Mr. Camp was
married to Harriet B., daughter of Stephen Taylor,
of Midletown, Conn., by whom lie had one son. He
died in New York cilv.'Dec. 10, 1*95.
SHERER, William, financier, was born in
Brandenburg, Mead co., Ivy., Sept. 3, 18:57, son of
William and Susan Helen (Alfriend) Sherer. At
t In- age of fourteen he removed to
Brooklyn, where he received a good
school education. In IN.VI he obtained
employment in the Metropolitan Hank
ot New York, where he remained for
eiuht years, becoming an expert teller
and giving satisfaction to the direr -
tOI'S. Ill IMi!! he Was olfereo a po.jlioll
in the New York sub-treasury which
lie accepted and there he remained
twenty-five years, distinguish ing him-
self as a faithful otlicial, exact in the
per I ormanceofhisd ut iesand esteemed
by all his associates. At the close of
that long period he was invited to
become assistant manager of the Neu
York Clearinghouse, a position for
which his long experience and exact
nessof methoilhailwell tilled him, and
continued in its duties until he became the manaL'cr
in 1SJC3. This oriiani/.al ion, which is the most im-
portant piece of financial mechanism in the United
States, if not in the world, is a voluntary association
of seventy banks of New York city and the as-
sistant treasurer of the United States for effecting
in one place the daily exchanges between the sub-
scribers and the payment of the balances resulting
from them. Every morning at ten o'clock the
clearing clerks of the various banks take their as-
signed places behind a circular desk in the hall of
the clearing-house. Their assistants stand outside
the desk carrying trays containing the drafts on
other banks. At a given signal the assistant clerks
commence the circuit of the room, stopping at each
settling clerk in rotation, and handing in the ex-
changes on each bank, until they have completed
the circle. In a few minutes the balances are struck
between the credit items and the debits or the ex-
changes of the other banks on their own. The
presiding official then announces which banks are
debtors and which are creditors, and by 1:30 P. M.
amounts in cash are paid over to balance. A vast
amount of business is thus transacted without fric-
tion, delay or unnecessary waste of any kind. As
manager of the New York clearing-house, Mr.
Sherer has won the respect of the heads of all
the largest banking institutions in the metropolis.
He was a member of the Mercantile Library Asso-
ciation, afterwards the Brooklyn Library, for many
years; during two of which he acted as director. He
is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity;
having been initiated into Anglo-Saxon lodge in
1868, receiving the third degree the same year and
working up to the office of master, which he held
five years. In 1872 he was exalted in Constellation
chapter. No. 209, Royal Arch Masons, and became
high priest the same year. He was a member of
the grand chapter, and held the offices of grand
royal arch captain one year, grand lecturer two
years, grand captain of the host four years, deputy
grand "high priest one year and grand high priest.
He was "a member of Clinton commandery No.
186
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
14, Knights Templar, and took the 32d degree
in the Scottish Rite; he is also a member of Aurora
Grata lodge of Perfection of Brooklyn. He be-
longed to Brooklyn Council No. 4, Royal and Select
Musters, of which he was thrice illustrious master.
In 1878 he served as district deputy grand master of
the third district of Brooklyn; for ten years has
been a member of the commission of appeals of the
Grand Lodge of New York state; and was grand
master of the state (1890-91). He is a member of
the New York chamber of commerce and the Har-
lem board of trade; a member of the Union League
Club of New York and the Union League Club of
Brooklyn.
HUNTER, Charles, naval officer, was born in
Newport, R. I., in 1813, son of William and Mary
(Robinson) Hunter. His father (1774-1849) was a
lawyer of Newport; a member of the state legislature
(1799-1811); U. S. senator (1811-21); U. S. charge
d'affaires in Brazil (1834-41), and minister plenipoten-
tiary (1841-42); his mother was a daughter of Wil-
liam and Sarah (Franklin) Robinson, of New York
city. His grandfather, Dr. William Hunter, (d. Jan.
30, 1777), a native of Scotland and first cousin to
Dr. John Hunter (1728-93), the celebrated surgeon
and anatomist, went to Newport, R. I., in 1753, and
there delivered the tirst courses in anatomy offered
in America. He was surgeon-general to the Rhode
Island troops in the French and revolutionary wars,
and widely celebrated for his skill and erudition;
his wife was Deborah, daughter of Godfrey Mai-
bone, a wealthy merchant of Newport, and a de-
scendant of Edward Wanton, progenitor of the
Wanton family in Rhode Island. Charles Hunter
was educated in his native city, and received ap-
pointment as midshipman in the U. S. navy, April
25, 1835. He became passed midshipman, June 15,
18157, and was commissioned lieutenant in Septem-
ber, 1841. When, in 1846, the government pur-
chased the iron steamer Bangor, which was con-
verted into a cruiser, with the name Scourge, he
was placed in command. This vessel, propelled by
double screws, and capable of a
speed of fourteen knots, was built
in 1844, at Wilmington, Del., for
t he BangorSteam NavigatingC'o.
of Maine, to ply between Baugor
and Boston. On her second trip,
in August, 1845, she was burned
in Penobscot bay, nothing but
her iron hull being saved, and
after being rebuilt at Buckport
she was sold to the navy for $30,-
000. Immediately her refitting
as a warship was completed she
\\as attached to the fleet operat-
ing against the coast cities of
Mexico, and there performed a
service worthy to rank with other
distinguished achievements of
American naval power. Shortly
after the fall of Vera Cruz she ap-
peared off the fortress of Alvarado, which had with-
stood two successive attempts of the American fleet,
and by the simple exhibition of her strength com-
pelled surrender, without the firing of a gun. On
this occasion the Scourge had been dispatched as an
advance guard of a powerful naval force under
Com. M. C. Perry, acting in concert with an army
under Gen. Quitman. Lieut. Hunter's action in re-
ceiving the surrender of the Mexicans before the ar-
rival of his commanding officer gave serious affront,
and, probably as much from jealousy as any other
motive, he was courtmartialed for exceeding his
authority and not consulting his superiors. This un-
just course and frivolous charge excited indignant
protests all over the country against reprimanding a
gallant officer, who merely took advantage of the
opportunity to make a conquest that would not have
been made had he delayed to communicate with his
commander. A leading paper of the day remarked
caustically: "Without doubt military and naval
discipline would be greatly injured were every officer
thus to assume responsibility. But all officers are
not alike; and where one energetic officer, like Hun-
ter, feels disposed to capture a port on his own
revpcmsibility, he is pretty certain to accomplish it;
and such men should be allowed more margin than
those of less ability. We think, therefore, he should
have been rewarded in some manner as well as cen-
sured." As in the case of Com. David Porter, who
was courtmartialed for demanding apology for an in-
sult to the American flag, the result with Capt. Hun-
ter was a virtual dismissal from the service. He
was placed on the retired list, at his own request, in
1854. On the outbreak of the civil war he again
volunteered for service, and on April 21, 1861, was
commissioned commander, being assigned to the
steamer Montgomery, western gulf squadron, which
he commanded during 1861-62. In this connection
also his zeal seems to have led him into indiscretion,
for, having pursued a British blockade runner into
Cuban waters, he fired on her; and this breach of
neutrality, having been investigated by a special
commission, resulted in his retirement for a second
time. Howbeit, on July 25, 1866, he was raised to
the rank of captain by a special act of congress.
His last vears were spent in Newport, R. I. He was
lost at se'a, with his wife and daughter, in the wreck
of I he Ville du Havre, Nov. 22, 1873.
EVERETT, Henry Sidney, engineer and
diplomat, was born in Chariest own, Mass., Dec. 31,
1834, second sou of Edward and Charlotte Gray
(Brooks) Everett. He was graduated A.B. at Har-
vard College in 1855 and A.M. in 1862; studied en-
gineering at the Lawrence Scientific School, and in
Paris; was for a short time, in 1865, on the staff of
Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton. In 1877 he was appointed
secretary of the U. S. legation to Prussia, but re-
signed in 1884, having four times acted as charge
d'affaires during vacancies in the legation. He was
chief of the diplomatic bureau in the department of
state (1885-89), and was also actively interested in
the charitable organizations of the city of Washing-
ton DC. He died at Brighton, England. Oct. 4, 1898.
ALLEN, Charles, jurist, was born in Worcester.
Mass. Ausr. 9, 1797. He was graduated at Harvard
College, and admitted to the bar in 1821. From
1829-39 he was almost consecutively a member of
the state senate. He was a commissioner to negoti-
ate the Ashburton treaty in 1842, and the same year
was appointed a judge of the court of common pleas.
In 1859 he became chief justice of the superior court
of the state, which office he held until he resigned in
1867. He was active in the free-soil movement, and
was elected to congress in 1848 and again in 1850. In
1849 he edited the Boston " Whig," afterwards the
"Republican." His legal decisions were regarded as
very able, and he held a high rank among jurists.
Jud^e Allen died in Worcester, Mass., Aug. 6, 1869.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
187
., .
NORTON, William Augustus, scientist, was
born at East Bloomfjeld, Ontario co. , X. Y., <>ci.
25, 1810, son of Herman and Julia (Strong) Nor-
ton, who were natives of Connecticut. Two
qualities that distinguished him through life were
strongly evident in his childhood: a sunny tempera-
ment and a devotion to study. He was uradiiaicd
at the IT. S. Military Academy at West I'oinl with
higli honors iu 1831, and was assigned to tin- 4lh
artillery, but was immediately ordered to the military
academy to act as assistant professor of natural anil
experimental philosophy. Durinjr the lilaek Hawk
war of ls;J2 lie accompanied an expedition to the
West, but returned to Ilie academy and taught unlil
the following year, when he. resigned from the army
to accept a call to I lie chair of nat-
ural philosophy and astronomy in
the University of the City of New
York. In November. ls:;'.i. ]„• H:,^
called to Delaware College, Newark.
Del., to occupy the chair of mathe-
matics and philosophy, and this po-
sit inn In- held I'm- eleven years, serv-
ing the last \ear as president of the
institulion. In Ix.'iO lie removed to
Mrown I'liiversity, to conduct the
departments of natural philosophy
and civil ensnneerms:'. Two \.-.-MS
later be was elected professor of
civil eiisi'ineerini:- in Yale Culle^e,
a'i-1 in the autumn of thai year re-
moved to New Haven, followed by
twenty-six of his pupils. There, as
elsewhere, he was more than a mere
teacher. His colleague in the Shellield Scientific
School, Prof. A. .lay Dubois, who had also been his
pupil, wrote of him: "With a manner peculiarly
genial and endearing in the class-room, frank anil
manly always, and sometimes almost jovial, he
made every student feel that his instructor was also
his personal friend. Ever ready with suggestions,
advice and encouragement, always younsr at In-art
himself, and believing thoroughly in'the young men
he taught, he was much more to them than the sub-
jects he taught, and his personal influence was bet-
ter than books." Another old pupil praised him not
less highly by saying: " No student, however trying
or dull, ever heard from him an impatient or sarcas-
tic word." Prof. Norton's first contribution to
scientific literature was "An Elementary Treatise
on Astronomy " (1839). In the fourth edition (1881)
the tables were revised, corrected and enlarged,
and some of the chapters were entirely rewritten.
In 1858 he published a "First Book" of Natural
Philosophy and Astronomy." His other publica-
tions consist of memoirs contributed to the "Ameri-
can Journal of Science " and other scientific journals
between 1852 and 1870. Among the first was one
on "Ericsson's Caloric Engine" (1853). The in-
ventor of this engine had planned a ship to be pro-
pelled by heated air instead of steam; but Prof.
Norton's investigations "established truths in regard
to hot-air engines unfavorable to their use, which
have become universally settled convictions." Sev-
eral memoirs discussed the probable cause of action
which produces the tails of comets, arguing that a
force similar to terrestrial magnetism exists iu the
body of the sun and in the structure of comets. Prof.
Richard A. Proctor stated in a lecture in New Haven
that this theory is generally accepted as the true one.
Three papers related to experiments upon the set
and transverse strength and deflection of bars of
wood, iron and steel, and were of great permanent
value. The most earnest study of his life was de-
voted to molecular physics, and he hoped to put
forth a complete work on this subject; but the manu-
scripts he left were not sufficient to enable anyone
else to finish the books. In 18")!) he did the state
good service by representing it on a commission to
determine a long-standing dispute over the boundary
with New York. In an address delivered at his
funeral, Pres. Porter said: "In all his investigations,
Mr. Notion was animated by the faith and stronu in
tin assurance that scientific conclusions more than
admit, that they demand Ihe assumption that man
the thinker and God tin- creator arc spiritual fon-i -.
-uperior to the material creation which they inter-
pret and explain. His Christian faith was like him-
self—linn, unostentatious, peaceful, charitable and
sweet." Prof. Norton was married at Exeter, X. H.,
Jan. 15, 183!). to Eli/abet h Emery, daughter of
Samuel 15. and Joanna Stevens, who survived him.
Prof. Norton died at Xew Haven. Conn., Sept. 21,
188;!.
YEAMAN, Georg-e Helm, jurist and congress-
man, was born in Hardin county, Ky., Nov. 1, 1S29,
second son of Stephen .Minor and Lucretia (Helm)
Veamaii. His lather was the eldest son of Samuel
Coilland Yeaman, and a grandson of Moses Yeaman,
who was married to a Miss (.'lark, of New Jersey,
and removed to Pennsylvania toward the- end of the
eighteenth century. Mr. Yeanmn's mother was a
daimlilcr of (ieorue Helm, of Hardin county, Ky.,
and a granddaughter of Thomas Helm, of Virginia,
who was wounded in the' revolutionary war, and
later removed to Kentucky, where he built the
usual "stockade'" fort for the protection of his
family. Mr. Yeama'i profited to the utmost by his
few early advantages; studied law at home without
a preceptor, and after admission to the bar settled,
in is.v.', at Owetisboio. Ky. Here he was elected
judge of the county court of Daviess county iu 1854;
to the legislature' of Kentucky ill 1861; to congress
from the second district of Kentucky in 1862 to fill
a vacancy, and again in 180;! for a full term. While
in con lei-ess I ie voted for the constitutional amendment
abolishiim -slavery, and was defeated for a third term
in 1865 because of bis vote on that question. To-
gether with six other border-state
members, he voted for the passage
of the measure in the face of the
fact that he knew it meant his re-
tirement from con stress. Represen-
tative Ashley, on whose motion the'
measure was put upon its final pas-
sage, said of this act: "It would In'
dilticult in anyageorcouutry tofind
grander or more unselfish and patri-
otic men than Henry Winter Davis
and Governor Francis Thomas, of
Maryland, or James S. Rollins,
Frank P. Blair and Governor King,
of Missouri, or George H. Yeaman,
of Kentucky, or N. P. Smithers,
of Delaware. All had defied their
party discipline, and deliberately
and with unfaltering faith marched
to their political death." In Octo-
ber of that year (1865) he was made
minister resident at Copenhagen, where he spent five
years, and, under the direction of Mr. Seward, ne-
gotiated a treaty with Denmark for the purchase of
the islands of St. Thomas and Santa Cruz, which
failed of ratification. In 1870 he resigned and settled
in New York, where he has since practiced his pro-
fession. He is the author of "The Study of Govern-
ment" (1870) and of articles and pa'mphlets on
various subjects, amonsr them: "Allegiance and
Naturalization "(1866); " Privateering" (1867); "The
Alabama Question" (1868); "Labor and Money"
(1879), an attack on "fiat money"; "A Currency
Primer" (1896); "The Silver Standard" (1896), and
an article in the "American Supplement to the En-
cyclopaedia Britanuica " on the ' ' Legal Aspects of In-
188
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
sanity " He was for several years president of the
Medico-Legal Society of New York; for some years
a lecturer on constitutional law in Columbia College
Law School; and, in a report adopted by the Bar
Association of the City of New Y'ork, outlined the
abolition of the superior court aud court of common
pleas of New York city, proposing to merge them
in the supreme court, many years before the adop-
tion of that reform in the constitution of 1894. Mr.
Yeaman was married, in 18S5, to Lelia Pegram,
daughter of Robert Triplet!, of Oweusboro, Ky.
YALE, Linus, Jr., inventor and manufac-
turer, was born at Salisbury, N. Y., April 4, 1821,
sou of Linus and Chlotilda Yale, aud his re-
motest ancestors were of the same family as Elihu
Yale, for whom Y'ale College was named. Linus
Yale began his career as a portrait painter; but he
possessed mechanical genius of a high order, which
later on asserted itself and gained him a wide repu-
tation as an inventor, whose ideas revolutionized the
manufacture of locks. His father was engaged in
the making of locks for bankers' vaults and safes,
his factory being at Newport, N. Y. ; and it was at
that place, in 1851, that the younger Mr. Yale
brought out his first important invention, the so-
called "Magic Lock." This was a bank lock, de-
signed to afford , by the following arrangement, se-
curity against picking — that
is. against unlocking by other
means than the use of the
proper key. The key was con-
structed in two parts, which
separated during the operation
of unlocking. The shank, by
means of which the hand com-
municated the power required
to actuate the mechanism of
the lock, remained in the outer
portion of the keyhole; while
the web, carrying the bits
which engaged with thetumb-
lers of the lock in order to
release the bolt, was carried
away to another part of the
lock, and there accomplished
its work. As soon as the
t web separated from the shank,
a hardened steel curtain in-
terposed itself beneath the end of the shank, aud cut
off access to the interior of the lock by closing en-
tirely the deeper portion of the keyhole, through
which the web had made its entrance. The cycle of
operations was completed by the pulling back of the
bolt, the withdrawal of the curtain, and the return
and re-attachment of the web to the shank of the
key. The process of locking was simply the con-
verse of that just described; but it should be noted
that the bits of the key were separable, and could
be rearranged among themselves at the will of the
owner, subject to the condition that they must occupy
the same relative positions, in order to unlock the
safe, which they occupied during the operation of
locking. This gave an immense number of different
combinations, among which the owner might make
a new choice as often as he pleased. At the time the
"Magic Lock " was invented, the keys of important
locks were ordinarily made very large and heavy,
often weighing a pound or more It was therefore
a materiar ad vantage possessed by this lock, in addi-
tion to its security, that the banker need carry only
the web of the key away with him after locking his
vault; the cumbersome shank, useless by itself, being
left behind. The "Magic Lock " was followed by
an improvement, upon similar lines, known as the
"Treasury Lock." Still later, Mr. Yale devised key-
less dial-locks, operated by setting a knob according
to certain serial combinations of figures, which com
bination could be altered at will; also clock locks, or
time-locks, so constructed that a clock, contained
within the safe to be protected, set free the bolt at a
certain hour predetermined at the time of locking,
the safe being secured against even the owner him-
self during the interval. He also invented a princi-
ple of double locking, by means of which either of
two different keys, or of two different combinations,
could unlock the same vault or safe. This was de-
vised to meet the contingency of a lost key or a for-
gotten combination — as the dial and time-locks were
developed to defeat the introduction of explosives
into the safe — for which process an open keyhole
seemed to offer too much facility. But it is unques-
tionably through a much simpler invention than any
of these already mentioned that Mr. Yale's name is
best known to the world at large; namely, the type
of lock, operated by a small, flat key, which he de-
vised for the protection of ordinary house-doors.
Adaptations of this lock have been used for drawers,
cabinets, etc., and even in the form of padlocks. So
widely, indeed, has the type been introduced that
the name, " Yale Lock," has come to be applied in-
discriminately to any lock operated by a flat key.
Another devise of Mr. Yale's, which has attained
almost world-wide adoption, is a form of lock-box
for post-offices. The scope of this article, however,
does not permit of further description, or even of an
enumeration of his many inventions, which were by
no means confined to the field of lock-making. Mr.
Yale began the manufacture of locks at Newport,
N. Y. , in 1851; in 1850 he removed his business to
Philadelphia, and in 1861 to Shelburue Falls, Mass.
In 1808 he formed a partnership with Henry R.
Towne, under whose direction the business has been
most successfully continued at Stamford, Conn.,
since Mr. Yale's death in the same year. The value
of Mr. Yale's improvements in locks was attested by
many first prize medals, awarded to him at various
international expositions, and has been emphasized
by their almost universal adoption since his death.
Revolutionary as were his inventions, however, it is
not upon them alone that any just estimate of bis
contribution to progress in mechanical matters must
be based. Quite as important, although less con-
spicuous, was his influence in showing the possibility
of accomplishing by machinery many of the more
delicate manufacturing operations which previously
had been regarded as peculiarly the province of hand
labor. Mr. Yale was singularly modest, reserved
and unassuming in manner; aud it has rarely hap-
pened that the personality of a man of real genius
has been so little known outside the circle of his im-
mediate friends. Few men. on the other hand, have
been so highly esteemed and so deeply beloved as he
was by those who were acquainted with his great
gifts and his rare character. He was married, Sept.
14, 1844, at Trenton Falls, N. Y., to Catherine,
daughter of Dr. John Brooks. His death occurred
in the city of New York, Dec. 24, 1868.
TASKER, Benjamin, acting-governor of Mary-
land (1753V was a native of England, son of
Benjamin Tasker and Anne Bladeu, niece of Gov.
Blaclen. His sister, Elizabeth, was married to
Christopher Lowndes, of "Blenheim," aud another
sister became the wife of Daniel Dulauy, Jr. Ben-
jamin Tasker. Sr. , who, like his sou, bore the title
of colonel, was president of the council for a long
period before his death, in 1767; and, further, was
commissary-general in an interval between the ad-
ministrations of the Dulanys, father and son. Ben-
jamin Tasker, Jr.. appears" to have settled in Mary-
land prior to 1718. In that year he had lots sur-
veyed in Annapolis, and in 1720 "Prospect to
Annapolis" was laid off anil resurveyed for him.
He was chosen president of the council in June,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
189
1744, and while in office prepared a digest of the
provincial laws. By virtue of office, he succeeded
his son-in-law, Gov. Ogle, on the latter's death, and
served until the arrival of Gov. Sharpe (August,
1753), when he retired to his country seat, "Belair,"
near Collingtou, Prince George co. This he had- laid
out in English manorial style, with n driveway 140
feet iu width, lined with tulip-poplars, and had filled
its park of natural trees with deer. Benjamin Tas-
ker. Jr.. was appointed by Guv. Sharpe commis-
sioner to secure the fidelity and aid of the Six Xatious
who had before placed themselves under the English
crown, with a view of making a treaty with them; to
hear their complaints and redress their grievances.
Out of that commission urcw a convention which
drafted the constitution of the confederacy of 1754,
just twenty j ears before the confederacy \vhirh
brought forth the Declaration of Independence.
By its terms the general government was to be ad-
ministered by a president appointed by the crown
and a council chosen by the representatives of the
several colonies. This confederacy met with no
favor either in the colonies or in the board of trade
in England. The former thought it contained "too
mud) prerogative; the latter looked upon it as too
democratic." Benjamin Tasker was also one of the
commissioners in settling the boundary known as
the Mason and Dixou line, lie died iu 1760. being
outlived by his father.
RICHINGS, Caro'ine Mary, singer, was born
in England in 1827; was adopted by Peter Hichimrs,
the popular actor and singer, and was brought to t his
country when an infant. She made her first appear-
ance on the stage in Philadelphia, in 1847, and soon
became a favorite comedienne and pianist. In 1852
she appeared in opera, and for several seasons was
prima donna of the Riehings English opera troupe,
which during its existence was one of the most
profitable organizations of its kind. Her voice was
soprano. In 1867 she became the wife of Pierre
Bernard, and about 1874 retired from the stage, be-
coming a teacher of music in Baltimore and Rich-
mond, Va. After her retirement she appeared occa-
sionally in public. She died, in Richmond, Jan. 14,
1884. '
PLACE, Chester Allen, educator, was born
near Earlville, 111., Nov. 7, 1862, son of Wil-
liam Simmons and Elizabeth (Kenaston) Place.
His great-grandfather, Chauncey Place, was a revo-
lutionary soldier, and his mother's uncle, David
Kenaston, was the last surviving member of
the "Boston Tea "Party." Pres.
Place was reared on his father's
farm, and received his early edu-
cation in the public schools of
liis native town. At the age of
eighteen he enteied Jenuiug's Sem-
inary at Aurora, 111., where he
earned the reputation of a diligent
worker, and completed the course
in is*3. After teaching a few
months in Will county, 111., he en-
tered Northwestern University at
Evnnston, 111., and such was his
untiring application to study that
he was duly graduated in the spring
of isxii. Mr. Place then turned
toward the West, but after preach-
ing for two years in Kansas, en-
tered the Garrett Biblical Insti-
^^^^^ tute, Evanston, 111., where he was
graduated in 1890 with the degree of B.D. In the
same year his alma mater conferred upon him the
degree of M.A. From 1893 until 1894 he pursued
post-graduate work in philosophy at Northwestern
University. Mr. Place was licensed to preach in
the Methodist Episcopal church while in college,
and regularly supplied pulpits from that time. He
went to Southwest Kansas College, Jan. 1, 1895, as
vice-president and professor of ancient languages, and
v> a* elected president in June, 1895, upon the resigna-
tion of Rev. Granville Lowther. Hi.? administra-
tion has been characterized by a strict businessman-
~ "~? . • " ~ "
Sou.C^esC Kansas felleg
agement, the equipment of every department of
instruction with thoroughly prepared teachers, and
the establishment of a higher standard of scholar-
ship and revised and advanced courses of study.
Pres. Place is a modest, gentle, unassuming man,
patient and sympathetic, but firm and resolute. His
scholarship is broad and accurate, and he is an un-
tiring worker, with a mind of a sturdy, logical type,
which grasps a given subject in all its relations.
Essentially a teacher, he carries the methods of the
class-room into the pulpit and upon the platform,
and being an advanced thinker, a close student, a
logical reasonerand a polished linguist, his addresses
are remarkable specimens of ripe scholarship and
brilliant oratory. As an ardent lover of everything
that is good, he is optimistic in faith and devout in
spirit, and opens his soul to every inspiration that
enriches life and incites to service. Pres. Place was
married, in 1885, to Estelle May, daughter of Henry
Wilbur Beedle, of Wilton Center, 111. They have
two children, June Estelle and Chester Arthur Place.
WARREN, Henry White, M. E. bishop, was
born at Williamsbnrg, Mass., Jan. 4, 1831, son of
Mather and Anne (Fail-field) Warren. The name
"Mather" has been a family name; for seven gen-
erations being borne by the oldest son. Bishop
Warren's first American ancestor, William Warren,
emigrated from the south of England in 1673, and
located in Massachusetts. His maternal great-grand-
father, Samuel Fail-field, fought iu the revolutionary
war. Bishop Warren attended the district school
and worked on his father's farm and in the sawmill
during his boyhood. He was prepared for college
at Wilbraham Academy, Massachusetts, where he
was converted when seventeen years old. He was
graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1853.
While in college he taught natural science in Amenia,
N. Y., and there acquired a fouduess for that de-
partment of study that has made him a popular lec-
turer and writer on those matters ever since. He
has lectured thousands of times on some phase of
science, notably astronomy. During the two years
following his graduation he was professor of Latin
190
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
and Greek in AYilbraham Academy. While tench-
ing be fitted himself for the ministry, and in 1855
was made a member of the New England conference
of the Methodist Episcopal church. Between ls.V>
and 1880 he served as pastor of churches in Boston,
Worcester, Lynn, AVestfield, Cambridgeport and
Charlcstown, Mass.; Brooklyn, N. Y., and Phila-
delphia, Pa., and established a high reputation as a
pulpit orator. In 1861 and 1862 lie served in the
Massachusetts house of representatives, and was
elected by the senate to preach the election sermon
before the legislature of that state in 1863. ID 1880
he was elected and consecrated a bishop in the Meth-
odist Episcopal church, being one of the few minis-
ters who have been taken directly from the pastorate
to the episcopal office. On
being consecrated bishop,
he chose his residence
in Atlanta, Ga., so that
he might work especially •
for tlie colored people
of the Sonth. Here he
founded and sustained
a trade school and others,
and was instrumental in
the inauguration of a the-
ological seminary, which
was endowed by Mr.
Gammon, of Chicago,
wiib 1750,000. In 1888 he
officially visited Mexico;
in 1887, Japan, Coreaand
China, and in 1890 he
held the nine conferences
of his church in Europe,
and was a delegate of
his church to the British
and Irish conferences of
the Wes!?yan body. In IS<IM he made an olticiul
tour through South America, from Darien to Pata-
gonia, and in 1899 repeated the journey. In the lat-
ter year he was elected president of the commission
on the organic law of the Methodist church. He has
published more than a thousand newspaper articles,
numerous pamphlets and several important book*.
His best known books are " Sights and Insights "
(1874), a book of travels; "Studies of the Stars"
(1878) ; " Recreations in Astronomy, with Direc-
tions for Practical Experiments and Telescopic
Work " (1879), and " The Bible in the World's Edu-
cation" ( 1894). Bishop Warren has been a wide trav-
eler, and has climbed such difficult mountains as the
Matterhorn and Popocatepetl. In 1872 the degree ,,|
D.D. was conferred on him by Dickinson College,
and in 1893 that of LL.D. by the Ohio Wesleyan
University. Bishop Warren was married, in 1883,
to Mrs. Elizabeth Iliff, who has founded and en-
dowed the Ilitf School of Theology. Since Iss4
Bishop AVarren h;is resided in Denver, Col. He
has been prominently identified with the develop-
ment of the University of Denver.
BUTLER, James Davie, clergyman, educator
and author, was born in Rutland, Vt., March 15,
1815. His family have been established in Boston
since 1635. The ancestors of his grandmother, Marv
Sigourney, were Huguenots who, fleeing from France
in 1(581, shared about a decade afterward in the first
settlement of Oxford. Mass. Mr. Butler was srradu-
ated at Middlebury College in 1836, and at Andover
in 1840, having meanwhile served as tutor and actinsr
professor in his alma mater, where he was made
LL.D. in 1862. He was elected an Abbott resident in
Audover, but in 1842 sailed for Europe. He remained
abroad a year and a half, partly at German universi-
ties, but chiefly on a leisurely tour through Austria.
Italy, Switzerland, France and Great Britain. A
course of lectures on Europe which he had prepared
was often delivered in New England and other parts
of the Union. From 1845 until 1847 he held a pro-
fessorship in Norwich University, Vermont, preach-
ing also in the neighborhood, as he had before done for
half a year in Burlington, Vt. He was three times
settled as a Congregational pastor: in 1847, at Wells
River, Vt. ; in 1851, at South Dauvers (now Pea-
body); and in 1852, at Cincinnati. On leaving this
last pulpit, he served as professor of Greek in Wa-
bash College, Indiana, about four years, when he
took a similar position in the University of Wiscon-
sin. He taught there nine years. This professorship
he left in 1867, with a view of repeating and extend-
ing the foreign travel which he had begun twenty-
rive years before. Among the new scenes into which
this second journey of fifteen months led him were
St. Petersburg, Moscow, Stamboul, Damascus, —
thirty days in Palestine, forty on the Nile, and as
mauj' in Greece and Spain. In 1869 he was among
the first to reach the Pacific slope by the first trans-
continental road. He explored the Yoseuiite, and
when lost on Mount Broderick was found by his
former university pupil, John Muir, who was the dis-
coverer ol our grandest glacier. From San Fran-
cisco he passed on to Honolulu by a sailing-
ship, made the iuterinsular voyage in a sloop,
and spent a day in the crater of Kilauea. In 1878
and 1884 he made other trips, across the Atlantic,
and in 1890, having seen every one of the United
States, started westward on a world-circling tour.
In Japan he traversed many unbeaten paths; in
China went 1,400 miles up the Yang-tse; traversed
India from Tuticorin to the Himalayas, and from
east to west via the cities of the Great Moguls. This
expedition ended with a voyage to the North C'ape
and seven weeks in rural Britain. Since 1858 Mr.
Butler has resided at Madison, AVis., where he has
been for the most part a recluse student. His favorite
studies have been linguistic. — chiefly Greek and
Italian. In 1S42 Mr. Butler was foreign corre-
spondent of the New York "Observer," and on all
his tours has written for some paper. Articles from
his pen have appeared in the "Riverside," " Ameri-
can Historical Review, " " Lippin-
cott's," "Magazine of American
History," "Bibliotheca Sacra"
and other periodicals. More
than 200 of his papers have been
published in the New York
" Nation." Among his pub-
lished sermons, one was his fare-
well to the church in Dauvers,
and another was delivered at the
home burial of Col. Ransom,
killed at the storming of Chapul-
tepec. His " Prehistoric Wis-
consin " 1 1*76 1 gave birth to much
investigation of our copper age.
His "Mental Culture Ainoni:'
Teachers" was delivered before
the American Institute in 1852,
at Troy, N. Y., and 5,000 copies were printed
by its order for gratuitous distribution. His ad-
dress, "How Dead Languages Make Live Men,"
in Detroit, in 1874, before the National Educa-
tion Association, was repeated elsewhere fifty times,
and awakened new interest in classical studies.
His "Shakespearian Hapax Legomena; or, Words
Used Once for All by Shakespeare," printed by the
Shakespeare Society of New York and elsewhere,
was thought by Halliwell-Phillipps to mark a new
departure in verbal criticism of the great dramatist.
His "Architecture of St. Peter's" was well received
by a hundred audiences, one of them in Rome itself.
His "Mnemonics; or, Commonplace Books," was
called for still oftener. His " Butleriana " is a volume
OF AMKKICAN BIOCiKAPHl",
191
on the lineage of his family and others with which
it has intermarried. Mr. Butler's two addresses be-
fore the Vermont Historical Society ( 1S4(J, 1848), were
the first publications of that association. < >ne was
on "Deficiencies in Vermont Histories," another was
on the "Battle of Benuington," where his mother's
father, Israel Harris, had served as a lieutenant. At
the centennial of Rutland, his native town, in 1870,
he delivered the historical address. At the Marietta
centennial of Ohio, in ix^s, he spoke us a commis-
sioner from the state of Wisconsin. For many years an
officer iu the State Historical Society of Wisconsin,
and latterlyits tirst vice-president, he has contributed
many papers to its published collections. A full
hundred friends, gathering under his roof as he be-
gan his eighty-fifth year ( IS'.l'.l) and was serving as a
chaplain of the legislature, declared that lie still had
the dew of his youth. He was married, in is4r). to
Anna, daughter of Joshua Bates, president of Mid
dlebury College (1818-1840). She died in 1893.
Four of their children survive.
HUSE, William L., business man, was born at
Danville, Caledonia co., Vt.. March 9, 18!J.">. son of
John H. Huse. His maternal grandfather, Tl las
Colby, took part in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga
under Ethan Allen. When William L. Huse was
seven years of age his parents removed to Chicago,
where he attended the public schools, and was gradu-
ated at Bell's Commercial College, and at the a^e of
seventeen entered the grocery establishment of ||. i;.
Loomis as clerk. One year later his ability and
industry commended him to the forwarding and
commission firm of I. D. Harmon & Co., whose
headquarters were in Peru, 111. This firm offered
him a position of trust, which was accepted, and be
entered his new field of labor with manifest /.eal. In
the following year lie was entrusted with a steamer
running on the Illinois river, and given entire charge
of the boat. In 185S he bought a steamer, anil entered
upon the transportation business on the Illinois and
Mississippi. In 1860 he owned
three steamers, and was able to
sell out his business at a i: 1
profit. The following year lie
organized the firm of Huse,
Loomis & Co., in St. Louis,
and began business in ice and
transportation on a larger scale,
with his old employer as a
partner, For twenty years
this firm continued as at first
organized, and its efforts were
crowned with marked success.
In 1880 the firm was merged
into the Huse and Loomis Ice
and Transportation Co., with
Mr. Huse as president. The
company's capital is $550,000,
Mr. Huse owning a controlling
interest. Half a dozen steam-
ers and sixty barges comprise
the floating stock, and carry
on an annual ice traffic of 250,000 tons. The com-
pany owns enormous storehouses at various desirable
points on the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, whence
its ice is taken to St. Louis and other places on the
Mississippi. The company gives employment to some
3,000 men. During the seventeen years Mr. Huse
resided in Per.1., 111., he served two years as mayor.
He is also president of the Union Dairy Co. and the
Creve Cceur Lake Ice Co., and a director and stock-
holder in the Crystal Plate Glass Co., the Boatmen's
Bank, the St. Louis Trust Co., and the Peru City
Plow and Wheel Co.; in 1892 was president of the
Commercial Club, of St. Louis ; in 1893 was presi-
dent of the Paducah, Tennessee and Alabama Rail-
road Co. and Tennessee Midland Railroad Co.; in
'.
1895 he helped to build, and was made president of
I he Chicago, Peoria and Memphis Railroad Co. , all
of which lines have been disposed of to other com-
panies. He was one of the organizers of the St.
Louis and Oklahoma City railroad, and was elected
its president, holding this office to date (1899). Mr.
Huse is a member of the Sons of the American Revo-
lution. He was married, iu 1805, to Martha E.,
daughter of Rev. Harvey Brown, of Harlem, New
York city, previously prominent as a preacher of the
Methodist church in early days in Illinois.
BARRETT, Thomas, financier, was bora in
Ireland. Dec. 22, 182!l. son of Edmund and Mary
(Ford) Barrett. His parents removed in l*l*to Xew
Orleans, where his father
died in 1855. The son was
educated in private schools
of his native country. In
ls.")li. prompted by the am-
bition and resistless energy
that have always character
i/.ed him, lie went to Cali-
fornia, and there engaged in
mining. During five years
of residence be achieved a
degree of success worthy of
hi- industry and enterprise;
but then removing to St.
Louis, he accepted the posi-
tion of assistant (|iiarler-
mastei . lie resiM|||.,| :l f,.w
iiioiil hs later to beci une secre-
tary to the military commis-
sion appointed under (Jen.
P. II. Sheridan to examine
war claims. When, how-
ever, Gen. Sheridan was
transferred to other duties, ('apt. Barrett resigned,
lie located permanently in Memphis in 1862, and at
once took an active part in the real estate, commer-
cial and railroad interests of (he city. Largely
through his enterprise, the Cili/.ens' Street Railroad
Co. was enabled to complete its lines throughout
the city. Of this company he was vice-president,
general manager, and the largest stockholder. He
is president of the Louisville, Evansville and St.
Louis Consolidated railroad and of the Security Bank
of Memphis, and is interested iii numerous other
corporations; has been a member of the New York
Cotton Exchange for several years. Mr. Barrett is
in politics a stanch Democrat, and, although never an
office-seeker, he was for a short time member of the
eit\ council. He it was who introduced in this body
the resolution to terminate the old city government,
so as to vacate all offices preparatory to the inaugura-
tion of the new order, known as the Shelby county
taxing district. He was married, in 1876. to Maria .1.
Frost, of Memphis, and has three sons. Mr. Barrett
lias been a cool-headed, energetic pushing man under
all circumstances. He owns many plantations in
Mississippi, and has found this a fair investment for
the past thirty years and annually adds to his hold-
ings— and is one of the most solid and successful
financiers of Memphis.
STEARNS, Oliver, educator and clergyman,
was born at Luuenburg, Worcester co., Mass., June
3, 1807, son of Thomas and Priscilla (Gushing)
Stearns. His uncle. Asahel Stearns, was professor
of law at Harvard (1817-29). He was educated in
a district school in his native town, and supple-
mented the course there by studying with the local
clergyman and other teachers and by a single
quarter in the academy at New Ipswich. In his
early years he worked on his father's farm during
the summers, and while a student at Harvard met
192
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
his expenses by teaching school in winter vaca-
tions ; he was also monitor in junior year. His
standing in scholarship was high, and lie was ac-
corded an oration at the exhibition of the senior
class and at his graduation, in 1826. He was also a
member of the Hasty Pudding Club, the Institute of
1770 and the Phi Beta Kappa Society. After gradu-
ation he was for a year usher at a private school at
Jamaica Plain, and then, under the influence of Dr.
Cuanniug, entered the Cambridge Divinity School
to prepare for the ministry. Dining two years of
his theological course he was tutor in mathematics
in Harvard College. Being
graduated in 1830, he was or-
dained and installed pastor of
tlie Second Church (Unita-
rian) of Northampton, Mass.,
on Nov. 9, 1831, and contin-
ued incumbent until April 1,
1839, when ill health caused
his resignation. At the end
of a year he became pastor
of the Third Church (Unita-
rian) of Hingham, where he con-
tinued for seventeen years.
During 1856-63 he was presi-
dent of the Meadville Theologi-
cal School, Pennsylvania, and
then returned to Cambridge
to accept the Parkman profes-
sorship of pulpit eloquence
and pastoral care, succeeding
Convers Francis, deceased ;
and as lecturer on Christian theology, succeeding
George E. Ellis. In 1870 the title of his chair was
changed to the Parkmau professorship of theology,
and later he gave regular instruction in systematic
theology and ethics. He held the chair of theology
until 1878, and meantime, for eight years (1870-78),
was dean of the Divinity School. Prof. Stearns
published numerous articles in the current magazines
and reviews, also several pamphlets on theological
topics. The degrees of A.M. and D.D. were con-
ferred on him by Harvard University. He was twice
married : first, in 1832, to Mary Blood Sterling; sec-
ond, in 1872, to Mrs. Augusta Hannah Bayley. He
dieil iu Cambridge, Mass., July 18, 1885.
ALEXANDER, John Henry, scientist, was
born in Annapolis, Md., June 2t>, 1812, youngest
child of William and Mary (Stockett) Alexander.
His father, one of a Scotch-Irish family, born in
Belfast, emigrated to the United Slates at the close
of the revolutionary war, and established himself as
a merchant in Annapolis. The Stockett family, into
which lie married, settled in Maryland in" 1642,
and still hold the estates originally granted them.
The son received his classical education at St. John's
College, Annapolis, taking his degree at the age of
fourteen, and then studied law for several years ;
but he gradually became interested in applied
science, and took up work in connection with sur-
veys for the Susquehanna railroad. He soon pro-
jected a topographical map of Maryland, in conjunc-
tion with a geological survey, and, under commis-
sion from the legislature, began a preliminary sur-
vey, together with Prof. Julius T. Ducatel, who had
charge of the geology. In February, 1834, the two
scientists were appointed topographical engineer and
geologist, respectively. They published annual re-
ports (1838-39-40), and in 184J were prepared to begin
the trigonometrical survey and a general scientific
report on the geology of Maryland, when the state,
partly iu consequence of its depressed financial con-
dition, withdrew its support, and their work ended.
From 1837 until 1841 Mr. Alexander drew no part
of the salary attached to his office. During these
years he devoted considerable time to the opening
of bituminous coal beds iu Ahegauy county, and
founded the George s Creek Coal and Iron Co., of
which he was president in 1836-45. In 1840 he pub-
lished " Contributions to a History of the Metallurgy
of Iron." and in 1842 a supplement to the same. He
aided Prof Hassler, of the coast survey, in his at-
tempt to secure a uniform standard of weights and
measures throughout the United States, and in 1845,
under commission from the legislature of Maryland,
made a report "On the Standards of Weights and
Measures for the State of Maryland," a work of
great research. He also collected data for a volume
entitled "A Universal Dictionary of Weights and
Measures, Ancient and Modern " (1850), which still has
high rank as a work of reference. In 1855 he published,
as a basis of action by congress, a pamphlet entitled
"International Coinage for Great Britain and the
United States," and in it proposed equalization of the
pound sterling and the half-eagle. It was reprinted
at Oxford, in 1857, the year iu which a commission,
having iu view the unification of coinage, met in
England. Dr. Alexander represented the U. S. gov-
ernment on this commission, and his answers to the
questions of the British commission on decimal coin-
age were printed by that. body. Although he failed
to accomplish anything, his efforts were highly ap-
preciated at home. During the opening year of the
civil war he served as an engineer officer in planning
and constructing the defenses of Baltimore. Further,
he gave liberally toward the raising and equipment
of a field battery commanded by his eldest sou. At
the request of the U. S. lighthouse board, he made
reports on Babbage's numerical system of light-
houses, on steam whistles as fog signals, and, in con-
nection with the chemist, C. Morfit. on illuminating
oils. He was about to be appointed director of the
mint iu Philadelphia, in 1867, when his career was
ended by death. Dr. Alexander was deeply versed
in Greek and Latin, had no slight command of He-
brew, and was familiar with most modern tongues
of the civilized world. He was a poet, and left
works of a high order. His acquaintance with the-
ology and church history was thorough and ex-
tended. His published works not already mentioned
include eleven essays contributed to the "American
Journal of Science," and other scientific periodicals,
among which are " On a New Form of Mountain or
Other Barometer " and " Hassler's Experiments on
the Expansion of Water at Various Temperatures."
He edited editions of Simms' "Treatise on Mathe-
matical Instruments Used in Surveying, Leveling
and Astronomy " (1835, 1839, 1848),' and the same
author's "Treatise on Leveling" (1838). His pub-
lished books of verse are : " Introits; or, Ante-Com-
munion Psalms for the Sundays and Holy-Days
Throughout the Year" (1844), and "Catena Domi-
nie;! " ( 1S54). Among his unpublished manuscripts
are a "Dictionary of English Surnames" (12 vols.),
which has been described as a "monument of learning
bearinir the impressof a strongand original genius " ;
"Ancient Roman Surnames"; " Dictionary of the
Language of the Lenni-Lenape. or Delaware Indians'' ;
"Concordance and Analytical Index of the Book of
Common Prayer" (2 vols. ), and "Suspiria Sanctorum:
A Series of Sonnets for Holy-Days." Dr. Alexander
occupied the chair of physics at St. James' College,
Maryland, for over two years, and from that, insti-
tution received the degree of LL.D. He occupied a
similar position in the University of Pennsylvania,
and subsequently iu the University of Maryland.
He was a member of the Maryland Historical So-
ciety: of the American Philosophical Society of
Philadelphia; of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science; and was one of the corporate
members of the National Academy of Sciences Dr.
Alexander was married, in Baltimore, iu June, 1836,
to Margaret, daughter of Frederick and Margaret
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
193
Hammer. She survived him, with five sous and a
daughter. Dr. Alexander died in Baltimore, Md.,
March 2, 1867.
BREVOORT, James Carson, civil engineer
and author, was born in New York city, July 10,
isis. He inherited a valuable estate on Manhattan
island from his father, Henry Brevoort, a wealthy
merchant and descendant of Elias Brevoort, f
the early Dutch land proprietors of .Manhattan
Maud. After a preliminary education in his native
city, he went to school near Berne. Switzerland, and
then for three years to the Central School of Arts
and Manufacturer in Paris, where lie obtained a
diploma as civil engineer. On returning to America
lie assisted bis uncle, James Renwick, in the north-
eastern boundary survey. In 1838 he became private
secretary lo Washington Irving, and acconipanicil
him on his political mission to Spain. After a year
iu Madrid, he spent five years in travel throughout
Knrone, returning home in 1844. Having been
married, in 1M4.">, to a daughter of Lellcrl Lell'erts,
of Bedford, L. 1. , he resided from that time at the
Lefferts homestead, employed iu the management nf
his late father-in-law's estate, as well as of property
which he purchased for himself in the same neigh-
borhood. Hi' also identified himself with the progress
and the institutions of Brooklyn, lieiim a member of
its board of education for a number of years; oue of
the constructing board of water commissioners, and
during 18l>:!-73 president of the Long Island Ilisiori
cal Society. He was oue of the original trustees of
the Astor" Library, New York, appointed by John
Jacob Astor, and in 1875 became superintendent of
that institution, holding tin- position two years, when
he resigned. In 1801 Mr. Brevoort was made a
regent of the University of the State of New York,
and at the time of his death was the third eldest
member of that distinguished body. He was also a
member of the New York Historical Society; the
American Geographical Society; the historical socie-
ties of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania; the American
Academy of Natural Sciences; the New England
Geuealogico Historical Society; and the numismatical
societies of New York, Washington and Philadelphia.
In 18(53 the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred
upon him by Williams College. Mr. Brevoot I was
a recognized authority in natural history, particu-
larly in ichthyology and entomology. His knowledge
of fish was hardly exceeded by any naturalist, and
his collection of books and specimens was magnifi-
cent and valuable. This collection he presented to
Eugene G. Blackford, New York state fish commis-
sioner, who incorporated it with the other articles iu
his museum at Fulton market. He was also one of
the first authorities on American history and antiqui-
ties in his day, and his library of Americana, origi-
nated in the collection of his father, which numbered
5,000 or 0,000 volumes, was more than doubled in
number and quadrupled in value in his hands. His
collections of coins, medals and manuscripts were
also very extensive and valuable. Mr. Brevoort
wrote occasionally on topics connected with his
studies, and always in such cases fully, accurately
and with the purpose of supplying new and im-
portant information. He contributed to the "Ameri-
can Journal of Numismatics" a series of illustrated
papers on "Early Spanish and Portuguese Coinage
in America," and to the " Historical Magazine " a
paper on the "Discovery of the Remains of Colum-
bus. " Iu 1874 he published a work entitled " Verra-
zauo the Navigator; or, Notes on Giovanni de Verra-
zauo, and on a Planisphere of 1529, Illustrating his
American Voyage iu 1524." He died in Brooklyn,
N. Y., Dec. 7, 1887.
LATHROP, George Parsons, author, was
born at Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii, Aug. 25,
1851, son of George A. Lathrop, M.D., of Carthage,
VOL. IX.— 13.
N. Y., and was of New England ancestry on both
sides of the house. On the paternal sii le he descended
from Rev. John Lothrop, or Lathrop, who emigrated
from England to Boston, Mass. . a- 1 a . I y as 1634. He
was a representative in the general court, and aided
in founding Scituate, and died iu 1053. The Lathrops
aided in settling a number of noted towns iu New
England, including New London, which was one of
t lie author's homes. Mr. Lathrop's father was sent
to Hawaii, a few months before the son's birth, to
lake charge of the marine hospital established by
the U. S. government. He also served as U. S. con-
sul at Honolulu. In Is.V.lGeor^e |':IIM>IIS Lathrop
was brought to the United Stales, and in New York
city obtained part of bis early education. Later he
went with his mother and elder brother, Francis, now
a well-known artist, to Dresden, Germany, where he
continued his studies. Returning to New York city,
he became a student in Columbia Law School,
spending about a year there (1H70-71). He then
entered a law office, but ga\c up that profession
for authorship almost immediately, and was one
of the few Americans who have followed what may
be called the purely "literary life. Like many other
literary men, he found the editorial desk an experi-
ence and help, haying been assistant editor of the
" Atlantic Monthly" from 1S75 until 1877, and editor
of the Boston " Sunday Courier " from 1877 until
ls7!l. For several years he lived at Concord, Mass.,
in the " Wayside," the former home of Nathaniel
Hawthorne, towhose daughter, Hose, he was married
iu 1871. From Concord they removed to New Lon-
don, Conn., and from New' London to New York
city in 1883. There Mr. Lathrop engaged in mis-
cellaneous literary work, and founded the American
Copyright League, of which he was president un-
til the summer of 1885. His first work, a volume of
poems, entitled "Rose and Hooflree," appeared in
1S7.~>, and was followed by "Gettysburg: A Battle
Ode," read before the Society of I lie Army of I he Poto-
mac, on the famous battlefield, July \J<, 1888, and pub-
lished in that same year, and by "Dreainsaud Days"
(1892). Many poems not yet collected were contrib-
uted to magazines and other periodicals. In novels
and stories Mr. Lathrop was
more prolific. Beginning with
"After-glow," a novel pub-
lished in the "No Name " se-
ries, in INTO, his work in this
branch of literature includes
"Somebody Else," novelette
(1878); "An Echo of Pas-
sion," novelette (1882); "In
the Distance," novel (18s-Ji;
" Newport," novel (I*- 1
"True," novelette, and sto-
ries (1884); "Behind Time"
(1888); "Two Sides of a
Story," short stories (1888);
and " Would You Kill Him '.' "
novel (1889). In miscellane-
ous prose, Mr. Lathrop pub-
lished "A Study of Haw-
thorne" (1876); "Spanish Vis-
tas" (1883); and "A History of the Union League
of Philadelphia" (1883). He also edited "The
Masque of Poets," in the "No Name" series (1878);
an edition of Hawthorne's works, with biography
(1883); and, with his wife, wrote "A Story of Courage:
Annals of the Georgetown Convent. " A dramatization
of Tennyson's "Elaine" was performed with success,
in 1887, in New York, Boston and Chicago. Mr.
Lathrop's success was the result of persistent effort
and careful work, for no matter what path of litera-
ture he followed, it is not too high praise to say that
he honored it by so doing. His prose style is strong,
nervous and careful, possessing a directness that is
194
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
pleasing in this period of bewildering rhetoric. His
poetry is rushing and vigorous, though not deficient
in that subtle work which leaves the reader at the
boundary of some elevating thought, which the soul
grasps readily under the influence of the poet's lead-
ing. There are few finer battle pieces than Mr.
Lathrop's " Keenan's Charge," and, in fact, his work
in all directions is inspiriting and helpful. Mr. La-
throp was a member of the Thames Club, a social
organization of New London, and at one time was
its president. He also was a member of the Play-
ers', Authors' and Reform clubs, of New York city,
and of the Sons of the Revolution. Soon after set-
tling in New York he and his wife were received
into the Roman Catholic church. He was a zealous
layman until his death, frequently defending the
church in the public press. Mr. Lathrop died in
New York city, April 19, 1898.
LATHROP, Rose (Hawthorne), author and
artist, was born at Lenox, Mass., May 20, 1851, sec-
oud daughter and youngest child of Nathaniel Haw-
thorne, America's greatest novelist, and Sophia
Peabody, his wife. The years of her life from 1853
until 1860 were spent in England and Portugal. In
1870 she studied art in Dresden, Germany, and in
London, where, in 1871, she was married to George
Parsons Lathrop, the author. While her talent for
painting is of no mean order, her literary predilec-
tions, developed at an earlyage, have overshadowed it.
Her first book, a collection of poems, called "Along
the Shore, "appeared in 1888: her next, "Memories of
Hawthorne, " in 1897. Her other work is comprised in
stories and sketches, published in the Princeton ' 'Re-
view," " Scribner's Magazine," and like journals,
and daintily flavored sketches for the little folks,
printed in "St. Nicholas" and "Wide Awake." The
characteristic of Mrs. Lathrop's poetry is strength of
thought; its charm, a subtle rendering of nature's
moods. It is more given to that fine suggestive-
ness so conspicuous in the work of Mrs. Jackson and
Mrs. Whitney than loan elaboration of detail. In
prose, Mrs. Lathrop's work is very pleasing, having
a flow and music that show the poet's soul. It is
not yet known what her talent could give in an ex-
tended work. Since 1896 Mrs. Lathrop has devoted
her time and energies to conducting a home for des-
titute cancer sufferers, on the plan of the wide-
spread European charity, inaugurated at Lyons,
France, about 1(10 years since by Mine. Gamier, who
began her benevolent work by receiving a patient
into her own humble lodging and nursing her with
great gentleness. Mrs. Lathrop has secured to her
assistance in this noble work three women devoted
for life to the cause, and it is her aim to enlarge the
sphere of usefulness until no abject suffering shall
exist in this disease without proper attention. She
hopes to engage the fervent co-operation of the best
women, who will give their services free of charge,
in the spirit of true Catholic consecration to God in
His poor, so frequent in the Middle Ages. Her own
charitable effort is peculiar in one point, that she
believes it necessary to live among the poor in doing
this work, and in homes without the formality of
the usual hospital institution, in order that a famili-
arity with the lives of the poorest class may aid in bet-
tering their condition; that the sharing of the many
inconveniences of poverty may keep sympathy alive
and active, and that the most abject poor may have
easy access to the nurses in the hospital homes. The
work has been supported entirely by popular con-
tributions in response to the generous advertisement
given by the daily press, which has constantly
printed explanations of the charily and appeals for
funds.
ALMY, William, colonist, was born in Eng-
land, in 1601. He settled at Lynn, Mass., in l(i:!l,
and there resided for a few years; later returning to
England. In 1635 he emigrated again, in theship Abi-
gail, with his wife, Audrey, and children, Annisand
Christopher. He was one of the ten men of Lynn,
grantees of the town of Sandwich, by the Plymouth
court, in 1637, whose names are given by Barber in
his "Historical Collections," but whether he ever
removed to Sandwich, and assisted in founding that
town, is not known. In 1644 he was at Portsmouth,
R. I., and was granted lands at "the Wading
brook," the scene of the hard-fought battle, under
Sullivan and Greene, in August, 1778. Portsmouth
has ever since been the seat of the oldest branch of his
family. He soon rose to distinction in the infant
colony, then so much in need of good and capable
men. In 1648, the year after the formation of the
government, under the charter of 1643, he was as-
sistant for Portsmouth and commissioner in 1656-57
and 1663, the last session under the old charter. The
office of assistant corresponded to senator and com-
missioner to representative. William Almy's will,
dated February, 1676, mentions his children, Chris-
topher, John, Job, Ann and Catherine, from whom
the numerous and widely represented Almy family
is descended. He probably died in the year that his
will was executed.
NESMITH, John, manufacturer, was born at
Londonderry, Buckingham co., N. H., Aug. 3, 1793,
fourth child of John Nesmilh. His earliest known
ancestors removed from Scot-
laud to Ireland in 1690, settling
on the river Bann, which di-
vides the counties of London-
derry and Antrim. In 1718
James Nesinith, with his wife
and infant son, emigrated to
America with a company of
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and
became one of the proprie-
tors and founders of London-
derry, N. H. His eighth child,
Thomas, was the father of
John, of Windham, N. H.,
and grandfather of Thomas
and John, of Lowell. John
Nesmith, Sr., a prosperous mer-
chant of Windham, died in ^-
1806, leaving a widow and nine ^--rf^-z^r^-
children. Mrs. Nesmith, with //
the aid of her elder sons, ^
continued the business; but seven years later she be-
came the wife of Deacon Daniel McKeen, of Derry,
and removed to that place. John, soon after his
father's death, became a clerk in the store of John
Dow. of Haverhill, Mass. ; but in 1812 joined his
brother Thomas in conducting a store at Windham.
Ten years later they removed to the neighboring
town of Deny, where they remained for about eight
years. After spending a short time in New York city
as commission merchants, they took up the real
estate business, and in 1831 settled in Lowell, Mass.
There they bought the well-known Gedney estate,
of 150 acres, situated in that part of the town called
Belvidere; divided it into building lots, and laid out
streets, one of which perpetuates their name; dispos-
ing of the property to great advantage. The care of
his real estate was John's chief occupation, but he
carried -on philosophical and mechanical studies at
the same time. He invented several machines, in-
cluding one for making wire fences and one for
making shawl fringe. As agent or owner, he was
interested in mills in Lowell, Dracut, Chelmsford,
Hooksett and other places, and engaged in the manu-
facture of blankets, flannels, printing cloths, sheet-
ings and other fabrics. Foreseeing" the fitness of
Lawrence for manufacturing purposes, he bought
large tracts of land on both sides of the Merrimac,
and it was he who suggested the purchase of Lake
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
195
Winnipisiogee us a water supply for the mills upon
Unit river. Mr. Ncsinith was a presidential elector
ou the Republican lickel in 1S60 and 1*64; was lieu-
tenant governor nl' Mas-achusetts ill 186a,!iii(l would
have been renominalcd in 1863 if liis consent could
have been obtained. In 1863 lie was appointed col-
lector of internal revenue for his district, and held
the office until within a few days of bis death. lie
gave liberally lo the anti-slavery and temperance
causes, and in his will lell properly for the mainte-
nance of the indigent blind of New Hampshire and
for a public park in Franklin, in that state. Mr.
Nesmith was thrice married: first, in June, 1*'J.">,
to Mary, daughter of Samuel Bell, of Chester, N. 11.,
U. S. senator and governor of the stale in 1*19-23.
She died sj\ veurs later, anil he was married to her
cousin, Eli/a T., daughter of John Bell, no\ eni.u- uf
New Hampshire in 1829-30. She died in 1*36,
leaving two children, one of whom survives. His
third wife was Harriet R. , daughter of Aaron Mansnr,
of Lowell, who died Jan. 3. 1893. Mr. Nesmith
had a large family of children, seven of whom sur-
vived him: Kli/.a Bell, wife of John Bell Bouton,
author and journalist; Harriet Bell (deceased), who
was married to Horace B. C'oburn, of Lowell; Isabel.
wife of Hon. Frederic T. Greenhalne, governor of
Massachusetts in 1893-96; Joseph A . of Lowell;
Julia I)., wife of Thomas 1'. Ivy, and one unmarried
daughter. Thomas Xcsmith, brother of John, was a
colonel uf mil ilia in 1*30, a direct or of the Merchants'
Bank of Lowell, founder of a public library at Wind-
ham, N. 11., and giver of *•_'.">, OOO toward I he benefit
of the poor of Lowell. John Nesmith died at
Lowell. Mass., Oct. in. 1869.
WALKER, John Brisben, editor, author and
founder of Cosmopolitan University, was born on
the Monongahela river, in Pennsylvania, Sept. 10,
1847, son of John and Anna (K repps) Walker. His
father was a son of Maj. John Walker, one
of the first commissioners for the improvement of
western rivers; and his mother was a. daughter of
Gen. S. G. Krepps, chairman of the committee of
the Pennsylvania senate which, in 1*27, reported the
resolution asking for the abolition of slavery in the
District of Columbia. Mr. Walker is also greut-
great-grandson of Carl Christopher Springer, promi-
nent as a founder of the Swedish colony at Wil-
mington, on the Delaware river. Ha was educated
at the Gonzaga Classical School, Washington, I>. ('.,
and entered Georgetown University in 1863, re-
maining until his appointment to the U. S. Military
Academy, West Point, in 1865. While a cadet,
he invented an improved rammer for the guns of
monitors, which was approved by Ericsson, and
favorably reported by the navy "department. In
1868 he resigned from West Point, and accompanied
the U. S. minister, J. Ross Brown, to Peking, where
he entered the Chinese military service. He returned
in 1870, and became actively interested in manufac-
turing and other enterprises connected with the de-
velopment of Kanawha valley. Meantime, having
become active in public affairs, in 1872 he was nomi-
nated for congress ou the Republican ticket, but was
defeated ; in 1873 he represented West Virginia in
the immigration convention at Indianapolis, and in
1874 was chairman of the committee ou resolutions
of the first Ohio river improvement convention. His
entire fortune having been swept away in the
panic of 1873-74. he was offered an opportunity to
prepare a series of articles on economic questions
for the Cincinnati " Commercial," and was recom-
mended as managing editor to the proprietors of
the Pittsburgh ""Telegraph " by Murat Halstead.
Shortly afterwards he accepted the managing editor-
ship of the Washington (D. C.) "Chronicle," which
he held three years. In 1879 he besran a systematic
inspection of the arid sections of the West, with a
view to their reclamation by irrigation; and becoming
interested in an extensive tract on the outskirts of
Denver, became a pioneer in the cultivation of al-
falfa, which in the course of nine years yielded him
large profits. He was also actively instrumental in
a series of engineering operations for recovering bot-
tom lands in Denver, thus adding over 550 lots to
the area of the most valuable portion of the city. In
]**!! lie removed to New York
city, and purchased the " Cos.
mopolilan Magazine." which
he has since continued to edit.
In 1895 Ihe entire plant was
removed to Irvin^lon on Hud-
son, w here was elected an ex-
ten-ive building to accommo-
date all departments of his
business. Mr. Walker lias
c\ IT been an earnest advocate
of social, economic and edu-
cational reform, lie h:i^ de
\ i-i'd several notable schemes
al'HiL' these lines; notably a
plan for ;i national clearing
bouse for banks, which h.i-
lieen highly recommended by
several leading authorities on
banking; and a proposition
for an interconvertible bond,
the result of twenty-five years' siudv and research,
which has been endorsed by leaders in both political
parties. In 1*5)1 lie delivered an address before the
Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C.,
on "The Church andPoverty," which has turned the
thoughts of many prominent churchmen into Ihe
diiection of social reform movements and the scien-
tific treatment of poverty and its problems. The
crowning work of his life, however, was the founda-
tion of the Cosmopolitan University, in 1896. It is
the result of years of earnest thought in the direc-
tion of providing suitable educational advantages for
those whom lack of means or time has kept from the
usual institutions of learning. Any person over six-
teen years of age may be admitted as a student, free
of expense, except when able to afford the nominal
sum of $5 per term. The government and manage-
ment is vested in a president and board of trustee-,
while Mr. Walker himself has guaranteed sums
siitlicieut to meet all needs for a term of years. In-
struction is entirely by correspondence, and students
are encouraged in every way to personal investiga-
tion and independent reading on subjects under treat-
ment. At first it was thought that only a very limited
number of students would avail themselves of the ad-
vantages offered, but the idea has proved so accept-
able throughout the country that over 21,000 names
are now enrolled, and each autumn an increasing
number of applications is received. When Mr.
Walker first launched the scheme into practical op-
eration he invited Pres. Andrews, of Brown LTni-
vcrsity, to assume the executive office, but ou his
subsequent decision to retain his old office. Rev. Eli-
phalet Nott Potter, former president of LTnion and
Hobart colleges, accepted the charge. In the midst
of his manifold activities, Mr. Walker has written
considerably on economic and financial questions.
He has recently brought to light and proved the
authenticity of the ' ' Autobiography of Napoleon
Bonaparte " for his magazine (1898). His intimate
acquaintance with the bibliography of Napoleon, his
knowledge of military affairs and military men, here
and abroad, especially fitted him for this search
fraught with such important results. He is a mem-
ber of the Century Association of New York city,
the University Club of Chicago, and the Casino, at
Ardsley-on-Hudson, N. Y. The degree of Ph.D.
was conferred on him by Georgetown University at
196
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
its centenary celebration, in 1890. He was married,
in 1870, to Emily, daughter of Gen. David Hunter
Strother ("Porte Crayon"), soldier, author, poet
aud artist. They have seven sous aud one daughter.
WARD, Genevieve (Countess de Guerbel),
tragedienne, was born in New York city, March 27.
1838, daughter of Samuel and Lucy (Lee) Ward.
Her father, a native of Massachusetts and for many
years a prosperous planter and business man of
Texas, served at one time as U. S. consul at Bristol,
England ;;her mother, a woman of rare artistic and
intellectual gifts, was a daughter of Gideon Lee,
mayor of New York city (1833) and congressman
(1835-37). Part of Miss Ward's childhood was
passed in European countries, where she was I In-
constant companion of her mother in extensive trav-
els, and early became thoroughly conversant with
several continental languages. At the age of nine
she began to study the piano under the tuition of
the organist of St. Peter's, in Rome, and at thirteen,
by a special effort of Rossini, who foresaw the great
possibilities of her voice, she began regular les-
sons in singing under Ronzi, then director of the
opera in Florence. Early in 1854 she made the ac-
quaintance of Constantino de Guerbel. a Russian
nobleman of remarkably fascinating personality. He
proposed marriage, and, after
an apparently thorough inves-
tigation into his record, the
ceremony was performed at the
American consulate in Nice.
Almost immediately suspi-
cions of the bridegroom's char-
acter were aroused in several
directions, and on his failure
to arrange for the ceremony
at the Greek chapel in Paris,
which alone could validate the
marriage in Russia, Mrs. Ward
laid the matter before the
czar. The result was that
the recreant bridegroom was
summoned home by a spe-
cial ukase, and their wedding
being celebrated by Arch-
bishop Novitski in the cathe-
dral of Warsaw, the bride
and her family immediately
left the country. She never
again saw her husband, who died a few years later
as the result of his unbridled excesses. On return-
ing to Milan she resumed singing lessons under San
Giovanni; entered on the study of dramatic dec-
lamation with the poet Uberti, and at the same time
devoted considerable attention to other branches of
artistic accomplishment. Desiring an unbiased
judgment of her voice before essaying the stage, she
adopted the novel method of disguising herself as a
poor Italian girl and going to the rooms of the cele-
brated Lamperti to solicit instruction as a means to
earning her livelihood. The maestro, charmed with
the power and purity of her vocalization, encour-
aged her ambition, and she made such rapid progress
under his tuition that he readily forgave the innocent
ruse. In 1857 she made her debut in opera under
the name of Madame Guerrabella at La Scala,
Milan, in the title role of "Lucrezia Borgia," her
triumph there being duplicated at Bergamo in
"Stella di Napoli." The next year she appeared at
the Theatre des Italieus, Paris, in "Don Giovanni."
winning the highest encomiums from the French
press. After a year's study with Martha Groom, the
celebrated oratorio singer, she made her debut in
English opera as Maid Marian in MacFarren's
"Robin Hood" at the Covent Garden Theatre. Lon-
don, where she achieved another famous success.
During the Lenten season of 1862 she sang in "The
Messiah " at Exeter Hall, and was the first person
ever allowed the honor of au encore, in "Rejoice
Greatly," which to that time had been precluded by
the rules of the house. Later in the spriug she ap-
peared in Italian opera at Her Majesty's Theatre,
and in the autumn entered on a tour in the United
States. In Havana, in 1863, she made her final ap-
pearance on the operatic stage, a subsequent attack
of diphtheria resulting in the total loss of her singing
voice. After her return to New York city she
taught singing for several years in a young ladies'
school, and then, on advice of her friends, began
systematic study for the stage with Fanny Morant.
By dint of extraordinary application, she in six
months' time completely mastered fourteen parts,
and on Oct. 1, 1873, made her debut as Lady Mac-
beth at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, where during
the engagement of several weeks she also appeared
as Queen Constance in "King John." In November
she presented Hugo's "Lucrezia Borgia" in Dublin,
and early in 1874 "she attained so great success at the
Ach-lphi Theatre. London, in the part of Uuarita in
"The Prayer in the Storm," that the piece was con-
tinued for six months. Later in the same year she
played Rebecca in "Ivanhoe" at Drury Lane; then
toured successfully as Julia in the "Hunchback,"
Portia, Lucrezia Borgia, Lady Macbeth, Medea and
other parts. Early in 1875 she appeared as Countess
Thecla in Lewis Wingfield's "Despite the World"
and in William G. Wills' "Sappho," both written
expressly for her; and in December presented
" Antigone" at the Crystal Palace, London. In the
fall of 1876 she began a period of study under Reg-
tiier, the great dramatic teacher and critic, and at
the end of the winter made her French debut at the
Porte St. Martin Theatre, Paris, presenting scenes
from "Macbeth" in French and English. Favor-
able proposals for professional engagements came to
her from all parts of the continent; but, preferring
to confine herself to English drama, she, in Septem-
ber, 1877, accepted an invitation to play Queen
Katherine at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. In
March, 1878, she appeared as Emilia in "Othello"
at the Queen's Theatre, London, being declared by all
critics "the best Emilia of our generation," and then
entered on a tour of the provinces as Portia and
Queen Katharine. She made her first appearance in
America at Booth's theatre, New York, Sept. 2,
1878, in the roles of Jane Shore and Queen Katha-
rine, aud thereafter made an extensive tour of the
continent. On her return to London, in April, 1879,
she leased the Lyceum Theatre, where she produced
"Zillah," "Lucrezia Borgia" and "Forget-Me-
Not"; and in 1880 she appeared as Clorinde in
Angier's " L'Aventuriere " at the Prince of Wales
Theatre. In 1881-82 she again toured through the
United States and Canada with "Forget-Me-Not,"
and in 1888-85 through India and Australia. In
1891 she made a tour in South Africa with "Forget-
Me-Not " and various Shakespearean plays, obtaining
new laurels. In 1893, with Sir Henry Irving, she
played Queen Eleanor in "Becket" at the Lyceum
Theatre, and later helped to increase her reputa-
tion by a superb rendering of Queen Margaret in
"Richard III." Miss Ward is widely noted as one
of the most impassioned and intelligent interpreters
of tragic characters known in modern times. Her
elegant appearance, powerful voice aud unfailing
devotion to her work have contributed to her ex-
alted position in the profession. Two biographies
of her have appeared: " Memoir of Ginevra Guerra-
bella." by Henry Wikoff (1863) and "Geuevieve
Ward" by Zadel B. Gustafson (1881).
DANE, Nathan, lawyer, was born at Ipswich,
Dec. 29, 1752. He was one of the family of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
197
six sons mid six daughters of a fanner in uooil
circumstances, and was descended from one of three
brothers who were among the first settlers of (Jlou-
cester. Andover and I|iswicli. Until after attaining
his majority he worked on his father's farm, and to
this circumstance he attributed the physical vigor
and power <>f long-continued application to study
for which he became so remarkable, lie, meantime,
attended a common school, devoting his leisure to
general leading and the study of mathematics. Hav-
ing prepared himself for college in eight months, he
entered Harvard, anil was graduated in 1778 with a
high reputation for industry and .scholarship. lie then
began the study of law under Judge Wet more, of
Salem, while teaching school at Beverly, Mass.,
where, in 1782, he began practice, and soon became
prominent. During the three years following his
admission to the bar he was a representative in the
general court of Massachusetts, and is said to have
distinguished himself by his ability in debate, knowl-
edge of and capacity for public business and the up-
rightness and directness of his views. In 1 785 h<: was
a delegate to the Continental congress, was re elected
in 1780 and 17*7, and did excellent service on many
important committees. It was while in this body
that he drafted the celebrated ordinance passed in
1787 for the government of the territory northwest
of the Ohio river. Just on the eve of its passage, it
occurred to him to insert the clause by which slavery
was forever excluded from the states north of the
Ohio; the clause reading, "That there shall be
neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said
territory." Another clause declares "That religion,
morality and knowledge being necessary to i;ood
government and to the happiness of mankind, schools
and the means of education shall forever be encour-
aged." The ordinance also contained a prohibitory
clause against all laws impairing the obligation of
contracts, which was made a part of the constitution
of the United States a few mouths later. This ordi
nance was adopted without a single alteration; and
in 1830, in the U. S. senate, Daniel Webster said of
it : "We are accustomed to praise the lawgivers of
antiquity; we help to perpetuate the fame of Solon
and Lycurgus; but I doubt whether one single law
of any lawgiver, ancient or modern, has produced
effects of a more distinct and marked and lasting
character than the ordinance of "87." In 1790 Mr.
Dane was a member of the Massachusetts sena; ;
was re-elected in 1794, and again in 1796, 1797, 1798.
In 1794 he was appointed a judge in the court of
common pleas for Essex count}', but resigned soon
after taking the oath of office; and in 1795 he was
appointed on a committee to revise the laws of the
state. He was appointed, in 1811, to revise and pub-
lish the charters that had been granted in Massa-
chusetts, and iu 1812 was delegated to make a publi-
cation of the statutes. He was a presidential elector
in 1812, a member of the Hartford convention in
1814, and in 1820 was chosen a member of the con-
vention for revising the state constitution, but on
account of increasing deafness did not take his seat.
Mr. Dane took an active interest in many objects of
feneral improvement and benevolence. He gave
15, 000 to found the Harvard Law School, which re-
sulted in the establishment of the Dane professorship
of law, the chair beiug filled by Judge Joseph Story
until his death, according to Mr. Dane's request.
Mr. Dane was a member of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural Society, the Massachusetts and Essex his-
torical societies, the American Antiquarian Society;
an honorary member of the Indiana and Michigan
societies and of the Dane Law Library of Ohio, as a
tribute to his service in drawing the famous ordi-
nance. He was one of the founders of the Massa-
chusetts Temperance Society, the first established
society of the kind; was its president for several
years, and contributed largely to its support. Mr.
Dane was a religious man, believing firmly in the
doctrines of Christianity, and during fifty years of
his life devoted a part of every Sunday, after at-
tending divine service, to reading the Scriptures,
very often iu the original languages. In his habits
anil manners Mr. Dane was rigidly simple. He went
straight forward to whatever object he had iu view,
w n bout parade in either the preparation or execution,
lie was uniformly prompt and .systematic, and his
whole life was one of constant and wonderful dili-
gence. The qualities of his intellect were oi tin-solid
kind. By his cast of mind, as well as by habit, he
was inclined to the severer and graver studies. His
judgment was singularly discriminatini: and w ell bal-
anced, unbiased by pa^ion or prejudice. In the
management of public affairs he was cautious, firm,
wise and able. He possessed great goodness of
heart ; in his domestic life was always kind, and en-
joyed a married life of fifty -:i\e years, his wife sur-
viving him live years. He was a man of strong
attachments, benevolent, amiable, and with a fund
of humor and anecdotes. His works are: "A
Ceiieial Abridgment and Digest of American Law'
and an "Appendix." He died of paralysis, at
Beverly, Mass.. Feb. 15, 1835.
PHILLIPS, Morris, journalist, was born iu Lon-
don, England, May 'J, 1834, son of a merchant. At
an early age he commenced to earn his own living,
but obtained a liberal education.
He connected himself with the
firm of Brown, Hull & Vandei
pool. New York city, and turned
his attention to the study of law.
For some time he remained un-
settled in his life's vocation,
wavering between law and com-
merce, until 1854, when he was
offered the position of private sec-
retary to George P. Morris, i he-
veteran editor. From that time,
with the exception of a brief in.
termission, the name of Morris
Phillips has been indissolubly
connected with the ' ' Home Jour-
nal." In 1864-66 he was co-editor
with Nathaniel P. Willis. He
has reached his present position
by hard labor and close atten-
tion to his duties, and, above all,
by giving to the cultured world, to which he caters,
the most suitable literature. As a manager and ed-
itor, he shows rare taste and skill, and may aptly be
called "the father of society news in this country."
Commencing on a salary of $5 a week on the "Home
Journal," he is now (1899) sole owner of that publi-
cation. Scandal finds no place in the pages of
his paper, whose cheery open columns have brought
joy and entertainment to maiy households; and, un-
der his able management, it is in the prime of a
vigorous success, xle was married, in New York
city, in 1865. His wife died in 1877, leaving two
daughters and a son, who is associated with him
in business.
CLARK, Henry James, naturalist, was born
at Easton, Bristol CO., Mass., June 22, 1826, son of
Rev. Henry Porter and Abigail Jackson (Orton)
Clark. His parents having removed to Brooklyn,
N. Y., he entered the University of the City of New
York, was graduated in 1848, and at once began
teaching at White Plains, N. Y., a locality where he
gratified his fondness fortaking long walks. Finding
a flower that was not described in Gray's " Botany,"
he corresponded with the author, who urged the
young man to become his pupil at Cambridge, and
thither Clark removed in 1850. While a student at
the botanic garden, he taught in the academy at West-
198
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
field, Mass., for one term. Soon after this he entered
the Lawrence Scientific School, making a special
study of zoology under Agassiz, and iu 1854 was
graduated. In 1856-63 he was associated with Agas-
siz in preparing the anatomical and embryological
portions of the "Contributions to the Natural His-
tory of the United States," and was praised by him
as "the most accurate observer in the country." He
had become accomplished iu the use of the pencil as
well as of the scalpel, and made nearly all the draw-
ings for the plates in the " Contributions, "illustrating
the embryology and histology of the turtles and
acalephs. In the use of the microscope he was sur-
passed by few, either in America or Europe, and he
suggested improvements which were commended by
Agassiz, and were adopted by Spencer, the instru-
ment maker, of Canastota, N.Y. The result was a
microscope with three kinds of objectives, and this,
which was ready for use in 1859, was equal to any
made at that time iu Europe. In June, 1860, he be-
came professor of zoology in the Lawrence Scien-
tific School, and iu the spring and summer he gave
a course of lectures on histology at the museum of
comparative zoology. In the spring of 1863 he sev-
ered his connection with the museum. In 1864 he
delivered a course of lectures before the Lowell In-
stitute in Boston, and these were published in the
same year, with the title, " Mind in Nature; or, the
Origin of Life, and the Mode of Development of
Animals." In the biography of Prof. Clark, con-
tributed to the "Memoirs of the National Academy
of Science," by Prof. A. 8. Packard, the latter says
of the volume just mentioned : "This is, in all re-
spects, for its usually sound and clear thinking, its
breadth of view, and the amount of original work
it contains, perhaps the most remarkable general
zoological work as yet produced in this country. It
anticipated certain points in histology, and the struc-
ture of the protozoa and sponges especially, which
have made the succeeding labors of some European
observers notable." In December,
1866, Prof. Clark took the chair
of botany, zoology and geology in
the Agricultural College of Penn-
sylvania, and remained there until
April, 1869, when he removed to
Lexington, Ky., having been ap-
pointed professor of natural his-
tory in the University of Ken-
tucky. In February, 1872, he was
called to the chair of veterinary
science in the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College at Amherst, and
there spent the remainder of his
, •yWTJW days. Throughout life Prof. Clark
/ ' ^J* kept up his interest in botany,
./ studying it from the side of vege-
table histology and morphology.
" The influence of his knowl-
edge of botany was marked,"
says Packard. " It prepared him
for his studies on spontaneous
a, on the theory of the cell, on the struc-
ture of the protozoa and the nature of protoplasm."
After leaving Cambridge, he studied the infusoria
and lower plants, and planned an extensive work on
the former subject, making for it a number of draw-
ings of great delicacy and beauty. His publications
were chiefly iu the form of papers contributed to
periodicals, his first being " The Peculiar Growth of
Kings in the Trunk of Rhus Toxicodendron"
(1856); his last, " The American Spougilla, a Craspe-
dote, Flagellate Infusorian" (1871). He left an ex-
tended "Monograph of theLucernaria?," which was
published after his death by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. "He adopted." says Packard, "and strongly
urged the doctrine of spontaneous generation, from
the facts afforded by the experiments of Prof. Wy
inan, and on the question of evolution adopted
views resembling those of Prof. Owen." He bat-
tled with disease for a number of years, therefore
the amount of work he performed is all the more to
his credit. In 1856 he was elected a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in
1870 an associate fellow of the same. In 1857 he
became a member of the Boston Society of Natural
History. In 1865 he was chosen a corresponding
member of the American Philosophical Society, in
1866 corresponding member of the Essex Institute,
and iu 1868 correspondent of the Philadelphia
Academy of Sciences. In 1872 he was elected a
member of the National Academy of Sciences, at
that time limited to fifty. His writings were recog-
nized and referred to by some of the leading zoolb
gists in Europe. Prof. Clark was married, in Boston,
Mass., Sept. 29, 1854, to Mary Young Holbrook,
who bore him eight children, seven of whom sur-
vived their father. He died at Amherst, Mass., July
1. 1H73.
TURNER, William Wadden, philologist, was
born in London, Oct. 23, 1810, sou of Robert Wad-
den and Elizabeth (Jamison) Turner. His father
had been a prosperous contractor in London, but
having met with financial reverses, came to New
York city when William was seven years of age,
and engaged iu the lumber business. William's
love of Uinguages was early manifested by his deter-
mination at the age of six that he woidd some time
study Hebrew, to which resolve he held fast. After his
father's death, in 1828, he selected the printer's trade,
and, hand -presses being still in use, he employed a
German boy as "roller," to whom he paid a trifle
extra for the opportunity of getting through him a
fair command of that language. When he was
about seventeen years of age, after his mother's
death, the family removed from New York city to
Brooklyn. He worked with stern perseverance,
mastering Latin, Greek, Hebrew and cognate Oriental
languages, later having the assistance of Dr. Isaac
Nordheimer, then professor of Hebrew at Columbia
College, who also taught him Arabic. He was col-
laborator with Dr. Nordheimer on his "Hebrew
Grammar, Chrestomathy and Concordance," pub-
lished in 1838. Mr. Turner was engaged in printing
this work at New Haven, Yale College having the
only Hebrew font in the country. Later he assisted
Prof. Moore in the library of Columbia; and in 1842,
when Prof. Moore became president of the college,
Mr. Turner was elected to the chair of Oriental
literature iu Union Theological Seminary. This
position he held until 1852, when he was called to
Washington to organize the library of the patent
office; and it was to his untiring assiduity that that
office owed the most complete technical library in
the world. He was secretary of the National Insti-
tute; contributed to the transactions of the American-
Oriental and Ethnological societies, and did con-
siderable work for the Smithsonian Institution. He
translated Van Raumer's ' ' America " (1845); vol. 1 of
Mackeldey's "Civil Laws" (1845); and Freund's "Ger-
man-Latin Lexicon" (1851); also prepared a vocabu-
lary of the jargon or trade language of Oregon (1851)
and a grammar and dictionary of the Yoruba lan-
guage (1858), with one of the Dakota. He had few
equals as a philologist, and he was most upright,
conscientious and punctilious as a public officer.
His closest friends seem to have been Hon. Mr.
Ewbank, the commissioner of patents, who called
Prof. Turner to Washington; the celebrated Albert
Gallatin, noted for his knowledge of aboriginal dia-
lects, and John R. Bartlett, one of the commissioners
appointed to determine the boundary between Mexico
and the United Slates. Prof. Turner was married,
Sept. 13, 1855, to Mary Meade, daughter of Col.
OF AMERICAN BIOUKAPHY.
199
William B. Randolph, of the ol<l Virginia family.
He died in Washington, I). C., Nov. 211, 1859.
MUHLENBERG, William Augustus, clergy-
niiui, was boru in Philadelphia, Pa., Sept 16,
ITlHi, son of Henry William Muhlenberg. He was
a descendant of Rev. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg,
of au ancient fiiinily of Eimbeck, Hanover, Ger-
many, who, in 1741, emigrated to North America to
do missionary work among the scattered Lutherans,
and became the founder of (he Lutheran church in
the new world. William Augustus was graduated
at the University of Pennsylvania in 1S14, and be-
gan to prepare himself for ihe ministry of the Kpis-
eopal ehiirrh, in which he was ordained deacon in
1S|;. and three years afterwards priest, by Bishop
White. On his first ordination
he became assistant, to the rector.
Bishop White, of the united
parishes of Christ. Church, St.
Peter's and St. .lames', Phila-
delphia, in which position he re-
mained three \ears. In 1S21 lie
went lo Lancaster, Pa., where
he became rector of St. .lames
Church, and here he was chiefly
instrumental in establishing the
lirsi public school in the stale out-
side of Philadelphia. In 1828
he wenl to Flushing, L. I., and
founded a Christian high school,
which afterwards became St.
Paul's College. Of these in-
^y, stilutions he was principal and
\A**ff""\ V^vhZedUris. rector until 1S4I1, some eighteen
^ T years. In 1S4U he became rec-
<-' tor of the Church of the Holy
Communion in the city of New York, which
had been erected by his sister, Mrs. A. C. Rogers, as
a memorial to her deceased husband. On St. Luke's
Day, 1846, Dr. Muhlenberg took occasion to call the
attention of his congregation to the want of a chinch
hospital in the city of New York, and half of the
morning collection was laid aside for this purpose.
Out of this contribution, which amounted to only
$30, gradually grew a fund of $1110,1)0(1, and then a
second hundred thousand, and the edifice of St.
Luke's Hospital was built on Fifty-fourth street, be-
tween Fifth and Sixth avenues. The corner-stone
was laid by Bishop \Vainwright in May, 1854. The
chapel was opened for divine service on Ascension
Day 1857, and the hospital was opened for the re-
ception of patients on Ascension Day, May 13, 1858.
In 1857 Dr. Muhlenberg became the first pastor and
superintendent of St. Luke's Hospital, a position
which he held to the time of his death. He also
retained the nominal rectorship of the Church of
the Holy Communion. In 1843 he organized the first
Protestant sisterhood in the United Slates. These
sisters have in charge St. Luke's Hospital and also a
day school connected with the Church of the Holy
Communion. The concluding work of his life was
the founding of a Christian industrial community
known as St. Johnland, located on the North shore
of Long Island, in Suffolk county, about forty-live
miles from the city of New York, and consisting of
a property of nearly 500 acres, the objects being to
provide cheap and comfortable homes, with the
means of social and moral improvement for deserv-
ing families from among the working classes, to
maintain a home for aged men in destitute circum-
stances, to care for friendless children and youth,
especially cripples, and to assist indigent boys and
young men who desire literary education with a
view to the Gospel ministry. Here have been erected,
as the gifts of three individuals: a home for crippled
and destitute children, costing over $7,000; an old
men's home, costing $30,000, and a church edifice
costing $11,000. Dr. Muhlenberg was the writer of
several well-known hymns, including those be-
ginning: "I Would Not Live Alway;" "Like Noah's
Weary Dove," and "Shout the Glad Tidings."
Among his published works were: "Christian Edu-
cation " (1831); "Letters on Protestant Sisterhoods"
(is:,!!); "Family Prayers" (1861); "St. Johnland:
Ideal and Actual" (I«li7); "Evangelical Catholic
Papers, Addresses, Lectures and Sermons " (2 vols.,
1875-77). The degree of S.T.I), was conferred
on him by Columbia College in 1834. Among his'
many contributions to periodical literature were ar-
ticles on evangelical union, of which he was an ar-
dent advocate. The life of Dr. Muhlenberg wasone
of practical service in behalf of his fellow men. He
was a most happy illustration of the truly Christian
and practical benevolent character. He was never
married. Suitably enough, he died in St. Luke's Hos-
pital, and was buried at St. Johnlaud. The date of
his death was April S, 1S77. A volume by Sister
Anne Ay res, entitled "Life and Work of William
Augustus Muhlenberg," was published in 1HSO.
ARMITAGE, Thomas, clergyman, was born
at Pontefract, in the West Hiding of Yorkshire,
Kni>land, Aug. 2, ISl'.l, son of John and Mary (Bar-
ratt) Armitage. His ancestor, John Armitage, of
Bemslcy, was, in 11140. created a baronet by < 'harlcs I.
His mother was a granddaughter of Kev. Thomas
Barralt, a well-known Wcsleyan minister, anil under
her pious influence he early developed :( marked in-
leresi in religion. In 1S35, when a little mine than
fifteen vcars of aLre. he delivered his first sermon at
Atterelill'e common, near Sheffield, and immedi-
atelv received several urgent invitations to enter the
Methodist ministry, lie, however, confined his
ell. 'it-, to occasional lay-sermonizing and evangeliz-
ing, with great acceptance, for the next few years. In
l^:is he- sailed from Hull for New York, landing on
Sept. 5lh, and having been ordained a deacon by
Bishop \Vaugh, and elder by Bishop
Morris, he labored in the Metho-
dist ministry, his pastorates being
on Long Island, and afterward
at Fort Plain, Glovers\ille and
Waterford, and at the Washing-
ton Street Methodist Church, Al-
banv. While in the latter city, his
close association with Baptists led
him to revise his views on the na-
ture and use of baptism, and in 1848
he embraced the doctrines of the
denomination, and was immersed
by Kev. Bartholomew T. Welch,
D.D. Being immediately alter
received into the Baptist ministry,
three separate churches urged him
to become their pastor, one of
these being in Albany and two in
New York. The first of these
which he visited with a view to ac
cepting the pastorate, was the
Norfolk Street Church, and here he
preached three sermons. The next day the church
took fire and the building was burned to the ground.
This was on June 12, 1848. On the 19th of the
month Mr. Armitage was named as the successor of
the Kev. Mr. Benedict, who, being enfeebled with sick-
ness, had asked to be relieved. The church in 1859
purchased its present site at Fifth avenue and Forty-
sixth street for $27,000, and adopted the name Fifth
Avenue Baptist Church, with Mr. Armitage as pas-
tor. He rapidly obtained prominence in New York
as one of the leading writers and pulpit orators of
the denomination, and as a rare leader in benevolent
and missionary work. He was, in 1850, one of the
founders of the American Bible Union, of which he
became president in 1850. The degree of D. D. was
200
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
conferred on him. in 1853, by Georgetown College,
Kentucky, and LL.D. by the University of the City
of New York. He wrote two books: "A History of
the Baptists" (1880), and " Lectures on Preaching:
Its Ideal and Inner Life" (1886). On April 22,
1888, at the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church he
celebrated the fortieth anniversary of his pastoral
settlement over that church. There were three ser-
vices, and the church was crowded on each occa-
sion. Dr. Armitage delivered a sermon which was
very much of the nature of an autobiography, giv-
ing" reminiscences of his early life and religious his-
tory. He resigned from active work in 1890, and
thereafter preached irregularly as supply to vacant
pulpits. He was twice married. He second wife,
whom he wedded in 1846, was Nancy Diefendorf, of
Montgomery county, N. Y. He had four daughters
and two sons. He died in Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 21,
1896.
ELY, Richard Theodore, economist, was born
at Ripley, Chautauqua co., N. Y., April 13, 1854,
son of Ezra Sterling and Harriet Gardner (Mason)
Ely. His father, a native of Gravel Run, Pa., was
for many years a well-known civil engineer ; his
mother, a daughter of George Mason, of Ripley,
N. Y., was a landscape artist of great ability. The
original American representative of the family was
Richard Ely, of Plymouth,
England. who settled at Lyme,
Conn., in 1660, and from him
the line of descent runs through
his son, Richard Ely, 2d, and
his wife, Mary Marvin ; through
their son, Richard Ely, 3d,
and his wife, Elizabeth Peck;
through their son, Ezra Ely,
captain of the coast guard in
Connecticut during the revo-
lution,and his wife, Anne Sterl-
ing; through their son, Israel
Ely, and his wife, EuniceNoyes;
and through their son, Rev.
Judah Ely, and his wife, Irene
Stetson, parents of Ezra Ster-
ling Ely. Through his paternal
grandmother. Prof. Ely also
descends from Sarah, daugh-
ter of Rev. Thomas Hooker,
founder of Hartford, and wife
of Rev. John Wilson, of Medfield, Mass., whose father,
of the same name, was first pastor of Boston ; through
his paternal great-grandmother, he descends direct
from Elder William Brewster, of Plymouth colony.
Among ot her notable families represented in his gene-
alogy are those of Picket, Seldeu, Rawson, Dorr
and Taft. Richard T. Ely passed his early years on
his father's farm; being educated in the public
schools of his native village and at Fredonia, and
meantime having some experience in a civil engi-
neering corps with his father in laying out a
railroad in Pennsylvania. He entered Dartmouth
College, but at the end of his freshman year was
transferred to Columbia, where he was graduated in
1876; receiving appointment to the fellowship in let-
ters. This advantage enabled him to continue his
studies abroad, and in 1879 he received the degree
of Ph.D., summa cum laude, from Heidelberg Uni-
versity. He returned to the United States in the fol-
lowing year, and in 1881 was appointed to the chair
of political economy at Johns Hopkins University.
In the fall of 1892 he assumed the position of pro-
fessor of political economy and director of the school
of economics, political science and history in the
University of Wisconsin, an event which was looked
on as marking the beginning of a new era in the his-
tory of that institution. Dn Ely's influence has been
strongly felt in the development of economic science
in the United States and also in quickening the
churches to their duty with regard to the various so-
cial problems of the day. In April, 1891, he helped
to organize the Christian Social Union in the United
States, and was elected its secretary. The aim of the
society is the application of Christianity to social
problems. Dr. Ely was one of the originators of
the American Economic Association, which was
founded in 1885. He was secretaiy of the organiza-
tion from that time until 1892. While in Germany
Dr. Ely prepared for the U. S. department of state
a paper on German railroads. In Baltimore he was
for one year a member of the city tax commission,
and for two years a member of the lax commission
of the state of Maryland. In 1892 he received the
degree of LL.D. from Hobart College. He has
made frequent and valuable contributions to the
"North American Review," "The Forum," "Har-
per's," "The Century." and other magazines, and is
the editor of "Crowell's Library of Economics and
Politics." His most valuable contributions to soci-
ology are included in his several able and popular
volumes: " French and German Socialism in Mod-
ern Times" (1883); "Past and Present of Political
Economy" (1884); "Recent American Socialism"
(1885); "The Labor Movement in America" (1886)
and "Taxation in American States and Cities"
(1888), both pioneer works in their respective fields;
"Problems of To-Day" (1888); "Social Aspects of
Christianity"( 1889); "Introduction to Political Econo-
my" (1889); "Outlines of Economics" (Chautauqua
and College editions, 1893); "Socialism and Social
Reform " (1894); " The Social Law of Service" (1896).
The "Past and Present of Political Economy," "In-
troduction to Political Economy," and "Taxation
in American States and Cities," have been trans-
lated into Japanese. "The Introduction to Politi-
cal Economy " has recently appeared in a Dutch
translation, published under the auspices of Prof.
Treub, who uses it in his classes in the University of
Amsterdam. The "Outlines of Economics" has
been printed in raised characters for the blind. Dr.
Ely is distinguished, not only for his writings on
special subjects in political economy, but also for
the spirit he has infused into the science in this
country for the development of theory along various
lines, for the many well-known American economists
trained by him — lie has probably trained more than
any other one teacher — and for the remarkable re-
vival of popular interest in the science, with which he
is doubtless more to be credited than any other one
man. In 1884 Prof. Ely was married to Anna Mor-
ris, daughter of Joseph W. Anderson, of Richmond,
Va. They have three children.
NOAH, Mordecai Manuel, journalist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa.. July 19, 1785. He was
brought up in his native city, a clever, bright-eyed
Jewish boy of intellectual tastes, but equally fond of
fun. Theatrical performances especially appealed
to him, and not only did he seldom miss a night at
the theatre during the season, but even had a small
playhouse of his own, where he and his companions
gave frequent performances. The adapting and
sometimes writing of plays for this purpose generally
fell to young Noah's share, and although he seems
never to have contemplated making play-writing a
profession, he never ceased amusing himself by this
occupation. His first ambitious work of this kind,
••The Fortress of Sorrento," he elaborated in the
course of a youth spent partly as an apprentice to a
trade he disliked and afterwards in the study of law
and various small beginnings in literature and
politics. He took it to New York on his first visit
there, but it never progressed further than a man-
ager's desk. While still in early manhood he
went to Charleston, S. C., and there his irresistibly
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
201
genial and active disposition made him prominent in
legal, political and social circles. For the benefit of
a Charleston actress he wrote a second play, "Paul
and Alexis, or. the Orphans on the Rhine," which
was not only then produced successfully, but years
afterwards its author chanced to witness its perform-
ance under a different title in New York. In 1811
Noah declined an appointment as consul at Riga,
Russia, but two years later accepted a similar one at
Tunis, Morocco. On the voyage over his vessel was
captured by an English frigate, and he was held
prisoner in England for several weeks. As consul
Mr. Noah exercised his usual versatile, comprehen-
sive energy, and not only improved the governmental
relations, but succeeded also in freeing several
Americans who were held as slaves
in the Barbary states. Returning to
America in is]!), he settled in New
York city, where he resided for the
rest of his life, in the enjoyment of
many 1 ors and of great popular-
ity. Although always engaged in
a dozen different projects, he was
primarily a journalist, editing in suc-
cession the "National Advocate."
"New York Enquirer," "Evening
Star," "Commercial Advertiser,"
" Union" and "The Times and Mes-
senger," and he gained the reputa-
tion of being the best paragraphist
of his day. Soon after his return
*i I a A / to America he published an account
(AJ/W/L~e™~\ of his "Travels in England, France,
S Spain, and the Barbary Slates "
(1819). Later, becoming interested in
an English actress who came to America on the same
ship with him, he wrote for her a play called "She
Would be a Soldier; or, the Battle of the Cliippewa. "
Through it he became, as he says, " domiciliated in
the green room," and was often solicited for plays.
He therefore wrote "Marion; or, the Hero of Lake
George" and "The Grecian Captive," both for the
benefit of friends. His last play, "The Siege of Trip-
oli."realized at the first performance nearly $2,000;
but the theatre was burned that same night, and "the
major," as he was always called, distributed the
whole sum among those who suffered by the fire.
This was but one instance of his liberality, for he
was a man of impulsive generosity. One of his
favorite schemes was to gather all the Jews of the
world on Grand Island, in the Niagara river, where
the}' were to build the New Jerusalem, with Maj.
Noah as "Judge of Israel." He even went so far as
to erect a monument on the site of the projected
city, but the undertaking was too impracticable to
progress further. In 1845 he delivered "A Dis-
course on the Restoration of the Jews," which was
afterwards published. In the course of his life in
New York he tilled the offices of sheriff and judge.
In the words of a writer in • ' Lippincott's Magazine":
" His versatility was wonderful — sometimes, per-
haps, audacious. He could lecture on the origin of
the American Indians with a complaisant assurance
that set the venerable Albert Gallatin and all the
other American ethnologists aghast. But he was a
man of the world, and knew the world well; sheriff,
judge, consul, politician, dramatist (or rather play-
wright) and journalist, with a style racy, easy,
genial and humorous." Duyckinck says: "There
was no man better known in his day "than Major
Noah. His easy manners, fund of anecdote, fond-
ness for biographical and historical memoirs, ac-
quaintance with the public characters, political and
social, of half a century, with whom his newspaper
writings had brought him in contact; his sympathy
with the amusements of the town of all descriptions,
actors, singers, and every class of performers, all of
which were severally promoted by his benevolent
disposition, madt his company much sought and
appreciated." In 1845 Maj. Noah published a
volume of his newspaper essays, entitled ' ' Gleanings
from a Gathered Harvest." He died in New York
city. May 22, 1851.
FULTON, Justin Dewey. clergvman, was born
in Sherlmrue, Madison co., N. Y., March 1, 1828,
son of John I. and Clarissa (Dewey) Fulton. His
lather, a descendant of North of Ireland stock,
was a Baptist clergvman. and pastor of several im-
portant churches in the Empire state, and in 1836
went to Michigan, where he became identified with
the educational and religious institutions. At the
aue of eleven Justin D. Fulton united with the
First Baptist Church of Brooklyn. Mich. He at-
tended an academy in Tecumseh, Mich., and studied
in a desultory way when not employed on the
parental farm. At the age of eighteen he deter-
mined to enter college, and in the fall of 1S47
was matriculated at the University of Michigan,
where he remained three years, paying his way by
working at various occupations. In his senior year
he was transferred to the University of Rochester,
especially for the study of Hebrew, and being gradu-
ated in 1851, entered the theological seminary.
About this time he was requested to take charge of
a Bible Union paper in St. Louis, and going there in
Peeeinher, 1853, at once pushed it into large circu-
l.-itinii. He resigned from this connect ion on account
of his views on slavery; having delivered the first
free stale sermon ever preached in St. Louis, in the
church founded by himself in Biddle Market hall, and
nl'iei \\ardskno\vn as the Tabernacle Baptist Church.
He was now invited to enter one of the most success-
ful law firms in St. Louis, and also to become literary
editor of oneof the brightest daily newspapers in the
city ; but he had become devoted to his church and
the cause of the slave, and though almost penniless,
declined both offers. His new church, however,
could not support him and
he went to Toledo, O., and
resided wiih his In-other.
Here he wrote " The Roman
Catholic Element in Ameri-
can History," and while en-
gaged in this work was in
viled to supply a pulpit in
Sandusky. The result was
that he was called by this so-
ciety.and during a five years'
incumbency gained a reputa-
tion as a hard worker, reviv-
ing six churches in the Huron
association, while the church
in Sandusky grew strong in
his hands. He, however,
lost his voice, and being
obliged to move to a different
climate, settled in Albany,
N.Y. In 1859 he became pa's-
tor of the Tabernacle Church,
in that city, and remained there four years. In
December, "1863, he was invited to take charge of
the Tremout Temple congregation in Boston, Mass.,
and there labored with great success during nearly
ten years, becoming a universally recognized force
in the ministry. In 1873 he was called to the Han-
son Place Baptist Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., where
he remained for two years, but then, finding a lack
of sympathy among his parishioners, went to the
Clinton Avenue Chapel. There, on Dec. 14th of
that year, the Centennial Baptist Church was or-
ganized ; but later, his congregation having pur-
chased the Brooklyn Rink for $50,000, Dr. Fulton
rapidly created a church second in importance and
Christian work to no other in the city of Brooklyn.
202
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
He resigned from this pastorate iu 1887, and an-
nounced his intention of thenceforth endeavoring to
convert Roman Catholics to Protestantism. In 1871
the degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the
University of Rochester. As a lecturer, he made
for himself an extended and deserved fame, being a
brilliant, magnetic and forcible speaker, especially
on temperance and other reforms. Among his
•works are: "Life of Timothy Gilbert" (1864);
"Woman as God Made Her" (1867); "The Way
Out" (1870); "The Fight with Rome" (1870);
"Show Your Colors" (1881); "Rome in America"
(1884); "Why Priests Should Wed" (1888), and
" Washington in the Lap of Rome " (1889). Dr.
Fulton was married, in 1856, to Sarah E. Norcross, of
Saudusky, O., by whom he has had four children.
In 1884 he was married to Mrs. Laura K. Whipple,
and iu 1897 to Jennie A. Chapman.
PARK, Edwards Amasa, theologian, was
born in Providence, R. I., Dec. 29, 1808, sou of Cal-
vin and Abigail (Ware) Park and grandson of Nathan
and Ruth (Bannister) Park, of Wreutham, Mass. His
mother, a native of Wrentham, was a descendant of
Rev. Samuel Ware, first minister of the town. His
father, born at Northbridge, Mass., was graduated
at Brown University in 1797, was a member of the
faculty in 1800-25, and pastor of the Evangelical
Congregational ChurchatStoughton,
Mass. , in 1826-40. Edwards A. Park
and his two brothers were graduated
at Brown University, and" all three
became Congregational ministers.
On leaving the university in 1826, he
entered Andover Theological Semi-
nary; in 1831 was graduated, and in
1831-33 was pastor of the Orthodox
Congregational church at Braintree,
Mass. In 1835 he accepted the chair
of moral and intellectual philosophy
and of Hebrew literature at Amherst
College, and in 1836 that of sacred
rhetoric in Andover Seminary. In
1S47 he was made professor of Chris-
tian theology, resigning the other
chair to Prof. Austin Phelps, and con-
tinned to instruct until 1881, when
he was retired as emeritus professor.
He held without deviation the doc-
trines set forth in the creed of Andover Seminary,
which are often called the New England system of
theology, being a modified form of Calvinism. In
later years his life was saddened by a controversy
that arose over the teaching of several of his brother
professors of beliefs inconsistent with the seminary's
creed, a controversy that was carried into the courts
with the board of visitors as complainants and the
trustees of the seminary and a majority of the fac-
ulty on the other side. With his friend" Dr. Phelps,
he opposed this "new theology" with all the
force of his great intellect, only to remain on the
losing side. Prof. Park inherited from his father
nice discrimination and cultivated taste, and his
style as a writer was both vigorous and graceful. He
began to contribute to periodicals when only twenty
years of age, and thereafter published numerous ar-
ticles, including reviews, especially to the " Ameri-
can Quarterly Register," the "Spirit of the Pil-
grims," the "Congregational Quarterly" and the
" Bibliotheca Sacra." The last named was founded
by him in 1844, in connection with Prof. Bela B. Ed-
wards. He was associate editor until 1851 and was
editor-in-chief in 1851-84. He contributed to the
American edition of Smith's " Dictionary of the
Bible," McClintock & Strong's "Cyclopedia of Bib-
lical Literature " and the " Schaft'-Herzog Encyclo-
paedia." He published iu pamphlet form memoirs of
Profs. Moses Stuart and Bela B. Edwards of Ando-
ver Seminary ; Rev. Dr. Leonard Woods, president
of Bowdoin College ; Rev. Dr. Richard S. Storrs, of
Braiutree, Mass., and other eminent divines. He
wrote a " Memoir of the Life and Character of Sam-
uel Hopkins, D.D. " (1852) to accompany an edition
of Hopkins' works ; a memoir to accompany the
" Writings of Prof. Bela B. Edwards" (1853), and a
"Memoir of Nathaniel Emmons" (1861), published
in Vol. I. of an edition of Dr. Emmons' works. The
last named memoirwas republished in separate form.
He edited the writings of Rev. William Bradford
Homer (1842) and wrote an introductory essay for the
second edition (1849) ; also " The Atone'ment " (1860),
discourses and treatises by distinguished American
clergymen, to which he prefixed an essay on the
" Rise of the Edwardean Theory of the Atonement."
He was one of the translators and editors of "Selec-
tions from German Literature" (Audover, 1839).
Among other publications were a sermon, "Theol-
ogy of the Intellect and of the Feelings " (1850) ; an
"Election Sermon" (1883); a pamphlet on "The
Associate Creed of Andover Theological Seminary"
(1883), and a volume entitled " Discourses on Some
Theological Doctrines as Related to the Religious
Character" (1885). With Dr. Austin Phelps and
Lowell Mason he compiled "The Sabbath Hymn-
Book" (1858), which had a large sale, and with Dr.
Phelps and Dr. Daniel L. Furber published "Hymns
and Choirs" (1860), to which he prefixed an essay on
the " Text of Hymns." Dr. Park was an impressive
speaker and very stimulating as an instructor. He
was married at Hunter, N. Y., iu 1836, to Ann Maria
Edwards, daughter of William and Rebecca (Tap-
pan) Edwards. She bore him one son and one
daughter. Mrs. Park was a great-granddaughter of
Pres. Jonathan Edwards.
WARE, Eugene F., lawyer and statesman, was
born at Hartford, Conn., May 29, 1841, son of Hiram
B. and Amanda M. Ware. His parents, as well as his
four grandparents, all lived to celebrate their golden
weddings. He is a lineal descendant of Robert Ware,
one of the early settlers of Massachusetts. He was
educated in the public schools of that city, and when
a lad removed with his parents to Burlington, la.,
there continuing his education in the public schools.
At the outbreak of the civil war, in 1861. he en-
enlisted iu the 1st Iowa volunteer infantry, April 13th,
the same day Fort Sumter was fired upon. He served
throughout the entire war, and was mustered out of
service June 1, 1866, with the rank of captain of
cavalry; being at the time an aide-de-camp of Maj.-
Gen. G. M. Dodge, theretofore one of Gen. Sherman's
corps commanders. Mi'. Ware removed to Fort Scott,
Kan., in 1867, studied law and was admitted to the
bar iu 1871. He was a member of the state senate of
Kansas two terms, was commissioner for Kansas at
the celebration of the Yorktown centennial and com-
missioner-at large to the Washington centennial iu
New York city. Gov. St. John made him major-
general of the Kansas state militia, his appointment
being confirmed by the senate, but he declined to ac-
cept the honor. He has an extensive law practice. In
1888 he was presidential elector-at-large for Kansas,
elected by over 80,000 plurality. He was a member
of, and delegate to, two national Republican conven-
tions. He is devoted to literary studies, and as a poet
has made considerable reputation. His "Rhymes of
Irouquill" met with favor, and in 1889 he delivered
the Memorial Day poem at the national cemetery,
Arlington, Va., in the presence of a large audi-
ence, including the president and cabinet and many
other public officials. He was married Oct. 22, 1874,
to Nettie P.. daughter of George Huntington, of
Rochester, N. Y., and a granddaughter of Gov.
Galusha, of Vermont. They have four children.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
203
CLARK, Jonas Oilman, founder of Clark
University, Worcester, Mass., was born at Hub-
bardston, Worcester co., Mass., Feb. 1, 1815, sou of
William Smith and Elizabeth (Clark) Clark, and
descendant of Hugh Clark, who came to Massachu-
setts in the seventeenth century. John Clark, great-
grandfather of Jonas and first of the name in Hub-
bardston, held a high position in the town, and was
captain of its militia. He was a delegate to the first
and second provincial congresses of Massachusetts
(1774, 1775), and during the revolutionary war fur
nished by contract large supplies of beef to the
patriot army. His son, William,
whose wife, Hannah Smith, was a
native of Rutland, Mass., was one of
a company that marched to Boston
on receipt of news of the battle of
Lexington, and later served in Col.
Doolittle's regiment as a member of
Capt. Wheeler's company. The ma-
ternal grandfather of Jonas Clark,
Samuel Clark, served in the Conti-
nental army as first lieutenant in
Capt. Oliver Root's company in Col.
Jonathan Smith's regiment, and in
1779 was commissioned first lieuten-
ant in the 5th Middlesex regiment,
Capt. Thomas Mellcn, under Col.
Perry. Jonas Clark worked on his
father's farm until he was eighteen
years of age, and then was appren-
ticed to a carriage- maker. His ap-
prenticeship ended, he en gaged in the manufacture of
carriages himself, and gradually became connected
with other enterprises, removing to Huston, where
he remained until 1853. By that time he had accu-
mulated considerable wealth, and having increased
it by the sale of his interest in various business con-
cerns, he went to California. He remained in that
state until 1858, concerned in a number of transac-
tions that were very profitable, and then settled in
New York city, where greater prosperity attended
him. Frequent trips to Europe were made, and, in
all, eight years were spent in travel, one of his objects
being the study of the rise and development of uni-
versities, with a view to founding an institution of
learning in his own country. Says a writer in ' ' Edu-
cation " for December, 1889: "Looking around at
the facilities obtainable in this country for the prose-
cution of original research, he was struck with the
meagerness and the inadequacy. Colleges and pro-
fessional schools we have in abundance, but there
appeared lobe no one grand inclusive institution, un-
saddled by an academic department, where students
might pursue as far as possible their investigations
of any and every branch of science. . . . Mr. Clark
visited the institutions of learning in almost every
country of Europe. He studied into their history
and observed their present working. He sought out
the ancient shrines of scholarship and informed him-
self respecting the very beginnings of educational
movements. Indeed, he had prepared in manu-
script for his own use accounts of the various methods
of instructing and educating the human mind in
vogue from the time when learning began to be
disseminated through the world." Worcester was
chosen as the seat of the new foundation, because its
location is central among the best colleges of the
East, and because it already had a number of educa-
tional and literary institutions, and a cultivated and
wealthy class of citizens, who would be likely to
give the university their sympathy and pecuniary
support. Further, Mr. Clark hoped that the older
colleges and universities would regard the new
foundation as an auxiliary, supplementing their
work, rather than as a rival. Having formed a board
cf trustees, eight in number, graduates of Harvard,
Bowdoin, Dartmouth and Amherst, Mr. Clark gave
an endowment fund of $2,000,000, and in the same
year, 1887, a charter was secured, laud and other
property was transferred to the board, and the erec-
tion of a central building, bearing the founder's
name, was begun. Prof. G. Stanley Hall, a pro-
fessor in Johns Hopkins University, was called to
the presidency, and in October, 1889, work was be-
gun in five departments, with fourteen instructors
and forty students. Seven years later the "Outlook "
published a summary of the work accomplished, and
in commenting thereon, said of the university:
"Though it. has but a small endowment, though its
faculty is not large, and though its number of stu-
dents is quite limited, yet it has made an impression
on thought and life, anil in the few years of its ex-
istence, which places it, alongside any institution of
learning in the country. It has created the science
of paidology, or child study; it has done more than
any other university or body of men to make
psychology a genuine science; and it has made im-
portant contributions to physics, chemistry and
biology. Such a history ought to secure for it the
support which is necessary to make it the centre of
post-graduate training in this country." In addition
to his gifts to the university, which included funds
for fellowships and scholarships, Mr. Clark erected
in his native town of Hubbardston a building for a
library and town hall, endowing the same and adding
a Sne collection of books. Mr. Clark was married, at
Hubbardstou, Oct. 6, 1836, to Susan Wright.
HALL, Granville Stanley, first president of
Clark University, Worcester, Mass., was born at
Ashfield. Franklin Co., Mass., Feb. 1. 1*45. son of
Granville Bascom and Abigail (Heals) Hall. His
branch of the Hall family has flourished in Massachu-
setts for more than two centuries and is of English
origin. His mother's family, originally Scotch, has
been settled in Massachusetts for nearly the same
length of time, and among her ancestors was John
Alden of Plymouth. Both parents had been school
teachers, therefore he was predestined, one may
say, to the same occupation. His formal schooling
was begun at Sanderson Academy, Ashfield, and
was continued at Williston Seminary.
Easthampton, preparatory to Wil-
liams College, which he entered in
1863. He became editor of the " Wil-
liams Quarterly," a periodical con-
ducted by the students, was chosen
class poet, and at his graduation in
1867 was ranked fifth in his class.
After a year spent in Union Theolo^i
cal Seminary, New York city, where
he was stimulated by the eminent the-
ologian, Prof. Henry Boynton Smith,
he went to Germany, and spent two
years in the study "of philosophy at
Berlin and Heidelberg, under Zeller,
Kuno Fischer, Dorner, Trendelen-
burg, and men of like stamp. He
then returned to Union Seminary
and, in 1871, was graduated, but was
not ordained to the ministry. In
1872 he accepted a professorship in Antioch Col-
lege, Ohio, that formerly held by Horace Mann, and
there spent four years, occasionally preaching, and
at times acting as chorister and organist of the col-
lege. The year 1876-77 was passed at Harvard as
an instructor in literature and during that period he
decided to devote more attention to comparative
psychology. Accordingly, he resigned his profes-
sorship and returned to Europe to" give three years
to study, including laboratory work. The list of his
instructors at Berlin, Paris and other seats of learn-
ing is a long one, and includes the names of Helm-
204
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
holtz, Dubois-Reyinond, Ludwig, Kolbe, Wundt,
Brown-Sequard, Exner and Charcot. In 1880 he
was appointed lecturer on comparative psychology
at Harvard, but a year later was called to Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., as full profes-
sor of psychology and pedagogy, and while there
founded the "American Journal of Psychology."
In 1888 he was chosen by the board of trustees of
Clark University, Worcester, Mass., to become the
head of that newly-founded institution, the first in
the United States to be devoted exclusively to post-
graduate work. It was felt that his executive
ability, learning, and his sympathy with Mr. Clark's
aims fitted him, in a remarkable degree, for the
position. After his appointment he was given a
year's leave of absence with full salary and visited
the universities of Europe for the purpose of ac-
quainting himself with the latest methods of in-
struction and work, and with the results of modern
architecture applied to buildings for educational
purposes. On the opening of the university he be-
came professor of psychology as well as president.
Under him Clark University has had a vigorous
life, has broadened in its departments and has con-
tributed a large number of men to the faculties of
other institutions. It has been said that to Dr. Hall
more than to anyone else is due the credit of having
aroused teachers to a sense of the value of experi-
mental psychology as a part of their professional
equipment. Through his efforts a national associa-
tion for child-study, composed of teachers, was
formed, and, in addition, local or state societies have
arisen, so that an immense amount of material,
scientifically collected, has been brought to bear
upon the problems of psychology. In 1893 a con-
gress of experimental psychology, presided over by
Dr. Hall, was held at Chicago, and few, if any, of
the department congresses held at that time had
larger or more enthusiastic audiences. Dr. Hall's
first published volume was a translation of Rosen-
krong's " Hegel as the National Philosopher of Ger-
many " (1874); his next, "Aspects of German Cul-
ture," appeared in 1881, ami was dedicated to his
first teacher in psychology and philosophy,
Pres. Hopkins, of Williams. His next wholly
original work was "How to Teach Reading
and What to Read in Schools" (1887). He
edited "Methods of Teaching History" (1885),
and with J. M. Mansfield compiled a "Bibli-
ography of Education " (1886). He still edits the
"American Journal of Psychology " and the "Peda-
gogical Seminary," a quarterly review founded by
him. His minor works include: " The Perception of
Color," in " Proceedings " of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences (1875); "The Muscular Percep-
tion of Space," in "Mind " (1879); "Hegel; His Pol-
lowers and Critics," in "Journal of Speculative Phi-
losophy" (1880); "Contents of Children's Minds," in
" Princeton Review " (issij); " Studies of Rhythm,"
in "Mind" (vol. XL); "Philosophy in the
United States," in "Popular Science Monthly"
Supplement (1879); "Moral and Religious Training
of Children," in " Princeton Review " (1883); and
"Scheme of Classification for Child-study," in the
"Andover Review " (vol. II.). He received the de-
gree of A.M. from Williams in 1870, that of Ph.D.
from Harvard in 1878, that of LL.D. from the Uni-
versity of Michigan in 1888 and the same from Wil-
liams" in 1889. Dr. Hall was married in Berlin,
Germany, in 1880, to Cornelia M., daughter of James
and Julia (Brigham) Fisher, of Cincinnati, O. She,
with a daughter, died in 1890. A son, Robert, sur-
vives.
EYERMAN, John, author, was born at Easton,
Pa., Jan. 15, 1867, son of Edward H. and Alice S.
(Heller) Eyerman. Among his many distinguished
ancestors may be mentioned Jean Jacques Eyerman,
captain-lieutenant, "officier superieur" of Preusch-
dorf, Alsace, 1590 ; Judge Jean Henri Eyerman, of
Preuschdorf, and Col. Peter Kachlein. of His Majes-
ty's colonial forces in Pennsylvania (1762); high sher-
iff (1763-73); first chief magistrate of Easton, and
lieutenant-colonel in the revolutionary army. He
had five other ancestors in the revolution, and three
in the colonial wars, and is grandson of Capt. John
Eyerman, of Easton, Pa., a descendant of Butz, of
German}-, A. D. 473. After receiving a preparatory
education at public and private schools, and by tu-
tors, he studied three years at Lafayette College,
three months at the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy at Harvard University, and later spent some
time at both Columbia and Princeton universities.
He has published many papers on mineralogy, ge-
ology, palaeontology and genealogy, such as: "The
Mineralogy of Pennsylvania "; "Mineralogy of the
French Creek Mines" ; "Mineralogy at the Colum-
bian Exposition"; "A Course in Determinative
Mineralogy" text-book; "The Bibliography of
North American Vertebrate Palaeontology " (extend-
ing over several years); " On a Collection of Terti-
ary Mammals from Southern France and Italy";
"On the Genus Temnocyon, and a New Species
Thereof, and the New Genus Hypotemnodon from
the John Day Miocene of Oregon"; "The Ances-
tors of Marguerite Eyerman "; "A Genealogical In-
dex of the Wills of Northampton County," and
"The Old Graveyardsof Northampton, "a genealogi-
cal study, 200 pp. Mr. Eyerman is secretary to the
Society of Colonial Wars in the state of New
Jersey; is sometime associate editor of the "Journal
of Analytical Chemistry;" lecturer on Determina-
tive Mineralogy in Lafayette College, and, since
1890, has been" editor of the "American Geologist."
He is a life member of the British Association; a
member of the Pennsylvania Historical Society; of
the Genealogical Society; the Society of Colonial
Wars; the Sous of the Revolution; the Sons of the
American Revolution; also a fellow of the Zoologi-
cal Society of London; of the Geological Society of
America; "the American Geographical Society; the
Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia; New
York Academy of Sciences; the American Institute
of Mining Engineers; the Geologists' Association of
London, and others. He was married, April 21,
1888, to Lucy E., daughter of the late Judge H. D.
Maxwell, and descendant of Anlaf, King of North-
urnbria (949 A. I).). They have one child, Marguer-
ite Eyerman.
de KAY, James Ellsworth, physician and nat-
uralist, was born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1792, eldest
son of George and Catherine (Coleman) de Kay.
His father, Capt. George de Kay, was sent to Europe
in 1775, while still a very young man, and took no
part in the revolution. Having lost both parents at
an early age, James E. de Kay attended school in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
205
Connecticut, anrl then studied medicine in New
York ciiy and Kdinliiii ^ii, Scotland, receiving his
degree in the latter city. < >n his return In New-
York, lie devoted himself unceasingly to the study of
natural history, lie was also one 01 the founders of
the Academy of Medicine. Having formed a close
friendship with Henry Eckford, the eminent ship-
builder, whose daughter lie wedded, he sailed
with him us surgeon iu the frigate buill for the
Sultan's navy; his In-other, ( 'oin. Geopje ( '. de Kay,
being in command of ihe vessel. In is:;:; in- pub-
lished his impressions of Turkey in a volume called
" Sketches of Turkey by an American," which gave
so favorable a view of IMC country and its institu-
tions that the Ilelle'.i-ts of Iheilay were incensed
thai an Americar should appear as a defender of
Ihe oppressors of <) recce. At Ilial time Ihe slate of
New York was publishing valuable works underthe
department of geology and Dr. de Kay was selected
In < tribulea book on the /.oology of the slate, a
work of great difficulty, owing to the lack of printed
material. Like his friends, Audubon and llolbrook,
the lierpetologist, he had to travel about collectim;-
facts and materials from farmers, liuiiters and tisli-
crmcn. The result of his work was embodied in
live quarto volumes. Various wild creatures have
been named for him, he having lirsl described
them. Dr. de Kay was MNo intere-led in place-
names; he was the tirst to send printed requests io
county clerks and noieil persons in the slate asking
for the Indian names of places, rivers and lakes. In
order to work at hi-, /.oology , lie lei I I he city for
"The Locusts," a country place at Oyster Bay,
L. I., where he resided unlil his dealh. Dr. de Kay
hail pronouiH ed tastes tor lilei aluicand the tint' alls,
as well as science, and was a very close friend to
D-akc and llalleck. Of a very lively disposition,
he was u great social favorite in New York. He
left three children, a sou and two daughters:
James de Kay, now of Marion, Mass.; Marion,
wife of Rev. Dr. Harwood, rector of Trinity
Church, New Haven, and .land, deceased, wile of
Col. Cornelius L. Kins of New York, lie died at
Oyster Hay, L. L, Nov. 21, ls:>l.
de KAY, George Coleman, Argentine naval
officer, was bom in New York city in lso-J, second
sou of George ami Catherine (Coleman i de Kay.
His father, a native of \Vawayanda. near Warwick,
Orange CO., N. Y., was a sea captain; his mother
was a daughter of James Coleman, of county
Cork, Ireland, whom Capt. George de Kay met,
wooed and married iu Lisbon, Portugal. " Com.
de Kay was a grandson of Maj. George de Kay of
the Orange county horse guards, and great-grandson
of Col. Thomas de Kay of the same regiment, both
of whom served iu the " Old French " war against
Canada, and died from hardships in the field. The
Kai family, whose name has been variously spelled
Cay, Caix, Que, Queux, Quay and Key, is a very an-
cient one, and was widely spread in the middle ages
through Flanders, Normandy, Brittany and Poiimi,
several of its representatives being iu the crusades.
Under King John, Johan de Kai was lord hinli
sheriff of London in 1201. In 1580, when the
"Spanish fury" decimated Flanders, members of
the family in Ghent and other Flemish cities were
forced to fly to England and Holland on account of
their Protestantism. William de Kav, born of a
Flemish father, iu Haarlem, Holland, was the first
of the name to reach New Amsterdam, and by the
year 1641 he had become the " fiscal " or treasurer
of the colony. Various scions of the American
branch were aldermen of New York in the seven-
teenth century. The Catholic branch in Europe is
still represented by the Counts de Caix de St.
Aymour of France, the Belgian and French lines
having early given up the old Norman-French spell-
'
ing, Kai or Kaij, for the later fashion of using the
initial C. This change was occasioned by the gram-
marians, who rejected the letter K, as oiie not prop-
erly found iu pure Latin. Kay is the same in root as
the Latin Caius, Caia; as early as the twelfth cen
tury the Norman-French de Kai is found Latinized
as de Cajo. On leaving school George Coleman
de Kay, then an orphan, found that his guardian
intended to article him to a commercial business,
contrary to his wishes. Consequently, without ask-
ing leave, he shipped as a sailor
before the mast, and, learn-
ing seamanship in Ihe best of
schools, soon made his mark.
Reaching Buenos A\ res in
IS^O, he found the Argentine
Republic eniraueil jM u ;n- \\ jt |,
the empire of Bra/.il, and forth-
w ilh tendered his services to
Adm. Brown, who offered him
the rank of captain. This I be
young man declined, request
ing instead that he might en.
ter the Argentine navy as mid
shipman and earn wh.ih \n
distinctions he received. Iu
command of the armed brig
General Brand/en, yoiin^ de
Kay ran Ihe blockade of the
Kio Plata, and on the way
up the South American coa-l
successfully engaged many Bia/ilian schooners and
brigs of war and look several prizes. lie sailed into
the- harbor of Kio de. Janeiro, Haunting the w like and
blue flag of the Argentine Republic before the bat-
teries oi Ihe a-lonished Brazilians, ('apt. Manson,
an English lieutenant under Lord Coelirau, iu the
Bra/.ilian service, being then dispatched in pur-
suit of him iu the brig-of -war Cacique, o\erhauleii
the General Brandzen off Pernambiico, retook the
last pri/e and proceeded to attack the audacious Ar-
gentine. Although de Kay's men were reduced by
drafts for prize crews to forty-one sailors, and his
ship was very inferior to the Brazilian in size and
weinht, of metal, lie did not hesitate to give fight,
and by superior seamanship and gunnery took the
Cacique iu one hour and len minutes. It was this
victory which won him the rank of commodore.
Shifting his flag to the Cacique he cruised through
the West India waters and even had the boldness to
sail up to New York. At thecloseof the war Com.
de Kay. then commanding the vanguard of Adm.
Brown's fleet in the Rio Phil a, applied for furlough,
promising that he would return if his services were
again needed. He was never recalled. In 1830 he
took out to Turkey a frigate built iu Brooklyn for
the Sultan's navy by Henry Eckford, on which that
eminent naval constructor went as passenger. After
cruising about, the Mediterranean in a yacht and
traveling through Syria in Arab costume, he was
recalled to Constantinople by the sudden death of
Henry Eckford, who had accepted the position of
chief of the Turkish arsenal. He brought Eckford's
body home. In 1846 he succeeded in persuading
congress to lend two frigates to take supplies to the
starving people in Ireland; the Macedonian was al-
lotted to New York and the Jamestow'n to Boston.
The Macedonian and her temporary commander
were received with great cordiality throughout the
I'nited Kingdom; Com. de Kay and his wife being
presented to the Queen. For a number of years
he lived at Slonga, now Gutteriburg, N. J.,
where his memory is still preserved by the name
de Kay's Point, designating a small cape jutting
out into the Hudson river. Here he was justice of
the peace and did much to improve the roads about
the Palisades. He was interested in various inven-
206
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
tions to save life at sea. He was married to Janet
Halleck, only child of Joseph Rodman Drake, the
poet, and granddaughter of Henry Eckford.
Of his seven children four survive, one son
and three daughters. Brevet Lieut. -Col. Joseph
Rodman Drake de Kay, captain of the 14th U. S.
infantry and aide-de-camp to various generals
throughout the civil war, died in 1886; Lieut.
George Coleman de Kay, fatally wounded during
the ascent of the Mississippi after the taking of New
Orleans, died in 1862; Brevet Maj. Sidney Brooks
de Kay, brevetted for gallantry at Fort Fisher, died
in 1890; Mrs. Arthur Bronson, to whom Robert
Browning dedicated his last book, "Asolaudo," now
lives in Asolo and Venice, Italy; Julia de Kay,
translator and occasional writer for the press, lives
in New York, as also do Mrs. Richard Watson
Gilder (Helena de Kay) and Charles de Kay, author
and critic, late U. S. consul-general at Berlin. Com.
de Kay died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 31, 1849.
de KAY, Joseph Rodman Drake, merchant
and soldier, was born in New York city, Oct. 21,
1836, eldest son of George Colemau and Janet Hal-
leck (Drake) de Kay. His father, a native of New
York city, was a seaman who, before twenty-five,
rose to the rank of commodore in the navy of the
Argentine Republic ; his mother was the only child
of the poet, Joseph Rodman Drake. Losing his
father while still very young, he left the school at
West Point and engaged in the West India trade in
New York city. At the firing on Fort Sumter he
closed his office, pinning on the door, "Return at the
end of the war," and took the train for Washington.
Having been appointed to the staff of Gen. Mans-
field, he acted as provost of Washington with such
ready talent that he was thereafter retained on the
staffs of Gens. Pope and Hooker, who successively
commanded the army of the Potomac. Later on he
was appointed by Pres. Lincoln to a position in the
regular army, and served as captain of the 14th in-
fantry, obtaining brevets of major and lieutenant-col-
onel for gallantry in battle. During the Wilderness
battles he was felled to the ground by a tree broken off
by a shell. Hardly convalescent when the war was
near its close, he resigned and resumed his business
in New York. In politics, Drake de Kay, as he was
always called, was an ardent Republican ; he founded
the " Boys in Blue " and reorganized them again and
again for presidential campaigns, never asking politi-
cal reward for his efforts. ' Although in fair health
for many years, the shock to his system resulting
from the injury in the Wilderness campaign was
never entirely overcome, and at last undermined a
naturally powerful constitution. He was a figure
well known in the business, social and club life of
New York ; his ready wit and inexhaustible flow of
spirits endeared him to a host of friends, notwith-
standing a somewhat hasty temper. In the civil war
he was idolized by the rank and tile of his regiment.
He had a talent for language and often wrote comic
verses for the amusement of his friends. He died in
New York city, June 9, 1886.
de KAY, Charles, poet and U. S. consul-
general, was born in Washington, D. C., July 25,
1848, sou of George Coleman and Janet Halleck
(Drake) de Kay. His father won fame by his bril-
liant exploits as officer in the Argentine navy, in
which he rose to the rank of commodore; his mother
was the only child of Joseph Rodman Drake, the
poet, and Sarah, daughter of Henry Eckford, the
noted naval architect. He was educated in the
schools of Dresden, Saxony, Newburgh, N. Y., and
New Haven, Conn., and was graduated at Yale Col-
lege in 1868. Mr. de Kay early discovered talent as
a verse-writer. He adopted the profession of jour-
nalism, and in 1877 was appointed literary and art
critic of the New York "Times." Meanwhile, hav-
ing gained distinction as an author, he constantly
contributed poems and short sketches to most of the
leading magazines and periodicals. His published
collections of verse and other books include: "The
Bohemian: A Tragedy of Modern Life" (1878);
"Hesperus and Other Poems" (1880); "The Vision
of Nimrod: An Oriental Romance" (1881); "The
Vision of Esther" (1882); "The Love Poems of
Louis Barnaval" (1883); "Barye: His Life and
Work "(1889); "Familiar Letters'of Heinrich Heine "
(1890), translated from the German; and "Bird-
Gods" (1898), and translations of books by and
about AlphonseDaudetl 1898). Probably the "Louis
Barnaval " attracted more attention than any other
of his works, both from the merit of the poems in-
cluded aud from the alleged authorship by a certain
mysterious personage just discovered by the enter-
prising editor. The New York "Nation" said of
it: "This remarkable volume takes a stride so far in
advance of anything yet done by Mr. de Kay that
we can hardly wonder at the
acceptance by the public of the
Louis Barnaval authorship."
Edmund C. Stedmau accorded
Mr. de Kay full notice in his
"Poets of America," criticiz-
ing his claim to a permanent
pl:trr in literature in the follow-
ing terms: "Charles de Kay is
conspicuous for height of aim,
and certainly for most resolute
purpose. . . . ' Hesperus '
and the 'Poems of Barnaval '
show his impassioned aud more
subjective moods, and his re-
sources for a prodigal display
of varied, uneven, but often
strongly effect! velyrical work."
In 1894 Mr. de Kay was ap-
pointed by Pres. Cleveland U.S.
consul-general at Berlin, where he remained three
years. Upon his return, he resumed journalistic
work on the New York daily and weekly press. He
suggested and started the Authors' Club (1881); wa^.
one of the founders of the Fencers' Club (1882) and
City Club (1892), and suggested and started the Na-
tional Sculpture Society (1892) and National Arts
Club (1898): while he" was in Berlin (1895) he
established the Berliner Fecht Klub, devoted to
fencing. He is a member of the Authors', Century,
City, fencers', Aldine, National Arts and Yale
clubs, the National Sculpture and other socie-
ties. He is now (1899) first vice-president of the
National Sculpture Society and director-general of
the Artist- Artisans' Institute of New York. Mr. de
Kay was married. June 4, 1888, to Edwalyn, daugh-
ter of the late Maj. Edward Lees Coffey, of New
York city, formerly of Her Majesty's army in the
East Indies. They have six children.
de KAY, Sidney Brooks, lawyer and sol-
dier, was born in New York city, March 7,
1845, second son of George Coleman and Janet
Halleck (Drake) de Kay. He was educated at the
Highland Cadets' Academy, Newburgh, N. Y., and
at the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University,
leaving college in the second year of the war to en-
list as private in a Connecticut regiment. For gal-
lantry under fire he received a second lieutenancy
and was appointed to the staff of Maj. -Gen. Ben-
jamin F. Butler, and having again distinguished
'himself at Fort Fisher and Petersburg, he received
brevets of captain and major. At the close of the
war he volunteered to fight the Turks in Crete and
was badly wounded. After ten days' exposure in
an open boat, he was picked up by a Russian frigate
and taken to Athens, where he received the greatest
O* AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
207
attention from the King of Greece. On lii.s return
to New York lie entered the Columbia College Law
School, aud being admitted to the bar, practiced his
profession for many years; serving at one time as
assistant U. S. district attorney. He was military
secretary to Gen. John A. Dix during his term as
governor of New York; but, beyond these two
offices, never sought or accepted public preferment
of any kind. He was an ardent Republican. He
was married to Minna, daughter of Alfred W.
Craven, of theCroton aqueduct board, by whom he
hail two sons and one daughter. He died in New
York city in 1890.
WILCOX, Horace Cornwall, manufacturer,
was born at Middletown, Middlesex co.. Conn. ..Jan.
26, 1834, son of Elisha B. and Hepsibah (Cornwall)
Wilcox. The founder of the American branch of
the family, John Wilcox, was one of the original
proprietors of the town of Hartford, Conn., in 1686.
Horace Wilcox had the usual schooling ami experi-
ence of a farmer's son, remaining at home until he
reached his majority, when he began business life by
selling tinware with a capital of three dollars. He
soon became a seller of the goods made by James
Frary of Meriden, eventually taking all that Mr.
Frary produced and also supplying him with stuck
for manufacturing. His operations became more and
more extensive, ami about 1*4* he took his brother,
Dennis, into partnership, under the name of H. C.
Wilcox & Co. The partnership lasted until 1S.VJ,
when the Meriden Britannia Co. was formed aud he
was chosen secretary and treasurer, aud, on the re-
tirement of Isaac C. Lewis, in 1866, president. He
retained his position as head of this great concern
until his death, and his administration was marked
by a success that is not often paralleled in the busi-
ness world. The single frame building used in 18.V3
gave way to a number of immense brick structures,
which now have a floor space of more than ten acres
(425,000 square feet), and the original capital of $50, -
000 has been increased to $1,100,000, while the in-
vested funds amount to $20,000,000. This factory
is the largest of its kind in the world, and that it has
this position is due, mainly, to the business talent of
Mr. Wilcox. Another great in-
dustry of Meriden was developed
by him and inaugurated in ls7<>,
when, in association with Henry
K White, he began the manu-
facture of organs, under the name
of the Wilcox & White Organ Co.
In 1876 a joint stock company
was organized, aud of this Mr.
Wilcox was president until the
time of his death. Tue extension
of Meriden's railroad facilities
was largely due to him, and it
was through his exertions that
the Meriden and Cromwell rail-
road was built, a road by which
Meriden gained direct communi-
cation with tide-water. Later,
the road was extended to Water-
bury, and its name became, as
at present, Meriden, AVaterbury
and Connecticut railroad. Mr. Wilcox was the first
president of this corporation and held the office until
his death, and the city owes him a heavy debt of
gratitude for his work in this connection. Mr. Wil-
cox gave liberally to sustain the government, from
the beginning of the civil war until its close, and to
equip the soldiers who went from Meriden, many of
whom were his own employes. The business enter-
prises developed and expanded by him are so many
monuments to his energy, perseverance and broad-
mindedness, and his position as a manufacturer was
well indicated by a business paper which 'announced
at New
Williams, nowarch-
his decease in the words, "The king of the silver
ware trade is dead." Mr. Wilcox was married, Aug.
9. 1849, to Charlotte A., daughter of Jabe/. Smith, of
Middletown, Conn. She died May 6, 1864, and in
1865 he was married to Ellen M., daughter of Ed-
mund Parker, of Meriden. Mr. Wilcox died at Cot-
tage City, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., Aug. 27, 1890,
leaving a widow and four children.
HEALY, Jeremiah James, K. C. priest, was
born near Bautry, county Cork, Ireland, Jan. 30,
1835, SOTI of Daniel and Catharine Healy. In 1850
he came to the United States, and locating
Braintree, Mass., lived for
many years in the old
homestead which is now
in possession of his only
surviving brother, I)enni>
Healy, "trial justice of
Worce-ier count}'. An-
other brother, Rev. I). S.
Healy, pastoral East Wey
moufh. Mass.. died July
5, 1892. After a thorough
education in the schools of
Ill-land aud Massachusetts
and a classical course in
Holy Cross College, Wor
cesirr, Mass., Jeremiah .1.
Mealy was ordained priest
in St. Mary's Seminary.
Baltimore, Md., June '•'<«.
ISIiS. On Sept. r,, 1S71.
he was appointed pastor of
Si. Ann's Church, Glouces-
ter. Ma — ., by Kt. Rev. Join
bishop of Boston. In 187(1 he built and dedicated
with imposing ceremonies his present granite church
.•it a cost of $100.000, thus transferring his congrega-
tion of humble fishermen from the poorest church in
the town tooneof the grande-t in the whole arehdio-
cesr nf Boston. It was consecrated free of debt in
issii. In the meantime a school and convent were
elected and also a parochial residence of brick and
granite, one of the finest in the whole state. In rec-
ognition of all this, Father Healy was made per-
manent rector by the archbishop of Boston, Dec. 27,
ISNS. His last work is a brick and granite city
library, his personal gift to Gloucester, to be free to all
citizens of whatever creed or nationality. With this
building, dedicated with imposing ceremonies, he
presented 5,000 books of his own selection on relig-
ion, science, art. biography, fiction and general litera-
ture, thus securing for his fellow citizens the choicest
and most precious reading, otherwise inaccessible
to many of them. Thus he showed forth his faith
in the precious fruits of good reading. Shortly
after his appointment as pastor he bought a Sunday-
school library of 500 volumes for his own people, and,
with this and the other library for all denominations,
he hopes that his divine mission among men may con-
tinue and be of benefit even after his mortal life is
ended.
WENDELL, Barrett, educator and author, was
born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 23, 1855, son of Jacob
and Mary Bertodi (Barrett) Wendell. His father
(1826-98), a native of Portsmouth, N. H., wasa mer-
chant, first in Boston, then in New York; his mother
was a daughter of Nathaniel Augustus Barrett, a
merchant of Boston. The family is of Dutch extrac-
tion, and traces its descent from Evert Jansen Wen-
dell, who settled at New Amsterdam about 1640, and
later removed to Albany. From him the line of de-
scent runs through his' son. John Wendell, of Al-
bany; through his son, Abraham Wendell, of New
York; through his son, John Wendell, of Boston;
through his son, John Wendell, of Portsmouth,
N. H., and through his son, Jacob Wendell, of
208
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Portsmouth, grandfather of the present representa-
tive. Barrett Weudell was educated in private
schools iu New York city, whither his parents had
removed in 1863; and then entering Harvard College,
was graduated in the class of 1877. In 1877-78 lie
studied in the Harvard Law School; in 1878-79 lie
was a student with the firm of Anderson & How-
laud, New York city; and in 1879-80, with Shat-
tuck. Holmes & Mouroe, Boston. While in college
he had written for the college papers, and the repu-
tation, then founded, resulted iu his appointment as
instructor in composition and rhetoric at Harvard in
1880. His teaching has been mostly concerned with
English composition, on which subject he gave eight
lectures at the Lowell Institute, Boston, iu Novem-
ber and December, 1890. These lectures, published
during the ensuing year, attempt to systematize his
theory of style. In 1888 he was made assistant pro-
fessor, and in 1898 professor of English. Besides
his lectures on English composition. Prof Wendell
has published "The Duchess Emilia" (1885); "Rau-
kell's Remains" (1887); "Cotton Mather" ("Makers
of America" series, 1891); "Stelligeri and Other Es-
says Concerning America " (1893); and "William
Shakspere" (1894). His "Ralegh in Guiana," a
play in the Elizabethan manner, was, by invitation
of the department of English of Harvard College,
presented at Sanders Theatre, Cambridge, on
March 22. 18!)7. Prof. Wendell is a trustee of the
Boston Athena-um; a fellow of the American Acade-
my of Arts and Sciences ; a member of the
Massachusetts Historical Society; and of the Somer-
set and Tavern clubs of Boston, and the Colonial
Club of Cambridge. On June 1, 1880. he was mar-
ried, at Quiucy, Mass., to Edith, daughter of Wil-
liam Whitwell Greeuough, of Boston. They have
two sons and two daughters.
MILLER, Harriet (Mann) (" Olive Thorne
Miller"), author, was born at Aaburn, N. Y..
June 25, 1831, daughter of Seth H. and Mary Field
(Hoi brook) Mann. " Her father was a banker ; her
grandfather, James Mann, an importing merchant
of Boston. Her great-grandfather. Capt. Benjamin
Mann, organized a company during the revolution,
and was in command of it at
Bunker Hill and throughout the
war for independence. In her
eleventh year she accompanied her
family to'Ohio, where she received
her education in private schools.
After her marriage she resided for
a number of years in Chicago,
111., anil subsequently made her
home in Brooklyn, N. Y. Her lit-
erary work was not begun until
comparatively late iu life; but she
speedily attained a recognized posi-
tion, especially as a writer on birds
and their habits. Besides numer-
ous niaga/ine articles on that sub-
ject, she has published the fol-
lowing works, the first four of
them for children : "Little Folks
in Feathers and Fur, and Others
in Neither" (1879); " Nimpo's Troubles" (1879);
"Queer Pets at Marcy's" (1880); " Little People of
Asia" (1880); "Bird Ways" (1885); "In Nesting
Time " (1888); " Little Brothers of the Air " (1889);
"A Bird Lover in the West " ( 1891); " Four-handed
Folk"; "Upon the Tree Tops" and "Our Home
Pets." The "Nation" said of the work entitled
"Bird Ways"; "It does not pretend to be scien-
tific, yet all who read its delightful pages will be
impressed with its t ruthf illness — the best of science."
Mrs. Miller is an acute and patient observer of the
birds and animals she describes, and an industrious
writer. She is a member of several organizations
composed of women, and is the author of "The
Woman's Club" (1891). She was married, at Rock
Island, 111., in 1854, to Watts T. Miller.
WAGNER, Webster, senator, inventor and
founder of the Wagner Palace Car Co., was born at
Palatine Bridge, Montgomery co. , N. Y., Oct. 2, 1817,
son of John and Elizabeth (Strayer) Wagner. His
parents, who were of German descent, were among the
early settlers of the Mohawk valley. Being in moder-
ate circumstances, they were unable to afford their
children more than limited op-
portunities in the way of school-
ing, but by virtue of energy
and industry Webster Wag-
ner began to earn his living
better equipped than many a
youth more highly favored
by fortune. He learned the
wagon maker's trade under
his elder brother, J'mes, and
became so skillful that he
was taken into partnership.
In spite, however, of the in-
dustrious efforts of the broth-
ers, the prevailing hard times
were against them, and before
the age of thirty Mr. Wagner
was apparently a ruined man.
He then began selling tickets
in a railroad office at Palatine
Bridge, his efficiency caus-
ing other duties to be added, and in 1845 was ap-
pointed station agent for the Utica and Scheuectady
railroad. It was while filling these positions that
his ingenious mind devised the sleeping-car. The
benches in the caboose on which the railroad em-
ployees so often slept while off duty suggested the
idea which lay germinaut in his brain for years. In
time the idea was brought into tangible shape, and
the result was the traveler's convenience and com-
fort— the sleeping- car. Having succeeded in inter-
esting several wealthy neighbors, he built four
sleeping-cars, which began running on the New
York Central railroad in 1858, and after this invention
had proved a success, turned his attention to the
drawing-room car, which was introduced to the
public in 1867. He also invented and patented the
oval-shaped car roof and elevated panel for ventila-
tion, which every railway car now uses throughout
the land. Unlike many inventors, he had a genius
for business, and manifested a remarkable executive
ability, which enabled him to build up a private
corporation with a capital of many millions of dol-
lars for the manufacture and control of the luxurious
cars that bear his name. A great deal of diplomacy
was required to introduce these cars throughout the
country ; but they soon became popular and profit-
able to such an extent, that Mr. Wagner was able to
organize the Wagner Sleeping Car Co., including
many men of standing and wealth, its offices being
first "in Albany and later in New York. As president
of this corporation, Mr. Wagner from that time
forward devoted his energies to pushing and de-
veloping I lie business. The first sleeping-car which
he constructed cost only $3,000, but those built later
by the company cost from $15,000 to $20,000. In
1870 Mr. Wagner was elected by the Republican
party a member of the New York state assembly
from Montgomery county. He served on the com-
mittee on banks, and became very popular among his
constituents. The following year he was elected a
member of the state senate by a majority of 3,222,
and remained iu that body until his death, being re-
elected five times by large majorities. He was
chairman of the senate committees on public ex-
OK AMERICAN BIOGEAPHY.
209
penditures, on printing, on railroads and on villages.
During his senatorial career lie greatly interested
himself in I he promotion of railroad legislation,
being especially active in behalf of the Saratoga
Lake railroad, obtaining the passage through the
senate of a bill favoring the enterprise. \Vliile Ins
business ability made him prominent in the legis-
lature, he was no less conspicuous by reason of
hisdinnitv, genial manners and generous natura. In
1SSI) lie was a delegate from New York slate at the
Republican convention in Chicago, and was one of
the seventeen who opposeu Grant's Humiliation for
the third term as president, being also instniim -niai
in securing the nomination of (ten. Garficld. He
was married, in Is:',-, to Susan, daughter of John P.
Davis of Palatine Bridge, N. Y., and they hail one
son and four daughters, Norman L. , Kmma ('.. the
wife of .lames I). Taylor, treasure!' of the Wanner
Palace Car Co.; Anna F., wife of < !. \\ . Van Vleck,
of the New York produce exchange. Annette ('.,
wife of A. E. llaynes, of the New York stock ex
change, and Clara S.. wife of Geo. \V. Slelson. of
London, England. Mr. Wagner lived in a hand-
some house at Palatine Bridge, and entertained his
friends in an Unostentatious but generous manner; at
the same time he made no attempt to conceal his
humble origin, but with charai'lerisiic good sense
often referred to his early days as the' happiest of
his life. lie was a member of St. Mark's ICvangeli-
cal Lutheran Church at Canajoharie, and for more
than thirty years a trustee and generous helper in its
work ; lie was also a member nf I lie Hamilton lodne
No. 70, F. and A. M. Mis death occurred in the
railroad accident on the Hudson River railroad at
Spuytcn Duvvil, N. Y., on the evening of Jan. lit,
1882.
ANDREWS, Lorrin, missionary, was born in
East Windsor, Conn., April •,'!), ITIl'i. After being
graduated at Jefferson College and at Princeton
Theological Seminary, he sidled for 111 Hawaiian
islands. He founded there a university, in which
he was a professor for ten years, and in 1845 was ap-
pointed a judge, and also secretary of the privy
council by the government of the islands. He trans-
lated portions of the Bible into the native language,
also prepared a Hawaiian dictionary and wrote sev-
eral works on the antiquities of the Sandwich islands.
He died at Honolulu, Sept. 29, isc.s.
DUNBAR, Charles Franklin, educator, was
born at Abinglou, Mass., July 38, 1830, sou of Asa ph
and Nancy (Ford) Dunbar. His familyis of Scotch
origin and' traces descent to Robert Dunbar, who set-
tled at llingham, Mass., about 1055. His father, a
native of Bridgewater, was a manufacturer; his
mother was a daughter of Capt. Noah Ford, a farmer,
of Abington. He was prepared for college at Phil-
lips Exeter Academy (1844-47) and was graduated at
Harvard in 1851. He engaged in mercantile busi-
ness, first in New Orleans and later in New York
city, and in 1853 became a partner in the commission
firm of Copeland, Williams & Co., Boston. In 1855
he was obliged by ill health to retire and settled on
a farm near Lexington, Mass., where he devoted
his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1857 he
removed to Waltham, and also became a student in
the Harvard Law School and in the office of Hoar
& Gray, Boston. In 1858 he was admitted to the
Suffolk bar. After 1856 he was a regular contributor
to the editorial columns of the Boston "Daily Ad-
vertiser " on current political questions, and in De-
cember, 1859, became associate editor and part pro-
prietor with Charles Hale. On Mr. Hale's appoint-
ment as consul-general to Egypt, Mr. Dunbar as-
sumed entire editorial control, and conducted the
paper until 1869, when he sold his interest and
traveled abroad. He was chosen professor of politi-
cal economy at Harvard College in September, 1871,
VOL. IX.— 14.
and still holds that position. In 1876-82 he was
dean of the college and in 1890-95 was dean cf
the faculty of arts and sciences. He has been a
contributor to periodical literature on topics con-
nected with economics and banking, andhas writ-
ten "Chapters on Banking" In 1880-96 he
was editor of the " Quarterly Journal of Eco-
nomics," published for Harvard I niversity. He is a
member of the American Economic Association, of
which he was president for the year lS>.(2-93, and of
the Massachusetts Historical Society and the Ameri-
can Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1891 he re-
e. i\. -i I i he degree of LL.l) from Harvard University.
In is.'i;; be was married to Julia H., daughter of
Hon. B. F. Copeland, of Roxbury, Mass., They
have three sons and one daughter.
AKERMAN, Amos Tappan, V. S. attorney-
• :i< ial, was born at Portsmouth, N. II., Feb. 23,
ls'_'l, son of Benjamin and Olive (Meloon) Aker-
liiiin. lie was educated in the common schools of
his native state and at Dartmouth College, w here he
\\a^ graduated in 1*1-. lie was admitted to the bar
in 1844, and, after teaching school at varim* places
for the next six \ears, finally located at Elberton,
Ga., in 1S50, where he entered on professional prac-
tice, lie adhered lo the conservative party in
Georgia, and, with Stephens, Johnson and others^
opposed secession, although finally
going with the state and entering
these IN i( •(• of the' Coii federate gov-
ernment in the quartermaster's de-
partment. After the war he joined
the Republican party, and sup-
ported the reconstruct ion policy of
the government. In 1866 he was ap-
pointed I". S. attorney tor tne dis-
trict of Georgia, and served in that
capacity until 1*7(1. when Pres.
Grant appointed him I". S. attor-
ney-general in his cabinet, to sue
ccc-d Ebenezer R. Hoar. He held
the portfolio until 1872, when he re-
sinned and returned to his adopted
state. In 1873 he was the Republi-
can candidate for U. S. senator,
but failed of an election. During the reconstruc-
tion period in Georgia Mr. Akerman, while acting
with the Republican party, was ever jealous of the
rights of the majority as represented by the intelli-
gent white people of the state, and opposed all radi-
cal movements that were calculated to oppress or
humiliate them, or to endanger the material pros-
perity of the state. He died at Cartersville, Ga.,
Dec."21, 1880.
MANCHESTER, Albertine, actress, known
by the stage name of Mile. Albertiue, was born at
the "Stone Bridge," now Bridgeton, R. I., in 1832.
"When fifteen years old she made her debut at Au-
gusta, Me., under the management of John Adams,
as Sophia in "The Rendezvous." At the close of
her first season she left the stage and devoted herself
to the study of dancing, choosing as her instructor,
Pauline de Jardiue, who had come to this country
with Fanny Ellsler. Then for two seasons she ap-
peared as a finished danseuse. During a short en-
gagement, in 1849, she played in speaking parts
for John Cartlitch, at his theatre in Washington,
where she made a great hit as Dot in "The Cricket
on the Hearth." She also supported F. S. Chanfrau
at this theatre. The elder Booth was so well pleased
with her acting that he caused her to be engaged at
the Arch Street Theatre, Philadelphia. It was here
that Edwin Booth made his first appearance on the
stage, acting Wilford in "The Iron Chest," Mile.
Albertine being in the cast. She next accepted an
engagement with Chaiifrau, playing with him during-
210
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1850-57, one year of which time she spent in Cali-
fornia, dancing to the great delight of the old
"forty-niners." In 1852 they were in New York,
and drew large audiences to the Astor Place Opera
House to witness their companion pictures of the
" Bowery B'hoy and his Gal." She returned to Cali-
fornia in 1857, and two years later went to Aus-
tralia with Gustavus Vaughan Brooke. In Mel-
bourne and Ballarat she had an immediate success,
but after about three years of successful acting and
dancing she became gradually blind, lost friends and
money, and was finally obliged to enter the Benevo-
lent Asylum at Ballarat. Here she remained a num-
ber of years, all but forgotten by her friends of the
stage. The general impression was that she had
died in Australia, but in February, 1875, Stewart
O'Brien, the actor, happening to visit Ballarat, dis-
covered her condition, and told her sad tale to Capt.
Chandler of the U. S. steamer Swatara, then at Mel-
bourne. She was very anxious to return to America,
and Capt. Chandler kindly volunteered to bring her
home in his vessel. She arrived in New York in
June, 1875, and there met a married sister who had
long thought her dead. With her, Mile. Albertine
lived quietly at her home in New Bedford, Mass.,
until her death there, Oct. 6, 1889.
ALLEN, James, aeronaut, was born at Barring-
ton. Bristol CO., R. I., Sept. 11, 1824, ninth child of
Sylvester and Nancy (Luther) Allen. Hisfather, who
was a sea captain, removed to Providence when
James was still very young, and a few years later
was lost while on a voyage. The children were
obliged to work for a living, and James, after work-
ing "for a while as piece-band in a cotton mill, then
on a farm, finally went to sea. At the end of three
years he returned, but his mother having persuaded
him to remain on land, he, in 1841, was bound to
the printing business. Five years later he became
the assistant of a brother who was in the jewelry busi-
ness, but close application brought on a pulmonary
complaint, and he went to Wilmington, Del., for his
health. There he witnessed a balloon ascension
which inspired him with a desire to become an aero-
naut. He read all the attainable literature on the
subject and made the acquaint-
ance of Samuel A. King, a
well-known aeronaut of Phila-
delphia, with whom, in the
spring of 1857, he made the
first of his 400 ascensions, tak-
ing a journey of ten miles.
Mr. King was so pleased with
his ability and adaptability that
he offered him a partnership,
and for four years they made
frequent ascensions together.
Mr. Allen's first ascension alone
was from Exchange place,
Providence, R.I., JuTy 4, 1857.
He reached a height of
8,100 feet and descended
near Rehoboth, Mass. Among
other voyages made was one
from Norwich, Conn., in the
splendid Zephyrus, and from
Paterson, N. J., with Mr. King, in the Queen of the
Air, which contained 33,000 cubic feet of gas. When
the civil war broke out, Mr. Allen volunteered under
Gov. Spragui', and went to the front with the 1st
Rhode Island battery, taking with him two balloons
and offering his services gratuitously to the govern-
ment, thus earning the distinction of being the first
to introduce ballooning into military service. " Cap-
tive "ascensions were made at Alexandria and at Falls
Church, Va. ; every movement of the enemy was
watched, and so valuable did Mr. Allen's assistance
become that early in 1862 the government gave him
the rank and tkle of captain and began to pay him
for his services. Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe, another
skilled aeronaut, was much associated with Capt.
Allen, and it was owing to his kindness that Capt.
Allen later entered the service of Dom Pedro, of
Brazil. During McClellan's peninsular campaign
Capt. Allen's balloons were constantly employed and
were a source of great annoyance to the Confederates.
From one of them Gen. Ouster discovered that
Yorktown was being evacuated ; from them the ter-
rible battles of Fair Oaks, Oak Grove and Mechanics-
ville were witnessed by commanding officers and dis-
patches dropped down from time to
time to be sent to headquarters ; at
another time Capt. Allen, by his
observations, deterred Gen. bedg-
wick from crossing the Rappahan-
nock to attack what he supposed an
inferior force, and when the Federal
troops were before Fredericksburg,
Gen. Cyrus B. Comstock,
chief of engineers, ascended
to a height of 2,000 feet,
where he remained for more
than three hours, mapping
the heights and sketching
the enemy's position. Gen.
Burnside declared that Capt.
Allen's " continued suc-
cesses" enabled the officers to direct movements,
which it would have been difficult or impossible
to order without his cooperation. In 1867 Brazil,
together with the Argentine Republic and Uru-
guay, made war on Paraguay and its despotic
ruler, Lopez, and the Brazilian minister at Washing-
ton was empowered to secure the services of a skilled
aeronaut. Mr. Allen was recommended by Prof.
Lowe and leading officers, and together with his
brother Ezra, who had aided him in Virginia, de-
parted with two fine balloons for the seat of war.
Tliis was far up the Paraguay river in a dense forest
where the armies had lain, confronting each other,
for fourteen months. In spite of vexatious delays in
getting materials with which to manufacture gas, of
difficult)' in transporting his equipment, and in spite
of attempts to destroy the balloons, which were
dreaded by the Paraguayans as much as by the Con-
federates, a thorough acquaintance with the enemy's
fortifications and circumstances was gained, and the
allied troops were so encouraged that the deadlock
of months was broken, the Paraguayans were de-
feated in a series of encounters and Lopez was slain.
The army officers and officials declared that there
was not enough money in Brazil to reward Capt.
Allen, but he was unable to get the $35,000 that had
been promised him by the government in ease he was
successful, and went back'to the United States with
$10,000 only. On July 4, 1869, in the presence of
100, (100 spectators on 'Boston common, Mr. Allen
ascended to the height of 8,000 feet above the city,
and on July 4, 1871, with his wife and daughter and
others he ascended from Troy, N. Y., more than
5.000 feet. On July 10, 1871, his son, James K.
Allen, made his first ascension alone, in a small bal-
loon from Troy, reaching an altitude of 12,000 feet,
and lauding in a forest in Putnam county, 100 miles
distant, making the trip in less than two hours. In
1874 Capt. Allen visited San Francisco, having been
engaged to make captive ascensions at Woodward's
garden to add to its attractions as a pleasure resort.
In 1879 he and his sou, who had now become his
partner, went to Ohio on invitation, and at Dayton,
Troy and elsewhere made ascensions together or
sing'ly in the Glory of the Skies and the Monarch of
the Air. At Lowell, Mass., in 1886, Capt. Allen
went up in a balloon, the weight of which, including
ballast, ropes and passengers was 1,375 pounds.
In
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
211
1888 he was called to Brooklyn, N. Y. . to navigate
the Campbell air ship, an elaborate anil beautifully
wrought piece of mechanism. He ascended in it to
a height of 200 feet, and then found that it could not
be controlled, and advised its owners to abandon
their attempts to use it as a means of transport ;
another aeronaut essaying to navigate it was carried
out to sea and lost with his craft. Capt. Allen was
married at Providence, R. I., Oct. 15, 1S4!), to Allies
Jane Fields, who survives with three sons and one
daughter. lie died in Providence, Sept. 24, 1897.
ADAMS, Samuel, surgeon, was horn in .Maine,
in January, 1*2:>, "fa patriotic revolutionary ancestry.
He joined Mir army as a surgeon in 18(12, and alter a
short hospital service was ordered to the army ol the
Potomac, with which he continued until the close of
the war, his last service being a-, medical inspector
of the 9th army corps. He had u well-founded
reputation for bravery. Shot or shell never came in
the way of his duly, and on one occasion lie rode his
horse into the midst of the enemy's tire to SUCCOI
Gen. Potter, who had been shot down, and would
have died but for his timely assistance. When the
war was over lie was ordered to Texas, where the
yellow fever was raging. His over exertion rendeied
him peculiarly susceptible to the epidemic, and lie
lost his life in saving the lives of others. Of this
disease he died, Sept. It, 18(!7. his last days and nights
being spent in ministering to the sick, lie was a
true Christian gentleman, "without fear, and with-
out reproach."
EMBURY, Emma Catherine (Manly), au-
thor, was born in New York city in ISIKI. ihc
daughter of Dr. James H. Manly. Very early in life
she contributed stories and poems to various periodi-
cals, particularly the New York " Mirror," writing
under the pen-name of " lanthe." She was married
to Daniel Embury in 1828 and afterwards resided m
Brooklyn. Though not devoting herself to a liter-
ary life, she wrote a number of books of which
those intended to promote the education of young
women have been the best known. Among her pub.
lished works are: ' ' Guido, ami Other Poems " (1828);
" Female Education "; " The Blind Girl and Other
Tales"; "Glimpses of Home Life"; "Token of
Flowers"; "Pictures of Early Life"; "Natures
Gems "(1845); " Love's Token Flowers" "The Wal-
dorf Family " (1848), and "Poems" (1869). She
died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1863.
ALLEN, Richard N. , inventor, was born in
1827. He was employed as locomotive fireman and
engineer, from his nineteenth to his twenty-sixth
year, and then for a long period was a master me-
chanic, first on the Cleveland and Toledo and later
on the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern
railroads. He came north during the civil war, and
began a series of experiments looking to the manu-
facture of paper car wheels at Pittsford, Vt. , where
he owned an interest in a straw-board mill. The first
trial of the new wheels was made on the Rutland
and Burlington railroad, and was so far successful
that he opened a mill for their manufacture at Hud-
son, N. Y. From that time until his death he was
mainly engaged in perfecting and introducing his
invention, spending some time at the Krupp steel
•works at Essen, Prussia, and studying methods of
attaching the tires so as to remedy the tendency
noticed to separate from the core of "the wheel. He
died Oct. 7, 1890.
OSCEOLA (As-se-he-ho-lar), Seminole chief,
known to the English as Powell, was born on the
Chattahoochee river, in Georgia, in 1804. He was
not a chief by birth, his father being an Englishman
named William Powell and his Bother a Creek of
the Red Stick tribe. He was taken by his mother
to Florida at the age of four years, and by his force
of character early attained prominence among the
Semiuoles. He was slender, well formed, muscular,
an excellent tactician and a great admirer of order
and discipline, having become versed in military
movements among his white neighbors. His manner
was bold and impressive, well calculated to influence
the timid and encourage the brave. The Seminole
war of is;;.") was largely instigated bv him, both on
account of personal all'routs and in resistance of
American encroachments. He directed every im-
portant action from Warren's defeat to the baltlc of
Ouithlacoochee. At the be^innini; of the war the
Scniinoles numbered 2.0(10 men. At a council held
at Fort King, Gen. Thompson requested the Indians
to remo\e, but Osceola opposed the proposition, say-
in .L; that any one who suggested it was an enemy to
his country. The result was resistance of the treat}'.
The I'niled Slates auent argued with him, bui
o-ceola was firm. (Jen. Thompson, however, per-
suaded some of the chiefs to stand by the treaty of
is;1,-.' « itlioiil ( Isceola's consent, and then imprisoned
i>-ceola for saying it was the Indian's country, and
that they wauled no a.jent. He WHS confined in
chains for one night anil I wo days. Oseeola then
tried to deceive Gen. Thompson by agreeing to sign
the treaty; but in June, 1S35, wilh seventy nine
men, he returned to the fort, the Indians being pre-
pared for resistance and only awaiting the govern-
ment order compelling them to leave, and was pres-
ent \\ hen Maj. Dade was
killed. Micanopy later
joined him with 500 men.
( 'aiching Gen. TlMinpson
;M dinner, aJt hough in
range of the cannon, they
slew liim.and thusprecipi-
tated the battle of Ouith-
lacoochee. In this fight
( isccola. dressed in his red
belt and feathered head
dress, sheltered himself
behind a big tree, occa-
sionally stepping out to
levelhisrille, and bringing
down a man at every shot .
It took several volleys
from the whole platoon to
dislodge him, and the tree
was literallyshotto pieces.
Osceola, after the battle, had an interview
Gen. Gaines in relation to terms of peace.
general told him to move to the south of the Ouith-
lacoochee and hold himself ready to attend a council
when called, and they would not be disturbed. He
was attacked near Fort Drane, and had it not
been for a faithful spy Osceola would have been
taken prisoner. Making a narrow escape, he met
Gen. Call at Wahoo in a sharp fight, in which the
American army was badly handled. Osceola's
severe blows in that contest still made him master,
though the report was circulated that he had been
deposed for cowardice. When Gen. Jessup, certain
that the war was at an end, called upon Osceola to
bring his men in for removal, the latter broke up his
plans, for when the transports arrived not an Indian
could be found. In 1837 the Indians, trusting in a
truce until fall, Osceola was seized by strategy of
Gen. Jessup when on his way to arrange a treaty,
and, after several months' confinement in St. Augus-
tine, was sent to Charleston, S. C., and imprisoned
in Fort Moultrie until his death. It is difficult to
draw his portrait, for some have made him a coward,
others have called him a knave, some dubbed him a
sub-chief, others have said he was the son of a white
man, while others still make him the greatest of
chiefs, ablest of counsellors, bravest of warriors,
great as King Philip of the Wampauoags. Osceola
died at Fort ^Moultrie, S. C., Jan. 30, 1838.
with
The
212
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
JACKSON, William Hicks, soldier and capi-
talist, was born at Paris, Teun., Oct. 1, 1835, son
of Dr. Alexander and Mary W. (Hurt) Jackson.
His parents early removed from Halifax county, Va.,
to Paris, and tlieuce to Jackson, Tenn. They belonged
to the best stock of Virginia, and bequeathed to their
eons, Howell Edmunds and William Hicks, the high
qualities which made them both eminent men.
Descended from such ancestors and trained by .such
parents, William Hicks Jackson displayed in early
life the strong impulses, and acquired the complete
self-control, which havesodistinguished his manhood.
His preparatory education was received in the best
schools of Jackson, and at West Tennessee College,
where he evinced strong intellectual powers. He
gained reputation among his schoolmates as the
stout defender of the weak against the strong. In
1852 he was appointed a cadet to West Point. Al-
though hard study and severe regulations were irk-
some to his fiery spirit, he was guided by his firm re-
solve to gratify the wishes of his father, and was
graduated in i856 with credit to himself. In his
career at West Point he displayed the same traits
that marked his boyhood, and was recognized as
a leader among his comrades. After the usual fur-
lough and some months spent at the barracks at
Carlisle, Pa., he was sent, in 1857, to Port Union,
New Mexico, where, as an officer in the regiment of
mounted rifles, he took an ac-
tive part in the principal Indian
lights in that territory with such
men as Kit Carson, La Rue,
and others as his guides. The
adventurous character of this
service was well suited to the
bold and ardent temperament of
tne young soldier. He was fre-
quently complimented in orders
froia headquarters of both de-
partment and army for his
gallantry and good judgment.
Although not an advocate of se-
cession, his intense loyalty to his
naiive state induced him, when
the first shot was fired in the
civil war, to resign his commis-
sion in the U. S. regular army,
and to offer his services to the
After an adventurous journey
'n running the blockade at Galvestou, he finally ar-
rived in Tennessee, was appointed a captain of ar-
tillery by Gov. Harris, and summoned before the
state military board at Nashville, which retained him
two weeks in consultation on the subject of the equip-
ment of cavalry and artillery. He then reported to
Gen. Pillow at Memphis, and served on his staff :n
the campaigns of Missouri and Kentucky. He was as-
signed to the duly of organizing a light "battery at Co-
lumbus. Ky., with which lie reported to Gen. Pillow.
On Nov. 7", INCH, followed the battle of Belmont, in
which be performed the exploit of conducting three
regiments of infantry to the rear of Grant's army,
routing it and securing a Confederate triumph. For
this service he was promoted to the rank of colonel.
In this battle his horse was shot under him, and he
received a minie-ball in the right side, which, in-
flicting a wound at the time supposed to be fatal, has
never been extracted. He was placed bv (ten.
Albert Sidney Johnston in command of all the cav-
alry in western Tennessee, and was engaged in many
severe minor battles there and in northern Missis-
sippi. He led the brilliant dash on Holly Springs,
Miss., Dec. 20, 1862, that resulted in the capture
of 1,800 infantry, many cavalry, millions of dollars'
worth of stores, and Gen. Grant's private papers.
The loss of this secondary base of supplies com-
pelled Gen. Grant to abandon his campaign by land
Confederate States.
against Vicksburg, caused him to return to Memphis
and organize his river campaign. This brilliant
service gained him promotion to the rank of briga-
dier-general, and the unique distinction of being
mentioned in Gen. Grant's " Memoirs" as the only
man who came near capturing him. Gen. Jackson
was next assigned to the command of the second
division of cavalry under Gen. Van Doru in Tennes-
see, the first division being commanded by Gen.
Forrest, and soon after participated in the battle of
Thompson's Station, which resulted in the capture of
Col. Coburn's Federal brigade of 1 .600 infantry. In
the autumn, at the request of Gen. Joseph E. John-
ston, Gen. Jackson joined him at Canton, Miss., and
commanded the cavalry of his army in the move-
ment for the relief of Vicksburg. Later, at John-
ston's request, he was transferred with him to the
army of Tennessee, and during the Georgia cam-
paign commanded the cavalry on the left wing.
Among the gallant exploits during this period were
the defeat of Kilpatrick at Lovejoy Station, and in
connection with Gen. Wheeler, the capture at
Newnnn, Ga., of 1,500 Federal cavalry. Gen.
Jackson was selected by Gen. Hood to join him in
the invasion of Tennessee. His division led the ad-
vance in pursuing Gen. Schofield's retreating forces,
held them at bay for an entire night at Spring
Hill, participated in the battle of Franklin, Nov. 30,
1864, and led the Confederate advance to a point
only a few miles from the fortified city of Nashville.
At Murfreesboro, Jackson defeated the Federals
and drove iliem back to their intrenchments, and
after the battle of Nashville, his division covered the
retreat of Hood's army. He was now placed in com-
mand of Forrest's cavalry troop, and the Texas
brigade, and was recommended for promotion by
Gens. Dick Taylor, N. B. Forrest, Joseph E. John-
ston, and previously by Polk and Hardee; but
having incurred the displeasure of Pres. Davis on
acrount of arresting a friend of the president's
brother, Joseph, he failed to receive the promotion.
Gen. Jackson next served in the Alabama campaign,
defeating Gens. Croxtou and McCook, and arrived at
Marion Junction, where he learned of Forrest's de-
feat at Selma. Then came the final surrender at
Gainesville. Ala., May 9, 1865. Gen. Jackson per-
formed his last, military service as Confederate com-
missioner in association with Gen. Dennis, Federal
commissioner, for the parole of the troops at Gaines-
ville and other points. Returning to his home at
Jackson, Tenn., the retired soldier entered upon his
peaceful career as a cotton planter. On Dec 15,
1868, he was married to Selene, daughter of Gen.
W. G. Harding, a highly accomplished and lovely
woman. She died Dec. 13, 1892, leaving three chil-
dn-n: Eunice, wife of Albert D. Marks, a son of
ex-Gov. Marks, and a prominent attorney of Nash-
ville ; Selene Harding, wife of William R. Elliston,
and AVilliam Harding Jackson, who succeeds his
f'alliiT in the management of " Belle Meade," and
gives promise of emulating his father's usefulness.
At the request of Gen. Harding, Gen. Jackson be-
came his assistant in the management of the vast
stock farm. "Belle Meade," comprising 5,500 acres,
where he found opportunity not only to indulge the
tastes so firmly implanted in him as a boy on his
father's plantation, but also to devote his mind to
the development of scientific agriculture. He was
the projector and moving spirit of the agricultural
journal known as the "Rural Sun," which was long
the most popular agricultural publication in the
South, lie was president of the company with
Col. J. B. Killebrew as chief editor. In his own lan-
guage, " Agricultural journals, like almanacs, should
be calculated for the latitudes they are designed to
serve. . . . My observation has taught me that
many young men of the South, in their efforts to
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
213
apply the teachings of the northern journals to the
conditions of the South, have led them into disas-
trous errors. " Refusing the highest political offices
which his fellow-citizens desired to thrust upon him.
preferring rather to be the power behind the throne
than the shadow upon it, he has proved his public
spirit and shown the highest attributes of citizenship
by devoting his energies to contributing to the ma-
terial development of the country, and has accepted
positions tending to promote the public welfare. He
has been president of the state association of farm-
ers; was organizer and for many years president of
the national agricultural
congress, and state bu-
real i of agriculture of
Tennessee. In the latter
capacity he was influen-
tial in creating the ollice
of state commissioner
of agriculture, and in
promoting the publica-
tionof that notablework,
"The Hesourcesof Ten-
nessee," of which the
secretary of the hoard,
5- ** Col. J. B. Killebrew, was edilor. This work has
been published in many different languages anil
scattered abroad, and, according to leading authori-
ties, was the most eminent agency in first attracting
immigration to Tennessee. As president and Bscal
agent of the state bureau of agriculture, no money
could be spent without his signature. So well was this
duty discharged, that the whole work of the depart-
ment was completed, including the publication of the
"Hesourcesof Tennessee " (1874), at a total cost of
$13,r>00, leaving $0,500 out of an appropriation of
$20,000 to lie returned to the state treasury. In
recognition of this distinguished service and economi-
cal expenditure, he was complimented by a vote of
thanks by the general assembly of Tennessee. In
addition to his work as an agriculturist. (Jen. .lack-
son has been an active promoter of various public
enterprises: as president of the Safe Deposit Trust
Co., of Nashville, of the Nashville Gas Light
Co., and of the Nashville street railway, which
lie look over when in the hands of a receiver in a
disordered condition, and reorganized and reha-
bilitated, financially and materially. In no instance
has his genius been more conspicuously displayed
than in the perfection of the great "Belle Meade,"
celebrated in poetry and song, which experts from
England pronounce to be the best managed and most
complete stock farm iu the world. It is the home of
Iroquois, the most famous race-horse, and now
one of the most valuable stallions in the world,
who won on the English turf an unequaled triumph.
Here are also Luke Blackburu (imp.), Great Tom,
Tremout, Loyalist (imp.), Clarendon, and other
"kings of the turf"; as well as extensive herds
of thoroughbred Jersey cattle, Shetland ponies,
and the finest deer park iu America. "Belle
Meade" is a typical southern home, the frequent
scene of true southern hospitality, and here Gen.
Jackson has entertained Pres. and Mrs. Cleveland,
cabinet officers, statesmen, authors, poets, and many
foreigners, including members of the nobility from
different countries. In many other ways, also, he
has contributed to the material prosperity, and stimu-
lated the progress, of his native state. He has
erected at Nashville the finest office and apartment
building in Tennessee, a model of architecture. He
was a moving spirit in promoting the great Tennes-
see centeuuial exposition of 1896-97, and declining
the presidency served as chairman of its executive
committee. Since the close of the war he has been
the advocate of sectional conciliation, and has exerted
his powerful influence at all times and at all places,
but especially in the Confederates Veteran Associa-
tion, in which he has long held high rank. By pro-
moting such public enterprises and exerting an
influence so salutary and potent, Gen. Jackson
furnishes an illustrious example of the private citi-
zen of public spirit who, declining political office,
"does more than armies for the commonweal."
The well-known author and scientist, Col. J. B.
Killebrew, who has known him over a quarter
of a century, has well said: "Gen. Jackson is a
strong man, mentally, physically and morally. He
never does anything by halves. He never rests as
long as there is an improvement to be made. What-
ever he puts his hands on, prospers. He has an in-
tuitive knowledge of men, and therefore his agents
are always the best for accomplishing the purposes
for which he selects them. In the organization and
conduct of the many large enterprises with which
his name is associated, he has acquired the habits of
thought peculiar to all successful men. He goes
directly to the point, and he has all the precision of
a martinet, with the power of a conqueror. Broad,
but accurate; diligent, but deliberate; patient, but
prompt; kind, but firm; fearing no weight of re-
sponsibility, yet not careless of it, he always meets
and overcomes difficulties."
McCLAMMY, Charles Washington, soldier
and congressman, was born at Scott's Hill, New
Hanover CO., N. ('.. May 29, is;«), son of Luke S.
and Anna E. (Chadwick) McClammy. His paternal
ancestors had resided iu the South for generations,
and several of them pariicipated in the revolutionary
war, one attaining the rank of captain. Charles was
educated at Scott's Hill Academy, and at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina, where he was grad-
uated in 1857. On leaving college he adopted the
profession of a teacher, and at the breaking out
of the civil war in 1S01 was principal of the Black
Hivei' high school. When Snmler was tired upon,
he immediately organized a cavalry company which
became company A, 3d North Carolina cavalry. From
lH<i2 until the close of the war he served under Gens.
J. E. B. Stuart and W. 11. F. Lee. participating in
nearly all their engagements. On one occasion he was
slightly wounded by a fragment of shell, and was
once captured, but escaped at night-
fall by leaping his horse across a
canal. The enemy attempted in
vain to follow, and then fired upon
him, so that hisuniform was pierced
with thirteen bullets by the time
he gained the shelter of a forest a
few hundred yards away. For his
gallantry in action he was promoted
upon the field of battle to the rank
of major in the 3d North Carolina
cavalry. At the close of the war
he refused to sunender, and cut-
ting his way out with a hand-
ful of cavalrymen, escaped Grant's
swarming hosts on that memorable
morning at Appomattox. In 1806
Maj. McClammy was elected to the
lower house of the general assem-
bly, and in 1868 to the state senate,
where he cast his vote for the im-
peachment of Gov. W. W. Holden. In 1884 he was
the Democratic elector for the third congressional
district, and in 1886 was elected to congress, and
was returned iu 1888. Maj. McClammy was a man
of tireless energy and rare personal magnetism.
After the war he followed the occupation of a
farmer. In 1887 the honorary degree of A. M. was
conferred upon him by his alma mater. He was mar-
ried, iu 1860, to Margaret, daughter of Owen Fennel],
sheriff of New Hanover county. He was killed by
the explosion of a steam boiler, Feb. 26, 1896.
214
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
PECKHAM, Stephen Farnum, chemist, was
born near Providence, R. I., March 26, 1839, son of
Charles ami Hannah Lapham (Farnum) Peckham.
He is a lineal descendant of John Peckham, who, with
the Clarkes and other Baptists, settled in Newport,
It. I., in 1038. His paternal grandmother was de-
scended from John Howlnud, of the Mayflower, and
was the daughter of Col. Samuel Wardwell, of Bris-
tol, R. I. On his mother's side, he is descended
from Richard Scott, the first Rhode Island Quaker,
whose wife was a sister of Anne Hutchiusou, and
from other companions of Roger Williams, whose
descendants became Quakers. His early years were
spent on his father's farm and in attendance upon
the district school, where he acquired the rudiments
of knowledge, and at the
Friends' Boarding-school in
Providence, where he fin-
ished his preparatory stud-
ies. At the age of eight-
een, he sought employment
in a drug store in Provi-
dence, where he remained
two years. He then entered
Brown University, and re-
mained there until the close
of the academic year, 1861.
During the fall and winter
of that year he was engaged,
with several gentlemen of
Providence, in erecting and
operating an establishment
for the manufacture of il-
luminating oils from petro-
leum ; but the following
summer the service of his
country called him to the
field, whither he went as
hospital steward of the 7th regiment, Rhode
Island volunteer infantry, enlisting Aug. 15, 1862.
He was discharged May 26, 1865. During the last
six mouths of his service he had charge of the chemi-
cal department of the U. S. army laboratory at
Philadelphia. He left the service in order to become
a chemical expert to the California Petroleum Co., of
Santa Barbara county, California, one of the com-
panies whose organization was based on the reports
made by Prof. Benjamin Sillimau, Jr. Visiting
southern California, he remained with the company
one year, and then entered the service of the Cali-
fornia geological survey, under Prof. J. D. Whit-
ney. He prepared a very elaborate report upon the
"Oil Interests of Southern California," and then re-
turned to New England to make a technical exami-
nation of the California bitumens and report upon
the same. In 1867 he was engaged as tutor in
chemistry in Brown University, and later he again
took up his researches upon the California bitumens,
af, Harvard University. During 1869 he held the
chair of chemistry in Washington College, at Wash-
ington, Pa., and during 1870-71 at the Maine State
College of Agriculture, at Orono. During 1872
he was at Buchlel College, Akron, O., removing, in
1873, to Minneapolis, Minn., to accept the chair of
chemistry in the University of Minnesota. In 1881
he again returned to Providence, to take up the prep-
aration of the monograph on "Petroleum" for the
" Tenth Census of the United States." This work oc-
cupied, in the preparation and completion, several
years, appearing in 1885. A translation from proof
sheets of that portion of the monograph which was
of general scientific interest was published in Ger-
many before it was issued from the census office.
For several years Prof. Peckham was engaged
in various business, scientific and literary occupa-
tions ; he prepared the article on petroleum for
the last original edition of the " Encyclopedia Bri-
tanuica, " and several similar publications. In 1892
he began the investigation of problems connected
with street paving with asphaltum, aud read a paper
on the subject before the congress of chemists at the
Columbian exposition. Then for more than a year
he was engaged in researches on the bitumens of
southern California for the Union Oil Co. of Cali-
fornia; meantime reading his widely quoted paper,
"The Nitrogen Content of California Bitumens,"
before the congress at the mid-winter fair. In 1894,
soon after his return east, he visited the island of
Trinidad, W. I., to examine the famous Pitch Lake,
aud later made an examination of the bituminous
deposits of Texas and the Indian Territory. Quali-
fied by these wide researches, he has frequently been
retained as an expert witness in some of the most
important bitumen cases of recent years. He is con-
sidered one of the best authorities on the subject of
bitumens now living. He published " Elementary
Text Book on Chemistry " (1873), and has con-
tributed numerous articles to scientific periodicals
both in Europe aud America. He now (1899) resides
in Brooklyn, N. Y. In August, 1898, he was ap-
pointed to a position in New York city, equivalent
to consulting chemist to the corporation. Prof. Peck-
ham was married, June 13, 1865, to Mary Chace
Peck, of Providence, R. I., who died March 20, 1892.
PECKHAM, Mary Chace (Peck), author
and reformer, was born on tne island of Nautucket,
Mass., July 15, 1839, daughter of Charles Miller and
Adriana (Fisher) Peck: the former a native of
Providence, the latter of Edgartown, Martha's Vine-
yard. She was a descendant of the Rehoboth
branch of the family. Capt. Jonathan Peck, her
great-great-grandfather, fought, at Bunker Hill.
Philip" Peck, her grandfather, was a merchant of
Providence, aud was married to a lady of that city,
Abigail Chace, whose family were Quakers, well-
known as philanthropists. The maternal grand-
parents of Mrs. Peckham were Rufus Fisher, a sea
captain, and Mary (Pease) Fish-
er, both of Edgartowu, and
f n mi this side of the house came
in large measure that relig-
ious independence that distin-
guished her. Early in Mary
Peck's life her parents removed
to Providence, where she was
graduated with high honors at
ihe hi;:h school at the age of
eighteen, and chosen poet of the
alumni association. She was a
teacher in the schools of Provi-
dence for eight years, and met
with great success; inspiring
her pupils ami attaching them
to her by the tie of sincere
affection. Her sympathetic
nature found abundant op-
portunities of expressing it-
self; she worked among the
women in the stale prison, and
during the civil war ministered to the soldiers in the
hospitals near Providence. On June 13. 1865, she
was married to Mcphen F. Peckham, chemical ex-
pert, and accompanied him to southern California.
In isiili she returned to the east with her husband
aud child, and from that time on for several years
was actively engaged in literary as well as humani-
tarian work. In 1ST3 Mr. and Mrs Peckham re-
moved to Minneapolis, Minn., and she there bc^aii
in a more public way her work for women. Wher-
ever she made her home her influence was powerful,
in spite of her retiring nature. However pressing
the demands of the public might be, they were
never allowed to interfere with the training of her
OF AMKRIOAN BIOGRAPHY.
215
children, "into whose lives she poured from her
rich nature luui'li of tlie best and noblest in thought
and liiiinan experience." On returning lo Provi-
dence, in 1SNO, she became a valued member of
the Khode Island Woman Suffrage Association,
served on ils executive committee and presented the
cause in public mcelinjr-s'. She was the tnisled co-
laborer of Julia Ward Howe, l.ucv 8tOD6, Susan I!.
Anthony and oilier noled workers for the advance-
ment of" women; for her interest in securing for her
sex the fullest enjoyment of civil rights and higher
edncalion was not local. She was an important
member of I he Association for the Advancement
of Women, anil this made the whole country her
.sphere of aclion. She was 11 quirt but linn anil
fearless advocate of social reforms; a poetical idealist
in philosophy and religion, living a life level with
her convictions. A member of the First ( Unitarian)
Church of Providence, she had no faiih or confidence
in dogmatic theology, but died as she had lived, in
abs.ihile trust in the order and integrity of the
divine Author of all things. Sin- was endowed with
a lemarkahle memory; her sparkling eonversai mn
revealed a keen insight into character and a critical
study of the best books. She was a writer of el.
prose and a contributor to the religious, educational
and secular press for twenty live years. Two
volumes hearing her name have been published.
"Father (iabriel's Fairy" (lS?:i) and "Windfalls
(lathered (inly for Friends" (1S!M). poems collected
alter her death. Many of these are of a high order
of literary merit, especially those mi religious sub-
jects and those inspired by her deep love of nature.
In Issil Mrs. Peckham removed in Ann Arbor,
Mich., where she died, March 20. IS'.rj.
BLAKE, Eli Whitney, inventor and scientist,
was born at. Westboro. Mass., Jan. 27, 17K5, son
of Elihu Blake. He was educated in the public,
.schoiils, and after his graduation at Vale College, in
IXlli, began the study of law, which he later aban-
doned to assist his uncle, Eli Whitney, the inventor
of the cotlon-gin, in the erection of his g-un I'acinry
at Whilneyville, near New Haven, Conn. Here for
the first time tire-arms were made on the principle of
interchangeable parts. After Mr. Whitncv '> deal h,
in 1S2IJ, Mr. Blake succeeded him in the "business,
which he continued until 1836. He then became
associated with Ms two brothers in the manufacture of
household hardware at New Haven, under the lirm-
name of Blake Bros., which firm was one of I he tirst
in this business, and became noted for various valu-
able improvements, most of them invented by him-
self. In 1858 he brought before the public his most
important invention, a machine for breaking stone
into small fragments for road-making and other pur-
poses, which is now employed all over the world
under the name of the Blake crusher. This kind of
machine had before been unsuccessfully attempted,
and his invention is considered of the very high-
est order for novelty of principle, simplicity of
construction and great economic importance. Its
value as a labor-saving machine is, in fact, incalculable,
and it has done much for the progress of civilization
by its general use in the construction of macadam
roads and city streets. It is indispensable in mining
operations and in engineering work where concrete
is used. Mr. Blake also contributed many papers of
value to scientific journals on mathematical and scien-
tific subjects, such as " The Flow of Elastic Fluids
Through an Orifice " (for which he received the
thanks of Sir James Napier); "The Propagation of
Pulses in Elastic Media," and "The Form, Forma-
tion and Movement of Sonorous Waves." In the
latter paper he mathematically demonstrated that the
velocity of sounds could not be uniform, as had been
previously supposed. Prof. Tyndall afterwards
verified this conclusion by his investigations and ex-
perimeuts some years later. Yale College, in 1879,
conferred on Mr. Blake the degree of LL.D. He
died in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 18, issij.
AIRMAN, William, clergyman, was born in
New York city. Aug. 12. 1*24. lie was graduated at
the University of the City of New York in 1846, and
at Ihe Union Theological Seminary in 1SJ!I He
then entered the Presb.v teri.-in ministry, ami was
pastor in Newark, N. J., New York citv, Wilming-
ton, Del., Delroil. Mich., and at Atlantic City, N. J.
He is the author of "Moral Power of the Sea";
"Life at Home ; 01 the Family am] ils Members ";
"The Altav in the Home". "A Bachelor's Talks
About Mariied Life"; "The Future of the Colored
Race in America," and oi her works of interest and
value. lie was moderator ,.l the synod of Pennsyl-
vania, at Washington. D. ('.. in ISli:',, and received
the degree of D.I) from Ihe University of the City
of New York in isiiii.
CATHERWOOD, Mary (Hartwell), author,
was born at Luray, (I.. Dec-. Hi. 1*47. daughter of
Marcus and Pho-lie (Thompson ) I larl well. Through
her lather she is of Knglish and Scotch-Irish de-
SCent. She lost both parents when only ten years
old, and was educated at the Female College at
( Iranville. ()., where she was graduated in 1868. At
an early ane she began lo support herselfby writing
for local journals, and on leav-
ing college sell led at Ncwbtirgh-
011 Ihe Hudson, where she ... cu
pied herself ill writing stories leu-
New York weekly publications,
and soon afterwards began to
contribute acceptable siories i,,
the leading magazines. Her
novel. " Cracque o'-Dooni," ap-
peared in issi. and " Rocky
Fork" in 1SS2," "Old Caravan
Days " in 1SS4. and "The Se-
crets of Hoseladics" in 1888.
In 1HSU the first of her suc-
cessful historical romances ap-
peared. " Hoinanec of Dullard,"
founded on ev cuts in ( 'anadian
history, and published serially A^c^v
in Ihe "Century Maga/ine," f
before appearing in book-form.
This was followed by the "Story of Touty," which
introduced the explorer La Salle. and derives most
of its material from the histories of Parkman;
"Lady of Fort St. John"; "Old Kaskaskia";
"White Islander," and "Chase of St. Caslin." She
has also written for the "St. Nicholas Magazine " a
story, entitled "The Bells of St. Anne." In the
preparation of these works she received effective aid
from the late Francis Parkman and Dr. Bourinot,
C.M.G., clerk of the house of commons of Canada.
They treat the old romance of Canada in an effective
manner, telling the story with animation, feeling and
dramatic force. Prof. John Fiske, the American his-
torian, said of Mrs. Catherwood's work: "Early
colonial history abounds in subjects of romance,
only a few of' which have been treated. One vein
is being worked with great success by Mrs. Gather-
wood. She has published " Days of Jeanne D'Arc ";
"The Spirit of an Illinois town"; "Little Ke-
nault"; "The Queen of the Swamp"; " Macki-
nae and Lake Stories." and "The Spaniard of
New Salem." On Dec. 27, 1887, she was married to
James S. Catherwood, and removed to Hoopeston, 111.
ELLIOT, Henry Rutherford, author and
publisher, was born at AYoodbridge, Conn., April
21, 1849, son of Samuel Hayes and MarciaL. Elliot.
On both sides of the bouse he is descended from
early settlers of New England. His father waa a
Congregational clergyman. Young Elliot studied at
216
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the Hopkins Grammar School iu New Haven aud
then entered Yale, in the autumn of 1867. During
his college course he stood well as a scholar, took au
active interest iu athletics, was universally popular,
and was honored hy election to the Delta Kappa
Epsilou and Skull and Bones societies. He was
graduated iu 1871 and immediately went into jour-
nalism on the staff of the New Haven " Daily Palla-
dium." After a year's service iu the U. S. navy as
fleet paymaster's clerk, in 1876 he accepted a posi-
tion in Japan as instructor iu the government school
at Tokio. Returning to America iu 1878, he be-
came editor of the New Haven "Morning Journal
aud Courier," but soon exchanged his position for
that of Washington correspondent of the New York
" Evening Post, " remaining iu the national capital
until 1885, when he returned to New York and be-
came editor of the " Dry Goods Economist." Inl894
he became the publisher of the New York " Evan-
gelist," and as such personally conducted a party
of American Presbyterians through Great Britain
and the Continent, the object being to visit and
fraternize with Presbyterians abroad and to study
on the spot the historic development of the Presby-
terian church. Iu 1897 he started and now edits
" The Church Economist." In addition to occa-
sional contributions to periodical literature, Mr.
Elliot has written two novels: " The Bassett Claim "
(1885), which had an extensive sale, and "The
Common Chord" (1887). As the assistant secretary
of the American Copyright League, he took an active
part in securing the present International Copyright
Act. He is an elder iu the West End Presbyterian
Church, New York city. In 1887 he was married to
Elizabeth, daughter of the late Judge Thomas J.
Johnston, of Washington, D. C. They have one
daughter, Gabrielle Elliot.
DOWLING, John, clergyman, was born at
Pevensey, on the sea coast of Sussex, England, May
12, 1807. His birthplace is interesting as having
been the landing-place of William the Conqueror iu
1066. The ivy-covered walls of
Peveusey castle, where the soldiers
of King William took refuge, over-
hang the birthplace of John Dowl-
ing; aud even in the days of the con-
quest, it was an ancient ruin of Roman
origin. Dr. Dowliug's parents and
ancestors were zealous in tlicir ad-
herence to the established church
of England. He was a studious
youth. At an early age he removed
to London, where, at seventeen
years of age, he joined the Eagle
Street Baptist Church, under the
pastorship of Rev. Joseph Ivimey,
the historian of the English Bap-
tists. In his nineteenth year he he-
came instructor in the Latin lan-
guage and literature at the Clapham Rise Classical
Institute, in the viciuity of London, and at twenty-
one taught Greek, Hebrew. Latin and French in a
similar institution iu Buckinghamshire, under the
care of Rev. Ebenezer West. Dr. Dowling started
a classical boarding-school in Oxfordshire in 1829,
which was a prosperous institution; but, with the
view of removing to America, he disposed of it three
years later. Soon after the arrival of himself and
family in the United States he accepted a call to the
Baptist church at Catskill, where he was ordained,
Nov. 14, 1832. Later, in August, 1836, he was in-
stalled pastor of the Baptist congregation worshiping
in the Gothic Masonic Hall, New York; also he
preached for two or three years in the Broadway
Baptist Church, in Hope Chapel, .and for a time
was at a church in Providence. During 1844-52 he
was pastor of the Bereau Baptist Church in Bedford
street, New York. He then accepted a call to a
church in Philadelphia, remaining, however, but a
short time, as he resumed his connection with the
Bedford street church at their unanimous request.
After many years of acceptable service, he was pastor
for a few years iu a Newark church; but finally be-
came settled as the pastor of the South Baptist
Church, New York. Dr. Dowling was the author
of "Exposition of the Prophesies " (1840); "Defense
of the Protestant Scriptures" (1843); "History of
Romanism "(1845); " Power of Illustration"; "Nights
aud Mornings"; "Judsou Offering" and "Defense
of the Baptists," besides contributing extensively to
the periodical literature of the day and editing
several important theological treatises. Brown Uni-
versity conferred upon" him the degree of A.M.,
in 1834, and Transylvania University, the degree of
D.D. iu 1846. Dr. Dowling had a well-trained
mind, a strong, inflexible character, aud was a man
of large heart and broad sympathies toward all forms
of orthodox religion. His "History of Romanism"
enjoyed an immense popularity, over 30,000 copies
having been sold within ten years from its publica-
tion. He died at Middletown, N. Y., July 4, 1878.
GOWER, Frederick Allan, scientist, was
born in Sedgwick, Me.., July 25, 1851, son of Har-
rison Bartlett and Maria Susan (Dix) Gower. His
father was a Baptist clergyman and editor iu connec-
tion with the American Baptist Publication Society,
Philadelphia. He died in 1859, leaving to his widow
the care of supporting their three sous. Before her
marriage, Mrs. Gower had been a teacher, aud she
now resumed her former profession, becoming princi-
pal of the Ladies' Collegiate Institute in Worcester,
Mass. ; aud while there sent her children to the
public schools of the city. When Frederick was
ten years old he spent a year in the well-known
Abbot school iu Farmington, Me. , after which his
mother became a teacher in the Fountain Street
Grammar School in Providence. While preparing
here to enter college he was useful in assisting
his mother in her duties, and thus early developed
an industrious and self-reliant disposition. In 1869
he entered Brown University, but. left the next year
to engage in the lumber business with his uncle,
George D. Gower, of New Haven. He also studied
six mouths, intending to complete his college course
at Yale, but pecuniary resources failing him, he re-
turned to Providence in 1873. and was for the follow-
ing three years connected as reporter and afterwards
as editor with the " Evening Press. " Being a member
of the lecture committee of the Franklin Lyceum,
it devolved upon him to secure popular lecturers,
and this occasioned his first meetiugwith Prof. Bell,
whom he engaged to give an experimental lecture on
the telephone, then but recently invented. The re-
sult of this chance meeting was that Mr. Gower
abandoned journalism and joined the professor
in his lectures, and his subsequent effort to introduce
the telephone. During that period he invented the
"telephone harp," an instrument for producing loud
effects upon the lecture platfoim; aud this invention
f lined for him an introduction to the scientists of
ngland, where he went, in 1878, to look after his
interests in the Bell patent. In the same year he
went to Paris and engaged with Cornelius Roosevelt,
of New York, in introducing the Bell telephone in
France; but soon invented one himself. At the end
of two years he had succeeded in establishing a com-
pany with a monopoly of the telephone business
throughout France, and using mainly the Gower in-
strument, which he brought out in that country.
Severe tests of his telephone were made in Great
Britain by prominent scientific men, government offi-
cers aud committees of the army and navy, and the
result was a complete recognition of its merits and its
adoption in preference to all others. The Gower-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
217
Bell Telephone Co., of England, was speedily or-
ganized, and large contracts given to Mr. Gown, M>
that he Soon reaped a very ample harvest from his
labors. In recognition of his scientific achieve
ments lie was elected to the Royal Institution of
Great Britain. In 1883 he was married, in I don,
England, to Lillian Norton, Uimwn as Mine. Xordica,
the opera singer. In lss-4 he lost hi.s life while
attempting to cross from Cherbourg, France, to
England, in a balloon.
DOME, Lillian (Norton), opera singer, bet-
ter known as Mine. Nordica, was born in Far
mington. Franklin co., Me., Dee. 12, 1859, daugh-
ter of Kihvin and Amanda ( Allen) Norton, and is
of the lii-s! N'e\v England stock. When she was live
years of anc her parents removed to Boston, and
when she was lil'teen she entered the New KiiL'land
Conservatory of Music to study voice culture under
John O'Neil. She developed a soprano voice of
great purity, and at the age of eighteen was
graduated with high honors. Meanwhile she had
sung in choirs and concerts. On leaving the con-
servatory she sang with the Handel and Haydn So-
ciety, taking the leading part in the "Messiah"
and other oratorios. The singer Tiet Jens, hearing Mi-s
Norton, introduced her to Madame Marctzck, under
whom she studied some mouths. In 1S7S she went
to Europe with Gil move's band, and while there sanir
at the Crystal Palace, near London, and ai the
Trocadero in Paris. She confined herself to classi-
cal music, and her success in it was so Flattering
that she decided to remain in Europe and to attempt,
an operatic career. Accordingly, she settled in
Milan to become a pupil of Sangiovanni. and in six
months' time mastered ten operas. She made her
debut at Brescia in " I.a Traviala"; her stage name.
Qiglia Xordica, being her own Italiani/.ed. In
October, 1SSO, she sang the part of Marguerite in
fifteen performances of "Faust," and next, ap-
peared at Novara as Alice in " Roberto." At
Aquilla, Italy, she appeared in thirty-five perform-
ances, the operas being "Faust," "Rigoletto" and
"Lucia." At St. Petersburg, the next city visited,
she achieved her first marked triumph as Filina in
"Miguon," meeting with great favor also in other
parts, such as Inez in " L' Africaine, " Cherubino
in "LeNozzedi Figaro," Bert a in " Le Proph.'te,"
Zerlinain "Don Giovanni," and Queen Marguerite in
"Les Huguenots." In 1881 she went to Paris and sang
before Ambrose Thomas and the impresario. Van-
corbeil, whoengaged her for the Grand Opera House.
After a tour in Italy, she made her debut in Paris in
1882, appearing as "Marguerite in "Faust." In spite
of the claque her triumph was complete, her voice
being especially admired in the trio in the fifth
act. Her American accent was remarked upon, but
was conceded to give a piquancy to her tone, and her
acting was considered to be equal to her singing.
At the close of this engagement she was secured
by Col. Mapleson, under whose management she
made a tour in the United States and appeared at
the Academy of Music, New York city. In 1887
she met with great favor in Berlin, a city not usu-
ally predisposed in favor of American singers, and
shortly after sang in Drury Lane Theatre^London.
She became a great favorite with the public; sang at
a state concert at Buckingham Palace, receiving the
personal thanks of the prince and princess of Wales,
and was commanded by the' queen to sing in West-
minster Abbey, the selection being "Let the Bright
Seraphim." Nordica gradually took up Wasrnerian
roles, and in 1894 appeared at Bayreuth, singing the
part of Elsaiu " Lohengrin." She visited the United
States several times as a member of the Abbey, Schoef-
fel & Grau Co., her name appearing with those of
Calve, Melba, Eames, Plancon and the de Reszkes.
The part of Elsa in " Lohengrin " was one in which
/>. .
I£L£&C<*<
she was greatly admired. Of her impersonation of
Isolde, the musical critic, H. E. Krehbiel, wrote as
follows: "Letonefacl be pondered: 'Tristan und
Isolde' was sung in tune throughout. Never before
have we had a Tristan able to sing the declamatory
music of the first and last acts with correct intona-
tion, to say nothing of the duel of the second act.
Never since Madame Lcbmann left us have we had
an Nol.le capable of the same feat. But Mme.
Xordica and M. de Kes/.ke not only sang in tune;
they gave the text with a distinctness of enunciation
and a truthfulness of expression thai enabled those
familiar with the German tongue to follow the play
and appreciate its dramatic value and even its
philosophical purport. It was wondi I Mil how Mine
Xordica rose to the op-
portunity which Wagner's
drama openeil to her. The
greater the demand the
larger her capacity. In
the climaxes of the first
act, in which Isolde rages
like a tempest, her voice
rang out with thrilling
clearness, power and bril-
liancy and forced upon all
a recognition of the lesson
which Wallher teaches
Hans Sachs at the song-
meeiitiL.' in St. Cather-
ine's Church — that ability
comes with willingness and
desire." In isur Mme.
Nordica left the company
ami made a concert tour
through the Cniled States,
supported by Madame
Scalchi and Barmn licit
hold, a young tenor. She
soon returned to the opera sta^e, however, and in
New York and afterward in London sang the part of
Isolde; Jean de Heszke taking the part of Tristan.
During the season of 1898-99, in New York city, she
appeared in Gran's company with Lehmanii, Eames,
the de Reszkes, Mantelli and Van Dyck, both in
Italian and in German opera. Her Isolde and Bri'inn-
bilde were declared by more than one critic to
stand the test of contrast with Mme. Lehmann's
magnificent portrayal of those heroines. Mme. Nor-
dica has about forty operas in her repertoire. She
has received decorations from H. R. H. the duke
of Edinburgh and H. R. H. the duke of Saxe
Coburg and Gotha; also the title of royal chamber
singer ; while the queen of England presented her
with a brooch composed of pearls, emeralds and
diamonds. In 1896 she was presented by the stock-
holders of the Metropolitan Opera House with a
magnificent diamond tiara. She was married, in
London, in 1883, to Frederick A.Gower, of theGower-
Bell Telephone Co., a native of Maine. In 1884
Mr. Gower made a balloon ascension from Cher-
bourg, France, intending to cross the English chan-
nel. The balloon was found but the aeronaut was
never seen again. In 1896 she became the wife of a
Hungarian officer, Zoltan Dome, the wedding taking
place in Indianapolis, where she was singing.
LiYMAN, Benjamin Smith, geologist, was
born at Northampton, Mass., Dec. 11, 1835, son of
Judge Samuel Fowler Lyman and grandson of
Judge Joseph Lyman. The latter was a son of
Capt. Joseph Lyman, a revolutionary soldier, and de-
scendant of Richard Lyman, who came from Eng-
land in 1631, and was one of the first settlers of North-
ampton. Benjamin Smith Lyman was also grand-
son of Benjamin Smith, a leading citizen of Hatfield,
Mass., who was brother to Oliver Smith, the founder
218
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of the Smith charities and the Smith Agricultural
School of Northampton, and uncle to Sophia
Smith, the founder of Smith College of Northamp-
ton and of Hattield Academy. This Benjamin Smith
probably derived his name from his great-grand-
father, Benjamin Waite, celebrated for his spirited
rescue of his wife and infant daughter from Indian
captivity. The Smith ancestors all lived in Hatfield
or Hadley from the time of Lieut. Samuel Smith,
who came from England in 1634. Benjamin Smith
Lymau began his studies at Northampton in the
common schools, where he remained ten years, at
the end of which time he had a year of private
instruction. Then entering Phillips Academy, Exe-
ter, and afterwards Harvard College, he was gradu-
ated in 1855, with the degree of A.B. The follow-
ing year he became principal of Deerfield Acade-
my, Massachusetts, and during the summer went
to Broad Top mountain, Pa., as assistant to J.
P. Lesley in geological aud topographical surveying.
The next autumn and winter he was assistant in
Short's Classical School for Boys in Philadelphia,
and the rest of 1857 he spent in traveling between
Massachusetts and Alabama, collecting statistics on
iron manufacture for the American Iron Association.
In 1858 he became assistant on the state geological
survey of Iowa, remaining until the close of its field
work, under Prof. James Hall. In 1859 he again
assisted Mr. Lesley in private
geological work in the Penn-
sylvania anthracite region,
and in September of that 3rear
he went to Europe to study
two years at the Paris Mining
School aud one year at the
Freiberg Mining Academy.
Returningto America in 1862,
he resumed private geologi-
cal work, associated at first
with Mr. Lesley in the an-
thracite region aud in the
Cape Breton (N. S.) coal-
field. In ?._864 he visited
southern California, by way
of Panama, aud returned by
the overland stage-coach. He
was occupied with geological
work in Cape Breton again,
and in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Alabama, Illinois
and on the Labrador coast until 1869. In December
of that year he went to Calcutta, in the service of the
British government, to make surveys of oil fields in
India. He spent the greater part of 1870 in the Punjab
and much of the next winter in Calcutta, and in the
spring returned home, on the way touching at several
Chinese and Japanese ports. He lived for some
time thereafter in Philadelphia, making private
surveys as before, particularly in West Virginia. In
December, 1872, he went to japan, in the service of
the Japanese government, making in three year* a
hasty geological survey of the island of Yesso for the
colonization department, with headquarters at Tokio.
Being assisted the first two years by an American,
and throughout by a dozen Japanese students, he
made geological and topographical surveys of the
Yesso coal and gold fields, a preliminary railroad sur-
vey and geological reconnaissance journeys, among
others one across the hitherto unexplored centre of
the island and around the whole eastern and northern
coasts. In 1876 he was engaged by the home de-
partment for a two years' geological survey of the
oil fields of Japan, with the same Japanese assistants.
He also visited government silver, copper, gold and
iron mines. In 1878 he was re-engaged under the
public works department to begin a general geologi-
cal survey of Japan, continuing with his native as-
sistauts the extensive and elaborate geological aud
topographical oil-laud surveys, and his reconnais-
sance of the mining regions. He traveled through
the western two-thirds of the main island, around
Kiushiu, through Shikoku aud Awaji, and by Ki-
yoto and Nagoya, back to Tokio. The rest of 1879
and 1880 was spent in writing reports, looking after
the completion of numerous large geological and
topographical maps of the oil fields aud revising the
rock specimens collected in all the surveys. Mr.
Lymau was the first to induce the Japanese govern-
ment to publish the reports made to it by foreigners.
He left Japan at the end of 1880, aud returned to
America, arriving in May, 1881. He then went to
live at his native Northampton, making occasional
geological surveys in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Nova
Scotia, and in 1886 a seven mouths' reconnaissance
of the coal-fields of Colorado and northern New
Mexico. In 1885 and 1886 he served as a member of
the common council of Northampton, and he was
also several years president of the Village Improve-
ment Association, the City Improvement Committee
and the Hampshire N3'11™' History Society. In
1SS7 he undertook the survey of Bucks and Mont-
gomery counties for the state geological survey,
and removed to Philadelphia. In his geological
surveys he has particularly regarded topographical
indications, already shown by his master, Prof. Les-
ley, to be so important. He has been especially in-
terested in improving the methods of instrumental
surveying and of mapping, by means of new stadia
mils for use above ground aud under ground, pub-
lished in 1868 ; equidistant strike curves or under-
ground contour lines for rock beds, as early as
1866 and 1867; a solar transit, patented by him in
1871 ; and a topographer's light transit, patented
in 1886. Among his many publications are: "Tele-
scopic Measurement in Surveying" (1868); "General
Report on the Punjab Oil Lands " (1870); "Topog-
raphy of the Punjab Oil Region" (1871); annual
reports on the Japanese geological surveys, and
maps of them ; ' ' General Report on the Geology
of Yesso" (1877); "Character of the Japanese"
(1885); "Report on the New Boston aud Morea Coal
Lands'' (1889); "An Old Japanese Foot Measure"
(1890); "Japanese Swords" (1892); several papers
on Japanese and Chinese grammatical subjects, also
papers on local surveys. He is a member of the
Geological Society of France; Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia ; American Association for
the Advancement of Science; Franklin Institute ;
American Philosophical Society ; Asiatic Society of
Bengal; German Geological Society; American In-
stitute of Mining Engineers ; American Oriental So-
ciety; Asiatic Society of Japan ; German East-
Asiiitic Society; New England Meteorological So-
ciety; Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Phila-
delphia; Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Oriental
Club of Philadelphia ; American Folk-lore Society;
American Academy of Political and Social Science ;
University Archaeological Association; Geographical
Society of Philadelphia ; Engineers' Club of Phila-
delphia.
NINIGRET (or Juanemo), Niautick sachem,
was the uncle, or, according to some, the brother-in-
law, of Miantonomoh, and was of the Narragansett
tribe. The dates of his birth and death are un-
known, but Roger Williams found him chief of the
Nianticks. The name Ninigret is said to have been
the royal title of his tribe, like the Egyptian
"pharaoh." In treating with Winthrop, when he
could not influence his relations, he left them to the
English. lie was loath to comply with Winthrop's
demand lo deliver the IVqnots in his charge to the
English, but finally consented. A colonial writer
records: "Ninigret carried himself proudly, refused
to come to us or yield anything, but, would not harm
us, except we invaded him." We hear little of him
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
219
*
intil the death of Miantonomoh. In 1647 Nini-
gret. wilh sonic Indians, went to Boston. He asked
why the Narragansetts should pay so much wampum,
for he knew not they were indebted to the English.
The commissioners replied: "It was because they
had not lived up to their covenant. They had ili
Healed llieir messengers, and that he himself had
dec-hired he would be for war unless the Kniilish
withdrew their assistance from I'neas. That he
would kill them and their cattle." Ninigret did not
deny these eharues, but admitted the messengers
had provoked him. lie called for their documents.
The interview ended in Ninigrel making a speech,
which promised to give the English satisfaction in
all things. "I will send men to Narra^anscll and
Nianlick lo gather wampum, and
hope to hear in three days w hat
they will do. I will stay here lill
it comes. If all does not arrive, I
ask forbearance, as I assure you the
remainder shall be paid, and you
will see me true to the Km_di-h
hereafter." This speech was well
received. When the mess, Qgei g
arrived with only ','o() fathoms of
wampum the commissioners were
much disappointed. They gave
NiniLiTi I twenty days to raise it,
but if he could not secure all they
would not molest him until next
spring, all of which Xinigrel cheer
fully accepted. At I he end of two
years the Xarrauansclls had paid
1, 100 fathoms, but had not wiped out the w hole debt.
In Hi-t!) Uncas complained to the commissioners
that the Narragansetts had been undermining him.
Ninigret appeared before- the commissioners and
said he had nothing to do with any such attempt
upon Uncas; but the decision of the court was that
his sachems were guilty, and they stood bv Uncas in
his charges. They told Xinigrel that he had not yel
Complied with his former promise to them, and he
might now go his way. When they afterward heard
of the coming marriage of Xinigrel's daughter lo a
brother, or brother's son, of Sassaguas. a tierce
Pequot, they began to prepare for war. and sent out
twenty men to demand of I'assacus the arrears. If
they could not get it, to take its value, or sci/.e Pas-
sacus or his children, and then go to Niuigret to
ascertain the correctness of the marriage re-port.
Ninigret had passed the winter of 1652-53 among
the Dutch of New York, — another suspicious coin-
cidence,— but he utterly denied the charge of enter-
ing into any agreement with the Dutch "against the
English, saying: " Why do the English ask the same
questions over and over auain? Do they think for a
few guns we would sell our lives aud our families?
I went there to get cured of a disease." Uncas re-
peated his charges, but there was no other evidence
of his guilt. In 1654 Rhode Island and Connecticut
both brought charges against Ninigret for taking
some of their Indians prisoners and killing others,
and demanded 500 fathoms of wampum for a breach
of the covenant. Boston sent an embassy to Nini-
gret to demand him in person to account for shelter-
ing the squaw-sachem of the Narragansetts. Ninigret
agreed to go provided he would be safely returned.
Mr. Smith, a neighbor, offered his family as hos-
tages for his safe return. As Ninigret was then
aged, his son was made prime minister. By the
treaty cf Boston he agreed to deliver the sq'uaw.
Ninigret was opposed to Christianity because he dis-
liked those who practiced it. When requested to
allow preaching to his men, he said- "Go make the
English good first." diaries Ninigret was his sup-
posed son. The burial place of the family is in
Charlestowu, R. I. A stone still marks his grave.
NEWTON, Hubert Anson, mathematician,
was born at Sherhmne, X. Y., March 19, 1830, son
of William .Newton, of Colchester, Conn., and Lois
Butler, born in Wetherstield, Conn. Their ances
tors, Thomas New Ion and Richard Butler, were
among the first settlers of Massachusells and Con-
necticut. .Members of both families later held com-
missions in tin • colonial and revolutionary armies. He
was educated in the schools of his native town, and
entering Yale College was graduated in ls:,n. After
spending two yea i s -uiiKini: mathematics, in July,
1S.VJ, he was appointed tutor by his alma mater,
where from the first he had the direction of the
mathematical department, owing to the illness of
Prof. Stanley, who died in the spring of IN.">:;. In
IS.YI he was elected professor, with the privilege of
spending a year in Europe, and on his return
assumed the chair, which lie held conl inuouslv until
his death. Hi- earlier woik was chiefly directed
to methods in higher geometry. His most valuable
service to science, through which he attained his
eiealest reputation, was in the study of meteors.
lie collected and discussed old and new obsei \ ations
of Xovember showers, anil demonstrated that the
peiiod of revolution of these shooting stars must
have one of live correct h determined values. From
like sources be established the secular movement of
the noile of their mean orbit, and demonstrated how
their true astral orbit could then lie dislinu ui-hed
from the other four by the calculation of the secular
motion of the node lor each of the assigned |,eii,,ds.
Other authorities afterwards made the same compu-
tation, and rendered il possible I o connect the streams
of meteors with the cornel of ls(ji; as .soon as the
orbit of thai bodv had been computed. The results
of his researches were published mostly in the " Me-
moirs of the Xational Academy "and in the ".Tour-
Hal of Science," but he aKo contributed valuable
summaries upon what is known of I he laws of me-
teors to Johnson's Cyclopedia and the new edition
of the Encyclopedia Britannica. lie icail in tsr, \ :L
memoir before the National Academy, which wasan
almost exhaustive discussion of
the phenomena exhibited by
sporadic shooting stars, demon-
strating that most of them move
in loim orbits like i he i ts, and
also determining their frequency
in space and their numbers. He
aKo showed that the orbits of
meteorites are nearly all of small
inclination and direct motion. and
therefore that these In dies seem
allied to the comets of short peri-
ods. For his studies of meteoric
bodies lie was awarded the Law-
rence-Smith medal by the Xa-
tional Academy of Sciences. His
writings on pure mathematics in
elude "Investigations on the Con-
struction of Certain Curves by
Points," "Certain Transcenden-
tal Curves," and a number of papers of a similar
character. In 1864 he successfully accomplished the
task of securing in the arithmetics of the United
States an adequate representation of the metric
system of weights and measures. He was for a
number of years an associate editor of the "Ameri-
can Journal of Science ' : was one of the fifty mem-
bers appointed by the act of congress constituting
the National Academy of Sciences, and was a mem-
ber of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, being its vice president in 1875 and
its president in 1885^ In 1872 he was elected an
associate of the Royal Astronomical Society of Lon-
don • in 1886 a foreign member of the Royal Philo
sophical Society of Edinburgh, and in 1S92 a
220
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
foreign member of the Royal Society of London.
He was secretary and executive officer of the board
of managers of Yale University Observatory, was
long president of the Connecticut Academy of Arts
and Sciences, and a member of various other scien-
tific bodies. In 1868 he was awarded the degree of
LL. D. by the University of Michigan. He died in
New Haven, Conn., Aug. 12, 1896.
IRVING, John Treat, jurist and author, was
born in New York city. May 20, 1778, son of William
and Sarah (Sanders) Irving. His father, a native
of Kirkwall, in the Orkneys, was of good fam-
ily. He took to the sea, and rose at last to the posi-
tion of under officer of a packet plying between Fal-
mouth, England, and New Yo;k. His wife, who
was a beautiful and superior woman, was a native of
Fahnouth, and there they were married in 1761.
Two years later, they settled in New York, and
William Irving established himself in trade ou Wil-
liam street, near John. He became so thoroughly
identified with the interests of his adopted country
that he was obnoxious to tin- British and their Tory
sympathizers, and at one time during the revolution-
ary war he was obliged to flee to New Jersey. In
1784 he built a large house, in the Dutch style of
architecture, to accommodate his large family, his
children numbering eleven, the most noted of whom
was Washington, the author. John T. Irving was
educated in private
schools, in the neigh-
borhood of his home,
and like his brothers.
William, Peter and
Washington Irving,
was carefully brought
up by his tather, a
stern disciplinarian.
In his sixteenth year
he was admitted to
Columbia College,
where he was duly
graduated in the class
of 1798, and imme-
diately thereafter be-
gan the study of law.
After admission to the
bar, he took a conspic-
uous position in the
practice of his profes-
sion, and in 1816-17
was a member of the state assembly. In 1821 he
was appointed a judge of the newly-organized court
of common pleas of the city of New York, and ln-ld
the position with marked ability and acceptance
until his death. HOD. Charles P. Daly says of him:
"He bestowed so much care and considered each
case so attentively, that his judgments were rarely
reversed, and were uniformly treated by the courts
of revision with the greatest respect." Although in
his later years largely engrossed in professional cares,
he was as a young man a frequent contributor to
Washington Irving's "Chronicle," gaining consid-
erable reputation by poetical attacks on his political
opponents. He was a man of unflinching integrity,
and a recognized leader in public affairs. After his
death his bust was erected in the court-room of the
common pleas. From 1818 he was a trustee of Co-
lumbia College, and for many years a regular attend-
ant at and a vestryman of Trinity Church. He was
married. April 28, 1806, to Abby, daughter of
Gabriel Furman, of New York city. His son, John
Treat, Jr., a noted member of the New York bar,
also made a good reputation for authorship, having
published a book of travels and several works of
fiction, under the nom de plume, John Quod. His
frandson, Cortlandt Irving, is also a lawyer. Judge
rviug died in New York city, March 15, 1838.
SAXTON, Joseph, mechanician, was born at
Huntingdon, Huntingdon co., Pa., March 22, 1799,
second child of James and Hannah (Ashbaugh) Sax-
ton. His father was of English, his mother of Ger-
man ancestry. At the age of twelve, Joseph Saxtou
became a working-hand in a nail factory, of which
his father was the proprietor, and made an improve-
ment in the machinery which was of decided im-
portance. Disliking the drudgery, at his own re-
quest he was apprenticed to a watch-maker in the
village, but two years later, by the death of his
employer, he was thrown out of work. Later he con-
structed a printing-press, and published a small
newspaper, irregularly issued. At the age of
eighteen, he made his way, partly on foot, to Phila-
delphia, and there, while employed by a watch-
maker, invented an ingenious machine for cutting
the teeth of wheels, the outlines of which were true
epicycloidal curves. He left the watch-making busi-
ness to become an engraver, and while thus engaged
learned to draw with considerable facility. Later he
was associated with Isaiah Lukens, a celebrated
machinist, and constructed an astronomical clock,
with a compensating pendulum and an escapement
on a new plan devised by himself. He also con-
structed a clock for the city, which is still doing
service in the belfry of Independence Hall, and his
ingenuity caused him to be elected a member of the
Franklin Institute. He also became a member of an
experimental society, composed of men of scientific
skill and mechanical ingenuity. About the year
1830 he went to England to increase his store of
knowledge, and there losing his small hoard of
money by the failure of a bank, became employed
in the Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science, at one
time having the principal charge of the apparatus.
This establishment was founded in 1831 for the pur-
pose of exhibiting scientific novelties and of enabling
inventors and manufacturers to place their works
before the public. In various ways he added greatly
to the attractions of the gallery, one of his produc-
tions being a magnetic needle with a mirror on its
end, which exhibited for the first time, bythe move-
ment of a reflected beam of light, the daily and
hourly variations of the magnetic force of the earth.
He became intimately acquainted with some of the
most celebrated engineers and scientists, including
Telford and Faraday, and was introduced to the
meetings of the Royal Institution. In June, 1833, he
exhibited before the British Association a magneto-
electric machine with which he was able to produce'
a brilliant electrical spark, to decompose water, to
show the electrical light between charcoal points,
and to give a rapid series of intense shocks. No
description of this instrument was published until
1836, in which year Mr. Saxton asserted his claim as
the inventor against that of a London instrument-
maker named Clarke. During his residence in Lon-
don he invented the locomotive differential pulley,
an apparatus for measuring the velocity of vessels,
an air gnu with a metallic cartridge, a fountain pen,
an ever-pointed pencil, an apparatus for obtaining
an electrical spark from the magnetism of the earth,
and a reflecting pyrometer, especially valuable for
the trial of compensating pendulums, for which, in
November, 1834, he was awarded the Scott legacy
medal of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. He
was regarded in England as unexcelled for exquisite
nicety of workmanship by any man in Europe or
America. He constructed the apparatus by which
Prof. Wheatstone made his experiment of measuring
the velocity of electricity in its passage through a
luni;' wire, and perfected the medal-ruling machine
invented by Gobrecht, of the U. S. mint — a con-
trivance for tracing lines on metal or glass at a
minute distance from each other, which shall repre-
sent by an engraving the design on the face of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
221
the medal. Mr. Saxton was offered the posi-
tion of director of the printing machinery of the
Bunk of England, but. iu loyalty to his o\spn coun-
try, refused. He returned to the United States in
IHrtT, and iu that year became constructor and cura-
tor of the standard weighing apparatus of the I'. S.
mint at Philadelphia, and was elected a member of
the American Philosophical Society. He constructed
the standard balances still used in the annual inspec-
tion of i he assays and the verification of the standard
weights for all the government assay and coining
offices in the I'nited States. In 1843 he was invited
by Prof. Alexander I). Bache, .superintendent of the
coast survey, to oversee the construction of the
standard balances, weights and measures, to be pre-
sented to each state for securing uniformity of IIM.I-
lircs. lie immediately removed to Washington, and,
in addition to this particular work, constructed por-
tions of the complex apparatus used by the coast
survey. He invented an automatic instrument for
recordinglhe height of the tides, corresponding to
the dillVrent hours of the day, and applied his py-
rometer to the. construction of inea-iirini; rods which
would retain their unvarying length while subjected
to different temperatures. Ainoni; oilier impio\e
merits was I bat by which he rendered automatic the
large dividing machine for graduating Hie limbs of
angular instruments, and a stove for anthracite coal
which regulated its own temperature, and a deep-sea
thermometer still further increased the list. As
early as 1S-J5 Mr. Saxton applied the revolving mir-
ror to a magnetic bar to magnify its angular varia-
tion, thus anticipating Gauss. Later he made many
applications of the mirror to minute measurements in
addition to the pyrometer. In 1H.°>1, at the World's
fair in London, he was awarded a nold medal for a
large balance of extreme precision. Mr. Saxlon was
very fond of hunting aud fishing, and of excursions
in the vicinity of Washington, during which lie col-
lected pre-historic implements and geological and
mineralogical specimens. In 1863 he became a
charter member of the National Academy of Sci-
ences. He was married in Philadelphia, in l.HoO, to
Mary H. Abercrombie, daughter of a well-known
Episcopal clergyman. She bore him a daughter,
who became the wife of Lieut. Pendleton, of the
U. S. navy. A sketch of Mr. Saxtou's life, of con-
siderable length, by Prof. Joseph Henry, was con-
tributed to Vol. I. of the "Biographical Memoirs"
of the National Acadcmv of Sciences. He died iu
Washington, 1). 0., Oct.'26, 1873.
KEOKUK ("Watchful Fox"), chief of the
Sacs and Foxes, was born on the Hock river in
Illinois, about 1780. Although not a chief by birth,
he made his way to the supreme command ainoim
liis people by simple force of character aud his
powers of oratory. He first came into prominence
during the war of 1812, when his bravery and elo-
quence gave him title to a place iu the councils
of hi:- tribe. He soon came to be regarded as the
foremost brave of his confederacy, aud was accorded
the peculiar privilege of appearing on horseback at
all ceremonious occasions. Many instances are re-
lated of his oratorical powers, which must have been
remarkable ; moreover, his advice was uniformly
good and calculated to the preservation of peaceful
relations with the U. S. government, wherein, his
strong sense told him. lay the wisest policy. It is
said that he frequently won the votes of an entire
assemblage opposed to him. and even changed the
tenor of public opinion by breaking in upon a war
dance. It was his influence alone that held back the
majority of his people from joining Black-Hawk's
war iu 1832, although his efforts were too late to
prevent that chief from precipitating hostilities.
Keokuk headed the party of Sacs that made the
treaty with the government of the United States
which Black-Hawk repudiated and went on the war-
pal h to resist. He consented to leave his territory
ami home, and used his influence to get his nation to
('..How- his example. When Black-Hawk saw what
Keokuk was doing he sought an interview, in which
the latter acknowledged he had no right to make the
treaty, and promised to goto the whiles to try to
exchange other lands of die nation in place of those
already promised. After the capture of Black-Hawk
he was made chief of the Sacs and Foxes, aud
so continued. When Black-Hawk, on being re-
Icase.l, returned to Fort Armstrong, Rock Island,
III.. Keokuk and his band wereon a biilfalo hunt.
Couriers were sent out for him to return, :'iid upon
the following morning the drum-heat of an Indian
band announced his arrival in two large canoes,
lashed side by side, with a canopy extending over
him and his three wives, while lie sat in dignity, the
American flag floating above his head. Twenty
canoes followed him. On landing he welcomed
Black-Hawk with the words: "The Great Spirit has
sent our brother back. Let us shake bands in
friendship." He then went to Black-Hawk, who
was sealed in front of his tent leaning on his cane,
lost in reflection, extending his hand, which the old
hero seemed totake in cordiality. Pipes were brought,
and the chiefs smoked
together. The follow-
ing day was set for the
grand council, a com-
niodioiix room having
been selected ill the gar-
rison for- both parties.
Keokuk arrived w ith a
large company of war-
rior sand took his place
with hiscompanionsop-
posiie to Black-Hawk.
Maj. Garland, of the
I . S. army, then ad-
dressed the assemblage.
expressing the hope thai
both parties would live
in peace. Keokuk an-
M\ civil : "I have lis-
tened to the talk of our
great father. Ii is true
we pledged our honor
for the liberation of our
brothers. Our hearts
were full of them. We
receive them in friendship. I give my hand to them.
When they shake mine they shake all. I am done."
Maj. Garland then announced "that the president
wished Keokuk iu the future to be chief of the
nation, and that Black-Hawk should listen and con-
form, aud if any feeling of discord existed it must .
be buried here, for the two bands must be broken
up. Black-Hawk, understanding he must conform
to the counsel of Keokuk, became furious. He rose
and said: "I am an old man, and will conform to
the counsel of none. I will act for myself. No one
shall govern me. My hair is gray. I shall soon go
to the Great Spirit. I will always listen to the great
father iu Washington. I am done." It was ex-
plained to him that the president desired him to
listen to Keokuk, but he made no reply. Keokuk
then, in a low voice, said; "Why do you speak be-
fore white men. I will speak for you. You did not
mean it." Black-Hawk consented, and Keokuk
spoke in an apologetic way: "Our brother who has
spoken in wrath, with forked tongue, spoke not as
a Sac. He knew his words were bad. He is old:
what he said let us forget. He nays he did not mean
it, and wishes it to be forgotten. I have spoken for
him. What I have said is his. Let us say his
words were good." Col. Davenport, of Rock Island,
222
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
welcomed Black-Hawk, and Maj. Garland told him
to go wherever he pleased. Black-Hawk then re-
plied: " If my words are to go on paper, I wish to
have a line drawn through them. I did not mean
it." There was then a general handshaking and
congratulations, when Black-Hawk offered thanks
totheSacs for having taken care of his wife and chil-
dren, who were without a wigwam; he said, " I will
listen to the counsel of Kcokuk." By the advice of
the president, the chiefs of the Foxes and Sacs were
invited to go on a tour of inspection throughout the
country; and, insisting on the company of Black-
Hawk, whose intrigues he feared, Kcokuk and his
party visited New York, Boston, Cincinnati and
other points, being everywhere received with highest
honor and marked attention. In 1845 Keokuk re-
moved from the reservation on the Iowa river,
granted him by the treaty of 1832, to Kansas.
Although his relations with Black-Hawk continued
apparently amicable, there was a bitter feeling be-
tween the retainers of the two, which resulted in
Keokuk's death by poison in June, 1848.
OWEN, Robert Dale, reformer, was born in
Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 9, 1800. His father was
the famous social reformer, Robert Owen, and his
mother was a daughter of David Dale, a noted
Scotch manufacturer, bankerand philanthropist, who
established at New Lanark, on the Clyde, the first
modern cotton factory in Scotland. From his earliest
years, Robert Dale Owen was a constant reader in
hi-, father's library. He was first educated at home
under private tutors, and in 1817 was placed under
the special instruction of a German tutor, in order
to be better prepared for entry in Emanuel von
Fellenberg's celebrated school at Hofwyl, near
Berne, Switzerland, whither he was sent with his
brother William in the autumn of 1818. Returning
to England at the end of four years, he was left for
a time manager of the cotton mills at New Lanark,
which his father had purchased from David Dale
a quarter of a century before. In 1825 he and his
brother accompanied their father to the United
States to inaugurate an ill-starred
social experiment at New Har-
mony, Posey Co., Ind., where they
arrived in January, 1826. In De-
cember of the same year Fanny
Wright, the abolitionist, conveyed
to him as trustee, with severalothers,
among whom were his father, Gen.
Lafayette and George Flower, 860
acres nf unini|inivcil lanuhiL1 land
A A*-=.'~""'?Jt. at Nashoba, m Tennessee, for the
/t\ '"jsJII^ purpose of founding, on enlighted
' •" ™ principles, afreed-negro. settlement
under the control of whites. Both
projects soon showing themselves
impracticable, Robert Dale Owen
returned to Europe and continued
his studies there for some time. He
was invited by Gen. Lafayette to his
home at La Grange for a brief stay,
and also met Spurzheim, Mary Wollstonecraft
Shelley, widow of the great, poet, and many other
celebrities of the day. In the fall of 1827 he de-
cided, however, to make his home in the United
Slates, and left England in November. A year
later he started in New York, conjointly with
Fanny Wright, a weekly organ, entitled "The
Free Inquirer," in which" he advocated the social-
istic and agnostic doctrines derived from his father.
In 1832 he returned to New Harmony, and in 1835
was elected to the Indiana legislature as a Democrat.
He served for three terms, and was influential in
securing for the support of public schools half of
that part of the surplus funds of the United States
which had been devoted to Indiana. In 1843 he was
elected to congress and in 1845 re elected, but was
defeated tor a third term. In January, 1844, he in-
troduced a measure relating to the Oregon boundary
line, which, though failing of passage until the fol-
lowing session, became the basis of the settlement
of the dispute in 1846. In common with John
Quincy Adams, he strongly advocated the founding
of the Smithsonian Institution, and in December,
1845, drafted a bill organizing the same, which was
passed. He was soon after appointed one of the
regents and chairman of the building committee. In
1850 he was one of those chosen to remodel the con-
stitution of Indiana; was first chairman of the com-
mittee on rights and privileges, and afterwards of
the revision committee. In 1851, having been elected
to the state legislature again, he drafted a bill
securing independent property lights to women and
children. In 1853 Pres. Pierce appointed him
charge d'affaires at Naples, and two years later
raised him to the grade of minister. He negotiated
two important treaties with the Neapolitan govern-
ment. After his return to America, in 1858. he be-
came prominent as a fervent champion of negro
emancipation. Other questions of public interest
also engaged his attention, and he was tempted, in
1860, into a discussion on divorce with Horace
Greeley in the columns of the "Tribune," which
afterwards had a very wide circulation in pamphlet
form. In 1863 his services as an abolitionist cham-
pion were recognized in his appointment by Sec.
Slant on as chairman of a commission to examine
into the condition of the recently-freed negroes, and
he published the results of his labors under the title
of "The Wrong of Slavery, the Right of Emanci-
pation, and the Future of the African Race in the
United States" (1864). He further wrote open let-
ters to Pres. Lincoln and Secretaries Stanlou, Sew-
ard and Chase, strongly advocating the cause of
emancipation not only as an act of moral justice, but
as a matter of policy. In 1863 he issued an address
to the legislature of his adopted state declaiming
against the blind folly of certain politicians who
were recommending the exclusion of New England
from the Union. He received the degree of LL.D.
from the University of Indiana in 1872. He was
one of the foremost champions of spiritualism in the
United States. His published writings were: "Edu-
cation at New Lanark " (1824); " Moral Physiology "
(1831); "Popular Tracts" (1831); " Personality of
God and Authority of the Bible " (1832); " Poca-
hontas; A Drama" (1837); " Hints on Public Archi-
tecture" (1849); "Treatise on Construction of Plank
Roads" (1856); "Footprints on the Boundary of
Another World" (1859); "Beyond the Breakers"
(1870); "Debatable Land between this World and
the Next" (1872); and a partial autobiography,
"Threading My Way " (1874). He died at his sum-
mer residence on Lake George, N. Y., June 17, 1877.
EVERETT, William," congressman, teacher
and author, was born at Water! own, Mass., Oct. 10,
1839, «on of Edward and Charlotte Gray (Brooks)
Everett. His father (1794-1865) is famous in Ameri-
can history as clergyman, scholar, orator, president
of Harvard College, congressman, senator, U. S.
secretary of state and governor of Massachusetts;
his mother was a daughter of Peter Chardou Brooks,
a wealthy merchant of Boston, and for several years
president of the New England Insurance Co. , the
first chartered in the state. William Everett was
educated under private tutors, at the Cambridge
High School and the Boston Latin School, taking
the" Franklin medal at the last-named institution in
1854, and then entered Harvard College. He was a
member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and was
graduated with high honors in 1859. In the follow-
ing October he was matriculated at Trinity College,
Cambridge, England, where he graduated B.A. in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
223
1863, with honors in mathematics and classics. On
his return to America he spent two years in the
Harvard Law School, receiving the degree of LL.D.
in l^ii.Y Then, entering the office of J. G. Abbott,
of Boston, he was admitted to the bar in 1866, lint he
never practiced law. Later, he received a license
to preach from the Suffolk Association of Ministers
(Unitarian) in 1872; meantime (1870-73) having
been tutor in Latin at Harvard College. During
1873-77 he was assistant professor of Latin at Har-
vard, and in March, 1878, was appointed acting-
master of Adams Academy. Quincy, Mass., as sue-
cessor to William R. Dimmock, LL.D., deceased.
He received permanent appointment to the position
in June following and continued incumbent until
Aug. 1.181(3. when he resigned to accept election to
congress ft om the seventh district of Massachusetts.
Like his distinguished father, Mr. Everett early at-
tained reputation as a public speaker, beginning liis
political career as a campaign orator in behalf of
Abraham Lincoln in 1NU4. He continued hisactivity
in Republican politics until 1XS4, when, with many
others of his party, he sided with the Democrats in
working for the election of Grover Cleveland. In
that year he was independent candidate for congress
from the second Massachusetts district; was Demo-
cratic candidate for the state senate in 1888-89; for
congress from the sixth district in 1890, and from
the same district (then seventh) in 1892. Although
the Democrats failed of a majority at the regular
election in the latter year, the resignation of the
successful candidate, Henry Cabot Lodge, necessi-
tated a by-election in April, is<i:5, which resulted in
Mr. Everett's diction by a total of 9.733 votes,
a majority of thirty-four over William E. Barrett,
Republican. During his term he was a member of
the committees on foreign affairs and civil service
reform, but declining to stand for renomiuation. was
succeeded by Mr. Barrett in March, 1895. In 1897
the premature death of his life-long friend and suc-
cessor, William R. Tyler, recalled him tothe master-
ship of Adams Academy. He has preached fre-
quently in Unitarian pulpits and is known as a
zealous exponent of the conservative wing of his
denomination. Harvard University conferred on
him the degree of A.M. in course in 1862 and Ph.D.
in 1875; Cambridge University, England, created
him A.M. in 1869. Williams College gave him suc-
cessively the honorary degrees of A.M., L.H.D. and
LL.D. (1893). He "is a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the
Massachusetts Historical Society, a director of the
Bunker Hill Monument Association, and was one of
the committee appointed by congress in 1887 to ex-
amine into the affairs of the U. S. Military Academy.
In 1896 he took an active part in the campaign for
Palmer and Buckner in the central states, and in
1897 was the candidate for governor of Massachu-
setts of the " Gold Democrats." In 1863, 1876, 1889,
1898 and 1899 he delivered courses of lectures before
the Lowell Institute, Boston. He has published "On
the Cam" (1865); "Changing Base; or, What Ed-
ward Rice Learned at School" (1869); "Double
Play; or, How Joe Hardy Chose His Friends " (1870):
"School Sermons" (1882); "Thine not Mine"
(1890), and numerous pamphlets, articles and poeti-
cal compositions.
INGLJS, William, jurist, was born in Balti-
more, Md., Dec. 27, 1804, and was the son of John
Inglis, of Kirkentilloch, Scotland. His parents emi-
grated to this country before the beginning of the
nineteenth century. Soon after his birth the family
removed to Petersburg, Va., and a few years later to
New York city, where the father entered into mer-
cantile business and accumulated a competence.
William Inglis entered Columbia College, attained
proficiency in the ancient and modern languages, and
in 1821 was graduated with the degree of A.B. He
studied law in the office of George W. Strong, Esq.,
and was admitted to the bar in 1825. He came into
prominence at the time the Whig party was formed,
attaching himself to it, and continuing an active
worker until his elevation to the bench. He was a
member of the Young Men's Whig Society, and in
1828 drew up its address, and was a delegate to the
convention that nominated Mr. Seward for governor
of New York. In 1839 the number of judges of
the court of common pleas was increased to three,
and Mr. Inglis was nominated as the associate by
Gov. Seward, probably
as a reward for his poli-
tical services. Although
the senate was strongly
Democratic, the nomi-
nation was continued.
During his career on the
bench, he presided at
several important trials,
including that of K/.ra
White for murder and
the habeas corpus of
Barry n. Mercian, and
by his decisions gave
great satisfaction. His
perception of right and
wrong was keen, yet he
came to his decisions af-
ter protracted study of
each case, giving due
weight to all the rela-
tions and surrounding
circumstances. It was his practice to render his de
rision orally, if possible. Where cases were argued
in /nine, he never gave a written opinion upon the
final judgments, assigning as his reason that it was
unnecessary, as reports of the court were not pub-
lished in those days. He was held in high esteem by
the bench and bar and by none more than the
younger memliers of the bar, whom he delighted to
aid by his advice. His term expired in 1844. and
Gov. Bouck was urged by the members of the bar,
including many prominent Democrats, to reappoint
him ; but unwilling to give any office to a Whig, lie
offered the vacant seat to Charles P. Daly, who had
been recommended by Gov. Marcy, and was the
choice of Judge Inglis himself. On leaving the
bench, Judge Inglis resumed private practice, but
devoted little time to it. He took a more active in-
terest in the affairs of the Society Library. He was
a trustee from 1837 until 1855, and was secretary of
the board of trustees for many years. He was seldom
seen in society, although by his geniality and his cul-
tivation he was eminently fitted to adorn it. He was
familiar with the history of most of the New York
families. He had few intimate friends, seeming to
prefer the companionship of his books. Down to a
late period, he kept up his acquaintance with Greek
and Latin authors and with French literature as well,
but he did not transmit in printed form the results of
his years of study. He removed to Hoboken a. few
years before his death, which occurred at that place,
May 29, 1863. He was interred in the family vault
in Trinity Cemetery, Xew York city.
FALLOWS, Samuel, Reformed Episcopal
bishop and president of Illinois Wesleyan University,
was born in Pendleton, near Manchester, England,
Dec. 13, 1835, son of Thomas and Anne (Ashworth)
Fallows. He was descended, through his father,
from a Lancashire family, many members of which
were in the wars with Wellington and on the sea
with Nelson. His mother was of remote Scotch an-
cestry. Both of his parents were stanch members
of the Church of England ; but a desire for greater
224:
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
spirituality took them into the Wesleyan Methodist
church in 1830. Thomas Fallows became a manu-
facturer and exporter of cotton goods in Warrington
and Manchester. Samuel Fallows had the best edu-
cational advantages while in England, and was pre-
paring to enter the Manchester free grammar school,
with Oxford University in view, when, in 1848,
his father emigrated with the family to America,
settling iu Wisconsin just after its admission to
statehood. Until his eighteenth year, Samuel Fal-
lows worked on his father's farm,
meantime earnestly continuing his
studies. After some academic train-
ing at Aztalan and Sun Prairie, he
entered the preparatory depart-
ment of the Lawrence University
at Appleton, and was admitted to
the University of Wisconsin at
Madison, where he was gradu-
ated as valedictorian of his class,
in June, 1859. Throughout his
college course he supported himself
by teaching, and for two years
after graduation was professor and
vice-president of Galesville Uni-
versity, Wisconsin. During this
time he was ordained deacon of
the Methodist church by Bishop
Baker and elder by Bishop Scott,
in the West Wisconsin conference.
While pastor at Oshkosh, Wis., lie was made chap-
lain of the 32d regiment of the Wisconsin volunteer
infantry, Sept. 25, 1862, serving in the army of the
Tennessee. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of
the 40th Wisconsin regiment, May 20, 1864, and
colonel of the 49th Wisconsin, Jan" 28, 1865; being
brevetted brigadier-general in the same year for
"faithful and meritorious service" while in com-
mand of the district of Wisconsin. He has served
for fifteen years as chaplain of the Union Veteran
League, ever since its organization ; as depart-
ment chaplain of the G. A. R. of the state of Illinois ;
as chaplain of the Illinois Commaudery of the Loyal
Legion ; as chaplain of the 2d regiment Illinois na-
tional guard, and as president of the brigades of
several of the Wisconsin regiments formed since
the close of the civil war. He was elected professor
of physical science at Lawrence University in 1863.
and professor of logic and rhetoric in the University
of Wisconsin in 1867, but did not enter upon the
duties of either position. For eight years (1866-74)
he was regent of the University of Wisconsin ; was
state superintendent of Wisconsin (1871-74), and
was president of the Illinois Wesleyan University,
Bloomington, for one year (1874-75). In June, 1875,
he became identified with the Reformed Episcopal
church, and since that time, except for a brief inter-
val, has been rector of St. Paul's Church, Chicago.
In June, 1876, he was made bishop of the church for
the West and Northwest jurisdiction. He has been
elected by the general council six times as presiding
bishop, which position he now holds (1899). During
the Columbian exposition in Chicago, he was chair-
man of the general committee on education of the
world's congresses, and is now the chancellor of the
University Association for Educational Extension,
which is the outgrowth of these congresses. Over
60,000 persons have been enrolled in more than 2.000
centres in connection with the association. Bishop
Fallows for the past four years lias been lecturing
before the Bennett Medical College of Chicago on
mental physiology. For nine years he served as presi-
dent of theboard of managers of the Illinois state refor-
matory at Pontiac, the second largest institution of
its kind in the world. He is a trustee of the United
Society of Christian Endeavor, and a member of the
Victoria Institute of Great Britain, and of several
leading fraternal organizations. For several years
he was editor of "The Appeal," the first organ of
the Reformed Episcopal church in the West, and
has contributed to various literary journals. He has
published: "Complete Hand-Book of Synonyms
and Antonyms" (1883); "Hand-book of Abbrevia-
tions and Contractions" (1883); "Hand-book of
Briticisms, Americanisms, Colloquial Words and
Phrases " (1883); "The Home Beyond ; or, Views of
Heaven in Relation to Earth " (1884); " Past Noon "
(1886); " Progressive Supplemental Dictionary of the
English Language " (1886), besides editing several
other works. The degrees of A.M. and LL.D. were
conferred on him by the University of Wisconsin,
and D.D. by the Lawrence University. Bishop Fal-
lows was married April 9, 1860, at Marshall, Wis.,
to Lucy B., daughter of the Rev. Dr. William P.
Huutiugtou, of the Protestant Episcopal church, and
niece of the Rt. Rev. F. D. Huutington, bishop of
central New York. They have two sons and two
daughters. The elder sou, the Hon. Edward H.
Fallows, a lawyer in New York, is a member of the
state legislature, and has served as chairman of the
committee in the investigation of the surrogate's
office of New York, and was a member of the Mazet
investigating committee in 1899. The elder daughter
has been prominently identified with the kindergar-
ten movement and is associated with her father iu
litiTary work; the younger daughter, a graduate of
Smith College, is a contributor to the leading maga-
zines and periodicals.
ADAMS, Isaac, inventor, was born at Rochester,
N. H., Jan. 7, 1803. His youth was passed in pov-
erty, and he had no opportunities for an education,
having at a very early age to gain his own support.
He worked at first iu a cotton factory, then at the
making of furniture, and at twenty-one, found em-
ployment in a Boston machine shop. Here his in-
ventive genius was shown by his producing, at the
age of twenty-five, the "Adams power press,"
which effected a revolution in the work of printing,
and is now used iu all parts of this country. He ini
proved it in 1834, making it substantially what it
now is. From the manufacture of these presses he
realized a competency. He was a member of the
Massachusetts senate in 1840. He died in Sandwich,
N. H., July 19, isss.
BAYARD, George Dashiell, soldier, was born
at Seneca Falls, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1835. His parents
removed to Iowa when he was a child,
and he attended a military school kept
by Maj. Doru, where he was taught
fencing by Col. Korponay, an exiled
Hungarian. He was graduated at West
Point Academy in J856, and for four
years served on'the frontier and in gar-
rison duty in the 1st cavalry. In an
engagement wirh the Kiowa Indians
he was badly wounded. Iul861 hru.r-
appointed cavalry instructor at West
Point, and on March Ifith was pro-
moted to first lieutenant in the 3d cav-
alry; on Aug. 20th to captain 4th cav-
alry, and on Sept. 14th was granted
leave of absence, to become colonel of
the 1st Pennsylvania cavalry volunteers attached to
Gen. McCall's reserves. Oil April 28, 1862, he was
made brigadier-general of volunteers, and became
known as one of the most dashing officers in the
army of the Potomac. He served in the campaigns
of the Shenandoah, northern Virginia, and on the
Rappahannock, and fought with Franklin's left
wing at the battle of Fredericksburg. Dec. 13, 1862.
In that battle he was struck in the hip by a cannon
ball, which threw him off his saddle, wounding him
so severely that he died the next day. He was
buried, with military honors, at Princeton, N. J.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
225
CRETIN, Joseph, first R. C'. bishop of St.
Paul, Minn., was born in Lyons, France, in 1810.
Educated and ordained to the ministry in bis native
country, in 1838 be offered bis services to Bishop
Loras as a worker in the American missions. He
reached Dubuque, la , in April, 18I!9, and during
the following twelve years was vicar general of
Dubuque, aud a part of the time pastor of the
Cathedral Church of St. Raphael. In 1843 be es-
tablished his residence at Prairie du Chien, among
the Winuebago Indians, and there continued his
labors until he was expelled from the missions by
the government officials in 1848. In May, 1849, the
Seventh council of Baltimore having recommended
the erection of a new see at St. Paul for the ter-
ritory of Minnesota, Father Cretin was nominated
the first bishop. With a full realization of the na-
ture of his new charge, he visited France previous
to his consecration, to secure priests lo labor with
Mm in his unfilled field. He was consecrated in Janu-
ary, 1851, in the private chapel of the bishop of Belleg,
that prelate being consecrator. assisted by his coad-
jutor and the bishop of Lausanne and ( ieneva. lu
the following summer he began his labors in Min-
nesota, his first cathedral being a log cabin, 43x18
feet, and his episcopal residence a log shanty scarcely
more than coml'oriahlc To the three priests already
in the field were laler added the six volunteers who
had accompanied him from Europe, and before the
end of the first year lie had replaced Ihe log church
by a substantial building of brick and stone to serve
the several purposes of church, seminary and school;
and a resilience for the bishop and clergy, liishop
Cretin was active in organizing Catholic parishes in
every direction, and as the population of Minnesota
rapidly increased by immigration, many .substantial
churches were built. In 1853 the Sisters of St.
Joseph entered the diocese aud founded an academy
for the education of young women. The same year
Bishop Cretin was given a large tract of land upon
which he built a hospital and orphan asylum, placed
in charge of the same order. He revived the mis-
sion to the Winnebagos at Long Prairie, and es-
tablished aschool for Indian children, which also was
^i\ en in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph. Bishop
Cretin succeeded in obtaining some pecuniary as-
sistance from the U. S. government, which was
found unavailable, however, the local authorities
refusing to give him the money to pay the teachers
and provide the scholars with food and clothing.
The bishop, therefore, was obliged to advance money
from his limited resources to keep them from starv-
ing. He likewise attended to the Indian mission at
Pembiua and established missions for the Ojibways
at Crow Wing, Sandy Lake and Fond dii-Lae. In
1855 the Brothers of the Holy Family founded a
school for boys in the diocese, and arrangements
were also made for a priest to settle in St. Paul
and establish a novitiate for the order. Besides
teaching schools, the Brothers of the Holy Trinity
acted as choristers, catechisls and sacristans. Bishop
( 'ret in founded a colony of the Sisters of the Propa-
gation of the Holy Faith, who gave a thorough prac-
tical education, teaching the "English, French and
Indian languages. They subsequently labored among
the sick and poor, besides continuing their work
as teachers. He later established the Order of St.
Benedict at St. Cloud, Stearns Co., where a convent
was founded and chartered with Father Cornelius
Whitman as prior; also a convent of Benedictine
nuns, which was started with four professed sisters
aud three novices; aud select and free schools and
charitable and devotional societies in all parts of the
diocese. The increase of the Catholic population
in Minnesota was phenomenal; the numbers being
25,000 in 1855 and 50,000 at the close of 1856. In
December, 1855, there were ten priests, and at the
VOL. IX.— 15.
end of 1856 the number had been augmented to
nineteen, with a corresponding increase of churches,
chapels and stations throughout the diocese. Bishop
Cretin started and pushed forward the building of
the new Cathedral of St. Paul, a massive structure.
His labors finally began to tell upon his health, aud
when hardly past the prime of life he was stricken
with apoplexy, from which he died. A sketch of
his life may be found in Vol. II. of Dr. R. H. Clarke's
" Lives of the Deceased Bishops " (1888). He died
in St. Paul, Minn., Feb. 23, 1857.
GRACE, Thomas Langdon, second R. C.
bi-hop of St. Paul, Minn., and titular archbishop of
Siunia. was born in Charleston, S. C.. Nov. Ill, 1S14
Ill's early educalioii was received iu the public
schools, and iu 1829 he entered the Catholic semi-
iiai\ of Cincinnati, with a view to preparinn lor Ihe
priesthood. In the following year he joined the
Order of St. Domiuick at St. Rose's Convent, Spring-
field, Ky , and then going to Rome, he spent seven
years in the College of the Minerva, and was or-
dained priest I>rc. 21. 1 *:!!!. Five years late- here-
turned to the I'niled States, and after a considerable
period spent in missionary work throughout Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, was placed in chaise of the
congregation of St. Peter in .Memphis, lie there
creeled the Church of SS. Peter and Paul, con-
sidered oneof the finest specimens of Gothic architec-
ture in the country, and estab-
lished the convent and acade-
my of St. Allies, for the edu-
cation of females, and anorphan
asylum, lie also won a distin-
guished reputation for effective
and eloquent pulpit oratory,
and by his broad liberality ami
public spirit gained the respect
and good will of theentire com-
munity. In 1859 he \\as nomi-
nated bishop of St. Paul, and
on July 24th was consecrated
by Archbishop Kenrick in St.
Louis Cathedral, St. Louis,
Mo. The diocese of St. Paul
at I hat time included the whole
of the state of Minnesota and
the eastern part of the territory
of Dakota, and the city itself
was but a small village in a country newly reclaimed
from the wilderness. In all movements for better-
ment, temporal aud local as well as spiritual,
Bishop Grace was foremost in bis advocacy and ever
ready with all the helps ;.t his disposal. Although
a Southerner by birth and education, aud one who
had long worked among the people of the South, no
one was more earnest in his allegiance to the Federal
government during the trying days of the civil war.
For twenty-live years he gave bis strength unspar-
ingly in tiie interests of his extensive diocese. In
1875, on learning of the appointment of Ruv. John
Ireland, one of the most able aud promising of his
priests, to the See of Omaha, he journeyed at once
to Rome, and by personal efforts secured a ^script
revoking the former decree and appointing him
coadjutor-bishop of St. Paul, with the right of suc-
cession. In 1875 northern Minnesota was constituted
a vicariate-apostolic, aud in 1879 the territory of Da-
kota was placed in the charge of a vicar-apostolic.
Bishop Grace's diocese was thus reduced to compara-
tively narrow limits, although by the vast increase
of the population and the building-up of the country
it contained at the time over 150 churches, besides
hospitals, asylums, schools and religious houses,
with a Catholic population of 130,000. In 1884
Bishop Grace celebrated the silver jubilee of bis
elevation to the episcopate, and in the same year re-
signed his see and became titular bishop of Mennith.
226
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
When, in 1888, St. Paul was erected into a metro-
politan see, with RL Rev. John Ireland as its first
archbishop, Bishop Grace was appointed titular
archbishop of Siuuia. Among all the distinguished
prelates who have graced the hierarchy of America,
none has more worthily fulfilled the ideal of citizen,
priest and Christian. While stanch and unswerv-
ing in his devotion to the church in all her rites and
doctrines, his broad love of humanity and fervid
patriotism hesitated to limit the sphere of his
influence for good, and he joined hands heartily
with all who were seeking in any way to uplift and
benefit society. Many of the notable improvements
in the development of the city of St. Paul had his
substantial aid. and all met with his encouragement.
Durum the last years of his life Archbishop Grace
resided at St. Thomas' College, Merriam park, Minn. ,
in almost continuous meditation and prayer. He
died there, after a brief illness, Feb. 22, 1897.
IRELAND, John, third R. C. bishop and first
archbishop of St. Paul, and titular bishop of
Marouea, was born at Burnchurch, county Kil-
kenny, Ireland, Sept. 11, 1838. In 1849 he came
to the United States, settling in St. Paul, Minn.,
where he completed his education in the cathedral
school, preparatory to entering the priesthood. In
1853 he went to France, and continued his theologi-
cal studies, first at the seminary of Meximieux, in
the department of Ain, and later in the theologi-
cal seminaiy at Hyeres. near Toulon, where he
remained until 181)1. Then returning to St. Paul,
he was ordained Dec. 21, 1861, and soon after the
outbreak of the civil war entered the U. S. service
as chaplain of the 5th Minnesota regiment. He
later became rector of the cathedral of St. Paul,
and from this time engaged actively in furthering
the cause of temperance, organizing temperance so-
cieties and delivering lectures throughout the coun-
try, a course which he afterwards continued to
pursue consistently. Besides his rectorship he held
the post of secretary to the diocese of St. Paul, and,
in 1870-71, represented Bishop
Grace in the Vatican council in
Rome. Returning to St. Paul, he
was named by the pope titular
bishop of Maronea and coadjutor
to the bishop of St. Paul, Dec. 21,
1875. after having been chosen to
the vicariate of Nebraska, which
office he was induced to decline,
thrnugh the intervention of
Bishop Grace. He continued his
efforts in the cause of temperance
and other reforms, and became
widely known for his active inter-
est in the charitable, religious
and educational institutions of
his diocese. From this time also
he devoted his energies to the
promotion of Roman Catholic
olonization in the northwest,
founding a number of success-
ful colonies, and becoming a director in the National
Colonization Association. In pursuance of this
idea he purchased, in 1H76, a considerable tract of
land in Minnesota, on which he settled nearly 1.000
Roman Catholics. This colony so prospered that
in 1877 he bought more than 10,000 acres on the
line of the St. Paul and Pacific railroad, which
he similarly and most satisfactorily colonized. In
1887 Bishop Ireland went to Rome in company with
Bishop Kcane. of Richmond. Va., and the two
prelates presented to the pope their joint report on
the necessity for the erection of a Roman Catholic
university in Washington. D. C. While abroad lie
traveled through Great Britain, delivering at dif-
ferent points lectures on temperance. In 1888 the
diocese of St. Paul was erected into a metropolitan
see, and on his return from Europe, Bishop Ireland
was installed as its first archbishop. May 15, 1888.
The year 1891 was made important in religious and
educational circles throughout the United States by
the controversy aroused by the promulgation of the
" Faribault plan." The name originated in the fact
that the parish priest of Faribault, Minn., with the
approval and authority of Archbishop Ireland,
transferred to the city school board control of the
parochial school, reserving the right to name the
teachers to be employed by the city; the teachers
were to submilj to the usual examination; the expense
of conducting the school was to be borne by the city;
no religious exercises, religious instruction or re-
ligious emblems were to be presented in the school,
but Roman Catholic teachers and sisters of one of the
religious orders could be appointed, and the same
text-books were to be used as in the public schools.
The Faribault plan was soon put in practice, also, in
Stillwater, Minn., and on the innovation becoming
generally known, a profound impression was made
throughout the country. Many bishops strongly
disapproved of it, and soon a complaint was sent to
Rome, accusing Archbishop Ireland of violating the
ecclesiastical law as set forth in the decrees of
plenary councils of Baltimore. Among the foremost
leaders in the opposition to the plan was Arch-
bishop Corrigan, of New York, whose interference
was believed to lie the cause of Archbishop Ire-
land's being summoned to Rome, where the wlr'le
matter was thoroughly investigated. On April HO,
1892, the Congregation of the Propaganda pub-
lished its decree, which was in such terms, appa-
rently, as to be susceptible of misconstruction; for,
while the advocates of the plan declared that the
decree upheld and established it. Archbishop Cor-
rigan and his sympathizers held that it was only
permitted to exist where it had been established. In
the election of a school board at Faribault in 1892,
the old board, which favored the plan, was ousted,
and there the matter rested. But Archbishop
Ireland certainly suffered not at all by reason of his
action in the premises; for in Iblis. at the beginning
of the troubles which culminated in the Spanish-
American war. he was much engaged in Washing-
ton and Baltimore in conference with church anil
other dignitaries, including the president, arranging,
in behalf of the pope, as was generally believed, for an
amicable settlement of the difficulty which existed
between Spain and the United States. Early in l(-!l!l.
a French translation of the "Life of Father Hecker. "
was published. Archbishop Ireland had written
a preface for the original volume, praising Father
Hecker as r model priest, and he was now in-
volved in the dispute over the lax teachings con-
demned in a special papal encyclical under the
name of " Americanism." Being in Rome when the
encyclical was published, he promptly gave it his
adherence, condemning with it the errors charac-
terized, which seem to have been merely the result
of poor translating. On his return from Rome, he
delivered. May 8,^1899, at Orleans, France, a pane-
gyric on Joan of Arc, an eloquent tribute, which not
only captivated the French people, but was also the
vehicle for righting his views as against the many
misconceptions current in Europe. For talents and
energy Archbishop Ireland is rated in the first rank
of Catholic prelates.
ARNOLD, Samuel George, journalist, was
born near Utica, N. Y.. Feb. 15, 180(5, son of Rev.
Smith Arnold, a prominent Methodist clergyman.
He studied for the medical profession, but never
practiced it, his preference being for literary pur-
suits, especially newspaper work. His first news-
paper was the 'Westchester " Spy," which he edited
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
227
in tlir " thirties. " In 1838, in connection wilh
Van Auden, he established "Tin- News," in Brook-
lyn, N. Y., the first daily ever published on l-miir
Island, which was subsequently merged into the
"Kings County Gazette," anil in 1841, into the
"Eagle," which then began its successful career.
After several years' connection with the "Eagle," he
editeil the Newark (N. J.) "Post," and a'tei wards
established the "True American, "in Trenton. Again
called to the editorship of the " Eagle," which lie
retained for several years, lie became one of the
moulders of Ihoimht on tin- great moral and political
questions thai agitated the " fifties." lie was a
member of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, and in full
sympathy with the anti-slavery principles of its pas-
tor. Rev'. Henry Ward Beecher, whose convictions
largely influenced his final separation from the
" Kaglc." lie then edited the Syracuse "Chronicle. "
His olliee there being destroyed by lire, lie removed
to Ohio, and became editor of the Toledo " Blade,"
a position which he retained for several years, sub-
sequently editing the "North American," at Newark,
O. In |Sli:! .Mi-. Arnold was appointed by his personal
friend, Salmon P. Chase, to a position in I lie treasury
department, Washington, I). ('.. which lie retained
diiriim; the remainder of his life. In addition to his
official duties, he was for many years Washington
correspondent of the " Blade," under the pen name
of " Buckeye." lie was also a constant contributor
to a large number of papers and periodicals, on
political, religions and literary subjects. In ls;i; he
was married to Sarah J. Searles. of Brooklyn, N. Y.
He died in Washington, I). C., May S, 1*91.
DODGE, Mary Abby ("Gail Hamilton"),
author, was born at Hamilton, Essex eo., Mass., in
1833, seventh and youngest child of James Brown
and Hannah (Stainvood) Dodge and granddaughter
of Jonathan and Mary (Brown) Dodge and Isaac
and Kuuice (Hodgkins) Stanwootl; a line of pure
English ancestry settled, in this country for more
than 200 years. In 1712, when the third parish of
Ipswich, or Hamlet, as it was also called, was set oil'
as Hamilton, the Dodges were living in that pan
of the ancient towr.: the Stauwoods in old Ipswich.
Abby Dodge was brought up on a farm, and thus
was afforded a close intimacy with nature ami
helped to a strong individuality. Her education
was thorough, and was acquired at the noted Ipswich
Female Seminary, where she was graduated in isijo.
In that year she became a teacher in the seminary. She
joitoil the orthodox Congregational church in Hamil-
ton at an early age and continued in its communion,
although she grew largely liberal in the interpreta-
tion of its creed. In 1854 she accepted the position of
teacher in the high school of Hartford, Conn., but, to
the consternation of the trustees, refused to be ex-
amined as to her qualifications, and inducted her-
self into office. One who knew her well wrote:
"She was a very wonderful teacher, awakening in
her pupils powers they did not dream of and new
conceptions of life and tilings, and striking a vital
spark from the driest facts of study." Soon after
she began teaching Miss Dodge contributed to the
press, under the pseudonym "Gail Hamilton."
About 1857 she went to Washington, D. C., and In-
coming a member of the family of Dr. Gamaliel
Bailey, editor of the anti-slavery paper, the "National
Era," was a frequent and acceptable contributor to
that journal. The anti-slavery cause had many an
advocate who wrote with power and in a spirit of fiery
indignation, but it had few with a style like that of
" Gail Hamilton," whose wit was fearless and whose
satire could sting like a lash. The civil war fur-
nished her patriotism with a new outlet and topics
with which her facile pen dealt in inimitable fashion,
and about that time she acquired additional popu-
larity as a writer of sparkling essays and com-
ments on current events published in the "Atlantic
Monthly," the "Cougre^ationalist," and the "Inde-
pendent." In 1805-67 slie was one of the editors of
" Our Young Folks," a maga/.ine published in Bos-
ton ; but while she could write delightfully about
children, the field of juvenile literature wasa narrow
one compared with that in which she had gained her
first laurels. From being a persistent advocate of
the emancipation of the slave, she came to be a per-
sistent advocate of the emancipation of women from
the social restraints that debarred them from pursu-
ing any of the varied occupations in literary and
business life. A work by Rev. John T odd, of Pitts-
field, Mass., entitled "'Woman's Rights" (1867),
'•ailed forth a reply from Miss Dodge: "Woman's
Wrongs: A Counter Irritant "
(1808), in which her light weap-
ons did considerable damage
to the clergyman's heavy muni-
tions of war. In this hook,
however, she argues that to
give women the privilege of
easting ballots is not to enable
llii'iu to abolish the wrongs of
which they complain. When
the Liberal Republican parly
was formed, with lloraet
Greelcy at its head, she Used
all her powers of sarcasm to
render him and the other 'hol-
lers " ridiculous. In 1S77 she
contributed to the New York
"Tribune" a series of letters
on civil service reform, which
were much admired for their
clear comprehension of the
subject ami the grace of their style. She headed the
mo\cment to secure the release; of Mrs. Florence
Maybrick, an American, who was sentenced in Eng-
land to life imprisonment on a chaise of attempting
to murder her husband. Believing her sentenced
through the cruel animosity and decadent mentality
of the British justice, she fought long and hard to
have the case reopened, but "without avail. With
equal fervor, she championed the cause of the per-
secuted Armenians. After 1S70 she spent her win-
ters with the family of Hon. James G. Blaine, who
married her cousin, Miss Stanwood. She aided Mr.
Blaine materially in the preparation of his "Twenty
Years in Congress," and he could hardly efface the
impression that she had written the greater part
of it. On his death she became the custodian of his
papers, and putting them into proper shape completed
a " Life " of the great statesman, published in 1895.
For several months Miss Dodge was the leader of a
Bible-class, composed of adults, that met in the
house of the secretary of slate. The cabinet, the
clergy, the diplomatic corps, the press, science,
literature, etc., were represented, and the outcome
of her talks was a volume, entitled "A Washing-
ton Bible Class" (1891), "a book burning with a
steady flame of genius." Miss Dodge was stricken
with paralysis in 1895, and for seven weeks lay in
a sleep, having been removed in the meantime to
her own home at Hamilton. While in this state she
seemed to hold conversations with two brothers,
who were dead. She wrote a paper that year, en-
titled "The Valley of the Shadow of Death,"
and the pastor of the Congregational church
in Hamilton, read it one Sunday in place of a.
sermon, since it was in effect a message to
her old friends, assuring them that death was
something to be welcomed rather than dreaded,
This paper, together with accounts of similar ex-
periences of other persons, was included in a vol-
ume, entitled "X Rays" (1895). Her principal
works not already mentioned are : " Country Living
228
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
and Country Thinking "(1862); "Gala Days "(1863);
"A New Atmosphere" and " Stumbling Blocks"
(1864); "Skirmishes and Sketches" (1865); "Red-
Letter Days in Applethorpe " and " Summer Rest "
(1866); "Wool-Gathering" (1867); "Battle of the
Books" (1870); "Woman's Worth and Worthless-
ness" (1871); "Little Polk Life" (1872); "Child
World" (2 Vols., 1872-73); "Twelve Miles from a
Lemon " (1874); "Nursery Noonings" (1874); •'Ser-
mons to the Clergy" (1875); "What Think Ye
of Christ?" (1876); "First Love is Best," a
novel (1877); "Our Common School System"
(1880); "Divine Guidance: Memorial of Allen W.
Dodge" (1881), and "The Insuppressible Book:
Controversy Between Herbert Spencer and Fred-
erick Harrison, with Comments "(1885). Miss Dodge
died at Hamilton, Mass., Aug. 17, 1896.
HUNT, Henry Jackson, soldier, was born in
Detroit, Mich., Sept, 14, 1819, son of Samuel W.
Hunt, lieutenant in the 3d infantry , and grandson of
Thomas Hunt, colonel of the 3d infantry. He ac-
companied his father on the expedition that estab-
lished Fort Lcavenworth, in 1827, and after attend-
ing school in Missouri, entered the U. S. Military
Academy, where he was graduated in 1839. During
the Canada border disturbances of that year, he
served in the 2d artillery on the frontier. He was
promoted first lieutenant, June 18, 1846, and subse-
quently, for gallantly during the
Mexican war, was brevetted cap-
tain. On Sept. 28, 1862, he
became captain, and on May 14,
1861, was promoted major. He
took an active and important
part in many campaigns of the
civil war, including the battle
of Bull Run, the defense of
Washington and the peninsular
campaign. In September, 1862,
he was made brigadier-general
of volunteers, and became chief
of artillery of the army of the
Potomac, holding the office un-
til the close of the war and par-
ticipating in all the battles fought
by that army during 18(J~ ir>.
He was brevetted colonel, July
3, 1863, for his services at
Gettysburg; major-general of volunteers, July 6,
1864, and brigadier-general in the regular army,
Mau-h 13, 1865. In"l866 he was president of the
permanent artillery board, afterward commanding
various forts and being promoted tocolonel of the 5th
artillery, April 4, 1869. On Sept. 14, 1869, he was
retired from active service, receiving the appoint-
ment of governor of the soldiers' home. Among
Gen. Hunt's publications are: "Instruction on Field
Artillery," many papers on artillery projectiles, army
organization, and three articles in the "Century
Magazine " on the battle of Gettysburg. He died at
Washington, D. C., Feb. 11, 1889.
ABBOT, Joel, naval officer, was born at West-
ford, Mass., Jan. 18, 1793, son of Joel and Lyilia
(Cummiugs) Abbot, and was descended from one of
the oldest families in the state. Soon after the com-
mencement of the second war with England he was
appointed a midshipman in the U. S. navy and at-
tached to the frigate President, under command of
Com. Rodgers, whose aid and signal officer he be-
came. While in charge of a valuable prize he was
captured by a British cruiser, and after being held
for a time as a prisoner, was exchanged and appointed
to service on Lake Champlain, under command of
Com. McDouough, who commissioned him to under-
take a most hazardous errand, in which he was en-
tirely successful. He was ordered to proceed to a
certain spot and destroy a quantity of masts and
spars stored by the British for use in fitting out
the naval force with which they intended to at-
tack the Americans. He took an active part in the
naval battle on Lake Champlain, which was fought
soon after, and for his bravery was promoted to a
lieutenancy and presented \)y congress with a hand-
some sword. In 1818 he was attached to the Guer-
riere, and cruised in the Mediterranean for a time.
Subsequently he served on the Alligator, on the Afri-
can coast, and was successful in bringing to Boston
a Portuguese pirate ship which had been taken off
the coast of Africa. His efforts in exposing a series
of stupendous frauds in the navy yard attracted
the attention and secured the commendation of t lie
department. In 1843 he took command of the De-
catur, one of Com. Perry's African squadron. While
at Cape Palmas be learned that Bishop Payne was
in imminent danger at C'avalla, and promptly sail-
ing to his aid, was instrumental in saving him from
a force of 500 armed natives. His conduct on the
African coast was warmly commended by Com.
Perry and the secretary of the navy. In 1852, when
Com. Perry was entrusted with power to select the
officers to accompany him in his famous Japan ex-
pedition, he chose Capt. Abbot, who was with him
until the object of the expedition — the negotiation of
a treaty which would open the ports of the country
to the commerce of the United State: — \vas accom-
plished. On Perry's return home. Capt. Abbot was
appointed commodore in command of the U. S.
naval force on the coasts of China and Japan. At
that time the Chinese pirates were committing acts
of barbarity upon our vessels, and United Stales mer-
chants engaged in business in the various Chinese
ports were urgent in their demands for protection
and relief. The course which Com. Abbot pursued
received the emphatic approval of the government.
He was twice married : first to Mary Wood, of New-
buryport, Mass., who died April 15, 1821 ; second, in
November. 1825. to Laura, daughter of Charles and
Abigail (Miller) Wheaton. He "died at Hong Kong,
China, Dee. 14, 1855.
FLOWER, Benjamin Orange, editor, was
born at Albion, 111., Oct. 19, 1858. His grandfather,
George Flower, emigrated from England in 1816,
bringing letters of introduction to Thomas Jefferson
and other eminent Americans. At the urgent invi-
tation of Mr. Jefferson, he spent one winter at Mon-
ticello, and in 1818 established an English settlement
in southern Illinois, founding the town of Albion.
His grandfather's uncle, Benjamin Flower, father
i>f Sarah Flower Adams, author of " Nearer 3Iy
God to Thee," owned a large publishing house in
( ainliridge, England, and was for a number of years
editor and proprietor of the Cambridge " Intelligen-
cer." B. O. Flower was educated in the public
schools of Evansville, Ind., and at the Kentucky
University, Lexington, Ky. After leaving college,
he returned to Albion and founded the "American
Sentinel." an influential organ in southern Illinois.
Having sold this paper some years later, he engaged
in business in New York city, whence he removed
to Boston in 1880. In the autumn of 1889 he estab-
lished the "Arena," a monthly review, in whose
pages the ablest minds in the vanguard of the world's
thought might be accorded a fair hearing on the
great social, economic, ethical, religious and educa-
tional problems of the age. With the initial number
it scored an instantaneous success, completely justi-
fying the belief entertained by Mr. Flower that the
age was ripe for a free lance, conducted on the high-
est plane of magazine literature, with a distinct
ethical purpose in view. Mr. Flower takes a deep
interest in social and economic problems, and has
been prominent among investigators of psychical
phenomena, while contributing many articles per-
taining to those subjects. Among his published
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
229
works ;in> " Civilization's Inferno; or, Studies in the
Social Cellar"; "The New Timei A Plea for the
I'niiMi of Reform Forces"; "Persons, Places and
Ideas"; "Gerald Massey: Poet, Prophet and .Mys-
tic," and " The Century of Sir Thomas More." Mr.
Flower was married, Sept. 1, 1885, to Ilatlie. daugh-
ter of the late Dr. Hiram W. Cloud, of Evansville,
Ind.
ADAMS, Frederick W., physician and violin
maker, was born at Pawlet, Vt.. in 17^1. His
literary remains show him to have been edu-
cated.' lie studied medicine with Dr. Oliver Har-
mon, of Pawlet; attended medical lectures at Dart-
mouth Colleue, and began practice in Fairtield be-
fore graduation. After some time he removed to ( 'ani-
bridge, and I hence to Barton in 1814, and in IV'J
returned to Dartmouth, and received his diploma.
He continued to practice in Barton and vicinity until
1830, acquiring great reputation as a physician and
surgeon, and being called at times to a distance of
fifty miles to perform capital operations. HI- was
also one of the tir-t lo call atteiiti in lolhc advantages
of American hellebore (ver<itrnm ririile) in practice.
In the winter of 1835-36 he attended medical lec-
tures in Philadelphia, and in the latter year settled
in Montpelier. Here at first he was shunned b\
many on account of his reputed skepticism, but
through his skill and kindly manners soon became a
leading practitioner in the town and surrounding
country. Dr. Adams was a man of literary tasie,
and lorn;' having been esteemed an inlidel or atheist,
he, at the request of friends, published a book en-
titled "Theological Criticism; or, Hints ol' ihr
Philosophy of Man and Nature" (1S-I;!), with an ap-
pendix: " Dogmas of Infidelity," which entitles him
to rank with Paine in his estimate of the I!ible. the
church and the clergy. He was. however, noted for
his practical philanthrophy ; frequently treating the
poor free of charge, and even adding gifts of money.
food or clothing, where need appeared. It was well
said that he "lived more practical Christianity than
any other man in town." He was also a poet of no
mean ability, and frequently wrote verses which re-
veal strong Christian sentiments. When asked, on
his deathbed, if he would die as he had lived, he
replied, "If there is a Christian's God, I am not
afraid to trust myself in his hands." As a boy. lie
learned to play on the violin and other musical in-
struments. His love for music never forsook him.
and during a long period of time, partly as an amuse
rnent and partly as an occupation, he experimented
in making violins, violas and violoncellos, lie care-
fully studied the models of old Italian and German
makers, and endeavored to rival their quality of tone
by using well-seasoned woods taken from our native
forests. Some fairly good instruments of his make
are still in use among the people of New England.
His skill in this direction attracted the attention of
Ole Bull, with whom he enjoyed a close friendship.
Dr. Adams was twice married, and his family con-
sisted of at least one daughter. He died in Mont-
pelier, Vt,, Dec. 17, 1858.
WILKINS, Mary Eleanor, author, was born
at Randolph, Norfolk co , Mass., Jan. 7, 1862,
daughter of Warren E. Wilkius, and descendant
of Puritan emigrants, including Bray Wilkins, of
Salem, one of the "afflicted" during the witch-
craft period. Brattleboro, Vt. , was her home for
ten years, her father, an architect by profession,
having removed to that place. On his death in
1883, she returned to Randolph to live with friends.
She was educated at Mount Holyoke Seminary,
South Hadley, Mass., but before that had begun lit-
erary work, writing poems, chiefly for children, and
next prose for "St. Nicholas," the "Youth's Com-
panion," "Harper's Bazaar " and finally for "Har-
per's Magazine." Her first book, "The Story of
Ann " (1886), appeared and passed out of sight with-
out eliciting much comment, but her second, "A
Humble Romance; and Other Stories" (1887), set
Miss Wilkins conspicuously before the public; placed
her by the side of Mrs. stowe. Miss Jewett and Mrs.
Rose Terry Cooke. as a delineator of New England
character, and caused Holmes and Lowell, among
many eminent authors, to congratulate her person-
ally. "The book," says the critic, Charles Miner
Thompson, "came with the force of a new revela-
tion of New England to itself. The literary merit
of the stories was remarkable. The short, terse sen-
tences, written in the simplest, homeliest words, bad
a biting force. Its skillfully lavish use of homely de-
tail, always accurate, alwa\s significant, gave it an
astonishing reality. The paragraphs were as simple
and direct as the sentences, and each advanced the
storv simply and easily upon its predestined course.
Everywhere was the unconsciousness of an absorbed
artist, not preoccupied with theories of art, with per-
sonal vanities, with fear of the critics or anxiety to
please the public, but dominated by the one idea of
setting down accurately the definite vi-ion, which
her imagination bad conceived and matured, and
which now, of necessity, must be born. The stones
had, furthermore, a certain ran- quality, which al-
wa\s ujves strciejih lo fiction. It is the air on the
part of the author of being exterior to his story and
irresponsible for it." of this volume
and the one that followed it, ' A New
England Nun; and Olliei -Stories"! Is'.ll ,,
a rc\ iewe-r in I he "Hook Buyer" de-
clared : •• It the New England* charac-
ter ever i lianges by reason of (head
mixture of the blood of alien rae'-s or
from other causes, these two volumes of
stories will preserve for future genera
lions a faithful and lifelike record of
its most distinctive traits." In similar
vein wrote A. K. II. Boyd, of Scotland :
"Never was real and homely life set out
with more beauty and pathos, and with
abounding humor too." Miss Wilkins'
next work of importance — there; inter-
vened two juveniles, " A Pot of Gold;
and Other Stories " (1891) and " Yonnu-
Lucictia; and Other Stories" (1892)
—was "Jane Field" (1892), her first
novel. "Giles Corey, Yeoman " is a play founded on
incidents of the witchcraft period in Salem, and was
presented in Boston in the year of its publication (1893)
by the Theatre of Arts and Letters. "Pembroke"
(1894). ostensibly a novel, has been fairly characterized
as "in reality a book of short stories, each one hav-
ing its own situations and its own dramatic interest,
strung together on the slender thread of family ties
and village community." It is, however, considered
to be her greatest wo'rk. "Wonderful in concen-
trated intensity, tremendous in power, this record of
the heart tragedies of a dozen men and women is not
surpassed in our literature for its beauty of style, the
delicacy of its character delineations and the en-
thralling interest of its narration." The book was
praised almost indiscriminately in England, some
critics venturing to say that George Eliot had never
done anything "finer. ' In 1896 Miss Wilkins pub-
lished "Madelon," her first thoroughly constructed
novel. Unlike her former stories, it introduces
characters of other than Puritan blood, and here
it is to be seen that Miss Wilkins is not able to
elo full justice to whai is alien to her own tempera-
ment. "Jerome, a Poor Man" (1897), in the opin-
ion of Thompson, "is a belter novel than 'Pem-
broke'; for it has a strong central interest in the
personality of its hero, which binds its many short-
story like episodes together, and its style in Miss
Wilkins later acquired manner of flowing sentences
-i
230
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
pleasurably varied in cadence and in length, makes
itself much more easily readable." A collection of
short stories, ' ' Silence " (1898), contains what is per-
haps her most artistic tale, " Evelina's Garden." In
" The Jamesons " (1899) Miss Wilkius indulged her
sense of humor, satirizing the efforts of a city-bred
woman to reform the inhabitants of a village in
•which she chanced to spend the summer.
PAYNE, Henry Clay, railroad president, was
born at Ashtield, Franklin co., Mass., Nov. 23, 1S4:i.
son of Orrin P. and Eliza (Ames) Payne. His an-
cestors on both sides were natives of Massachusetts,
and their names are found in the military and civil
records of that commonwealth as far back as the
days of the early Puritan settlers. He was educated
in his native town and at. the academy of Shelburne
Falls, where he was graduated in 1859. He entered
business life at once, at Northampton, Muss. ; but in
September, 1808, removed to Milwaukee, Wis. ,
where he has since resided. Up to the time of his
appointment as postmaster, lie was connected wilh
the dry goods firm of F. R. Sheriom & Co. His first
active appearance in politics was in the Grant-Greeley
campaign of 1873, when he was active in organizing
the Young Men's Republican Club, and was elected
its first secretary. Since then he has been in con-
tinuous service as an officer of the RepuL.ican party
organizations in the city, state and nation: having
been secretary and president of the Young Men's
Republican Club; secretary and chairman of the Re-
publican county committee of Milwaukee county,
and srcretary and chairman of the Republican slate
central committee of Wisconsin. In 1880 he was
elected a member of the Republican national commit-
tee, and has continuously held that position, having
participated in that capacity in five presidential cam-
paigns and been a member of the executive commit-
tee of the national committee during the lust three
presidential campaigns. During the MeKiuley cam-
paign of 18'J6 he was in charge of the western head-
quarters in Chicago.
He was one of the dele
gates - at - large from
the state of Wisconsin
to the natioualcouven-
timi held in Chicago in
1 ^ss, which nominated
Harrison for the presi-
dency, and also to the
national convention
held in Minneapolis
in 1893. In January,
1875, he was appi lint ed
po-t master at Milwau-
kee, holding the office
about ten years, and
until the Democrats
succeeded to the con-
trol of the national
government. He has
been president of the
Wisconsin Telephone
f r Co. since 1885, and
president of the Mil-
waukee City Railroad Co. and of the Cream City
Railway Co. since 1888. Through his efforts the
capital was enlisted which purchased and consoli-
dated all the street railways in the city of Mil-
waukee, which are now owned and operated by the
Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Co"., of
which Mr. Payne is the vice-president and manager.
This company owns and operates about 160 miles, and
also owns and operates all the electric lighting in Mil-
waukee. Mr. Payne is also president of the Fox River
Valley Electric Railway Co., and the active head of
the Milwaukee Light, Heat and Traction Co.. which
has built and is operating the suburban electric rail-
ways running out of Milwaukee In 1887 Mr. Payne
was elected president of the Milwaukee and Northern
Railroad Co., and continued as such until the road
was consolidated with the Chicago, Milwaukee and
St. Paul Railway Co. In 1893 he was appointed one
of the receivers of the Northern Pacific Railroad Co.
Mr. Payne is a member of the Milwaukee and
Deutsche clubs, of Milwaukee, and of the Chicago
Club. He was married in New York city, Oct. 15,
1867, toLydia W., daughter of Richard and Mary W.
(Thomas) Van Dyke, and descendant of Heudrick
Van Dyke, who came to New Amsterdam in 1646
as attorney general of the province.
ALBERT, John S., chief engineer, U. S. navy,
was born in New York in 1834. He was appointed to
the navy from New York state on Sept. H, 1S55, as
third assistant engineer. Three years later he was
promoted to the office of second assistant, and on
Aug. 30, 1859, became first assistant. On the out-
break of the war, when the secession of many of the
best men in the service put a premium on good naval
engineers, Mr. Albert's abilities soon marked him for
promotion to the highest honors, and he became
chief engineer, Oct. 29, 1861. He served on the
blockade which was maintained against the southern
slates ; was fleet engineer of the Pacific squadron
(1868-69), and a member of the board of examining
engineers of the navy (1870-73). He was considered
one of the most brilliant and scientific officers of the
service. In 1876 he had charge of Machinery Hall
at. the Centennial exhibition, Philadelphia. Subse-
quently he was in charge of the engineer's depart-
ment of the steamer Quinnebaug, and while on this
vessel, sailing from Gibraltar to Antwerp, he caught
a cold which, developed into consumption, necessi-
tating a leave of absence. Returning to his home in
Philadelphia, ne .lied there, July 3, 1880.
GILLISS, James Melville, astronomer, was
born at Georgetown, I). C., Sept. 6, 1811, eldest son
of George aiid Mary (Melville) Gilliss, and in the
fifth generation from Thomas Gilliss, a Scotchman
who sell led on the eastern shore of Maryland before
Hiss. His father was in the service of the national
government. At the age of fifteen James Gilliss
entered the navy as midshipman, and in 1831, after
an absence on cruises of three years, received the
grade of passed midshipman. Obtaining a leave of
absence, in 1833 he entered the University of Vir-
ginia, but impaired his health by excessive study,
and in less than a year's time was obliged to leave.
Upon his partial recovery he made another cruise,
after which he resumed his studies in Paris. In 1836
he was ordered from Philadelphia, where he had
been on duty, to Washington as assistant to Lieut,
(later Com.)" Hitchcock, in charge of the depot of
charts and instruments required by national vessels,
the office being a wooden observatory, fourteen feet
by thirteen. In a short time he was placed in full
charge, and there made his first astronomical obser-
vations, with a transit instrument lent by the coast
survey. In 1838 Capt. Wilkes, who was about to
sail on his exploring expedition, drew up special in-
structions for the observation of moon culminations,
occupations and eclipses, for the purpose of deter-
mining differences of longitude. The instructions
also contemplated extended magnetic and meteor-
ological observations, and Lieut. Gilliss availed him-
self of this opportunity to procure a number of new
instruments. Duplicate instructions were given to
AVilliam C. Bond, who carried on his work at Dor-
chester, Mass. The observations of Lieut. Gilliss
were begun in September, 1838, and continued until
June, 1842, when the expedition returned. Four
years later a volume of observations, the first pub-
lished oil this side of the Atlantic, was printed by
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
231
order of the I*. S. senate, ami gave ihc places of
1,348 fixed slurs. Of these stars, fi,s2:i transits
were published, as also 305 transits of Hie i >n,
37 of planets and si occultations. In precision of
transit observations, according to Prof. Benjamin
Pcirec, only one astronomer, Ar^elamler, excelled
Gilliss, and I Ills accuracy \\asdne in the main to a
wondrous acuteness of the perceptive1 pow ers of e\ e
ami '"ir. At the same time, and with the same con-
scientious assiduity, magnetic and nicleoroloL'ical
oli-ci \ alions were carried on, and these al-o were
piihlislicil in |sl(i. In 1841 Gilliss obtained auth"i ii\
to import a meridian circle; Inn this could not In-
erected in the Shabby little hut where he was then
carrying on his work, and, at his solicitation, the
commissioners of the navy recommended an appro-
priation for a permanent establishment, and linalh,
in August, IS]-,1, i'ic first working observaloiy in the
United Stales was established. lie. visited Europe
to consult astronomers anil to order the meridian
circle; in Match. 1X43, he lie-ran 11 reel ion "1 the
observatory, and at the close of September. Is I I,
reported the building ready for occupation. For
all reasons he should have been made its superintend-
ent, but the secretary of the navy thought other-
wise, and in his stead appointed Lieut. .Matthew F.
Maury, who had succeeded Lieut. Gilliss as superin-
tendent of the depot of charts and instruments.
From February, 1845, until July, is Id, <!jlliss was
occupied in preparing his observations lor the press,
and then was assigned to duty upon the coast sur-
vey under 1'rof. Bache. While thus engaged, he
reduced for the use of the survey the entire series of
n n culminations previously observed and pub-
lished by him. The manuscripts till til'lecu folio
volumes.' In 1847 Dr. Gerling, of Marburg, Ger-
many, proposed to astronomers that observations of
Venus he made from terrestrial stations w idely differ-
ing in latitude1, as he believed they would yield a
heller determination of I he solar parallax than any
oppositions of Mars. (lilliss was unable to cooperate
at once, but proposed an expedition to Chili to ob
serve the planet Mars, its stationary terms and oppo-
sition, lie enlisted Hie sympathy of the leading
scientific societies of the United States, the help of
the. navy department and the aid of the Smithsonian
Institution, which authorized the purchase for his
use of an equatorial telescope of (>l.> inches aperture.
The observatory was established at Santiago. Chili.
On Dec. ti, 1S4!I, work was begun, and between that
dale1 and Sept. 13, 1852, be made 217 series of obser-
vations. Although, through the failure to obtain
equally thorough results from other obscM \al-n ies,
his expedition was fruitless in so far as its primal
object was concerned, his observations were of value
in the means they afforded for improving our knowl-
edge of the orbits of Mars and Venus. He also
made 7,000 meridian observations of 2,000 stars; ob-
servations of moon and moon-culminating stars, and
more than ;!:i,000 observations of about 23,000 stars
within 24-,° of the south pole, and recorded 124 ob-
servations ou earthquakes, some made under his
immediate direction, and all of great value. Six
quarto volumes (1835, et seg.) give the results of the
expedition, the last being devoted to the meteoro-
logical and magnetic observations and their tabular
discussion. When the contemplated work was done
the instruments and equipments were bought by the
Chilian government for a national observatory,
which therefore indirectly owes its existence to
Lieut. Gilliss. In November, 1852, the astronomer
arrived in the United States, and during the four
years ensuing was engaged, under orders from the
navy department, in reducing the observations and
in the preparation of his narrative and of the work
on Chili. In September, 1855, a number of naval
officers who were considered to be unable to perform
service by reason of disability were placed on the re-
serve list, among them, and lor no adequate reason,
Lieut. Gilliss. lu IN.">S he \oluntarily, but under
the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, visited
Peru for the purpose of obser\ ing the tolal eclipse
of the1 sun. The journey across the Peruvian desert
was hazardous, and at the end he was prostrated by
fever; but he was able to instruct his companion,
Mr. Kaymond, iii the mounting of the telescope, and
fortunately the le\er abated on Hie morning of the
eclipse, which was satisfactorily observed. The ex-
peditions sent to Labrador and Hudson's bay terri-
lory to observe the eclipse of
I860 were suggested by him, ami
that sent to \\ ashin-lon territory
was heaeled by him, his assistant
being his el.le~l son. now an olli-
cer in the army. On April l">,
isiil, Comr. Maury lied from
Washington, ha\imr cast in bis
fortunes with those1 of the Con-
federacy, and (lilliss was ap-
pointed bis successor, returning
to the post from which be ne\ er
should have been removed. He
was soon cumuli-sinned coiii-
maneler. and a year later cap-
tain, in the regular order of his
seniority. The work left in
arrears ]>y Maury was taken up
and liiiished, and the o| hcraslro-
nomieal institutions of the land were invited to
Cooperate in various undertakings. The long de-
ferred hope of determining Ihc parallax by simiil-
taneous observations in Chili and in the I'liited
Slate's was re\i\ed. and by a .strange coincidence of
Circumstances the' last morning of his lilc wiinesseel
the publication of the result deduced according to
the original plan by the two ohsei vat»rics he hail
founded. For a time he provided for the equip-
ment of all national vessels wilh charts ami instru-
ments, and " for the tiist time laid down the principle
that no instrument should be imported for the
Ameiioau navy that could lie manufactured as well
at home. . . . ' The American Nautical Almanac,'
w hich had so loni; earm d scientific icpiilatioii for us
abroad, was brought into use on board our own
national vessels, and for the first time olliccrs held
glasses of American make to note the running of
American log-lines." ('apt. Gilliss was one of the
original members of the National Academy of
Sciences. He was married to Rebecca, daughter of
John Roberts, of Alexandria, Va. He died in Wash-
ington, D. C., Feb. 9, 1865.
REYNOLDS, Joseph Jones, soldier, was born
in Flemiugsburg, Ky., Jan. 4, 1822. In 1839 he was
appointed a cadet from Indiana to the U. S. Military
Academy, and was graduated there in 1843. His
first field service after leaving the academy was with
the army of occupation of Texas in 184r)-4(j asbrc\ei
second lieutenant in the 4lh U. S. artillery. Hewas
promoted second lieutenant, May 11, 184(3, and trans-
ferred to the 3d artillery, and, tirst lieutenant, March
3, 1847. In August, 1849, he was appointed princi-
pal assistant professor of natural and experimental
philosophy at West Point, serving until July, 1855.
He resigned from the army, Feb. 28, 1857, to be-
come professor of mechanics and engineering in
Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., which chair
he held until I860. The outbreak of the civil war
found him a merchant in Lafayette, Ind., but, offer-
ing his services to the government, he was commis-
sioned colonel of the 10th Indiana infantry, April 25,
1861, and brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers,
May 17, 1861. He served in command of Cheat
mountain division in West Virginia, in 1861. On
Sept. 12th, the Confederate army of the Northwest,
232
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
estimated at 9,000 strong, under Gen R. E Lee, ad-
vanced against Reynolds' fortified positions at Cbeat
mountain summit and Elk Water The result of the
manoeuvering and fighting during the next three days
was the utter discomfiture and withdrawal of Gen.
Lee from Reynolds' front These operations, sup
plemented by the successful military reconnaissance
at Green Brier river, Oct. 3d, firmly secured this
part of West Virginia forever to the Union. In
January, 1862, Gen. Reynolds resigned his commis-
sion and devoted himself to organizing volunteers
from Indiana for service in the Federal army, and
on Aug. 21. 1862, accepted commis-
sion as a colonel of the 75th Indi-
ana regiment. He was promoted
brigadier- general of volunteers,
Sept. 17, 1862, and assigned to the
army of the Cumberland. In com-
mand of a brigade he so distin-
guished himself that, Nov. 29,
1862, he was made a major-general
of volunteers, and placed in com-
mand of a division of Gen. Geo. H.
Thomas' 14th army corps. He was
engaged at McMillensville, Hoover s
Gap and Chicknmauga; and being-
then assigned to duty as chief of
staff to Gen. Thomas, he distin-
guished himself for services, not-
ably at Chattanooga, Lookout
mountain and Mission ridge.
From January to June, 1864, lie
commanded the defenses of New Orleans, La., and
afterwards the 19th army corps. He organized the
forces directed against Mobile, Fort Morgan and Fort
Gaiues, and from November, 1864, to April, 1866,
commanded the department of Arkansas. Gen. Rey-
nolds was mustered out of the volunteer service, Sept.
1, 1866, being one of the eighteen full major generals
in the service mustered out on that date, leaving
but, five in service. Meantime, Julj' 28th, he had been
appointed colonel of the 26th U. S. infantry, which
he accepted Sept. 21st, and held during the succeed-
ing three years. On March 2, 1867, he was brevelted
brigadier-general for gallant and meritorious con
duct at Chickamauga, Ga., and major-general for
gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Mis-
sion ridge. On Jan. 8, 1870, Gen. Reynolds was as-
signed to the 25th infantry, and on Dec. 15th follow-
ing was transferred to the command of the 3d
cavalry. During the reconstruction period (1867-72)
lie was in command of the 5th military district, com-
prising Louisiana and Texas. He declined election
as L". S senator from Texas in 1871, and during
1872-76 was in command of the department of the
Finite. He WHS retired June 25, 1877, and died in
Washington. I). C., Feb. 25, 1899.
FERNALD, Charles Henry, educator and
naturalist, was born on Mount Desert island. Me ,
March 16, 1888, second son of Eben Feruald, a
prominent citizen of that place. The first sixteen
years of his life were spent on his father's farm,
which is famous as being the site of the original set-
tlement of the French on the island, under the name
of St. Sauveur. After the expulsion of the French
Jesuits by the English, under Argal, in 1613, the
place was unoccupied until 1784, when it was taken
by Andrew Tarr, the greatgrandfather of Prof.
Fernald, and has been owned in the family to the
present time. In 1854 lie obtained employment on a
local shipping line and followed this occupation dur-
ing the summers and attended or taught common
schools, winters, until his twenty first year. Then
entering the Maine Wesleyan Seminary to fit for col-
lege, he remained until the outbreak of the civil war.
In Augu -I . isii'j. he enlisted in the navy as a seaman,
but in a short time was promoted to master's mate
and later to acting ensign, seeing service on the
Housatonic, Stettin, Carnation, Pat.apsco and Geo.
W. Rogers While in the navy he completed the
studies of his college course and was later a student
of zoology under Prof Agassiz and a member of his
famous sea side school at Penekese. After the close
of the war he resigned his position and resumed
teaching. He was principal of Litchfield Academy
one year and of Houlton Academy five years, and
then was elected professor of natural history in the
Maine State College, where he remained fifteen
years. At the end of this period he was called to
the chair of zoology in the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College Prof Fernald has traveled extensively
anil studied in the museums of Europe. He has
amassed the largest collection of microlepidoptera in
the world, and has published numerous papers on
these insects in the journals of Europe and America.
He is entomologist of the Hatch experiment station
of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and also
of the Massachusetts board of agriculture- a member
of most of the zoological and entomological societies
of America, and a fellow of the Entomological Soci-
ety of London and of the Societe Entomologique of
France. In 1871 the honorary degree of AM. was
conferred on him by Bowdoiu College, and in 1885
that of Ph.D. by the Maine State College. In 1862
he was married to Maria E. Smith, of Cent's Hill,
Me , and has one sou, Henry T. Fernald, professor
of zoology in the Pennsylvania State College.
REPPLIER, Agnes, author, was born in Phila-
delphia, Pa., April 1, 1 859, daughterof John and Agnes
Repplier. She is of French descent, and was educated
in the Roman Catholic church. Asa child she was by
no means precocious, for at the age of nine she could
not read, and her only accomplishment was reciting
long ballads and other poems, which her retentive
memory made it easy to commit. At school she
studied diligently whatever interested her, but neg-
lected all other lessons. She attended Eden Hall,
near Torresdale, Philadelphia, and several private
schools in the city, and on
leaving school continued
her own education by read-
ing. Her earliest publica-
tions were short stories
and little essays, which ap-
peared in newspapers and
in the "Catholic World";
but their excellence of
style and spontaneity soon
opened to her the columns
of magazines of higher
grade, and in later years
her work was most fre-
queutly to be found in
the "Atlantic Monthly."
Her books contain the best
of those essays which first
appeared in fugitive form.
She has published "Books
and Men" (1888); "Points
of View" (1891); " Es-
says in Miniature" (1892); "A Book of Famous
Verse" (1892); "Essays in Idleness" (1893); " In the
Dozy Hours" (1895), " Varia" (1897), and "Phila-
delphia. The Place and the People" (1898). A
noted critic wrote in 1894: "One of the pleasant
characteristics of Miss Repplier's books is her lively
interest in children. This she has drawn from recol-
lections of her own childhood. Her mind is a treas
ury of anecdotes of her youth; and, indeed, so vivid
a memory has she always been blessed with that
even the droll incidents of her babyhood are woven
into her sprightly talk, as they have frequently been
in her written pages."
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
233
SHAW, Henry, philanthropist, was born in
Sheffield, England, July 34, 1800, son of Joseph
Shaw, ii Dative of Leicester and a large manufacturer
of grates, lire-irons, etc., in Sheffield. He attended
school at the neighboring village of Thorne, and
afterwards at Mill Hill, a famous dissenting school
near London. Here he became conversant with the
classics and several modern languages, especially
French, and was noted for his proficiency in mathe-
matics. In 1818 he removed with his parents to
( 'anada, and was sent to New Orleans. From there he
went to St. Louis, then a small French trading post,
and opened a store for the sale of cutlery. Gradu-
ally extending his vrniures as his business prospered.
he had by 1840 acquired a fortune of x-.'.M 1,11110, and
retired from all commercial pur-
suits. He then revisited Iheliome
of his childhood, traveling ex-
tensively in Europe, and repeat-
ing the" trip in 1*42 and 1851.
On the occasion of his last visit
to England, while walking in I lie
gardens of Cliatsw orlh. lie eon
ceived the idea of duplicating
their beauties as far as pn— ilile
in a similar park at St. Louis,
and from that time this plan was
Ihe main interest of his life. He
commissioned Dr. Eiiuelinann,
in 1857, to examine European
botanical garden- and obtain
siiu^estioiis fur the garden of
St. Louis, the tirst preparations
for which were begun in that
year. In ]sr>S-;i!) he erected li-
brary and museum buildings, a in I
instructed Dr. Engelmann to select a botanical li
lirary. All the leading botanists in America anil
many in England were consulted during the first
year in which the Missouri garden, which was named
" Tower Grove," was being planned, and of the re-
sult Dr. Asa Gray said : "The park and botanical
gardens are the finest institutions of the kind in tin-
country; in variety of foliage the park is un-
equalled." More than 20,000 trees were planted,
all raised in the arboretum of the garden, and most
of these were fully grown before the death of Mr.
Sbaw. He also placed in the park three bronze
statues of heroic size, by Baron von Mueller, of
Munich, representing Shakespeare, Humboldt and
Columbus. Adelaide Neilson, who had seen every
memorial of Shakespeare of any consequence, public
and private, declared that this one was, in her opinion,
decidedly the finest; and the niece of Humboldt pre-
ferred the statue of her uncle to any in Europe.
Near the Shakespeare monument there is a " Neilson
mulberry tree." a slip from Shakespeare's mulberry
at. Stratford, planted on a spot chosen for it by Miss
Neilson. The park contains over 276 acres, beauti-
fully laid out. In 1885 he established the Henry
Slu-w School of Botany as a special department of
Washington University, St. Louis. In his will he left
a fund for the maintenance of tiie garden, and nu-
merous bequests to other charities, and made provi-
sion for an annual flower sermon to be preached in
St. Louis in the interest of the garden. He died
Aug. 25, 1889, and was buried in the mausoleum,
designed by von Mueller, at Tower Grove.
WEST, Joseph Rodman, soldier and senator,
was born in New Orleans, La., Sept. 19, 1822. He
entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1836, but
withdrew before graduation. He served as a captain
of volunteers in the Mexican war, and in 1849 emi-
grated to California, where he became engaged in
commercial pursuits, and at the outbreak of the
civil war he was proprietor of the San Francisco
" Prices Current." He at once entered the army as
lieutenant of the 1st California infantry, and saw
service in New Mexico, Arkansas and the South-
west. He became brigadier general of volunteers,
Oct. 25, 1862, and on being mustered out, Jan. 4,
1866, was brevetted major- general. At the close of the
war he settled for a short time in Texas, and then
went to New Orleans, where he served as chief
deputy U. S. marshal and auditor of the customs
and afterwards as administrator of improvements,
lie was elected U. S. senator from Louisiana on the
Republican ticket, and served for seven years (1871-
77). He was on the committees on appropriations
and railroads. At the close of his term he settled in
Washington, where be engaged in business. He was
commissioner of the District of Columbia during
1882-85. He died in Washington, D. C., Oct. 81,
1898.
COOKE, Samuel, clergyman, was born at, Dan-
burv. Fail-field co.. Conn., Aug. 5, 1815. sou of
.Indue Daniel Benedict and Lucy (Pratt) Cooke, and
grandson of Josiah Platt Cooke, a member of the
Continental congress. At the age of sixteen he
joined an elder brother, who was i-ngagcd in manu-
facturing at Walden, on the Wallkill river. Orange
co., N. V. ; but having decided literary ability and
considerable local reputation as a led uicr and Fourth
M|' July orator, he s i decided to uive up his biisi-
nesa His parents were Congregationalists, but hav-
inu become a communicant of Ihe I'mic-tanl Kpis-
copal church, he felt drawn toward the ministry,
and in ls:i."i entered a theological seminary. Soon
after his ordination as deacon be made a tour for bis
health through western New York, and during a
brief sojourn at Lyons, Wayne co., was invited to
preach, the ministers of two churches ulTcrinu- their
pulpits. He delivered two sermons so acceptably,
that in a few days' time the sum of $6,000 was
raised toward building an Episcopal church in the
village, on condition that he accept the rectorship.
A salary of 8800 was also subscribed. He felt it his
duty to accept the call, and declining invitations to
other churches, settled there,
holding servi -es in the court
house "while the church was in
process of erection. The original
number of communicants was
six, but during his rectorship it
increased to more than 100. Five
years later he was called to the
church at Geneva, on Seneca
lake, where he preached for two
years and was elected a trustee
of Hobart College. In 1845 St.
Paul's, New Haven, Conn., a
chapel of Trinity Church in that
city, became a distinct organi-
zation, and Dr. Cooke was called
as its first rector, beginning his
duties in November. The church
prospered under him, and be-
came one of the most important in
thediocese. In 1850 he accepted
a call to St. Bartholomew's Church, New York city,
and on the first Sunday in January, 1851, preached
for the last time in St. Paul's. The church, situated
on the corner of Lafayette place and Great Jones
street, was heavily burdened with debt, the "up-
town " movement of the population having deprived
it of many of its members; but soon pews were rented
at advanced prices, a considerable portion of the
debt was paid by subscription, and the church was
altered and greatly improved. In 187J a magnificent
new edifice was completed on the corner of Madison
avenue and Forty fourth street, at a total cost of
$400,000, with a handsome rectory and a school
building for poor children. There are some 2,000
persons in the parish, and there is a large mission
234
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
school connected with the church. Dr. Cooke was
a preacher of great popularity, his sincerity as well
as his eloquence producing a marked effect upon his
hearers. The honorary degree of A.M. was con-
ferred upon him by Yale in 1847, and soon after his
removal to New York he received the degree of
D.D. from both Columbia College and the Univer-
sity of New YOI-K. In 1889 he retired from pastoral
work, and removed to Stamford, Conn. Dr. Cooke
•was married at Walden, N. Y., in September, 1838,
to Emma, daughter of Jacob Treadwell and Maria
(Pell) Walden, who bore him three sons and one
daughter. He resides in his own country-seat at
Stamford, Conn,, with his only surviving child,
Howard de Walden Cooke.
DTJLANY, Daniel, statesman, was born in
Maryland, probably at or near Annapolis, in July,
1731, son of Daniel Dulauy, by his second wife, Re-
becca Smith. His father, a native of Queen's coun-
ty, Ireland, belonged to an ancient family, among
\\hnse members were Felix O'Dullauy, bishop of
( luxury in 1178, and Patrick Delaney, dean of Down
in 1744, and a friend of Dean Swift. He was ad-
mitted to the bar of the provincial court of Mary-
land in 1710, and remained in public life for nearly
forty years, serving as attorney-general, judge of the
admiralty, commissary general, receiver general,
councillor under Govs. Bladen.
Ogle and Sharpe, and secre-
tary of the province. His son
•was educated at Eton and at
Clare Hall, Cambridge Uni-
versity, and became a mem-
ber of the Temple. Return-
ing to Maryland, he was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1747; was
a member of council in 1757-
75, and was secretary of the
province in 1761-73. He was
also commissary general, and
this office and that of secre-
tary were held successively by
Daniel Dulany, Sr. ; Benjamin
Tasker, Jr., a relative; Daniel
Dulany, Jr., and Walter Du-
lany, his brother. Daniel Du-
, / lany, Jr., was the most cele-
^^_^/ brated lawyer in the colony,
and had so high a reputation outside, that frequently
questions were withdrawn from courts in Virginia,
and even from the chancellor of England, for sub-
mission to him, The eminent lawyer, John V. L.
McMahon, wrote of him : " Unrivalled in profes-
sional learning ... he added to it all the power of
the orator, the accomplishments of the scholar, the
graces of the person and the serenity of the gentle-
man. Mr. Pinkney, himself the wonder of his age,
who saw but the setting splendor of Mr. Dulany 's
talents, is reported to have said of him, 'that even
amongst such men as Fox, Pitt and Sheridan, he had
not foliud his superior.'" Tyler, in his "Memoir of
Chief Justice Tauey,"says: "The opinions of this
great Maryland laWyer had almost as much weight
in courts in Maryland and hardly less with the
crown lawyers of England than the opinions of the
great Roman jurists, that were made authority by
the edict of the emperor, had in Roman courls." In
October, 1765, Mr. Dulany published, in Annapolis,
an essay, entitled " Consideration on die Propriety of
Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies, for the Pur-
pose of Raising Revenue by Act of Parliament," in
which he showed that the colonists claimed, as
British subjects, the right of exemption from all
taxes without their consent, deriving this right from
the common law, which their charters had declared
and confirmed; and he advised the colonies to manu-
facture for themselves, believing that this would
bring the mother country to terms. The pamphlet
was republished in London in 1766. With the other
public officers, he acceded to the nullification of the
Stamp Act in Maryland, but declared that he did it
against his will, "and that he would lay down his
office, were it not that by so doing he would cast
upon the governor the necessity of making a new
appointment, requiring the use of stamped paper,
and with it a responsibility which might bring even
the person of the latter into jeopardy. " His course,
although his motive was thoroughly understood,
made him very unpopular for a time. About 1770 the
inhabitants of Maryland began to rebel against the
exorbitant fees charged by^he government officials
and the abuses in their collection, and Charles Car-
roll, of Carrolltou, took the popular side, while Du-
lany naturally opposed the reduction of the fees. A
controversy between these eminent men followed,
involving also the question of taxation for the sup-
port of religion, which Carroll, disfranchised on ac-
count of his faith, denounced. The combatants pub-
lished their articles in the " Maryland Gazette," Car-
roll over the signature " First Citizen "; Dulauy over
that of "Autilou." In the course of this controversy,
( 'arroll, who had the best of the argument, declared
that the government of the colony had been too long
in the hands of a few allied families: Dulanys, Tas-
kers and Bladens. With the overthrow of the royal
authority, Dulauy retired to private life; but his es-
tates were confiscated, 1,500 acres excepted, which
were granted by the state to his sisters, Mrs. Hanson,
Mrs. Fitzhugh and Mrs. Belt. The family lands
originally comprised 5,000 acres, including what is
now called Dulauy 's valley. Daniel Dulauy 's wife
\\a-~a sister of Col. Benjamin Tasker, Jr., acting-
governor in 1752-53. There is a monument to his
memory in St. Paul's Church, Baltimore. A statue
was erected in St. Anus's, Annapolis, but was de-
stroyed by fire, with the church, in 1856. Daniel
Dulany died in Baltimore, Md., March 19. 1797.
MUNROE, Charles Edward, chemist, edu-
cator and author, was born in Cambridge, Mass.,
May 24, 1849, son of Enoch and Emeliue Elizabeth
(Russell) Munroe. He is, on the maternal side,
connected with the Russell, Abbot, Bowditch and
Frederick families of Massachusetts, and on the pa-
ternal side with the Harrington, Locke and Frost
fan.ilies. He is descended from William Munroe,
who settled in Lexington, then part of Cambridge,
Mass., in 1652, and whose descendants actively par-
ticipated in the colonial and revolutionary wars.
More than twenty of his ancestral connections were en-
gaged in the battle of Lexington, which began in front
of the Munroe tavern, April 19, 1775. Prof. Muuroe
attended the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard
University, and was graduated in 1871 with the de-
gree of S.B. summa cum laude. He was immedi-
ately appointed assistant in chemistry in Harvard
College, to conduct the instruction in quantitative
analysis, in the senior class, and in addition he initia-
ted and taught for three years the summer school
in chemistry, which was the pioneer school of this
kind. In 1874 he resigned to accept the professor-
ship of chemistry at the U. S. Naval Academy,
where he remained until 1886, when he was trans-
ferred to the U. S. Naval Torpedo Station and War
College, at Newport, R. L, to instruct the officers of
the navy and army in the properties and uses of ex-
plosives ; to conduct researches upon explosive sub-
stances and to exercise official supervision over such
explosives as were manufactured or purchased by the
navy. He resigned, in 1892, to accept the chair of
chemistry at Columbian L'niversity, Washington,
D. C., where he still remains (1899). He has also served
as dean of the faculty of the Corcoran Scientific
School and of the School of Graduate Studies, which
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
235
was founded largely through bis efforts and ability.
In 1894 he received the degree of Ph D., in course,
from Columbian University. Prof. Munroe has
published over 100 papers and several books His
earliest researches, published in the "American
Journal of Science," iu 1871, were upon analytical
method-;; he then cultivated sanitary chemistry, then
technical chemistry and eventually, owing to his
naval connections, made a specialty of the chemistry
of explosives, in which he is a recognized authority.
He invented a naval smokeless powder, called indu-
iiie. upon which he began experimenting in ISM!), and
which was especially commended by Pies. Harrison
in an annual address l.i conurcss. He has also done
a Lireat deal of bibliographic work, and while at
Newport was librarian of the torpedo station library.
1'iot Mm i roe has been a member of the assay
commission; he is a fellow of the Ain.-ii-an Ae.-ide-
mv of Arts and Sciences; American Philosophical
Society , American, London and Berlin chemical
societies and many other organizations, in which he
lias helil high oltice. lie held various official positions
in the I'. S Naval Institute for over ten years, hav-
ing had editorial charge of its proceedings lor a large
part of the time, and the present prosperous e li-
iion of this valuable (ethnical journal is largely due
to his efforts.
NEWBERRY, John Strong, geologist and
paleontologist, was born at Windsor, Conn., Dec.
22, 1822. sou of Henry and Elizabeth (Strong) New
berrv. The founder of the family in this country,
Thomas Newberry, emigrated from England about
1(>30, and settled in that part of Ilin-jham, Mass.,
now called CJuincy. In ItilSOtbe family removed to
Windsor, i 'oiin , where it has since been prominent,
('apt. Benjamin and ('apt. Roger Newberry, direct
ancestors of Prof. Newberry, commanded the mili-
tary forces of the colony, and Gen. Roger Newhcrry
served with distinction during the revolutionary war
and held many judicial offices after peace was de-
clared. The last was a member of the Connecticut
Land Co., which purchased the \\V-iini Reserve "f
Ohio from the state of Connecticut, and his sou,
Henry, went to Ohio in 1S'J4 to take charge of his
father's property, settling at Cuyahoga Falls. The
elder Newberry became cniraned in opening up the
coal resources of eastern Ohio; the younger took an
interest iu the mining operations on account of the
fossil plants and fish that were brought to light,
little dreaming that his life would be given to the
study of rocks and the records of ancient life therein
preserved. He was graduated at Western Reserve
College, Hudson, O., in 1846; spent two years at the
Cleveland Medical School, receiving his degree in
1848, and two years more in the study of medicine
in Paris While in Europe he wrote a description of
the quarries yielding fossil fishes at Monte Bolca,
Italy, and this, published in the " Family Visitor"
(1851), was his first scientific contribution. On re-
turning to America he opened an office in Cleveland,
but the development of his taste for natural history
kept pace with the development of his practice, and
he was induced by friends iu Washington to give up
medicine. In May, 1855, Ii3 was appointed assistant
surgeon and geologist to the exploring party under
Lieut. Robert 8. Williamson, that traversed the
country between San Francisco and the Columbia
river. ' His papers on the botany, zoology and
geology of that region appeared in Vol. VI. of the
"Reports of Explorations and Surveys" to ascertain
the most practicable and economical route for a rail-
road from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean ,
made iu 1853-56 (Washington, 1856). He next
joined, as geologist, the expedition under Lieut.
Joseph C. Ives, which explored the Colorado river
in 1857-58. The party sailed up the river in a small
steamer from the Gulf of California to the month of
the Gram: l ahon, which they explored for nearly a
year While there Dr. Newberry became acquainted
with the Pueblo tribe of Indians, in whom he ever
afterwards took a deep interest. The geological
portion of the final report has the most value. The
full title is: "Report upon the Colorado River of
the West, Explored in 1857-58 " .(Washington, 1861).
In 1X.V.J Dr. Newberry accompanied the expedition
under ('apt. .1. N Macomb, which explored the San
Juan region in .southwestern Colorado and the ad
jacent pails of Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, and
incidentally acquired much information with regard
to the cliff dwellers, whose ruined houses aie abun-
dant in the region This " He-port of the Kxploring
Expedition from Santa Fe to the Junction of the
Grand and Green Rivers" was not published until
1*76. lie was assigned to duly in the war depart-
ment when the civil war broke out, but on June 14th
began work in connection with the sanitary commis-
sion, the duties of which became so pressing that, iu
September, 1S61, he resigned from the war depart-
ment and became secretary of the western branch of
the commission, with headtjuartersat Cleveland. All
the operations in the valley of the Mississippi and on its
tributaries were under his direction. At times he
followed the army, and was present at the battle of
Chattanooga, overseeing the work of his organiza-
tion. His report, a volume of
r>-K! pai.rcs, published in 1X71,
shows I hat he expended more
than A*! 10,000 iu money; dis
i ndmcd hospital stores valued
at more than s.">, 0110,000; col-
lected and recorded the names
of more than S50.000 soldiers,
and fed and sheltered fully
1,000,000 soldiers at the va
rious depots of the commis-
sion. His duties ended in that
field, he returned to Wash-
ington, and was attached to
the Smithsonian Institution.
He also held a professorship
in the Columbian University
at Washington, to which he
had been called in 1857. In
l*i;-| the School of Mines, Co^
lunibia College, was estab-
lished, and in 1866 the chair
of geology and paleontology
was created, and Dr. New berry
it. He accepted, and remained in active service
until Dec. 3, 1890. During that period he collected
a museum of more than 100,000 specimens (now the
property of the School of Mines) to illustrate his
lectures on paleontology and economic geology, and
did a large amount of field work. In 1811'J he was
appointed director of the State Geological Survey of
Ohio, and between that year and 1882 published
seven volumes of final reports and a geological at las.
The descriptions of a number of the counties are
from his pen. Important, observations on the geologi-
cal history of the Great lakes and their relationship
to the glacial period were recorded, and notable dis-
coveries of fossil plants and fish were announced.
For the Illinois Survey Dr. Newberry did a large
amount of paleontologieal work, especially on verte-
brate fossils. He also described the later extinct
floras of the West, materials for which had been
gathered by the Hayden Survey. In association
with the New Jersey Survey, he undertook the de-
scription of the flora of the Amboy clays. His de-
scription of the fossil fishes and plants of the eastern
Triassic strata appeared iu 1888 as Monograph XIV.
of the United States Geological Survey. A more
elaborate work on the " Palaeozoic Fishes of North
America" appeared iu 1889 as Monograph XVI. of
invited to fill
236
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the same survey. He contributed frequently to
periodicals and to encyclopedias, his separate papers
being more than 200 in number, and he was one
of the editors of "Johnson's Cyclopaedia." having
charge of geology and paleontology. His advice
with regard to mines and projected mining opera-
tions was frequently sought, and repeated trips to
the West and to Mexico widened his range of obser-
vation. He was one of the incorporators of the
National Academy of Science; in 1867 was president
of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, and in 1867-91 was president of the New
York Academy of Sciences, of which at the time of
his death he was honorary president. He was presi-
dent of the Torrey Botanical Club (1880-90); in
1888 aided in organizing the Geological Society
of North America, and in 1889 was chosen first
vice president. He was one of the organizers of
the International Congress of Geologists, and was
chosen to preside at the meeting in Washington in
1891, but was too unwell to accept. In 1888 the
Geological Society of London conferretl upon him
the Murchisou medal in immediate recognition of
his paleontological work. In 1867 the degree of
LL.D. was conferred upon him by Western Reserve
Colleire. Dr. Newberry was married iu Cleveland,
O., Oct. 22, 1848, to Sarah B., daughter of Erasius
F. and Lucetta (Cleveland) Gaylord, who were
natives of Connecticut. She bore him six sons and
one daughter. Two of his sons are graduates of the
Columbia School of Mines. Dr. Newberry died at
New Haven, Conn., Dec. 7, 1892.
OSGOOD, Samuel, clergyman and author, was
born at Charlestowu, Mass., Aug. 30, 1812, twelfth
child of Thomas and Hannah (Stevens) Oseood.
Thomas Osgood was an architect, by profession. He
was a descendant of Christopher Osgood, who emi-
grated from England in 1634, in company wilh his
father-in-law, Philip Fowler, iu the Mary and John,
and settled at Ipswich, Mass. This ancestor had
four sons, the third of whom, also named Chris-
topher, was a captain in the French
and Indian wars. Samuel Osgood
attended school in his native town,
and was fitted for Harvard College
by Willard Parker, later so emi-
nent as a surgeon. He was gradu-
ated in 1832. and then studying
at the Cambridge Divinity School,
completed the course in 1835
Two years were spent in traveling
and preaching, and while living
temporarily at Louisville, Ky.
(1836-37). he aided James Free-
man Clarke in editing the " West-
or n Messenger "a religious monthly
magazine. In 1837 he was installed
pastor of the Unitarian Congrega-
tional Church at Nashua, N. II ,
but toward the end of the year 1S41
removed to Providence, R. I , to
take charge of the Westminster
Unitarian Church. In October, 1849, he succeeded
Rev. Orville Dcwey, I) D , as pastor of the Church
of the Messiah, New York city, which then had a
house of worship on Broadway, near Waverly place
— it removed lo Kast Thirty fourth street in 1868 —
and remained in this charee for twenty years Mean-
time, in connection with Dr. Henry W" Bellows, he
ediled the "Christian Inquirer" (1850-54) After
his resignation, in 1869, Dr (isuood spent a year in
European travel, and on his return received' orders
in the Protestant Episcopal church. Thereafter he
preached consiantly, but never formed a permanent
connection, occupying most of his time in lih iai\
work and lecturing. He was prominently associated
with the New York Historical Society, and for sev
eral years was its domestic corresponding secretary.
He was often called upon to deliver addresses at col-
leges and other institutions, and on those occasions
displayed his attainments as a scholar to full advan-
tage. His discourse at the Meadville Theological
School in 1858, on " The Coming Church and Its
Clergy," and his oration before the Alumni at liar
vard University, at Pres. Felton's in;v.iguration in
1860, were particularly admired. The degree of
D. D. was conferred upon him by Harvard College in
1857, and of LL. D. by Hobart College in 1872. ~ He
was gifted with a poetic, nature, a sympathetic and
melodious voice, and a fervency of speech. His ser-
mons were practical and argumentative. Although
versed in German philosophy, he never advanced
into rationalism, but remained a member of the evan-
gelical or conservative wing of his denomination.
His publications in the form of pamphlets and his
contributions to periodical literature were numerous.
His chief works in hook form were: " Studies in
Christian Biography " (1851); "God With Men; or,
Footprints of Providential Leaders" (1853); "The
Hearth Stone : Thoughts Upon Home Life in Our
Cities' ilN.vii; "Mile-Stones in Our Life Journey"
(1855); " Student Life " (1860); " American Leaves"
(1867); " Thomas Crawford and Art in America,"
and numerous other addresses. He also published
Initiations from the German of Olshausen : "His-
tory of the Lord's Passion" (1839), and De Wette's
" Practical Ethics" (2 Vols., 1842). Dr. Osgood was
married at Boston, Mass., May 24, 1843, to Ellen
Haswell, daughter of George and Mary (Harwell)
Mill-dock. They had three daughters. He died iu
New York city/April 14, 1880.
HENNINGSEN, Charles Frederick, soldier
and author, was born in Brussels, Belgium, Feb. 21,
1815. He was christened in London, in order that
he might enjoy the benefit of English citizenship.
His father was of high Norwegian descent, though
born in Denmark. Before the age of nineteen
Charles Henningsen had published two poems, "The
Siege of Missnlonghi," written in Belgium before
1830, and "The L~ast of the Sophis," which was
highly spoken of by Coleridge. When the revolu-
tion iif 1830 forced his family to fly to England he
accompanied them. Bent on following a military
career, which his father was opposed to. he. by
stealth, joined the Carlists and his parents were first
made aware of it by a letter from him, just after a
Carlist victory, telling them he had been knighted
and received the cross of St. Ferdinand from Znmala-
Carregui's own hands on the battlefield of Victoria,
with the rank of captain and the appointment of
aide-de camp to that general After the death of
Gen. Zumala Carregui. to whom he was devotedly at-
tached, he obtained leave of absence on account of
ill health, and published his " Twelve Months' Cam-
paign." which is considered the most accurate ac
count of that period of the Carlist war written by
those who took part iu it. On his return to Spain he
followed Don Carlos to the gates of Madrid, and
won fresh honors for his gallantry in that campaign.
Disgusted with the mismanagement and treachery
that ensued, and also being wounded, lie was granted
leave of absence to recruit. On his way to Bayonne
he was captured by the Christines, and only re-
gained his liberty, after many difficulties, on giving
liis parole not to re enter Spain before the war was
over. Later on he visited Russia, and on his relnrn
to England published " Revelations of Russia " and
"Nadescha, or, the White Slave," which opened the
eyes of the British public as to the real state of that
country He was a great admirer of Shamyl. and in-
fused a commission in the Russian guards, offered him
by the Czar Nicholas, as he might have to draw his
sword against the Circassians. When the Hungarians
rose up, under Kossuth, fascinated by that leader's
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
237
elni|iii!ncc, he joined him, and bad many romantic
adventures. After the failure of the Hungarian
cause lie came to the United States, became an
American cili/.cn, anil was married to Mrs. Connolly,
a widow, and niece of Sen Berrien, attorney-general
under Jackson's administration. Soon after bis mar-
riage he invested in valuable property in Nicaragua,
ami was on the point of starting to take possession of
his ranch lands when war broke out. At this time
was organized the famous Walker expedition. Hen-
uiimscn, a true soldier of fortune, joined it, and
pla\e<| a prominent part in the Struggle. When the
I'. S LMvernmcnt put a stop to hostilities, Heuuiug-
sen relurned to his adopted country, anil took up his
resilience in Georgia, where, in 1861, he cast bis for-
tune with the Confederacy. He was in command of
an artillery force in Virginia, under Gen. Wise, us
brigadier general : but resigned before the conclu
siou of the war. During the last eleven years of his
life he resided in Washington, I). C . where he died,
.suddenly, .lime 11, 1877. His tomb is in (he Con
iM'essional Cemetery at Washington.
EASTBURN, James Wallis, pod, was born
in London, England, Sept. 26, 1797, son of James
Ka.slburn and brother of Rev. Manlon Kastlmrn,
P. E bishop of Massachusetts. In 1803 lie came
to America with his father and family, and entering
Columbia College was graduated in the Class of 1M6.
He studied tht'ologv under Bishop Griswold, of
Rhode Island; was ordained deacon, Oct. 20, 1818,
by Bishop Hobart, in Trinity Church, New York
city, and soon after became rector of St. Georges
Church, Accomac county, Va. At the age of ei<j lit
een hewrote the admirable Trinity hymn, ' olloly.
Holv, Holy I, mil,' besides versions of some of the
psalms, and was a contributor to various periodicals.
Some of his poems are very graceful. In conjunc-
tion with his friend, Robert C. Sands, he produced
a poem called "Yamoyden," a tale founded on the
wars of KiiiM Philip, which was published in 1818.
His brother. Bishop Eastburn, wrote: "The re
mains which Eastburn left behind him are amazingly
voluminous. I will venture to say that there are
few, who, on arriving at the age of twenty I wo.
which was the limit of his mortal career, will be
found to have accomplished so much literary com
position. . The charm, however, of all his
writings, is the tone that breathes through them
Whatever be the subject, the reader is never allowed
to forget that the pages before him are indited with
a pen dipped in the dew of heaven." After less than
a year's ministry his health failed, and in November,
1819. be sailed for Vera Cruz with his mother and
brother Before reaching his destination he died.
Dec 2. 1819
WIGGLESWORTH, Edward, educator and
clergyman, was born at Cambridge, Mass., in 1693,
only son of Michael and Sybil (Sparhawk) Wiggles-
worth His father (1631-1705). a native of England,
a graduate of Harvard College (1651), and for many
years pastor at Maiden, is particularly notable for bis
efforts "to rescue poetry from heathen classical per-
versions", his mother was a native of Cambridge,
and one of a family called variously Sparhawk and
Sparrowhawk. Michael Wiggleworth's poem, "The
Day of Doom," enjoyed great popularity in New
England until after the revolution. The son was
graduated at Harvard College in 1710, and, after mak-
ing his theological studies in Cambridge, preached
at various places in the colony. When, in 1721,
Thomas Hollis founded the chair of theology that
bears his name, Mr Wigglesworth was immediately
nominated as the most available person to h'll it.
Benjamin Colman. in a letter to Mr. Hollis, mentions
him in the highest terms as ''a man of known and
exemplary piety, literature, modesty, meekness and
other Christian ornaments," and earnestly recom-
mends his appointment. Accordingly, on Jan. 24,
1722, the choice was confirmed by the board of
overseers, and the formal inauguration took place on
Oct. 24th following At the time of his election
this entry was made on the records "Ordered by
the overseers that a minute he taken and lecorded of
the several heads in divinity upon which the corpora-
tion examined Mr. Wigglesworth. He appeared be-
fore the corporation and declared his assent, I., to
Dr. Ames' Medulla Thcolonica.1; II., to the Confes-
sion of Faith contained in the Assembly 's Catechism ;
III. , to the doctrinal articles of t he Church of England ;
more particularly, 1, to the doctrine of the Holy Trin-
nitv. '.'.. to the doctrine of the eternal godhead of the
Ulessed Saviour; 3, to the doctrine of predestination;
•I, to the doctrine of special
ellicacious grace; 5, to the di-
vine right of infant baptism."
lie continued incumbent until
his death in 1765, and founded
a uieal reputation forscholai
ship and character throughout
New Kngland. His lectures,
which were always well at
tended, bore the marks of his
piiifoiiii'l learning, although.it
is said were tiequently unduly
piolix. On this latter point
the overseers passed a resolu-
tion, on Oct 7, 1760, " that
it be recommended to Dr. Wig-
Lilcsworth, thai in pursuing his
course of divinity in bis public
lectures he be more concise in
the several subjects he treats
upon. Especially in bis latter
\i,ns be was much afflicted
with feeble health and an increasing deafness, which
precluded acceptance of several such appointments
as to the Scotch deputation' for propagating Chris-
tian knowledge. For the same cause he resigned as
commissioner of the London Society tor Piopa^almi;
the Gospel among the Indians In 1723 he was
i lected I" succeed Rev Timothy Culler as rector of
Yale College, but refused the office; and in 1724 he
was made an overseer of Harvard College, so con-
tinuing until his death. He was i;iaduated D I) by
the University of Edinburgh in 1730 His writings
are numerous, but not extensive, and, with few ex-
ceptions, deal with theological and controversial
topics. He contributed to the Whiteticld controversy
with his " Answer to Mr. Whilclield s Reply to the
College Testimony " (1745). Among his other writ
ings are . "Sober Remarks on a Modest Proof of
the Order and Government Settled by Christ and His
Apostles in the Church " (1724). "Sermon on the
Duration of Future Punishment " (1729), "Sermon
on the Death of Thomas Hollis, Esq "(1731), " Sea
sonable Caveat Against Believing Every Spirit"
(1735); " Inquiry into the Truth of the Imputation
of Adam's First Sin to His Posterity " (1738), " Sov^
ereignty of God in the Exercise of his Mercy"
(1741),' " Some Evidence of the Inspiration of the
Old Testament" (1755). and "The Doctrine of
Reprobation Briefly Considered " (1763). He also
delivered a lecture on the Dudleiau foundation before
Harvard College in 1757 Prof. Wiggleswoith was
noted for his benevolence, and throughout life de
voted one tenth of his income to charity, although
be frequently received less than £200 per annum.
Rev. Charles" Chauncy says of him- "He was one
of the most candid men you ever saw; far removed
from bigotry, no ways rigid in his attachment to any
scheme," yet'steady in his own principles, but at the
same time charitable to others, though they widely
differed from him. He was, in one word, a truly
great and excellent man " He held the Hollis chair
238
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
until a few days before his death, and was succeeded
by his son, Edward (H C , 1749), who was at the
time a tutor in the college; was made fellow in 1779,
and wasan original member of the American Acade-
my of Arts and Sciences. Prof. Wigglesworth died
at Cambridge, Mass. ,. Jan 16, 1765.
HERRING, Silas Clarke, inventor, was born
at Shrewsbury, Rutland co , Vt., Sept. 7, 1803, son
of Otis and Caroline S. (Tarbell) Herring. His
frandfather, Thomas Herring, who fought at Bun-
er Hill and in other engagements in the revolution,
was a descendant of Thomas Herring, archbishop of
Canterbury His father, grandfather and great
grandfather were natives of Dedham, Mass., and his
parents returned to the Bay slate when he was five
years of age, settling at Brookfield,
his mother's birthplace. When seven-
teen years of age he became clerk to
an uncle, who was engaged in the
frocery and produce business, in Al-
auy, and remained thus employed
for six years. Then engaging in the
lottery and exchange business with
great success, he saved, in a few
years, about $10,000. In 1834 Mr.
Herring started a wholesale grocery
store in New York city, under the
style of Herring & Greene, but the
following year was burned out, and
in 1837 was completely ruined by the
panic. In 1841 he was appointed
dsti^w*. agent for the sale of Euos Wilder's
salamander safes, and three years later
purchased the sole right to inauufac
ture them, paying a royalty of one
cent per pound for the privilege. He possessed the
talents of an inventor himself, and applied these to
the manufacture of his safes, thereby greatly improv-
ing them. In the great fire of 1845 the New York
"Tribune" building was destroyed, but the books,
papers, securities, etc , of the concern were in a
Salamander safe, and were preserved intact. The
business grew rapidly and enormously, and the mam-
moth Herring building was constructed as a manu-
factory, where 600 men were constantly employed.
The Wilder patent expired in 1852, and during four
years Mr Herring paid $154,000 royalty. In 1850
he paid a heavy sum to a Philadelphia chemist who
had discovered that sulphate of lime was superior to
any other substance then known as a non-conductor
of heat, and for use in resistance to fire, and manu-
factured a safe in which the material was used. This
safe was exhibited at the World's fair in London.
in 1851, having $1,000 contained in a drawer, which
Mr. Herring offered to irive to any one who could
break into the safe and take it. The test was sin
eessful, as the safe resisted for a month the attacks
made upon it by the most skilful workmen and the
most perfect tools. He also challenged all the Euro-
pean manufacturers to a trial by fire, but no one
was willing to compete. The Herring Champion
safe was awarded a medal at the London exhibition;
the first prize at the World's fair in New York city,
in 1853, and a medal of the first class at the Exposi-
tion Uuiverselle in Paris, in 1867. and many others.
Besides fire-proof safes, he manufactured burglar-
proof safes, vaults and chests, the safes having three
casings, one of wrought iron with ani:le corners.
another of Bessemer soft steel and hard cast steel
combined, and an inner casing of patent crystalli/ed
iron (patent Franklinite) with wrought iron rods
cast through it, and projecting rivets on both sides,
the entire thickness being three and one fourth
inches. At the Paris exposition of 1867 a test was
made of the relative power of resistance of the Her-
ring burglar-proof safe and a Chatwood safe, which
was regarded as the best made in Europe. Five
American experts worked on the English safe, which
they opened in two hours and fifty four minutes;
two English civil engineers and three picked experts
worked on the American sate (a third class one) for
four hours and fourteen minutes before they opened
it. In 1861 a daring attempt was made to rifle the
Herring burglar proof sale in the vault of the New
York Exchange Bank, but although the would be
robbers succeeded in drilling the outer casing, they
could neither drill the inner casing nor force the
frame work apart Mr Herring was also interested
in the Oregon Iron Foundry, of New York city, and
in the firm of Herring & Floyd, constructors of gas-
making machinery He was an incorporator ot I he
New York Juvenile Asylum , a director in the Broad-
way, and the Importers' and Traders' banks; the
Manhattan and Broadway savings banks, the Man-
hattan and National life insurance companies . the
Park Fire Insurance, and the Firemen's Fund Co.
In 1847-48 he served as an assistant alderman, and
in 1849 as an alderman of the 9th ward, having been
elected on the Whin ticket. At Brimfield, Mass.,
where In' had a model farm, he served for a term as
postmaster. He took a deep interest in the Univer-
salist Theological Seminary, at Canton, St. Lawrence
co., N. Y. ; erected for it a library building, and
gave it a library of more than 2,5011 volumes, which
had belonged to Dr. Credner of Ihe University of
Girsscti, Germany. Mr. Herring was married at
Brimfield, Mass ,' in 1842, to Caroline S, daughter
of Elijah T. Tarbell, and they had five children.
Two of his sons fought in the Federal army, and
one, Silas F. Herring, was killed at the battle of
Murfreesboro. Mr. Herring died at Plainlield.
N. J., June 23. 1881.
HUBBARD, Joseph Stiles, astronomer, was
born in Mew Haven. Conn., Sept. 7, 1823. sou of
Ezra Stiles and Eli/.a (Church) Hulibard, and ninth
in descent from William Hulibard, of Ipswich,
Mass., who emigrated to Massachusetts in 1635.
Pres. Stiles of Yale was a great-uncle, and farther
back were not a few ancestors of note, especially
Rev. William Hubbard, of Ipswich, one of New
England's historians, and Gov. Leverett, of Massa-
chusetts. He began to take an interest in mechanics
when a child, and at the age of eight made a clock.
While fitting for college he constructed a telescope,
and about that time accidentally met Prof. Ebenezer
P. Mason, of Yale, an enthusiastic astronomer, who
aided the youth in his experiments. He was gradu-
ated at Yale in 1843, taught in a classical school,
and then for several months of the following year
assisted the astronomer, Walker, in Philadelphia.
In the same year he was offered by Lieut. Fremont
a position in Washington as computer of the ob-
servations for latitude and longitude made during
that explorer's western expeditions; and in 1*4 5.
through the same officer's influence, was appointed a
professor of mathematics in the navy. He was as-
signed to duty at the Washington observatory, of
which he continued an officer during his life. His
friend. Walker, became convinced that Neptune was
identical with one of the stars observed by Lalande,
May 10, 1795, and on Feb. 4. 1847, the two con-
firmed Ihe prediction; Ihe discovery being made
almost simultaneously by Pcterseu in Altona. At
the naval observatory Hubbard was first occupied
with tin1 transit instrument, and with this made
nearly !'oi i observations, and next with the meridian
circle, with which lie made nearly 1,000 observa-
tions in 1846. Early in 1840 a system of zone ob-
servations was begun by Prof. J. W. C. Cottin and
Prof. Ilnbbard, and these were continued until 1851
and even later. Two thirds of the good work done
with that instrument was ascribed to Prof. Hubbard
by his biographer, Benjamin A. Gould. His most
valuable observations were those made with the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
239
prime verticil! lnm-.it iustrtiment. and were begun
in 18-41), the year in which he was officially assigned
to the charm1 of thai instrument They were con-
tinued at intervals during his lifetime, and an espe-
cially cherished problem was the attainment of some
definite result concerning the long mooted annual
parallax of iilp/m Lyne. The observations were con-
tinued after his death by Profs Harkness and New-
cnuili The first extended computation made by
him consisted in the determination <>!' the zodiacs of
all the known asteroids, except the tour previously
published in Geimany In November, 1848, he pre-
sented to the Smillisouiau Institution the zodiacs of
Vesta, Astrea. Hi lie. Flora and .Metis, and in the
first volume of the " Astronomical Journal " he con-
trilmled those of Hygc'ia, Parthetiope and Clio,
•naking llie list complete up to that time. That of
Egcria followed, and he intended to prepare the
zodiac lor each successively discovered asteroid In
December, 1841*. he published in the "Astronomical
Journal," of which Prof, (iould was editor, the first
part of a discussion ol the orbit of the meat comet
of 18-13, and continued the discussion in ciuht papers.
the last of which appeared in July, 1852 '• It sccmtt
to me safe to say," Prof. Gould has written, "that
the orbit of no comet of long period has been more
thoroughly and exhaustively treated than this."
Three quarto volumes, containing the actual numeri-
cal compulations, executed in the must beautiful
st\ le of penmanship, are preserved in the library of
Yale College Prof Hubbard next began prepara-
tions for an equally thorough investigation of Hiela's
comet, which had engaged his attention in 184l>, and
was to return in 1852; preparing an ephemeris to
insure its discovery at as early a dale as possible.
He obtained an orbit superior to Santini's. the best
existing at that time; but Hie discovery of the comet
rendered the publication of the ephemeris unneces
sary He published three memoirs on this subject:
"On the dibit of Hiela's Comet in 1845-46" (1853);
"Results of Additional Investigations Respecting
the Two Nuclei of Hiela's Comet" (1854), and "On
Bicla's Comet" (1860), the last containing a history
of all our knowledge of this comet and an elaborate
discussion of the observations and orbit for every
recorded appearance. In addition, briefer communi-
cations on special points were issued. He made an-
other investigation — an exhaustive one — on the
fourth comet of 1825, fully demonstrating its ellipti-
cal character. This was printed in 1859. One of his
latest labors was an investigation of the magnetism
of iron vessels and its effect upon the compass His
contributions to the "Astronomical Journal," of
which he was one of the founders, were more than
200 in number. His accuracy and conscientiousness
are exhibited further in tables appended by him to
several volumes of the "Washington Observations,"
while unpublished treatises on religious and theologi-
cal subjects show the same earnestness in research
that characterized his scientific labors. Prof. Hub
bard had a sympathetic nature that often found ex-
pression in ministrations to the sick and afflicted, as
well as in efforts to direct the studies and encourage
the investigations of younger scientists. He was'a
member of the National Institution of Washington,
of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in
Boston, and of the American Philosophical Society
of Philadelphia He was married in Washington,
D C., April 27, 1848, to Sarah E. L. Handy, who
died a few years before him. Prof Hubbard died
in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 16, 1863.
GRIFFIN, Solomon" Bulkley, author and
journalist, was born in Williamstown, Mass., Aug.
13, 1852, son of the Rev. Nathaniel Herrick Griffin
and his wife, Hannah E., daughter of Maj. Solomon
Bulkley, of Williamstown. He is descended on
his father's side from Jasper Griffin, of Southold,
L I , who was born in Wales about the year
1648, and died at Southold in 1718; and on his
mother's side from Rev. Peter Bulkley, the founder
and first pastor of Concord. Mass His father was
long connected with Williams College, and by him
he was prepared for college; but, owing to ill health,
he took a partial course- only with the class of 1872
(Williams). In' 1881 he was given the degree of
AM , and enrolled with his class His studies were
conducted directly with a view to journalism, and in
college he was one of the editors of the undergradu-
ate weekly journal, the- • Yidelte." Upon leaving
college he took a place upon the local staff of
the Springfield "Republican," and received a
thorough training under thai master of journalism,
Samuel Bowles, Sr. Subsequently he became local
editor, and in 1S7S managing eclilor, which position
he has since held, doiim eoiMant editorial writing.
From the day he enlcied the " Republican " Office
he has devoted himself entirely to his profession, and
is now one of the' veietaiis in Massachusetts journal-
ism. Hi' lias done excellent service also as a special
correspondent tor the " Republican " al national and
state political conveiilions; and in 1885, spending
some time in Mexico, he wrote a series of notable
letters to his paper, which were later collected and
published in book form, under the title " Mexico of
Today" (18811). Mr. Griffin is a member of the
Authors' Club of New York and of the Xy asset t and
Winlhrop clubs of Springfield. In polities he is all
Independent of the most independent sort lie was
married at Sprii]<_iticld. Nov. 25. Is!)-.1. to Ida M ,
daughter of John H. Southworth. They have two
sons; Hulklcy Southworth and Courtlaud Brooke
Griffin.
BLAIR, Walter, educator and soldier, was born
in Richmond. Ya . Nov. 1(1, 1*35, sou of Walter
Dabney and Louisa Kdmonia (Wills) Blair. His
lather was a well known and successful merchant of
Richmond; his grandfather, John Durburrow Blair
(1 ;.">'.! 1823), a Presbyteiian clergyman, was (1792-
1823) settled as pastor and school-
master in Richmond, where he is
still affectionately remembered as
"Parson Blair"; and his great-
grandfather, John Blair (1720-71),
a native of Ulster, Ireland, also
a noted clergyman and author of
several theological works, was
(1767-69) professor of divinity and
for a short time acting president
of the College of New Jersey.
His mother was a daughter of
Willis Wills, of Russellville. Ky.
Mr. Blair was educated in the
schools of Richmond, and was
graduated at Hampden-Siduey Col-
lege in 1855. Immediately after
graduation he was appointed tutor
in Latin; in 1857 became assist-
ant professsor, and in 1859 full
professor. During 1859-62 he was occupied in study
at universities in Germany. On his return home he
enlisted in the Confederate army as a private in the
1st company, Richmond howitzers, Cabell's bat-
talion, and serving throughout the war, was mus-
tered out with the rank of sergeant major of the bat
talion. Upon the return of peace he resumed his
work as instructor, and continued it without inter-
mission until 1896, when he was created professor
emeritus. Prof. Blair has published one book,
"Latin Pronunciation : An Inquiry into the Proper
Sounds of the Latin Language During the Classical
Period " (1870), which passed through several edi-
tions and attracted much favorable comment. He
has also contributed largely to periodical literature.
240
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
The degree of D. L. was conferred ou him by Wash-
ington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., in 1883.
He was married, in 1874, to Ellen Donnell, daughter
of Samuel W. Smith, of Baltimore, Md., aud a
granddaughter of Robert Smith, secretary of the
navy in the cabinet of Thomas Jefferson. They
have had one child, a daughter.
REMSEN, Ira, chemist and educator, was born
in New York, Feb. 10, 1846. He was educated in
the public schools and the Free Academy (now the
College of the City of New York) and then entered
the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, where he was gradu-
ated in 1867. Then, devoting
himself to chemistry, he studied
under Liebig at Munich and un-
der Wohler at Gottingen, and
received the degree of Ph.D. at
the latter university in 1870. The
next two years he" spent at Tu-
bingen as an assistant to Fittig;
and here he began those inves-
tigations in the field of pure
chemistry which have ever since
been steadily continued, and on
which his reputation mainly rests.
In 1872 he became professor of
chemistry and physics at Williams
College, where he persuaded the
/O trustees to fit up a small labo-
..'£.iu^^ ratory and continued his re-
searches. His translation of Fit-
tig's " Organic Chemistry " appeared in 1873. He
also wrote "Principles of Theoretical Chemistry"
(1876). which has passed through several editions and
been translated into German, Russian and Italian. At
the opening of the Johns Hopkins University, in 1876,
he was called to its chair of chemistry, which af-
forded unsurpassed facilities for his peculiar work;
this post he still holds. He has always emphasized
the importance of the study of pure science even to
such as choose industrial chemistry as their pursuit.
He founded in 1879 aud still conducts the "Ameri-
can Chemical Journal," which has become the organ
of pure chemistry in America. It has given to the
world all his own papers, aud nearly all the results
of original investigations carried ou in this country
by others. Prof. Remsen has written papers on the
action of ozone ou carbon monoxide aud on phos-
phorous trichloride; the oxidation of substitution
products of aromatic hydrocarbons; benzoic sul-
phinide; sulphur-Huorescein; decomposition of
diazo compounds; the nature and constitution of
tlieilouble halides; organic matter in the air. a pecu-
liar condition of the water supplied to the city of
Boston (1881); impurities in the air of rooms heated
bv hot air furnaces and by stoves. The latterinves-
tigationshe undertook at the request of the national
board of health. He became a member of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences in 1882, and has ren-
dered important services ou its committees, with
reference to glucose, and to the mixture of wood
spirits with alcohol, to relieve manufacturers from
the tax. His later books are: "Introduction to the
Study of the Compounds of Carbon " (18S5); "In-
troduction to the Study of Chemistry " (1886); " Ele-
ments of Chemistry "; and " Inorganic Chemistry "
(1888). The last three are iu the American Science
series, and all have been translated into most of the
modern languages.
INGERSOLL, Ernest, naturalist and author,
was born at Monroe, Monroe co., Mich., March 13,
1852, son of Timothy Dwight aud Eliza (Parkinson)
Ingersoll. His father was a dental surucon and
writer on dental topics; his grandfather, Theodore
Ingersoll, was one of the earliest settlers in the
Western Reserve, and his mother a daughter of a
farmer in central New York. He attended the pub-
lic schools of his native town, and early discovered
the inventive and inquiring type of mind, charac-
teristic of his father. His principal amusement in
boyhood was ranging the woods and fields in search
of rare and curious natural history specimens, which
he collected, arranged and named almost entirely
upon the basis of his own observations, few books on
such topics being theu accessible to him. In 1867 he
entered Oberlin College, where he pursued a course
of study for several years, making the most of the
small opportunities there for increasing his scientific
knowledge, and in the end becoming curator of the
college museum. Within two years, however, he
became a special student at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Harvard University, where he de-
voted his attention particularly to birds, and passed
the summer of 1873 with Prof. Agassiz at his famous
seaside school ou Peuikese island. Upon Agassiz'
death in the following winter Mr. Ingersoll became
a collaborator of the Smithsonian Institution, and
entered the U. S. geological survey of the far West,
under Hayden, in the capacity of naturalist. He
acted as a correspondent of the New York "Tri-
bune" during the season of 1874, being the first to
publish to the world the discovery of the now well-
known cliff-dweller ruins in the valley of the Rio
San Juan; and in 1875 he became a member of the
" Tribune's " editorial staff, where he remained about
two years. Meantime, he was also appointed natural
history editor of "Forest and Stream"; contributed
extensively to the periodical press, aud delivered
several lectures. In 1877 he made another trip to
the far West, and. camping for three months in
Wyoming aud Idaho, and traveling through other
states and territories, he contributed frequent letters
of scientific interest to the New York "Herald."
The reputation thus acquired enabled Mr. Ingersoll
to devote his entire time to contributing popvdar
articles and short stories to " Scribner's, " "Har-
per's" and other prominent magazines. In 1879 the
Century Co. sent him to
Leadville, Col., to prepare
an article descriptive of
frontier and mining life,
and the result was his
widely-read "Camp of the
Carbonates." Later, dur-
ing the same summer, he
made a special trip to
New Mexico to prepare an
article on the city of Santa
Fe for " Harper's Maga-
zine." In the autumn of
the same year he was ap-
pointed a member of the
U. S. fish commission aud
special agent of the tenth
census for the study of
American oyster industries,
a work which occupied
nearly two years, requir-
ing an examination of the
entire Atlantic coast, and resulted in his exhaustive
report, entitled "History and Present Condition of
the Oyster Industries of the United States" (1881).
During 1880 he was sent by the Harpers to collect
material for a scries of magazine articles on the far
Northwest: in 1883 he spent three months rambling
over Colorado, an expedition graphically described
in his "Crest of the Continent" (1883); and in 1885,
aud again in 1887, he made tours of exploration
through British Columbia, a country up to that time
almost uudescribed. From 1887 to 1888 he super-
vised the publications of the Canadian Pacific rail-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
241
road, making his home in Montreal. For some
years Mr. Ingersoll lived in New Haven, Conn., but
since 1888 his home has been in New York city.
Besides the works above mentioned and some juvenile
serial stories, not re issued, Mr. Ingersoll has pub-
lished tlie following books: "A Natural History of
the Nests and Hugs of American Birds" (1879);
"Birds' Nesting "(1881); " Friends Worth Knowing:
Glimpses of American Natural History" (1881);
"Knocking 'Hound the Rockies" (1882); "Country
Cousins" (1SS4); " The Ice Queen " (1885); "Tothe
Shenandoah and Beyond" (1885); "Down East
Latch Strings" (IssT); "The Silver Caves" (1890);
"Guide to Western Canada" (1893); "Wild Neigh-
bors" (1897), and "The Book of the Ocean" (isiis,.
He was on the staff of the "Standard Dictionary,"
in charge of the illustrations and of definitions of
field zoology and field sports; and for several years
has been in charge of Rand, McNally & Co.'s guide-
books, .several of which are from his pen. Latterly
he lias lectured much on scientific topics.
WILEY, Harvey Washing-ton, chemist, was
born at Kent, Jefferson CO., Ind.,()ct. 18, 1844. He
was graduated at Hanover College, in 1807, receiving
the degree of A. B. Subsequently I he degrees of A.M.
and Ph.D. and the honorary degree of LL.D. were
conferred upon him by the same institution. He
commenced his public career as professor of Latin
and Greek in Butler University, Indianapolis, where
he remained three years. In 1871 he took the decree
of M.D. at the Indiana Medical College, and the fol-
lowing year became a teacher in the Indianapolis
High School. In 1873 he was graduated at Harvard
University with the degree of S.B., and the autumn
of the same year accepted the chair of chemistry in
Butler University, which he occupied for only a
shorl lime, being' called to a similar position in Pur-
due University, the agricultural college of Indiana,
where he remained until 1883, with the exception of
one year spent at the University of Berlin. For three
years (1874-77) lie was professor of elieuiistry in the
Indiana Medical College, and later (1881-83) served
as state chemist of Indiana. During his set-vice as
slate chemist, Prof. Wiley directed much of his at-
tention to the study of glu-
coses and sugars, and his repu-
tation as an expert on these
subjects resulted in a call to
the position as chemist of the
department of agriculture,
Washington, D. C. Underhis
capable supervision the chemi-
ical laboratory of the depart-
ment rapidly improved, and the
scope of the work was enlarged,
until it now ranks as one of
the foremost laboratories of
the country. Prof. Wiley is
connected with various scienti-
fic societies. He has served as
the president of the Washing
ton Chemical Society; presi-
dent of the chemical seel ion
of the American Association
for the Advancement of Sci-
ence; president of the Association of Official Agricul-
tural Chemists, and has been for ten years its perma-
nent secretary and executive officer. He was for two
years (1893-9~5) president of the American Chemical
Society, a rapidly growing national organization,
numbering over 1,600 members, and embracing
most prominent American chemists. He has pub"-
lished a large number of scientific papers, together
with numerous scientific and popular addresses and
government reports, both of a technical and popular
character, and is the author of a text-book entitled
" Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis,"
VOL. IX.— 16.
iii three volumes, one of the most elaborate works of
the kind ever issued in any language.
FERREL, William, meteorologist, was born in
Bedford county. Pa.. Jan. 29, 1817. Early in life
he removed with his parents to Berkeley county,
Va., where he grew up inured to hard labor on the
parental farm. " He was, however, ambitious to ac-
quire an education, and with the first half-dollar he
earned purchased a copy of "Park's Arithmetic." His
father's barn-door was marked for years after with
diagrams drawn with t'ie prongs of a pitchfork. In
1839 he entered Marshall Col-
lege at Mercersburg, Pa., but
U-inM transferred to Bethany
('"liege, Virginia, ou its or-
ganization, was graduated with
ils first class in 1844. The
next thirteen years were spent
mainly in teaching, and mean-
time, while at Nashville, his
writings began to appear
and to attract the attention of
the learned. In 1856 he con-
tributed " The Problem of the
Tide.s " to "Gould's Astro-
nomical Journal, " anil an " Es-
say on the Winds and Currents
of the Ocean " to the Nashville
"Journal of Medicine." He
became an assistant in the com-
putations of the "Nautical
Almanac" in 1887, and the
next year removed to Cambridge, Mass. Important
papers of his on the "Influence of the Earth's Ro-
tation on the Million of Bodies " and "Motions of
Fluids and Solids " appeared in this and the succeed-
ing years. These researches won more immediate
intention in France than elsewhere; but as the sci-
ence of meteorology made gradual progress, it be-
came apparent that Mr. Ferrel had laid down its
fundamental propositions. His dillideiice stood
laiLjely in the way of his reputation, each position
thai lie has held came to him unsought, and a valu-
able essay, " Tidal Action," was repeatedly carried
to meetings of the American Academy before he
found courage to read it, barely anticipating De-
launay's investigations. In 1867 he left the work of
the " Nautical Almanac" for that of the coast and
geodetic survey. His maxima and minima tide-pre-
dicting machine was described in 1880; its construc-
tion was begun in 1881; and it has for years been in
successful operation at Washington. From 1882 to
1886 he was in the signal office, with the title of pro-
fessor. He was a member of various learned bodies
at home and abroad, and contributed much to
the "American Journal of Science," "Nature"
and the reports of the coast survey, Smithsonian In-
stitution, with which he was for a time connected.
His residence was for some years at Kansas City,
Mo. He died at May wood, Kan., Sept. 18, 1891.
ELTON, Romeo, clergyman, was born in
Ellington, Conn., in 1790, sou" of William Elton. He
spent his early life on the farm, but his father,
although in reduced circumstances, encouraged him
in his wish to obtain an education. After his
graduation at Brown University, in 1813, he de-
voted some time to the study of theology, and was
installed pastor of the Second Baptist Church, New-
port, R. I., June 11, 1817. There he remained five
years, when he resigned on account of ill-health,
and after two years' rest became pastor of a church
at Windsor, Vt. In 1825 he was appointed professor
of Greek and Latin in Brown University, and then,
going to Europe, spent his time in Germany qualify-
ing himself for the duties of the chair. During his
sixteen years at Brown University, he won the affec-
242
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
tion of his pupils by his kindness of manner, gentle-
ness of disposition and constant study to wound the
sensibilities of no one who came under his instruc-
tion. In the spring of 1845 he went to England, re
siding for twenty two years in Exeter and two years
in Bath, being engaged mostly in literary work.
While here he wrote "The Life of Roger Willams,
the Earliest Legislator," which coutaius much origi-
nal matter, including the letters of Mrs. Sadlier,
daughter of Sir Edward Coke, to Roger Williams
He returned in 1869 and spent the remainder of his
life in Providence, Newport and Boston. He was
one of the editors of " The Eclectic Review." His
other publications include Calender's "Century Ser-
mon" and a memoir of Pres Jonathan Maxcy, of
Brown University. Among other bequests which he
made was one of $20,000 to establish a professorship
of natural philosophy in Brown University, and
nearly as much more to Columbian University to
establish a professorship of intellectual and moral
philosophy. He received the degree of D.D. from
Nashville University in 1842. Dr Elton was mar-
ried three times: first, in 1816, to Sarah A. Ormsbee,
of Rehoboth, who died at Waterbury in 1844,
second, iu 1847, to Prothesia S. Gross, of Exeter,
England, a lady of fine literary culture, who wrote
"The Philanthropist"; "Spirit of Sectarianism,"
and the " Piedmoutese Envoy"; and third, in isii'.i,
to Margaret A. Allen, of Boston. Dr. Elton died
iu Boston, Mass., Feb. 5, 1870.
BRECKENKIDGE (or Breckinridge), Rob-
ert Jefferson, clergyman and author, was born at
Cabe'd's Dale, near Lexington, Ky , March 8, 1800,
third son of Hon. John and Mary Hopkins (Cabell)
Breckenridge. He was graduated at Union Col-
lege, New York, in 1819;"was admitted to the bar
at Lexington in 1824, and began practice. In
1825 he "was elected to the lower house of the
Kentucky legislature, and three times was re-elected.
He was converted during the winter of 1828-29,
and determined to abandon his profession, for
which he had neither the health nor the inclina-
tion. In 1829 he became
ruling elder of the Mount
Horeb Presbyterian Church
in Fayelte county, Ky. ; in
1831 he began to study for
the ministry under the care
of West Lexington presby-
tery, and on April 5, 1 *:!•,',
was licensed to preach. Af-
ter the meeting of the gen-
eral assembly of 1832, in
which he sat as ruling elder,
he entered Princeton Semi-
nary to complete his course,
but some five months later
accepted a call to the Second
Church of Baltimore, which
had been declined by his
brother William. He was
ordained and installed Nov.
20, 1832, succeeding his
brother John, and » as
greatly blessed in his labors.
which continued there until April 17, 1845, when he
became president of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania.
In 1847-53 he was pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church of Lexington, Ky., and during most of that
period served as state superintendent of instruction.
In 1853, when the Presbyterian church established
a theological school at Danville, Ky., Dr. Brecken-
ridge was made professor of exegetic, didactic and
polemic theology in that institution, and began his
duties in September, being formally inaugurated on
Oct. 15th. His health becoming impaired, he of-
fered his resignation, Sept. 17, 1869, and in De-
cember of that year formally retired Dr Brecken-
ridge has been thus described "an eloquent nnd im-
pressive speaker, a devoted and successful pastor, a
profound theologian, a wise administrator, a brilliant
journalist, and an unequaled ecclesiastical debater.
He was practically the leader of the old-school party
through all the troubles which accompanied and fol-
lowed the division in 1837. He was the author of
the 'Act and Testimony,' and of its defence as put
forth by the Philadelphia convention of 1837. He
participated iu all the great discussions which agi-
tated the Church for forty years, from 1831 He was
a frequent member of the assembly, and was its
moderator iu 1841. A collection of his debates would
fill volumes While in Baltimore he aided in
editing the ' Baltimore Literary and Religious Maga-
zine," and its successor, the "Spirit of the XlXlh
Century." In these he carried on a discussion on
questions of theology and history with Roman Catho-
lic ccintroversalists who had attacked him He also
aided in the management of the ' ' Danville Quarterly
Review " (1861-65). Among his many publications
were "Popeism in the Nineteenth Century" (1841);
"Memoranda of Foreign Travels " (1845); " Knowl-
edge of God, Objectively Considered" (first part of
the system of theology), "Knowledge of God, Sub-
jectively Considered" (second part of same); " Ken-
tucky School Reports" (1848-53), and numerous
pamphlets and sermons. He was largely instrumen-
tal in inducing the American Bible Society to recede
from its resolution to adopt the revised version of
the Bible. He was an advocate of emancipation long
before the civil war; presided over the national Re-
publican convention at Baltimore in 1864, which
re-nominated Lincoln for the presidency, and
throughout the war was a zealous Federalist. His
son, William Campbell Preston, entered the Con-
federate army; another sou, Waller Joseph Cabell,
the Federal army. His wife was Sophonisba, daugh-
ter of Gen. Francis Preston and granddaughter of
Gen. William Campbell. Dr Breckeuridge died at
Danville, Ky.. Dec 27, 1871.
GARDINER, Frederic, theologian, was born
at Gardiner, Me., Sept. 11, 1822. He was graduated
at Bowdoin College in 1842, and after a course iu
theology was ordained to the Episcopal ministry.
His pastoral charges were at Saco, Me. (1845-47);
Philadelphia (1847-48); Bath. Me. (1848-53); Lewis-
ton. Me. (1855-56), and in isi!.~> he became professor
of the literature and interpretation of Scripture at
the theological seminary, (Jambier, O. In 1868
he was made professor of Old Testament litera-
ture, and in 1883, of New Testament literature and in-
terpretation at the Berkeley Divinity School, Mid-
dletown. Conn. He published "Harmony of the
Gospels in Greek" (1871), which ran through seven
editions; " Harmony of the Gospels in English"
(1871), three times reprinted; "The Principles of
Textual Criticism " (1876); "The Old and New Tes-
taments in their Mutual Relations " (18H5); " Diates-
saron, the Life of Our Lord in the Words of the
Gospels" (1871), and commentaries on ".lude"
M*"i6i; "Leviticus" (in the Schaff Lange series,
1876), and "Second Samuel" and ' E/.ekiel " (in
Bishop Silicon's commentary, 1883-84). The de-
gree of D.D. was conferred on him by Bowdoin
Collesre in 1869. He died at Middletowu, Conn.,
July 17, issil.
McGLYNN, Edward, R. C. priest, was born
in New York city, .Sept. 27, 1837. Having been
admitted a student for orders in 1851, he was sent
by Archbishop Hughes to the Urban College of the
Propaganda, Rome, to make the necessary studies
for the priesthood. At the end of his college course,
covering a period of c-iirht years, he defended a
public- thesis in theology, sacred Scripture and canon
law, and was awarded the degree of S.T. D. After
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
243
spending a few months in the North American Col-
lege, then newly founded by Pius IX. , as general
assistant to Dr. Smith, the provisional rector, Dr.
McGlynn was ordained priest, March 25, 1860.
Soon alierhis return to New York, be was assigned
to St. Stephen's Church as assistant, then to St.
Bridget's as acting rector, and to St. James' as as-
si-tant. In 1862 he was promoted to the rectorship
of St. Ann's Church, East Eighth street, but within
the year Archbishop Hughes, who wished to transfer
his chancellor, Hev. Thomas S. Preston, from
Yonkcrs, asked him to resign and to accept the
position of military chaplain at Central Park Hospi-
tal. Dr. MeOlynn reluctantly, but gracefully, ac-
cepted the situation, and held the position for three
years With the close of the war his commission
lapsed, and he accepted the hospitality of an old
associate in the ministry — until he was recalled I
live duty, towards the close of 1865, as assistant at St.
Stephen's. Kast Twenty eighth street. On Ihe death
of the rector, Dr. Cummings, I>r. McGlynn succeeded
him, and continued the work of completing the en-
largement of St. Stephen's. The beautiful paintings,
liv Kriimidi, in the sanctuary and transepts of St.
Stephen's, the elaborate white marble altars, still
so much admired, and the clas-ic church music e<c
quisitely rendered by the famous choir, arealike evi-
dences of the faultless judgment of the popular
rector. A man of high literary attainment and a
profound theologian, Dr. McGlynn had all the re-
quisites for an orator, whom nature had endowed
with a strong, well modulated voice, and a peculiar
charm of manner. Thoroughly devoted to his work,
zealous, and full of tender solicitude for the poor,
his ministrations made St. Stephen's a model for the
exercises of piety and devotion among the churches
of the country. The necessity of providing for I he
spiritual needs of the rapidly increasing Catholic
population of New York gave rise, in the early
seventies, to a diversity of opinion among the rectors
of the city; the majority maintaining that the only
safe way to preserve the purity of religion was
through the parochial schools, and advocating the
building of more schools to save at least the rising
generation to the church. Dr. McGlynn, on the
other hand, held that the first and most direct
means was the multiplication of churches and priests,
that religion might be brought home to both the
old and young to the advance of practical Christian-
ity, and argued from the impossibility with their
slender means of building schools sufficient to ac-
commodate all the Catholic children. He, therefore,
advised that they should, until more favored times,
use the public schools as far as they went and sup-
plement their defects by additional instruction for
the children in the knowledge and practice of their
religion. For advocating this policy, Dr. McGlynn
was accused, both here and in Rome, of opposing
Catholic education, but he lived to see his views
virtually approved by the highest authority in the
church. The complex problems of the unequal con-
ditions of capital and labor and of poverty and its
associations in the midst of plenty, had long exer-
cised Dr. McGlynn's thoughts and energies and ap-
pealed to his large sympathies. Believing that in
the works of Henry George, which he had eagerly
read and thoroughly digested, was to be found the
remedy of the trouble as well as its cause, became
forward, with the courage of his convictions, as the
champion of the single tax theory. On the occasion
of Mr. George's nomination for mayor of the city of
New York, in 1886, Dr. McGlynn] contrary to' his
wont, took an active interest in the campaign. The
papers having announced that he would speak at a
meeting of George's supporters, Archbishop Corri-
gan immediately notified him this could not be al-
lowed. However, in a respectful note he repre-
sented that his withdrawal, then, would create a
scandal, and so acted on his rights asa citizen. For
his disobedience he was suspended for a definite
period, and soon after, because of a misconstruction
of an interview of his, published in a certain news-
paper and cabled to Rome, he was suspended a
>e( ond time. This act was followed by an order
from the Propaganda commanding him to go to
Rome, " having tirM .abjured his doctrines." Un-
conscious of holding any opinion.-, condemned by
the church, and knowing that Ceorue's doctrines
had not even been examined by the (lunch I)r
Mclilynn declared lie was at. a loss
to know \\ hat to " abjure." lie re-
plied, through Archbishop Corri-
gan, asking what the doctrines were
and giving his reasons why he could
not, ju-l I hen, accept the invitation
of the Propaganda. I'nl'oi 1 miale
h lor himself, Dr McGlynu was,
at tin's juncture, a persona non
I/ruin in Koine, on account of his
alleged views on the education (pies
I ion, and because of two leel urea
he had delivered some \ears pre-
vious for the benefit of the starv-
ing people of Ireland, when he
had been informed, through Car-
dinal McCloskey, that his conduct
had incurred much disfavor with
the Propaganda. Accordingly, a
peremptory order was forwarded
that hepre-eiil himself within sixty
da\s at the Propaganda, undei pain of excommuni-
cation, and, tailing to appear within the allotted
period, the penalty was rigidly enforced. Thus he
who bad for I \\eiily-live \cais been the eloquent ex-
pounder of Catholic doctrine, and on several notable
occasions the loyal and orthodox chan.pion of the
prerogatives of the holy see, was crushed by the
sc\ crest blow the church has power to inflict. He was
excommunicated, July, 1887, having in the preced-
ing January been ejected by moral force from his
church. This proceeding, coupled with the grotesque
conduct of the priest who had done the ejecting,
precipitated a commotion and excited a degree
of sympathy among his late parishioners and his
many friends throughout the city and country that is
without precedent in the church in America. Dr.
McGlynn, however, at once formed the Anti Poverty
Society, with himself as president, the object of
which was to popularize the theories of Henry
George. Crowded meetings were held every Sun-
day, with little falling off in the attendance during
the five years of his spiritual outlawry. Finally, in
1892, in order to end a conflict that had done DO lit-
tle injury to religion, Leo XIII. sent a delegate
apostolic with full power to act in the case. A full
and exhaustive statement of their doctrines, signed
by Dr. McGlynn and Henry George, was asked by
and furnished to Cardinal Satolli, who, in turn, sub-
mitted them to a committee of five learned theo-
logians of the Catholic University at Washington.
After a searching examination they unanimously
agreed — the delegate endorsing the decision — that it
contained nothing contrary to the doctrines or teach-
ings of the church, and Cardinal Satolli, on Dec. 24,
1892, absolved Dr. McGlynn from the excommuni-
cation, restoring him to all his priestly faculties.
For two years after his restoration he contented him-
self with saying mass at various churches in Brook-
lyn, where he had resided during his five years' ex-
ile, and to enjoy even this privilege he had to have
weekly and later monthly permission from the
bishop of Brooklyn, and could officiate only at such
churches as he might designate. At length, in De-
cember, 1894, Archbishop Corrigan acceded to his
c
244
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
demand that he be reinstated as rector of a church
in his own diocese of New York, and appointed him
to St. Mary's. Newburgh, N. Y. , then the only avail-
able parish, with the distinct understanding that he
should be transferred to the first desirable vacancy
in New York city. Dr. McGlynn still (1899) con-
tinues his work at Newburgh and conducts a good
parochial school in connection with the church.
PORTER, John Addison, editor and author,
was born in New Haven, Conn., April 17, 18o(i, the
eldest son of John Addisou and Josephine Earl
(Sheffield) Porter. His father was first dean of the
Sheffield Scientific School of New Haven, and his
mother was a daughter of the founder of the school.
He was graduated at Yale College in the class of
1878, after which he studied law in Cleveland, O.,
but finding that his tastes were better suited to
journalism, he entered upon a newspaper career. He
has been connected with the New Haven "Palla-
dium," Hartford " Courant," New York "Observer,"
New York "Tribune" and other papers, and has
written many articles for the "New Englauder, "
"Century" and other leading magazines. He lias
also been a contributor to " Appleton's Cyclopaedia, "
and is the author of several books and monographs,
among which is his "Sketches of Yale Life, " several
editions of which were published. During this time
he made his home iu New Haven and in New York
city, in lss4 l,,. removed to Washington, D. C., and
for two years conducted a publishing business.
While there he was appointed Iry Sen. Platt, of
Connecticut, a clerk on the select committee on
Indian affairs, and served in this capacity throughout
the 49tli congress. In 1886 he removed to Pom-
fret. Conn., and iu 1888 purchased an interest in the
Hartford "Evening Post," be-
coming its managing editor. In
1889 he became editor-in-chief
and proprietor, and for ten years
thereafter made the journal a
strong exponent of Republican
principles. At the end of that
time he disposed of his interest in
the property to devote himself
exclusively to official work for
Pres. McKinley. Mr. Porter rep-
resented his town in the legisla-
ture of 1890, and was one of the
leaders of his party in the house.
He served on important commit-
tees, being chairman of the com-
mittee on education, and was a
member of the special committee
on canvass of votes, which was
the most important of all in the
memorable "deadlock" legis-
lature of that year. In 1892 he was appointed a
delegate to the Republican national convention at
Minneapolis, Minn. Hi- lias been president of the
Connecticut Press Club; is a member of the Typo-
thci.-e .'mil the "Scroll and Key" Society at Yale, of
which his father was an incorporator; and a member
of St. John's Lodge F. & A. M. of Hartford; the
Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution; president of the McKinley Club, and
vice-president of the Connecticut Republican League.
In the Republican state convention of 1894 he was a
candidate for governor, and received a large vote,
•retiring after several ballots in favor of the successful
•nominee. In 189(5 he was again unsuccessful, though
more than doubling his vote of two years before, but
in 1898 failed again, though receiving a flattering
vote. He was influential iu persuading the Connecti-
cut delegates to the St. Louis convention to cast
their votes for William Mclvinlcy, and this delega-
tion supported Mr. Porter's appointment as ambassa-
dor to Italy. He remained in his own country,
however, having been offered by Pres. McKinley the
office of secretary to the president, established by
congress at Pres. McKinley 's request. Mr. Porter
was married, Dec. 20, 18.88, to Amy Ellen, daughter
of George F. Betts, of New York city. Mr. and
Mrs. Porter have two children, both daughters.
BTJSHNELL, David, inventor, was born at
Saybrook, parish of Westbrook, Conn., about 1742,
descendant of Francis Busbnell, an Englishman, who
emigrated to the New Haven colony in 1638 and
became one of the founders of Gnilford. His
father was a farmer, and until left an orphan,
David followed the same occupation, when he began
preparation for college under Rev. John Devotion,
pastor of the Congregational church at Saybrook.
He entered Yale in 1771, stood high iu mathematics
during his course, and in his freshman year pro-
jected a submarine boat, the first capable of locomo-
tion of which there are any authentic records, for
the purpose of destroying British vessels, especially
those iu the harbor of Boston. The American Tur-
tle, or torpedo, as it was also called, was completed
iu 1775, the year of Bushnell's graduation, and was
built at Saybrook. It was made of large pieces of
oak timber and externally bore some resemblance to
two upper shells of a tortoise joined together; the
entrance to it being at the opening made by the
swells of the shell at the head of the animal. The
inside was capable of containing air sufficient to
support the operator thirty minutes without rising
to the surface for a new supply. An oar formed on
the principle of an old-fashioned screw and fixed in
the forward part of the boat, propelled it forward
or backward; at the other end was a rudder. An
aperture at the bottom with a valve admitted water
for descending, and two pumps served to eject the
water, when necessary for ascending. A second oar
placed at the top aided the operator to ascend or de-
scend or to continue at any particular depth. A
water guage determined the depth of descent and a
compass, marked with phosphorus, for night use,
directed the course of the vessel. The vessel was
chiefly ballasted with lead fixed to its bottom, and
was provided with small glass windows. The maga-
zine or torpedo, which was carried outside of the
boat, above the rudder, consisted of two pieces of
oak hollowed so as to hold 150 Ibs. of gunpowder,
with a clock-work percussion apparatus for firing it,
and was connected by a line to a wood screw to be
driven into the bottom of the hostile ship. The
clock-work was set in motion by the detachment of
the magazine, and the latter would at once float
against the ship. Having demonstrated the prac-
ticability of making the machine, and having made
a successful trial of the effects of the explosion of
gunpowder under water. Bushnell, in February,
1T7H, called the attention of Gov. Trnmbulland his
council to it and was requested to proceed with his
experiments. In the same year lie explained his
project to Gen. Washington, who furnished him with
money and with other aids, although he thought
"too many things were necessary to be combined to
expect much from the issue against an enemy who
are always on guard." In various ways Bushuell
was delayed in carrying out his plans, and his first
experiment was made not at Boston but at New York
in August, 1776. The vessel selected was the man-
of-war Eagle (some accounts say the Asia), lying off
Governor's island, and Gen. Putnam with others,
stationed on the wharf at New York, waited with
great anxiety for the result. Bushnell's brother,
who was to carry out the project, became ill, and
Serg. Ezra Lee was selected as a substitute. The
latter reached the Eagle about midnight; but, owing
to I he strength of the tide and lack of experience in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
245
managing the Turtle, failed to attach the screw and
finally lost the ship. Before he sighted her again
day dawned, and believing himself to be discovered,
he cast uff the magazine and put back to New York.
An hour later the' magazine blew up with great vio-
lence, but nowhere near the British fleet. Later two
attempts were made in the Hudson, but they effected
nothing, am I failing to obtain further pecuniary assist
auce, and I icing nut of health, Bushnell abandoned the
Turtle temporarily, andbegantodevi.se other means
of destroying shipping. In April, 1777, the Con-
necticut romiril authorized him to continue his ex-
periments at I lie public expense, and for two years
he was thus cmraiied in different places. In August,
1777, he made an attempt from a whale -boat against
the frigate Cerberus, lying in Black Point bay. near
New London, by drawing a machine' airaiust her
side by means of a line. The machine was
loaded with powder, to be exploded by a gun lock,
which was in be unpinioneil by an apparatus to he
turned by being brought alongside of the frigate.
This machine fell in with a schooner astern of ihe
frigate and demolished it together with three men
wlio were on board. This was the first vessel ever
destroyed in such a manner. Com. Svmonds, of the
Cerberus, at once sailed t'orXew York lo^Kc wain
ing of the "secret modes of mischief" the rebel-
were il<- vising. In December, 1777. Bushnell < -hailed
se\eral kegs with powder in such a way that Ihev
would explode upon touching anything and sel them
atloat in the Delaware above the British shipping at
Philadelphia. Owing to the darkness Mn\ were led
at too great a distance and were obstructed ami dis-
persed by the ice. One of them arrived oil' Hie city
on Jan. .">th and blew up a boat containing two
boys who had attempted to takeit up. The appear-
ance of other kegs soon after somewhat alarmed ihe
British, and the incident was turned to account by
Francis Hopkinson in a ballad, entitled "TheBattle
of the Kegs." Early in May, 1779, Bushnell, willi
others, was captured near Norwalk. Conn., by a
party of the enemy which had 1 inded at ni^ht. but
was not recognized, and a few days later was e\
changed as a civilian. In the summerof that year
a corps c Pf sappers and miners was organized iii the
Continental army, and Bushnell was appointed one
of its captain-lieutenants with commission dated
Aug. 3d. On June 19th, being then at New \Vind-
sor-on-the- Hudson, he was promoted captain, and
going with Washington's force to Virginia took part
in the siege of Yorktown. Returning to the camps
on the Hudson, he served until the last troops were
disbanded, in December, 1783, being then in com-
mand at West Point. The issue of Bushuell's ex-
periments depressed him greatly. His failures were
due to a series of accidents, and while he did not re-
ceive the support he expected from the government,
he retained the confidence of those who were ac-
quainted with his work. After the war he re-
turned to Say brook, but soon sailed for France, and
it was supposed that he perished during the revolu-
tion of 1793. On the contrary, after some years of
travel and business speculation, he returned to the
United States, settling in Georgia, Through his old
fellow-soldier, Hon. Abraham Baldwin, about 1790
he became the head of a school of high grade in
Columbia county. A few years later he settled in
Warrenton and practiced as a physician. Before
going to Georgia he had, for unknown reasons,
dropped the second syllable of his name, and no one
but Baldwin knew him except as "Dr. Bush."
He was a member of the Connecticut branch of the
Society of the Cincinnati. He left a handsome prop-
erty, which passed to the children of his brother, Ezra,
and the news of this legacy was the first information
about him his relatives had received for forty years. In
1881 Lieut. -Col. Henry L. Abbot, corps of engineers,
U. 8. A., published an historical compilation treat-
ing of Hushnell and his work, and conceded to him
the distinction of originating modern submarine
warfare, Fulton's offensive machines being simply
a development and improvement of Bushnell's.
('apt. Bushnell died at Warrenton, Ga., in ISVM.
HILLIS, Newell Dwight, clergyman, was
born at Magnolia, la., Sept. 3. !>>.>;, son of Samuel
h'winn ami Margaret Hester (Keichte) Hillis. The
family name was originally Ilyllis, and is of Scotch-
English origin. His father's ancestors fought under
Cromwell, and after the restoration of Charles II.
removed to Ireland. Samuel Kwing llillis, atypical
Puritan, an ardent Whig, and later a radical aboli-
tionist, was actively interested in higher education
and social reform. The mother of Dr. llillis wasde-
scended from the German family of Heichtes. Dr.
llillis' ancestors served both in Ihe revolutionary
war and in the war of 1*13. The family home was
in Magnolia, la., w here the son was educated in the
hi^li school. lie biter attended
(.* rinncl I Academy, Grin nell. la. At
tin- ni:e of seventeen years, he was
eii^aned in |],c American Sunday-
school I'll ion as missionary, and for
two years did energetic work in
establishing Sunda\ schools and
churches. He was graduated at
Lake Kores) I nh ersity. in .Mine,
1SS4. and at McCormick Semi-
nary, in April. 1SS7, receiving lii-jli
honors. His first, pastorale was at
the First Presbyterian Church of
Peoria, 111., where his work was
si'jnali/ed by striking success. In
1890 he was called' to the First
I'resbyterian Church of K vans) on,
III., where he remained four years
ami a half, then accepting the pas-
torate of the Central Church, < en
tral Music Hall, Chicago, as successor of Prof.
David Swing. It would seem a momentous task for
a man only thirty six years of age to rill such a
place, and to satisfy an audience of such size and in-
fluence, but several years of public service demon-
strated his power and genius. During his entire
pastorate of four years, his sermons were published
in full in the leading dailies of Chicago, as now in
Brooklyn and all Ihe larger cities. With a profound
love of truth, Dr. Hillis applied his poetic tempera-
ment, artistic sense, refined sentiments and noble
ideals to religious themes in a vigorous, common-
sense manner, and with dramatic power. Th-T-
oughly trained in theology, and possessing an orderly,
logical mind, he has also a refined and keen sense of
the humorous, and is unique in his own way, a man
who is waim, affectionate and helpful in his friend-
ship. On Jan. 1, 1899, Dr. Hillis received a unani-
mous call to the pastorate of Plymouth Church,
Brooklyn, N. Y., made famous by Henry Ward
Beecher, and until then occupied by Dr. Lyman
Abbott, and although the Central Church congrega-
tion strove to retain him, he accepted and w:is
installed pastor of Plymouth Church, in April. 1899.
From the very beginning of his pastorate, this his-
toric church has been crowded. His best known
works are: "A Man's Value to Society" (1896,
thirteen editions); "The Investment of Influence"
(1890, nine editions); " Foretokens of Immortality'
(1897, seven editions), and "How the Inner Light
Failed" (1898, four editions). His lecture on "John
Ruskin's Message to the Twentieth Century" has
been delivered over 300 times. He received the de-
gree of D.D. from Northwestern University, Illinois,
in 1894. Dr. Hillis was married, at Marengo, III.,
April 14, 1887, to Annie Louise, daughter of R. M.
Patrick. They have two children.
246
THE NATIONAL CYCLOP /EDI A
HALDEMAN, Samuel Stehman, scientist,
was born at Locust Grove, Lancaster Co., Pa., Aug.
12, 1812, eldest of seven sons of Henry and Frances
(Stehman) Hakleman, and grandson of JolmB. Hal-
deman, nit'inberof the general assembly for Lancaster
county in 1795. He was of Swiss descent: his ances-
tors having emigrated to Pennsylvania from the can-
ton of Berne. His great-grand fat&er, Jacob Halde-
man. was a zealous patriot in pre-revolntionary days,
and in 1776 was a member of the committee of pub-
lic safety from Rapho township; a grand-uncle,
Frederick Haldemau, an officer in the British army,
remained loyal to the cause, and became the first
governor-general of Canada. Henry Haldemau has
been described as a man of vigorous intellect and of
consideration in the state. His wife was an accom-
plished musician, and it is supposed that from her
their son inherited his remarkable delicacy of ear.
Samuel Haldeman developed an interest in natural
history when he was a mere boy; collected fresh-
water shells, minerals, insects, and birds which he
himself stuffed. At the age of fourteen he was sent
to a classical school at Harrislmrg, and at sixteen
entered Dickinson College, Carlisle, where he learned
much from one instructor in particular, Henry
Darwin Rogers; but college life and the study
of the past was not to his taste, and he left in
1830, and returned to his scientific books and his
shells and insects. His parents
approved his devotion to sri
ence; but the community in
which they lived scorned cul-
ture as unfitting men for the
duties of life, and, partljr to
silence public criticism, the
young man was given the man-
agement of a saw mill. He
was thus employed for five
years, and during that period
made a special study of human
vocal sounds: the science of
phonology. In 1836 Henry
Darwin Rogers, who had been
state geologist of New Jersey,
was appointed state geologist
of Pennsylvania, and called
upon Haldemau to aid him in
continuing the field operations
in New Jersey. In April,
1837, Haldeman was transferred to Pennsylvania,
his first work being the sectional study of the Sus-
quehanna river; but eventually his field broadened
until it included Dauphin and Lancaster counties.
He was an entitled assistant of Prof. Rogers only
one year, but appears to have retained a connection
with the survey and to have prepared several re-
ports. When that service was ended, he returned
to his home at the mouth of duckies creek, Lancas-
ter county, and for a period of forty-two years rarely
left it, devoting himself to study. He was a silent
partner in the" iron works operated by two of his
brothers, and interested himself in the use of anthra-
cite coal for smelting; publishing, soon after the first
experiments in 1839, a paper on the results, and an-
other on the construction of furnaces for smelting
with anthracite, ("American Journal of Science,"
Vol. VI.). "Geology was not his first love," says
J. P. Lesley, in his memoirs of Prof. Haldeman -
(" Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of
Sciences," Vol. II.) "His observations of the living
forms of nature had revealed to him a world of
sounds which made r.ll nature vocal, speaking to his
ear and to bis imagination in distinct, articulate lan-
guage, analogous to that of human creatures. Thus
he had early entered the halls of the science of phi-
lology by quite a different door from that in common
use. . . He was inspired to investigate tire pro-
nunciation of the elements and the syllabic corubina
lions of language as they actually reproduced them-
selves millions of times every hour on the lips of
Iribes and nations of savage and civilized peoples."
He was exact and thorough in all departments of
science, and became eminent as an entomologist;
but philology was the passion of his life. When-
ever Indian delegations visited Washington, he went
thither to take notes of the articulate sounds which
the red men uttered in conversation, and at one time
lie even thought of applying for an Indian agency.
He made a number of trips to Europe for the pur-
pose of prosecuting his studies in this department,
and spent considerable time in Rome, where special
favors were shown him (he had become a Roman
Catholic) by the regency of the propaganda, and by
systematic conversation with delegated students he
exhausted the vocal repertoire of between forty and
fifty varieties of human speech. His organs of hear-
ing were so acute that he could discriminate the sev-
eral sounds made by insects, and he discovered a new
organ of sound in lepidopterous insects, described by
him in " Silliman's Journal " in 1848. In 1858 he
carried off, in London, from a competition with eight-
een scholars from all parts of Europe, the Trevyllian
prize, for his essay entitled "Analytic Orthography. "
This was published in I860 in the "Transactions" of
the American Philosophical Society. He was an ad-
vocate of spelling reform; was the author of manuals
on orthography, orthoi'py and etymology, and to
the "Southern Review" (1868-69) contributed ar-
ticles on "Quackery in American Literature,"
"School Readers," "Northern Geographies" and
"American Dictionaries." In 1842-43 he lectured
on zoology at the Franklin Institute. Philadelphia;
in 1851-55 was professor of natural sciences in the
University of Pennsylvania; in 1855 became pro-
fessor of "natural sciences in Delaware College, and
subsequently lectured there on comparative philoso-
phy, at the same time filling the chair of geology
and chemistry in the State Agricultural College of
Pennsylvania. His contributions to periodical litera-
ture were more than 200 in number, and related to
geology, mineralogy, conchology, archaeology, pale-
ontology, astronomy, chemistry, ornithology, phi-
lology and phonology. His larger works include :
"Monograph of the Fresh-Water Univalve Mollusca
of the United States" (8 numbers, 1840-45); sketch
of natural history and geology of Lancaster county,
in "History" of same (1842--43); "Zoological Con-
tributions " (1842-43); " Elements of Latin Pronunci-
ation " (1857); "Tours of a Chess Knight," mathe-
matically treated (1864); " Affixes in Their Original
and Application" (1865; new ed., 1884); "Rhymes
of the Poets," by Felix Ago [pseud.] (1868); "Penn-
sylvania Dutch " (1872); "Outlines of Etymology"
(1878); "Word Building" (1881). He edited "the
second edition of "Taylor's Statistics of Coal "(1835),
contributed to the " Icouographic Cyclopaedia"
(1852); and in 1851-52 edite'd the "Pennsylvania
Farmer's Journal." He was a member of the Philo-
logical Society, one of the early members of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, a memberof the Boston
Society of Natural History, and of the American
Philosophical Society. Prof. Haldemau was mar-
ried, in 1835, to Mary A. Hugh, of Bainbridge, Pa.,
who died in 1883. She bore him six children, four
of whom survived their father: Carsten N., Francis
H., Victor M. and Eliza J., wife of Col. Philip Fig-
yelmesy. Prof. Haldeman died at his home, Chickies,
Lancaster en.. Pa., Sept. 10, IssO.
KAVANAUGH, Hubbard Hinde, M. ^E.
bishop, was born near Winchester, Clarke co., Ky.,
Jan. 14, 1802, son of William and Hannah B. (Hiude)
Kavanaugh. His father, of Irish descent, was born in
east Tennessee, and traveled for several years as a
preacher in the Methodist connection: but finally be-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
247
came a minister of the Episcopal church and one of the
most noted of that denomination in Kentucky. The
mother of Ilubbard II. Kavanaugh was left a widow
when he was four or five years of age, and being a
woman of deep piety, patience, courage and cheer-
fulness, exerted a strong influence iu the training of
uer children, which was largely instrumental in
milking them valuable citizens. Hubbard was edu-
cated iu a private country school, and at the age of
fifteen was apprenticed to a printer, lie resided in
the family of Kev. John Lyle, who took such an in-
terest iu his welfare as to offer him a classical edu-
cation, provided he would enter
the Presbyterian church. But
the seeds of Methodism sown by
his good mother had taken such
deep root that the boy declined
the c cll'er. Mr. Lyle's kindly
interest, however, was not there-
by lessened, and when Hubbard
decided to prepare for the Meth-
odist ministry, Mr. Lyle relieved
him of his apprenticeship two
years before the expiration of his
term. Ilubbard then returned
to his mother's home, and be-
gan a systematic course of study.
In 1822 he was recommended by
the quarterly conference of the
Mt. Stirling circuit to the district
conference as prepared to preach,
ami was licensed to exhort
iu the pulpits of that part of
the country. While editing and printing a paper,
"The Western Watchman," he was induced to de-
liver a trial sermon before a select few in a private
room at Augusta, and the effect being overwhelm,
ing, from that time his position as a Methodist
preacher was established. In the fall of 1823 Mr.
Kavanaugh was recommended to the annual confer-
ence, which met at Maysville, afterwards being ad-
mitted on trial and assigned to the Little Sandy cir-
cuit. Subsequently he became successively pastor
of most of the leading churches in the state, and his
influence was widely felt. In February, 1839, he
was made superintendent of public education, so
continuing until 1840, when he was again elected.
He was also agent during 1839-40 for the college at
Augusta, under the auspices of the Methodist
church. He was elected bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal church in 1854 at the general conference,
held in Columbus, Ga. , and in this distinguished and
honored position fulfilled the highest expectations of
his denomination. Bishop Kavanaugh was a man of
genial manners, of superior intelligence, uncommon
eloquence, and of remarkable activity, as well as
great powers of endurance. Up to October, 1850,
he had preached 3,330 sermons, iu addition to fulfill-
ing many other duties; during ;>. brief stay of ten
months in California he delivered more than 350 ser-
mons. For over fifty years he was a minister of the
Gospel, and for over twenty-five years he held the
office of bishop. He died at Columbus, Miss., March
19, 1884.
INMAN, William, naval officer, was born in
Utica, N. Y. , iu 1797, son of William Inmau, a
native of Somersetshire, England. His father, who
when a young man had been a clerk to Lord Pult-
ney, came to the United States in 1792 as agent for
Patrick Colquhoun, owner of a large tract of land iu
Lewis county, N. Y. After living at Leyden and
Utica, in 1812 he removed to New York city,
where he followed the business of a merchant, and
returning to Leyden, died there in 1843. His son,
William, entered the navy as midshipman, Jan. 1,
1812, and during the war of 1812-15 served on the
Great lakes. He was promoted lieutenant, April 1.
1819, and in 1823, while cruising off the coas_t of
Cuba, commanded two boats which captured a pirate
vessel. lie was promoted commander, May 24,
ls:!S; in 1811 16 served on the steamer Michigan, on
the Great lakes; was promoted captain, June 2, 1850,
ami commanded the steam frigate Susquehanna of
the East India squadron in 1851. In 1859-61 he
commanded the squadron on the coast of Africa
w hieli recaptured and lanjed iu Liberia 3, 600 slaves,
lie was promoted commodore, and placed on the
retired list, April 4, 1867, and at the time of his death
was the senior ollieei of his rank. He died in Phila-
delphia, Pa., Oct, 23, 1874.
INMAN, Henry, artist, was born in Utica,
N. Y., Oct. 20, 1801, brother of William Inman,
a commodore in the TJ. S. navy, and of John In-
man, who became a well-known journalist. In early
lioyl d he manifested a taste for art; but, with the
exception of a few drawing lessons given by a trav-
eling teacher, he received no instruction until the
family removed to New York city. In 1814 young
Inman began preparations foi entering the Military
Academy at We-t Point; hut about that time West-
mllller's celebrated picture of "I)an:e" was exhibited
in the studio of John Wesley Jam's, and the boy-
was taken several times to see it by his father. His
intelligent comments attracted the attention of Jar-
vi-, who oll'ered to take him as a pupil, and in con-
sequence Inman was apprenticed for a term of seven
years, and at the end of that period visited lioston,
New Orleans and other cities with his instructor,
seeking employment. While under Jarvis he paid
particular attention to portraiture, and on opening a
studio of his own in New York city in 1822, devoted
himself to miniature painting. This branch of work
was not lucrative, and giving it over to bis pupil,
Thomas S. Cummings. he applied himself to por-
traiture in oils and crayon. With Cummings and
olher artists, he founded the National Academy of
I icMgu ill 1825, and was elected its first vice-presi-
dent. Among the many noted persons who sat to
him were Chief-Justice Marshall, Bishop White,
Chief-Justice Nelson, Fit/.-Greene Halleek, Martin
Van Buren. John James Auduhon, Fanny Kemble;
and in Philadelphia, where he settled in 1832, Hor-
ace Binuey, Nicholas Biddle,
Jacob Barker and William
Wirt. Having a great fond-
ness for the country, he lived
for a short time at Mount Holly,
N. J., returning to New York
city in 1834. Here for a few
years he found remunerative
employment, but unfortunately
he was drawn into speculations
which brought him to bankrupt-
cy. He had been commissioned
to make a series of paintings
for the rotunda of the capitol
iu Washington, and had been
partly paid for one, represent-
ing Daniel Booue in the wilds of
Kentucky ; but he was now
obliged to work for the support
of his family, and postponed
the execution of the commission.
Booue was still unfinished at the time of his death.
Imnan suffered acutely from asthma at times, and
partly for this reason he went to England in 1844,
with 'commissions to paint portraits of several emi-
nent men. One of these was Wordsworth, whom
he visited; others were Macaulay, the historian.
Lord Chancellor Cottenham and Dr. Chalmers. He
became very popular in London society, for he was
a man of considerable learning and had conversa-
tional powers of a high order; and his work was so
much esteemed that Tie received many inducements
The picture of
248
THE NATIONAL CYCLOP.KDIA
to remain ; but becoming weaker ph ysically, be re-
turned to bis native country in 1845. In bis art, as
in bis social qualities, luman was likened to Sir
Tbomas Lawrence; hut be appears to bavebeen more
versatile. He contributed articles, written in an
elegant style, to tbe " Knickerbocker Magazine."
Hewasone of tbe first to learu tbe art of lithography,
and introduced it into tliis country in 1828. He was
familiar, as a naturalist as well as a sportsman, with
the habits of animals and birds, and could talk de-
lightfully about them. He was greatly admired as
an after-dinner speaker, and on tbe occasion of the
banquet to Dickens in New York city, in 1842, made
a graceful speech on the relationship of art to letters.
His painting was vigorous and his color rich, but his
work was unequal in merit. The Lenox Library,
the Metropolitan Museum of Art and tbe city hall,
New York city, contain portraits by him, the last
named having six, representing former governors
and mayors. The Boston Athenaeum owns several
of his works, and a full-length portrait of William
Peim from his brush hangs in Independence ball,
Philadelphia. He produced many historical and
genre pictures, including '• Boyhood of Washing-
ton," "Trout-Fishing," "Scene from the Bride of
Lammermoor," and "Mumble tbe Peg," and nu-
merous landscapes, among which were "Dismal
Swamp," " Rydal Water" and "October After-
noon." Among minor works were illustrations to
tbe popular "annuals" of that period. His son,
John O'Brien, followed bis father's profession: an-
other sou, Henry, became a soldier and author, and
his daughter, Sarah H., became the wife of J. R.
Drake, of Buffalo Mr. luman died in New York
city, Jan. IT, 1846.
iNMAN, John, journalist, was born in Utica,
N. Y., in 1800, brother of Henry Innian, the por-
trait painter. He had few advantages of education,
and his progress was mainly due to his own exer-
tions. In 1823 he removed to North Carolina, where
for two 5Tears he had charge of a school, and saved
enough of his salary to enable him to spend a year
in Europe. On his return to tbe United States he
settled in New York city, where his parents were
living, and studied law, but did not practice. In
1828 he became the editor of the New York "Stand-
ard," but in 1830 left it to connect himself with the
" Mirror"; and later was on the staff of the "Spirit
of the Times." For some years he was editor of tbe
"Columbian Magazine," and on one occasion wrote
an entire number, probably to prove his versatility.
In 1833 he became an assistant to Col. Stone, editor
of tbe "Commercial Advertiser," and on Stone's
death, in 1844. became editor-in-chief, retaining the
position until incapacitated by bis last illness. He
was a frequent contributor to the New York "Re-
view " and other periodicals, and, being a graceful
writer, gained local popularity by his sketches and
poems. He was married, in 1833, to an English
woman, sister of John Fisher, Clara Fisher and Mrs.
Vernon, popular comedians belonging to the "Old
Park " Theatre. Mr. luman died in New York city,
March 30, 1850.
INMAN, John O'Brien, artist, was born in
New York city, June 10, 1828, son of Henry luman.
He studied art under bis father, and then went West,
visiting several cities in the practice of bis profes-
sion, portraiture being bis specialty. Returning to
New York city, be remained there until 1866, paint-
ing genre and flower pieces chiefly. Tbe period, 1866-
72, was spent in Paris and in Rome, where lie exe-
cuted a number of commissions, including some ad-
mirable groups of Italian peasants. Among his
works are: "Sunny Thoughts," "View of Assisi,"
and "Ecoute," the last named being exhibited at
tbe National Academy of Design, New York city, in
1886. He died in New York in 1896.
INMAN, Henry, soldier and author, was born
in New York city, July 3, 1837, second son of
Henry and Jane Hiker (O'Brien) Inman. He comes
of the best New York Knickerbocker and Huguenot
stock. One of his ancestors on his mother's side
commanded 800 men during the crusades, under
Peter the Hermit. His Dutch ancestors were of the
nobility of Holland, and held high official positions
under the government, but were ruined in fortune
during tbe wars with Spain. They then emigrated
to New Amsterdam (New York), and became pos-
sessed of large tracts of property where is now the
Wallabout (Brooklyn) and of islands in the river,
one of which (Hiker's) perpetuates the family name.
After tbe death of Henry Inman, Sr., the National
Academy of Design made an exhibition of the
artist's pictures for the benefit of his widow, the re-
ceipts of which were employed in purchasing a
small farm two miles east of tbe village of Hemp-
stead, L. I., now the residence of Perry Belmout, in
the vicinity of tbe suburban homes of many of New
York's millionaires. There tbe son lived for about
five years. He attended tbe Athenian Academy in
New Jersey, and was taught by private tutors at
home; and, while he obtained no further education,
so far as teachers are concerned, he has ever been a
close student, devoting several hours each day to
tbe improvement of his mind. He entered the U. S.
army in April, 1857, and was
immediately ordered to the
Pacific coast, through the
upper region of which tbe
Indians were hostile and de-
fying the authority of the gov-
ernment. He served through
those campaigns, and on the
breaking-out of the civil war
was ordered, with all tbe
other officers on duty, to
the East. He served in the
army of the Potomac, on the
staff of Gen. Sykes, who
commanded tbe division of
regulars of the 5th corps,
and was wounded in the
seven days' battles before
Richmond'. He was brevet-
ted for gallantry in action,
and again successively major
and lieutenant - colonel, tbe
latter by Gen. Philip Sheridan for his duties
connected with the great Indian campaign of the
winter of 1868-69. He served under Gens. Ouster,
Gibbs, Sully and other famous Indian fighters, of
whose staffs he was a member. Over forty years on
the extreme frontier gave him a rare opportunity to
study the Indian character and to make himself
familiar with Indian legends and folk-lore, of which
he is regarded as an authority. He has devoted
himself to the literature of the stirring scenes of the
Far West, and is Hie author of several successful
books: "The Old Santa Fe Trail" (1895); "The
Story of a Great Highway" (1898); "The Great
Salt Lake Trail" (1899). in which latter he had for
a collaborate!- the celebrated Col. W. F. Cody
("Buffalo Bill"); "The Ranch on tbe Oxhide"
(1898), a very successful juvenile story of frontier
days in Kansas; "A Pioneer from Kentucky"
(18SI8); "Tales of Trail" (1898); "Tbe Cruise of a
Prairie Schooner" (1899); "The Delaboyde Boys
(IsOit), and other works. Co). luman resides in
Topeka, Kan., devoting himself to the pursuit of
bis favorite vocation. *~ He was married, at Port-
laud, Me., Oct. 22, 1862, to Eunice C. Dyer. Her
father, of an old family of Massachusetts origin, was
a prominent ship-builder. He has three living chil-
dren, two daughters and a son
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
249
PUTNAM, Herbert, librarian, was born in
New York city. Sept. 20, 1861, sou of George Palmer
and Victorine (Haven) Putnam. His father was a
noted publisher and founder of the firm now known
by the style of G. P. Putnam's Sons. He was edu-
cated in the private school of James H. Morse
in his native city, and was graduated at Harvard
College in 1883. Then, after a year at the Colum-
bia Law School, he became librarian of the Minne-
apolis Atheuteum, which owned a collection of some
12,000 volumes, and continued in this position about
five years. In 1885 he was admitted to the liar of
Minnesota. Meantime, in the win-
ter of 1885, he had been active in
promoting the organization of a
free public library for the city.
which was incorporated in the |o|
lowingyearwith a board of trustees,
having power, by special amend-
mentof the city charter, to maintain
also art collections and museums.
Land was purchased, and a build-
ing begun in Isss, and Mr. Putnam
was ilr-i'jiriled by the trustees to
prepare a purchase li»t of books.
He went abroad in Isss, and dur-
ing that and the following year ex-
pended nearly s:;o.ooil in behalf of
the library. In issl) he was ap-
pointed acting librarian ; in Novem-
ber, 1 sill I. was elected regular librar-
ian, and was re-elected to the sa im-
position in January, 1891. The
building, which in course of erection bad co-,t $335,-
000. was opened to the public on Dec. 16, 1890.
Under Mr. Putnam's organization and management
the Minneapolis public library became one of the
most useful and progressive in the country. It con-
tains at the present time (1899) over 100,000 volumes,
with a total circulation (home and reference iisei of
nearly 1,000,000. It is supported from the public
funds, and including the interest on its original en-
dowment, has a total income well over $60.000,
being rated fourth in this respect among Ameri-
can libraries. The building contains also extensive
art galleries and a museum, of which the librarian
has general supervision. His successful record with
this institution so enhanced his reputation through-
out the country, that in February, 1895. he was
elected librarian of the Boston public library, a po-
sition which had been vacant for two years, since
the resignation of Mellon Chamberlain, in 1890, and
of Theodore F. Dwight, in 1893. At that time, the
main library had moved into its new building on
Copley square, but had neither been reorganized nor
opened to the public. He reorganized the old depart-
ments and established several new ones, such as the
newspaper room, fine arts, children's, printing and
statistics departments; improved the business methods
of the library, and extended and perfected the out-
lying system. During the four years of his adminis-
tration, the original income of the library increased
from $190,000' to $262,000, the total of employes,
from 193 to 345, and the circulation of books'for
home use alone, from 800,000 to 1,200,000 volumes
per year. The central library building was improved
in arrangement and equipment by the expenditure
of $125,000. The outlying departments (branches
and delivery stations) "were increased to twenty-
eight. This work accomplished forms a noble monu-
ment to his perseverance and executive ability. The
library now contains over 700,000 volumes, and has
an annual income of $263,000. On March 13, 1899,
he was nominated by Pres. McKinley to succeed the
late John Russell Young as head of the congres-
sional library. Washington, D. C., and the wisdom
of the choice was recognized throughout the Union.
Few men have so completely the skill and experi-
ence required in the complicated duties of this posi-
tion, nor the ability more adequate to discharge its
responsibilities. Mr. Putnam has for many years
been an active member of the American Library As-
sociation, and during part of the term of 1897-98
was its president. All his relations with the associa-
tion have been of direct service in advancing the
cause of scientific library economy. In December,
is'.n, Mr. Putnam had resigned his position in Min-
neapolis, and taken up the practice of law in Boston.
It was while at the Suffolk bar that he was offered
the lilirariausliip of the Boston Public Library. Mr.
Putnam was married in October. l*sti. to Charlotte
Elizabeth, daughter of Charles W. Mun roe. of Cam-
bridge. Ma*s , and lias two children, Shirley and
Breuda Putnam.
FLAGLER, Daniel Webster, soldier, was
born in Lockport. N. Y., July 24, 1835, sou of
Sylvester and Abigail (Remington) Flagler. The
first of the name of whom there is any record was
/achariah Fleiuler, who came from Westhcim, in
Krankenland, some-time before 1711. His grand
lather removed from Dutchess county. X. V., to
Wa^liiiinton county, N. Y., about the close of the
revolutionary war. His lather, Sylvester Flakier.
removed to western New York and seined on the
Holland Purchase about 1S29. Hi.-; grandfather
Remington, on his mother's side, came from Khode
Inland ami settled ill Washington county, X. Y.,
soon after the (lose of the revolutionary war. Daniel
W. Flakier was graduated at the U. S. Military
Acadcmv. June '.'I, 1861, being promoted brevet
second lieutenant and second lieutenant of ordnance
the same day. and first lieutenant Aug. 3, 1861, and
captain March 3, 1803. lie served duiiiu; the civil
war from isiil to 1865; in drilling volunteers at
Washington, D. C. ; in the Manassas campaign, and
in the defenses ,,| Wa^liiniiton. Most of his service,
however, was in connection with the ordnance de-
partment. He was assistant ordnance officer at the
Allegheny arsenal; inspector of ordnance in the
fitting out of the Mississippi
river flotilla; chief of ordnance
to Gen. Burnside's expedition
to North Carolina; he had
charge of the transportation of
siege guns; was on inspection
duty at the West Point foun-
dry; was assistant to the chief
of ordnance, and at the close
of hostilities was in charge
of the Tredegar iron works at
Richmond. He participated in
the battles of Bull Run, Roan-
oke Island. Newberu, Fort Ma-
con, South Mountain, Antie-
tam, Fredericksburg, Chancel-
lorsville and Gettysburg. He
was brevetted captain March
4, 1862, for gallant services at /W^ 1~T>2\? /f
the battle of Newberu, N. C. ; <C[c£/. V)<J^Ji/JLsr-\
<r
major April 26, 1862, _for gal-
lant service at the siege of
Fort Macon, N. C., and lieutenant-colonel March 13,
1865, for distinguished services in the field during
the civil war. After the close of the war he was
employed on a tour of inspection of western arsenals
with the chief of ordnance. May, 1865; after this he
was in charge of receiving arms from disbanded
volunteers from Delaware and Pennsylvania at Wil-
mington, Del., and Philadelphia and Harrisburg,
Pa. ; on special ordnance inspection duty in Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama; assistant
ordnance offlceratthe arsenal at Watervliet, N. Y. ; in
command of Augusta (Ga. ) arsenal and powder works,
250
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
having charge also of Confederate ordnance
establishments, depots and stores, and disposal of
same, at Atlanta, Macon, Athens and Savannah,
Ga. He was on special ordnance inspection duty at
Fort Fisher, N. C., and Fort Pickens, Fla. ;" in
command of Rock Island armory and arsenal; mem-
ber of board of heavy gun carriages at New York;
special inspection of Fort Union arsenal, New
Mexico, with view of abolishing it; was on ordnance
inspection duty at San Antonio, Tex. , Fort Lowell,
Arizona and Benicia, Cal., and was in command of
the arsenal at Watertown, Mass., from Nov. 9, 1889,
to 1891. He was promoted major, June 23, 1874;
lieutenant -colonel, Aug. 23, 1881; colonel, Sept.
15. 1S90, and was appointed brigadier-general and
chief of ordnance, June 23, 1891. He was the author
of "History of Rock Island Arsenal and Island of
Rock Island" (1877). He was married, at Phila-
delphia, Pa., Sept. 13, 1865, to Mary M'Calla,
daughter of Gen. C. A. Finley, U. S. A. He died
at Old Point Comfort, Va., March 29, 1899, leaving
a widow and two children.
JONES, Thomas, jurist, was born at Fort
Neck, Queen's co., N. Y., April 30, 1731. His
father, Thomas Jones, an Irish soldier, fought in the
battle of the Boyne under James II., and later, emi-
grating to America, became ranger-general of Long
Island, then known as the island of Nassau, and
judge of the New York supreme court. The son
was graduated at Yale College in 1750, and then
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in
1755. He began practice in New York city, where
he served successively as clerk of Queen's county
courts, city attorney of New York, recorder of the
city, and finally, in 1773, succeeded his father as
judge of the New York supreme court. He adhered
to the loyalist cause in the revolutionary war, and
administered his office as long as he held authority
under the crown, which was until April, 1776. Later
in the year he was twice seized and imprisoned by
the American party on account of his loyalist views,
but was both times released on parole. In 1779 he
was surprised and taken prisoner to Connecticut,
where he was afterwards exchanged for his friend of
the opposite party, Gen. Gold S. Silliman. His
health was seriously impaired by
the hardships he underwent, and
on his last release he immediately
removed to the mother country for
which he had shown such devo-
tion, being prevented from ever re-
turning to America by an act of
attainder which declared his life
and estate forfeit. He resided
first in Bath, and afterwards re-
moved to Hoddesdon, Hertford-
shire. His wife was Anne, daugh-
ter of James de Laucey, chief-jus-
tice and lieutenant - governor of
New York. They had two resi-
dences, one called Mount Pitt, be-
tween the Bowery and East river,
where in 1776 Gen. Charles Lee
built a redoubt, naming it Jones'
Hill fort. In 1770 Thomas Jones,
Sr. , built for his son a large house on Fort Neck,
Great South bay, L. I., and this was known as
Tryon hall. The estate is still owned by descendants
of Judge Jones, having been entailed. Arabella,
daughter of the jurist, became the wife of Richard
Floyd, and their sou, David, in accordance with the
terms of his grandfather's will, changed his name to
Floyd-Jones. Judge Jones' "History of New York
During the Revolutionary War," written from the
loyalist standpoint, and the only contemporary work
on the subject, was published by the New York
Historical Society in 1879. Dexter 's "Yale in the
Revolution " describes it as "curious and interesting;
but singularly replete with grave misstatements and
prejudiced opinions." Judge Jones died at Hoddes-
dou, Hertfordshire, England, July 25, 1792.
GALLAGHER, William Davis, poet and jour-
nalist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 21, 1808,
son of Bernard and Abigail (Davis) Gallagher. His
father was in the Irish rebellion of 1798, and was
excommunicated on his deathbed, in 1814, for refus-
ing to confess to his priest the secrets of Freemasonry.
Two years after, his widow, with her four sons, of
whom William was the third, removed to Ohio, and
settled on a farm in Hamilton county, near the home
of their relatives, Alice and Phoebe Cary. William
worked on the farm in summer, and in winter at-
tended a picturesque country school. Later, through
the care of his eldest brother, Edward, he was freed
from his farm labors, and sent to the Laucasterian
Seminary, Clermout county, O. He then learned type-
setting and proof- reading, and in 1826 was employed
on "The Western Tiller." At the age of sixteen he
published his first verses, "Lines on Spring, " in the
"Literary Gazette." He also contributed to the
" Saturday Evening Chronicle," of Cincinnati, and
went to that city in 1828, to accept employment suc-
cessively on the "Emporium," the "Commercial
Register," and the " Western Minerva," a short-lived
venture of his own, in partnership with his brother
Francis. About this time he uuide a horseback tour
through Kentucky, and sent a series of letters to the
"Chronicle," in which he described his adventures
so brilliantly, that on his return he found himself
a celebrity in Cincinnati. He next cast his for-
tunes on the hazard of the "Backwoodsman," a
campaign newspaper, at Xenia, O., in support of
Henry Clay as president, but despite its cleverness,
it died with the political failure of its candidate. He
then edited the Cincinnati "Mirror" until 1836,
writing for it editorials, sketches and poems, whose
merit caused them to be widely copied. His pro-
ductions were now beginning to receive flattering
recognition. One anonymous essay of his, "The
Unbeliever," was credited to Dr. Chalmers, appear-
ing under his name in a school-reader, and previous
to this some verses entitled, "The Wreck of the
Hornet," had been thought by the press too good to
ascribe to any one but Bryant. The real author,
while encouraged by these flattering mistakes, was
at the same time doing his utmost to help other
young aspirants to literary fame. He introduced
through the "Mirror" Catherine Beecht-r, whose
first venture he praised; hailed the young Whittier as
a "man whom his countrymen would yet delight to
honor," and made kindly mention of the productions
of "Professor Longfellow." At the same time his
genial presence was accorded to several aspiring as-
so nations, where the intellectual development of
their members was sought. The Lyceum was the
most aristocratic of these, and from its dignified
meetings Gallagher would go to attend those of the
Franklin Society, which he described as "half a
dozen enthusiastic youths gathered about the stove
in the corner of the large apartment, while the presi-
dent, wrapped in dignity and a large cloak, sat
chattering his teeth, apart from the group, and mem-
ber after member stepped aside and made speeches,
many of which were distinguished by brilliancy and
true eloquence." The " Mirror " dying in 1836, Mr.
Gallagher turned his attention in rapid succession to
the "Western Literary Journal and Monthly Re-
view "; the " Ohio State Journal," of Columbus, and
the "Hesperian," a monthly magazine of his own,
which first appeared in May, 1838. All the best writers
of the day contributed to it, and Gallagher himself
wrote copiously for its pages, publishing, among
other things, his most ambitious story, " The Dutch-
man's Daughter." In 1839 the "Hesperian" was
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
251
discontinued, from lack of financial support, and
Mr. Gallagher obtained a more profitable post on the
Cincinnati "Ga/ette." This lie held for eleven
S;ars, doing much political as well as literary work,
e was for years secretary of a district \Vliiu; coin-
miilee, and in 1S42 declined a noiiiinalioii for the
legislature, lleediteil ••Selections from the Poeti-
cal Literature of the West." (1841), which lie in-
tended to follow with three similar volumes," Polite,"
•• I'ulpit " and "Political." He wrote many .-CHILI-,
full of ilie western spirit of freedom and progress,
thciii'j'h the lack of finish as to form, and the fact
thai they were published in the \Vesi were unfavora-
ble to their becoming well known. His ballad,
"The Spotted Fawn " ( INI.'JI, was cxireniely popu-
lar in its day, and a number of his songs, set to
music, we're widclv sung in public and in private.
His poems were collected and published under the.
title of " F.rato," in three volumes (1835-37). In
lst-i lie- started an anti-slavery paper, "The Daily
Mi'ss.-iLre," but money dillicultics soondrove him back
to the "Ga/.elle." lie was twice pre-idenl of the
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, and OD
the c'r.'d anniversary of the settlement of Ohio, April
M, 1S50, delivered a notable address, "Progress in
the Northwest." In 1S50 hi- went lo Washington as
private' secretary lo Hon. Thomas Corwin, .secretary
of the treasury, and while there prepared a reporl
upon the merchant marine. In lsr>!>, neglecting op-
portunities of runnel-lion with the New Yolk
" Tribune " and Cincinnati "Commercial," he made
a disastrous investment in the Louisville ••Courier."
In 1854 he sold out aud removed lo a farm at Pewee
Valley, Oldliam co., Ky., where he- edited the
"Western Farmer's Journal"; contributed to the
" Columbian and Great West " aud to the " National
Kra." Me wrote a prize essay, " Fruit Culture in the
Ohio Valley" and organi/.ed an agricultural society
and a mechanic's club. During the civil war he was
private secretary to Hon. Salmon P. Chase; collec-
tor of customs for the interior ports; special com-
mercial agent for the upper Mississippi valley, and
in 1863 surveyor of customs at Louisville; after the
return of peace he was pension agent. His services
and character were endorsed in high terms by Gens.
Schenck and Garricld; but in ISS'2. "lured by prom-
ises aud prodded by need." lie sought government
employment at Washington in vain. His later writ-
ings are largely on industrial themes, as "The Aiea
of Subsistence and its Natural Outlet " (lx7!M. In
1881 appeared "Miami Woods; and Other Poems."
Another volume was to complete his verses, but en-
couragement was lacking. In the- latter years of his
life he was known as a venerable, manly, pathetic
figure, whom E. C. Sledman has well called the
"Western Whittier." In 1830 Mr. Gallagher was
married to Emma, daughter of Captain Adamson, of
Boston. He died in Louisville, Ky., in 1894.
PORTER, Elbert Stothoff, clergyman, was
born at Hillsboro. N. J.. Oct. 23, 1820, son of John
Warburton aud Mary Bennett (McColm) Porter. At
the age of six he was sent to a select school at Ovid,
Seueca CO., N. Y., kept by the father of the cele-
brated lawyer, James T. Brady. Here he remained
for about five years, when he became a clerk in a
store at Millstoue, N. Y. At the close of a year he
began his preparatory training at an academy in
Somerville, N. J. At sixteen he entered the sopho-
more class at Princeton, where he was graduated in
1839. He then began the study of law, but in a
short time changed his plans aud entered the theo-
logical seminary at New Brunswick, N. J., where
he completed his course in 1842. lu the same year
he was licensed to preach by the local classis of the
Reformed Dutch church, and in 1843 was installed
pastor of a small missionary congregation at Chat-
ham, Columbia Co., N. Y. There he remained for
' \
seven years, and, although the settlement was not
only poor but vicious, he built up one of the most
flourishing country churches in his denomination.
In 1849 he accepted a call to the First Reformed
Church at Williamsbiirgh, L. I., where he continued
to olliciale for thirty-four ytars. This church has
been especially interesting as illustrating the growth
of the city of Brook' yu. Williamsburgh became a
city in 1X52, and was consolidated with Brooklyn
anil P.ushwick under one- charliT three \ cars lalcr.
Thcj church in Williamsliurgh givw out of the First
lie-formed Dutch Church of ISuslnvick, the first
church edifice being built in 1s.1-
Dr. Porter was installed over this
church in December, ls4!l. A num-
ber of other churches weie the out-
growth of the tirsi church, viz.: the
First Prcsb\ tcriaii Church of Wil-
lianishiirgh, a church at Greenpoint,
the South Hushw ick and Ihe Lee A ve-
mil' churclii's of Brooklyn. In ixiili
Ihe edilie'c was sold to Ihe Central
Baplisi congregation, and the follow-
ing year the foil in tat ion of a ne-w slrue'-
lure was comment -cd on a site con-
sisting of seven lots, four on Bedford
avenue and three on Clymer street,
purchased in IMiO. The corner-stone
wa- laid in July, IKIiX, and the
Church, which cost, with Ihe ael join in LT
chapel, $130,1100, was dedicated in
( letolie-r, ]sli!i. Di Poiler received
the degree of D.I), from Rutgers College in 1854.
For fourteen years he' was tin- editor of the "Chris-
tian Intelligencer," the organ of the Reformed Dutch
church, his career a- an editor being (i brilliant one-.
Besides his editorial writings, he published in serial
form "History of the Reformed Dutch Church in
the United States" and other works. Dr. Porter
was president of the Mr-t i>cneral synod held after
the name of the denomination was changed from the
Reformed Dutch to Ihe Reformed Church of North
America. In the meantime', while' conscientiously
attcndiiiL:' lo his important and arduous duties iu
Williamsbiirgh, he kept a fine farm of sixty acres at
Claverack, in Columbia county, having it conducted
by a practical farmer, and there passed his summer
\acalion. . Dr. Porter was noted, in his sermons and
other works alike, for his learning and his literary
skill. Some1 of his hymns have had a wide popu-
larity. Two of these, " Christians, Up. Ihe Day is
Breaking," and "The Lamb That Was Slain," are
especially well known. Dr. Porter was married, in
1845, to Eliza K., daughter of Rev. Peter S. Wyn-
koop, of Ghent, N. Y. They had six children, four
of whom survive. Dr. Porter died at Claverack,
N. Y.. Feb. 26, 1888.
JACKSON, Sheldon, missionary, was born
at Miuaville, Montgomery co. , N. Y., May 18,
1834, son of Samuel Clinton and Delia (Sheldon)
Jackson. In 1855 he was graduated at. Union
College, New York city, and in 1858 at Prince-
ton Theological Seminary. The presbytery of Al-
bany licensed him to preach May 14, 1857, aud or-
dained him May 5, 1858. He was married to Mary,
daughter of William Voorhees, on May 18, 1858,
and they located as foreign missionaries at Spencer
Academy, Indian Territory. The climate affected
his health, and he was transferred to La Crescent,
Minn., holding services in western Wisconsin and
southern Minnesota from 1859 to 1864. That year
he became pastor of a church at Rochester, Minn.,
having general oversight of work in southern Min-
nesota, and so continued until 1869. when he re-
moved to Council Bluffs, la. In 1869 he was ap-
pointed superintendent of missions for Iowa, Ne-
braska, the Dakotas, Wyoming, Montana and
252
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Utah. He received no salary, but he selected three
missionaries, and pledged their support on his own
responsibility, and before the year closed ten, be-
sides himself, were in the field, and all were paid
in full, largely through the contributions of friends.
In 1870 he was commissioned by the Board of Home
Missions superintendent of Presbyterian missions
from Mexico to Canada and from Nevada to Ne-
braska. From 1869 to 1898 lie traveled nearly
700,000 miles. He was the originator and one of the
chief promoters of the Women's Executive com-
mittee, now the Woman's Board of Home Missions.
In March, 1872, in addition to his other duties, Mr.
Jackson established at Denver, Col., the "Rocky
Mountain Presbyterian," and published it until
1882, when the paper was
transferred to the Board of
Home Missions, and he was
called to the mission house,
New York city, to manage
it. In 1863 he served Tu
the hospitals of Tennessee
and Alabama. He was com-
missioner to the general as-
sembly in 1860, 1865, 1867,
1870, 1880, 1897 and 1898,
and in 1897 he was chosen
moderator. He assisted in
organizing the synods of
St. Paul" in 1860, Col-
orado iu 1871 and Washing-
ton iu 1890; the presby-
teries of Chippewa in 1859,
southern Minnesota in 1865,
- Colorado in 1870, Wyo-
ming in 1871, Montana, 1872,
Utah, 1874 and Alaska, 1884, having previously
organized churches composing these several presby-
teries. Over 150 churches owe their existence to his
pioneer labors, which have covered 1,675,000 square
miles, or almost one-half of the area of the United
States. Overtaxed as he was with the labor in the
Rocky Mountain region, his mind took in the con-
dition of the regions beyond, and in August, 1877,
he visited Alaska as the first ordained missionary
from the United States, and located a teacher at
Fort Wraugell. In 1887 he established the " North
Star " newspaper at Sitka, organized the Alaska
Society of Natural History and Ethnology and
erected a building for the museum. Having been
instrumental in securing legislation organizing the
disi net of Alaska, iu 1885, he was appointed by the
government superintendent of education iu Alaska.
He established schools, erected buildings and em-
ployed teachers. Having his sympathies excited by
the starving condition of the natives, he proposed
the introduction of reindeer and the education
of (lie natives as herders, thereby providing food
and transportation and material for raiment. Pri-
vate individuals furnished the means for the pur-
chase and first experiment, which was successful,
and in 1893 congress began to make small appro-
priations, the treasury co-operating in furnishing the
cutter Bear for transportation. In spite of all ob-
stacles, he has now (1899) established eight stations
supplied with 1,700 deer. In 1897 eight whaling
vessels were caught in the ice in the Arctic ocean, and
by order of the secretary of the treasury the deer at
two stations were taken to save the whalers from
starvation. In the winter of 1897-98 Dr. Jackson was
sent by the government to Lapland, Norway, where
he purchased 539 reindeer, and secured a colony of
113 Lapps, for Alaska. From 1869 to 1898 he delivered
over 3.000 missionary addresses. Receiving a small
inheritance from his parents, he found that he could
carry out a long-cherished hope of helping establish
a Christian college in Utah, which he did in 1895.
Among his publications are ; "Alaska and Missions
on the North Pacific Coast" (1880); " Education in
Alaska" (Washington, 1881); and "First Annual
Report ou Education in Alaska" (1886). He re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from Hanover College,
Indiana, in 1874, and LL.D. from Union College,
New York, 1898.
BISBEE, Marvin Davis, educator, was born
at Chester, Windsor co., Vt. , June 21, 1845, son of
Abner and Cynthia (Rolph) Bishee. and descendant
of Col. Thomas Besbedge, as the name then was
spelled, who came to Scituate, Mass., in 1634. His
great-grandfather was Capt. Abner Bisbee, of the
revolutionary army. On the maternal side the line
of descent has been traced to William of Normandy.
He was educated at Kimball Union Academy,
Meriden, N. H., Dartmouth College (1871), An-
(1 over and Chicago theological seminaries, being grad-
uated at the latter in 1874. He was ordained and in-
stalled pastor of the Congregational church at Fisher-
ville (now Penacook), N. "H., in 1874; was pastor
of the Chapel Congregational Church, Cambridge,
Mass. (1878-82); associate editor of the " Congrega-
tionalist" (1882-86); and later professor of bibliogra-
phy in Dartmouth College and librarian. Aside from
editorial work, he has been a frequent contributor
to various periodicals iu both prose and verse; pub-
lished "Songs of the Pilgrims" (1887). He con-
siders the ministry the highest profession, and retired
from it reluctantly on account of chronic weakness of
voice. He is a member of the New Hampshire
Historical Society. He was married, at Springfield,
Vt., Aug. 26, 1873, to Susan Augusta, daughter of
Solon and Augusta (Norwood) Silsliy. Their one
child, Catherine Rossiter, is a graduate of Wellesley
College of the class of 1898.
EASTMAN, Charles Gamag-e, editor and
poet, was born at Fryeburg, Oxford co., Me., June
1, 1816. When a child lie removed with his parents
to Barnard, Vt., and his education was obtained at
Royalton, Windsor and Burling-
ton, and he was graduated at
the University of Vermont in
1837. Before his graduation he
was a frequent contributor to the
editorial columns of the Burling-
ton "Sentinel," of which at a
later period John Godfrey Saxe
was associate editor, and his writ-
ings were marked by a directness
and force unusual in one of his
years. He founded the " Lamoille
River Express" at Johnson in 1 8:^s
ami the "Spirit of the Age" at
Woodstock in 1S40. Iu~ these
papers lie was emphatic in his de-
nunciationsof the Whigsand their
policy, and labored zealously,
although unsuccessfully, to build
up the fortunes of the Democratic
party in Vermont. In 1846 he purchased the Mont-
pelier " Patriot," which he owned and edited until
a short time before his death. Mr. Eastman was
postmaster at Woodstock and Montpelier for several
years and a member of the slate senate in 1851-52.
He had indulged in verse writing ever since his col-
lege days, and he was frequently invited to read
some of his longer poems before college and other
societies, but it was not until 1848 when, from his
own press at Montpelier, his poems were issued in
a volume of about 350 pages, that he was generally
recognized as a poet. His fancy was tender, way-
ward and delicate, and some of his lyrics are
among the most beautiful ever written by an Ameri-
can. He has been aptly described as the " Burns of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
253
the Green Mountains," and his " The Farmer Sat iu
His Easy Chair," "The Pauper's Burial," "Come,
Sing Me the Song That You Sang Years Ago," and
many other of his poems will never lie forgotten.
Mr. Eastman died at Burlington. Vt,., in 1801.
STOTT, William Taylor, soldier and president
of Franklin College, was born near Vernou, Jen-
nings co., lud., May 22, 1836, son of the Rev.
John and Elizabeth (Vawter) Stott. His pater-
nal grandfather was of Scotch descent, as the name
implies, and served in the war of 1812. The
mother's family was English, but both sides were
noted for their ministers. Early in life the sou's
thoughts were directed to the advantages of
thorough education, and after the usual district
school experience, lie attended the
academy at Sardinia, Deratur CO.
After studying there and teaching
fora time, he spent four years in
Franklin College, and was gradu-
ated in the class of 1861. He
immediately afterward enlisted in
the Federal army, and participated
iu fifteen buttles of Ihe civil war.
At the close of the war he studied
theology nt Kochcsier, N. Y., be-
coming pastorof the Baptist church
at Columbus, Ind., in September,
1S68. This pastorale continued
for but one year, as some time be-
fore its close the board of directors
of Franklin College offered him
the chair of natural science, which
position he accepted, also serv-
ing as acting president. In 1872
this institution suspended for want
of funds, and Prof. Stott immediately entered upon
similar work at Kalamazoo, Mich. 'The following
year, however, Franklin College was reopened, and
1)6 became its president. He succeeded in building it
up to take rank as one of the prominent institutions
of the state. In 1899 it had eleven instructors and
266 students, with a library of 12,000 volumes. In
1ST:! the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by
Kalamazoo College. He has also been president of
the Indiana state convention, president of the Bap-
tist Association, a member of the board of directors
of the Missionary Union and president of the In-
diana Baptist Publishing Co. Dr. Stott was married,
iu isiis. to Arabella Tracy, of Rochester, N. Y.
EVERETT, Charles Carroll, clergyman and
educator, was born in Brunswick, Cumberland Co.,
Me., June 19, 1829, son of Ebenezer and Joanna
. Batchelder (Prince) Everett. His father was a lawyer
of prominence and a member of the board of trustees
of Bowdoin College. His grandfather, Moses Ever-
ett, was for eighteen years settled as minister over
the First Parish in Dorchester, Mass. The earliest
known ancestor in the Everett line was Richard
Everett, one of the first settlers of Dcdham, Mass.,
he having removed thither from Watertown, Mass.,
about 1636. The mother of Charles C. Everett was
one of two women, who, in 1810, in Beverly, Mass. ,
founded the first Sunday-school in New England.
Her grandfather, Rev. Joseph Prince, was some-
what noted iu his day as "the blind preacher."
Charles C. Everett was graduated at Bowdoin Col-
lege iu 1850, later receiving the degrees of D.D. and
LL.D. from that college and S.T.D. from Harvard.
After graduation he studied in Germany, and took a
walking trip through south Germany, Switzerland
and Italy. During 1853-57 he was instructor and later
professor of languages at Bowdoin College. He was
graduated at the Harvard Divinity School in 1859,
and from that year until 1869 was pastor of the In-
dependent Congregational Church (Unitarian) at
Bangor, Me. Siuce 1869 he has been Bussey pro-
fessor of theology iu Harvard University, and dean
of Harvard Divinity School siuce 1.878. Dr. Everett
is a frequent contributor to magazines and reviews,
and has published a number of books, including
"The Science of Thought" (1869; revised 1890);
" Fichte's Science of Knowledge " (1884); "Poetry,
Comedy and Duty" (1888); "Ethics for Young Peo-
ple " <1S'.)2), and "The Gospel of Paul" (1893). He
has been the chairman of the editorial board of " The
New World," an undenominational theological quar-
terly review. Dr. Everett was married in Topsham,
Me., in 185!», to Sarah Octavia, daughter of Luther
and Prise-ilia (Tebbets) Dwinel.
SHELTON, Frederick William, author, was
born at Jamaica, N. Y., in 1814. His father, Dr.
Nalhan Shelton, was an eminent physician who per-
sonally interested himself in his son's education. The
son early showed his love for literature by writing
humorous sketches for the pleasure of his intimates.
He was graduated at. Princeton in 1834, and sub-
sequently devoted much of his time to literary com-
position, contributing a series of local humorous
sketches to the "Knickerbocker Magazine," which
included "The Kushow Properly," "The Tinne-
cum Papers," and several criticisms upon Vincent
Bourne, Charles Lamb and other select authors. Iu
1837 he published anonymously his first volume,
"The Trollopiad ; or. Travelling Gentlemen in
America," which he dedicated to Mrs. Trollope. It
is a c.ever squib against the flippant descriptions of
this country by tourists who hurry over it and a
curious record of a past state of literature. Mr.
Shellon studied for the minislry, and iu 1X47 was
ordained minister of the Protestant Episcopal church.
He occupied the parish at Iliintiugtou, L. I., and
later the parish of Fishkill, N. Y. In 1854 he was
rector of the church at Moutpelier, Vt., where he re-
mained for ten years, and then removed to Carthage
Lauding, N. Y. Several of his writings illustrate the
experiences of a rural clergyman, and are among
the happiest sketches from his
pen. Mr. Shelton's works include
"The Hector of St. Bardolph's,"
published in 1852, and "Peeps
from a Belfry; or, The Parish
Sketchbook," published in 1S55,
which, though intensely satirical,
have also a pathos and simplicity
that recall the "Vicar of Wake- ,
field." He also published two apo-
logues, marked by poetical refine-
ment and delicate invention: "Sa-
lander and the Dragon," in 1850,
and " Chrystalline; or, The Heir-
ess of Fall Downe Castle," de-
signed to illustrate the evils of sus-
picion and calumny. In 1853 he
published " Up Ihe River," a se-
ries of moral sketches, containing
observations of nature and animal
life, interspersed with the individual humor of the
author. He also published two lectures on "The
Gold Mania" and "The Use and Abuse of Reas "
which were delivered at Huntington. With Ver-
planck and Cozzens, he was a contributor to the
"Knickerbocker Gallery." which Lewis Gaylord
Clark conducted. Mr. Shelton, in his latter years,
devoted himself to authorship, and was a constant
contributor to the periodical press until his death,
at Carthage Landing, N. Y., June 20, 1881.
ROCKWELL, Joel Edson, clergyman, was
born at Salisbury, Addisou co., Vt., May 4, 1816,
son of Warren and Sarah R. (Wells) Rockwell.
While he was an infant his parents removed to
Hudson, N. Y., and there his life was spent until he
254
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
was ready to enter college. He was graduated at
Amherst in 1837, and at Union Theological Semi-
nary, New York city, in 1841, meantime having
been licensed to preach by the New School presbytery
of Columbia. On Oct. 13, 1841, he was ordained 1o
the ministry by the same presbytery, and installed
pastor of the Presbyterian church at Valatie, Colum-
bia co., N. Y. He remained with this charge until
May, 1847, when he became pas-
tor of the Hanover Street Pres-
byterian Church, Wilmington,
Del. His next field of labor was
Brooklyn, N. Y., where, Feb.
13, 1851, he was installed pas-
tor of the Central (Old School)
Presbyterian Church on Wil-
loughby street. A few years
later the congregation removed
to a new building on Schermer-
horn street. When Dr. Rock-
well began his work there were
only 120 members, but in thir-
teen years' time the number
increased to 460, and during
the same time nearly 600 united
with the church, 3~00 of them
on profession of faith. In 1859
he was comPelleil by impaired
health to resign, and with
his wife traveled in Europe.
During the civil war he ministered to the soldiers in
the field in the service of the Christian commission.
In September, 1868, he became pastor of the Edge-
water Presbyterian Church, Staten Island, and there
spent the remainder of his useful and happy life.
For some years he was a member of the Presbyterian
Board of Publication, and for eight years edited
"The Sabbath-school Visitor." He published a
number of sermons and addresses and several books,
including "Sketches of the Presbyterian Church"
(1854); "The Young Christian Warned" (1857);
"Visitors' Questions" (1857); "Scenes and Impres-
sions Abroad" (1859), and "My Sheet-Anchor"
(1864). He was appointed a member of the com-
mittee on the reunion of the Presbyterian church by
I lie general assembly of 1867, in place of Rev. Dr.
Krebs. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him
by Jefferson College in 1859. His style of preaching
was plain, Imt he was always animated, and at times
eloquent. His writings were vigorous, and he was
one of the most useful men in his denomination. Dr.
Rockwell was married in New York, June 22, 1842,
to Mary Eli/.abeth, daughter of Daniel M. and Ann
B. (Butler) Frye. She bore him four sons and one
d.-iii;rhtcr. lie died in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 29,
1882.
WATERHOUSE, Benjamin, physician, was
born at Newport, R. I., in 1754, son of Timothy
Waterhouse, who was judge of the court of com-
mon pleas for Newport county. He studied medi-
cine in Newport for several years, but in 1775, just
at tin- breaking-out of the war, he went to England,
where he was placed under the care of Dr. Fother-
gill, who was a relative of his mother, and who took
the deepest interest in his welfare. He also had a
letter to John Wilkes, of whom he wrote freely in
after years in his essay on Junius. He remained
with Dr. Fothergill three years, closely attending
to his studies, which he pursued also in Edinburgh,
and finally in Leyden, where he was graduated in
1780. While pursuing his studies there he spent his
vacations in traveling through different parts of
Europe, and when his course was completed he re-
turned to America, prepared to follow his profes-
sion. Three years later, 1783, he received the ap-
pointment of professor of the theory and practice of
medicine in Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. At
that time there was but one medical school in
America — the one in Philadelphia. While engaged
in his duties as professor at Harvard, Dr. Water-
house found time to write a number of books,
among others, " Heads of a Course of Lectures on
Natural History" (1810); "The Botanist (1811),
and a " A Journal of a Young Man of Massachu-
setts," a novel founded on fact (1816). In 1799 his
attention was drawn to inoculation for Uiue-pock by
the discovery of Jenner, and it at once became with
him an absorbing study. With a zeal that knew no
bounds he labored with pen and voice to make
known the advantages to be derived from inocula-
tion, and he was the first physician in America to
resort to it in his practice. This was in 1800. In
1810, when the prejudice against inoculation had
been overcome, and the advantage of resorting to it
as a means of protection from the small-pox was
generally recognized. Dr. Waterhouse petitioned
the legislature of Massachusetts to grant him some
remuneration for the services he had rendered the
public in bringing it into notice. In 1812 he severed
his connection with the university, and in 1813
was appointed by Pres. Jefferson medical superin-
tendent of the nine United States medical ports in
New England, which office he held until 1820, when
he wholly withdrew from professional life. From
that time he gave his attention — save when drawn
aside for the moment by peculiar and extraordinary
cases — to literary matters, and chiefly to the " Letters
of Juuius." These letters, he held, were written by
Lord Chatham. To this end he wrote a long trea-
tise, in which he devoted quite as much space to
anecdotes, biographical sketches and historical dis-
sertations as to the subject in question. He had an
extensive correspondence with numerous learned
societies of winch he was a member. He was a
fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-
ences; the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia,
and of similar societies in Bath and Manchester,
England. In the Redwood Library there is a por-
trait of Dr. Waterhouse at the age of twenty-two
years, painted by Gilbert Stuart, and presented to
the library by Mrs. Waterhouse. He died at Cam-
bridge, Mass"., Oct. 2, 1846.
BRIGGS. Charles Frederick, author, was born
in Nantucket, Mass. , in 1804. Removing to New York
city, he became connected with various newspapers,
and in 1844 began the publication
of the "Broadway Journal," a
weekly. He retired in 1845, and
Edgar Allen Poe, who had be-
come his associate, conducted
it alone. A series of letters,
purporting to be from the pen
of Fernando Mendez Pinto,
were contributed to the "Even-
ing Mirror." and excited much
amusement by the satirical de-
scription of the affectations of the
day given therein. From 1853 to
1856 Mr. Briggs was associated
with George William Curtis and
Parke Godwin in editing "Put-
nam's Magazine," and when a
new series was begun in 1869
he again became an editor. He
was employed in the New York
custom-house for a time, but in
1870 joined the editorial staff of the Brooklyn
"Union, "and in 1874 was chief editor of that journal.
Late in 1874 he became connected with the "Inde-
pendent," and remained on the staff until his death.
He wrote the following named novels, dealing hu-
morously with life in New York: " Harry Franco: A
Tale of the Great Panic " (1839); "The Haunted Mer-
chant" (1843), and "The Trippings of Tom Pepper;
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
255
or, Tbe Results of Romancing " (1845). Ot her works
were a story in pamphlet form, "Working a Pas-
sage; or, Life on a Liner" (1844): "Seaweeds from
Nantucket's Shores," a volume of selections, but in-
cluding original verse, ami "History of the Atlantic
Telegraph Cable," written in conjunction with A.
Maverick. Mr. Briggs died in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
June 20, 1877.
MALBONE, Edward Greene, painter, was
born in Newport, R. I., in August, 1777. He is
said to have been an illegitimate son of Capt. John
Malbone, and during the early part of his life was
known by his mother's name, Greene. An act of
legislature finally permitted him to assume that
of his father. His grandfather. Col. Godfrey Mal-
bone, or Malboru, as Petersen, in his "History of
Rhode Island," spells it, was, according to the same
authority, a native of Princess Anne county, \'a.. and
about 1700 settled at Newport, where he was mar-
ried to Margaret Scott. He became very wealthy by
inheritance and by privateering, and was noted for
his elegant hospitality. Two of his sous, Godfrey
and John, also engaged in privateering and in slave
dealing. Edward Malbone, as a boy, displayed re-
fined and engaging manners and ingenuity in various
ways, being fond of making kites and fireworks,
of dissecting mechanical toys to learn the secret of
their construction, and of painting tiny pictures for
his friends. He cared little or nothing for the
sports of other boys, 1ml spent considerable time in
reading in th<- Redwood library or in rambling alone
in the country. He frequently visited the theatre
to watch the process of scene painting, and having
shown talent for sketching from nature, and having
had some instruction, he was allowed to assist, and
even to paint an entire scene. His success with this
led him to consider taking up art as his profession,
though his father was opposed to the step, and he
received encouragement from the English consul at
Providence, who advised him to make a specialty of
miniature painting. This advice he took, and at the
age of seventeen settled in Providence, where he re-
mained two years. Subsequently he visited Boston
(1796), New York and Philadelphia, and in the
winter of 1800 went to Charleston, S. C., with his
friend, Washington Allstou. "His beautiful equa-
nimity of soul and manners of rare amenity," to use
Washington Allston's language concerning him, won
the hearts of the South Carolinians, and he was
treated with the greatest hospitality. In May, 1801,
he accompanied Allstou to London" and spent several
months in studying the works of the masters and
associating with the members of the Royal Academy,
whose president, Benjamin West, urged him to re-
main in the metropolis, declaring that he had noth-
ing to fear from professional competition. Malbone
preferred his own country, however, and in the
winter of 1801 returned to Charleston, where he re-
sided forfive years, meantime making trips to north-
ern, cities to execute commissions. Sedeutarv
habits and intense application to work enfeebled his
constitution, and late in 1806, having been warned
that he was threatened with consumption, he sailed
for the West Indies. After residing on the island of
Jamaica for several months, without decided bene-
fit, he returned to the United States, making his
home in Savannah. Towards the close of his life
Malbone took up painting in oils, and among the
portraits executed in this medium is one of himself,
now in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D. C. He
also painted landscapes; but it is as a miniature
painter that he is best known, and his work is equal
to that of Isabey, Cosway, Ross and other masters
in this special branch. "He had the happy fac-
ulty," says Allston, " of elevating the character with-
out impairing the likeness. This was remarkable in
his male heads; no woman ever lost any beauty from
his hand; the fair would become still fairer under
his pencil. To this lie added a grace of execution
all his own. He was amiable and generous, and
wholly free from any professional jealousy." Tuck-
erman, in his "Book of the Artists," ti> evidence
Malbone's skill in catching a likeness, states that a
foreign artist, on being shown a miniature repre-
senting a beautiful girl of seventeen, recognized the
features of an aged lady to whom he had been in-
trodui-ed a few days previous. Many of his minia-
tures exist, cherished as heirlooms, all having the
qualities of perfect drawing, exquisite coloring and
style. His most noted work, "The Hours," was
painted in London, and represents three female
figures: the Past, the Present and the Future. It
•was purchased from his heirs for $1,200, and is pre-
served in the Providence Atheii.-rum. Two portraits
of ladies of the Middleton family of South Caro-
lina, famous beauties, were reproduced by John
Cheney, in steel engravings entitled •• Eger'ia " and
"Annette." Examples of Malbone's art are to In-
seen in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He died at
Savannah. (Ja., May 7," 1807.
INGEKSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and ora-
tor, was born at, Dresden. Yates Co., N. Y., Aug. 11,
Is:;:!, son nf John and Mai y( Livingston) Ingersoll. His
father was a Congregational clergyman, well known
in New York state for his elo-
quence and broad views; his mother
was a daughter of Judge Hubert
Livingston, of Ogdensburg, X. Y.,
and his wife. Agnes O. Adams.
Having completed his education in
the schools of Illinois, whither his
father had removed in 1843, Robert
G. Ingersoll studied law and was ad-
mitted to the bar. He opened an
oHiee at Shawneetown. 111., in part-
nership with hiselder brother, Eben
C. Ingersoll, who was representative
in congress from Illinois (1804-70),
and both became active in law
and politics. In 1857 he removed to
Peoria, then a rapidly growing busi-
ness centre, and here; in 1860, he
was an unsuccessful candidate for
congress on the Democratic ticket.
From the opening of the civil war he was active in
his advocacy of the Federal cause, and in 1SI12 went
to the front as colonel of the llth Illinois cavalry.
He was captured and neld prisoner for several
months, but was finally exchanged, and in 1864 re-
signed from the army to resume the practice of law.
Having changed his allegiance to the Republican
party, he was, in 1866, appointed attorney-general
of Illinois, and further demonstrated his political
importance as delegate to several successive national
conventions. In the convention of 1876 he pro-
posed the name of James G. Blaine as candidate for
president, with a brilliant oration, in which he
originated the famous title "Plumed Knight" as a
designation for the Maine senator. In 1877 he de-
clined appointment as minister to Germany. He
has appeared in several historic cases, most notedly
as counsel for the "Star Route" conspirators. Brady
and Dorscy, in 1883, when he secured in 1878 an
acquittal. On account of his increased reputation he
removed to Washington, D. C., and some years later
to New York city, where he resided until his death.
He was one of the most eloquent and powerful
oratorsof the day; had few equals before a jury, and
was equally acceptable as a campaign speaker and
on the lecture platform. His widest reputation,
however, rests on his numerous witty attacks on
certain popular forms of Christian teaching, as
well as on the divine authority of the Bible." His
256
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
lectures, which were published complete iu 1883,
contain such titles as ''The Gods," "Ghosts,"
"Skulls," "Some Mistakes of Moses." Some of
his best sayings were issued iu book form in 1884,
under the title " Prose Poems and Selections." He
has also lectured repeatedly on the life and work of
Thomas Paine and mi Shakespeare. Col. Ingersoll
was preeminent among modern orators for high
poetical power and command of apt and beautiful
imagery in expressing his ideas. He iiad few, if
any, equals in his ability to touch the deepest chords
of feeling. In 1862 he was married to Eva A. Parker
of Grovelaud, 111. They had two daughters. He
died at Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., July 21, 1899.
KELLEY, William Valentine, clergyman and
editor, was born in Plainrield, N. J., Feb. 13, 1843,
son of Rev. Benjamin and Eliza (Valentine) Kelley.
Dr. Kelley is descended on his father's side from
Puritan ancestors, who came from England to New-
buryport, Mass., in 1635; and on his mother's side
from the Long Island Valentines, allied by marriage
to the Harper family. He was educated at Penning-
ton Seminary, New Jersey, and Wesleyan University,
Middletown, Conn., afterwards becoming professor
of German, mathematics and natural science in Pen-
ninglon Seminary. He was ordained to the ministry
of the Methodist church by Bishop D. W. Clark, at
Millville. N. J., in 1869. "After filling pastorates in
Burlington, C'amden and New
Brunswick, N. J., he obtained
leave of absence for a year to
travel and study iu various parts
of Europe. Asia and Africa. Af-
ter his return to America, he was
pastor successively of prominent
churches in Buffalo. N.Y., Phila-
delphia, Pa., Newark, N. J.,
and New Haven,Conn., and for
eight vears occupied the pulpit
of St." John's M. E. Church,
Brooklyn, N. Y. The degree
of D.D.was conferred on him
in 1883 by Wesleyan Univer-
sity, and that of LL.D. by
Dickinson College in 1899. For
years he was a member of
the New York state execu-
tive committee of the Evaii^eli-
i cal Alliance, and is a member of
the board of managers of the American Bible Society
and of the missionary board of his denomination.
He is trustee of Wesleyan University, Connecticut,
Pekin University, China, and Drew Theological Semi-
nary. Madison, N. J. He has declined several profes-
sorships in colleges and theological schools, but is a
frequent lecturer and special preacher in such insti-
tutions. He was selected to represent his denomi-
nation in a discussion in the "Church Review"
(Protestant Episcopal) on apostolic succession and
the historic episcopate. Having been for years a
writer and lecturer on literary, philosophical, histori-
cal and theological subjects, a contributor to reviews,
periodicals and journals, and selected as the biog-
rapher of Bishops Wiley and Simpson, he was
elected, in 1893, editor of the "Methodist Review,"
a position formerly held by Drs. John McClintock,
Daniel D. Whcdou and Daniel Curry. Dr. Kelley
\\;ts re-elected editor of the "Review" in 1896 by
the general conference at Cleveland, O.
EVERETT, Alexander Hill, author and
statesman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 19,
1790. sou of Rev. Oliver Everett, of Boston, and an
elder brother of Edward Everett. He studied at the
free school of Dorchester, Mass., and afterwards at
Harvard University, where he was graduated, at the
head of his class, in 1806. After teaching for a year
at Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., he began to
read law in the office of John Quincy Adams, and
while thus occupied, entered on his literary career
with articles contributed to the " Monthly Antholo-
gy." In 1809 he accompanied Mr. Adams to Rus-
sia, whither he had been sent as. U. S. minister, and
for two years resided at St. Petersburg, as an attache
of the legation. Before his return home, he visited
Sweden, spent several months in England and a
short time in Paris. Arriving in Boston, in 1812, he
at once entered upon legal practice, and also be-
came prominent as a writer and orator. The war
with England was the occasion of his writing, for
the " Patriot," a Democratic journal of Boston, a
series of articles in favor of prosecuting the war,
which were afterwards collected and published iu a
volume, entitled " Remarks on the Governor's
Speech." In the same year he published in the
"Patriot "a series of articles against the Hartford
convention. He was an attache of the legation to
the Netherlands during 1815-16, and was charge
d'affaires during 1818-24. In the latter capacity he
rendered important services by conducting the
claims of the United States for spoliations suffered
during the French ascendancy. Meantime, continu-
ing his literary labors, he wrote for the "North
American Review " and various other periodicals,
and also prepared and published in London and
Boston, a book entitled "Europe; or, a General
Survey of the Political Situation of the Principal
Powers, with Conjectures on Their Future Pros-
pects, by a Citizen of the United States." This work
was considered so valuable that it was translated
into German, with a commentary by Prof. Jacobi,
of Halle, and also into French and Spanish. In
1824 Mr. Everett returned to America, but in 1825
was appointed minister to Spain. While there he in-
vited Washington Irving to become an attache of
the legation, and besides rendering this service to
litrrature, he aided William Hickling Prescott iu
collecting material for his immortal histories. On
his return to America, in 1829, he became editor of
the " North American Review." which he conducted
with signal ability for five years. He became a mem-
ber of the state senate in 1830; was the author of the
address issued by the convention of 1831, by which
Henry Clay was nominated for the presidency; and
in 1833, as chairman of a committee of the tariff
convention, he drew up a memorial in reply to one
prepared by Mr. Gallatin, for the free-trade conven-
tion of 1832. In 1840 he spent two months in Cuba,
as confidential commissioner, investigating charges
brought against the U. S. consul, and on his return,
accepted the presidency of Jefferson College, Louisi-
ana. This position he was soon afterwards obliged
by ill-health to resign. Besides the literary works
already referred to, Mr. Everett published a vast
number of fugitive articles, and also the following
volumes : " New Ideas on Population, with Remarks
on the Theories of Godwin and Malthus " (1822);
"America; or, a General Survey of the Political
Situation of the Principal Powers of the Western
Continent, with Conjectures on Their Future Pros-
pects, by a Citizen of the United States" (1827);
"Critical and Miscellaneous Essays " (1845 and 1847),
and "Poems " (1845). He wrote the lives of Joseph
Warren and Patrick Henry for Sparks' "American
Biography, " and was one of the many distinguished
contributors to the columns of the younger Nathan
Hale's "Boston Miscellany of Literature and Fash-
ion" during the brief existence of that publication.
An accomplished orator, he delivered numerous
public addresses on important occasions. In 1845 he
was appointed commissioner to China, and set out
for his post, but on account of ill-health did not ar-
rive there until the following year. He died at Can-
ton, China. June 28, 1847.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
257
„...; t—
America.
GILES, Chauncey, clergyman, was born at
Charlemont, Franklin co.. Mass., May 11, 1813, son
of Juhn and Almira ( Avery) Giles. Having completed
liis preparatory studies at Benniugton, Vt., hcenti -\> d
Williams College; but before the close of the course
ill health ccimprllnl his withdrawal. He then taught
school at Fislikill, Rochester and Palmyra, N. Y.,
and at Hamiltim, Lebanon and Pomeroy, (>.; anil
having meanlime been convened to the doctrines of
Swedcnborg, he was ordaineil as a minister in May,
1853. In November of the same year he became
pastor of the First New-Jerusalem Church, Cincin-
nati, where he remained ten years, and then accepted
Hie call of the First Society of New York cit\.
During his incumbency there the church building
was greatly improved and enlarged. On
Jan. 1, 1878, he became pastor of the
First New-Jerusalem Church of Phila-
delphia, where he remained until his
death. Mr. Giles was an impressive
preacher, thoroughly in earnest and a
stanch defender of liis principles, lie
made LI 1 n-e of his early experience in
teaching to enforce and simplify his dis-
course^, and hi- remarkable facility in il-
lustratingspiritual things by natural fur-
ther added tohis poweranil inlluence. In
IsiiM he was consecrated ' 'ordaining min-
ister," an office in his denomination
analogous to that of bishop in the K|ii-
eopal church, anil from 1N75 until his
death was president of the general con
vcntion of the New-Jerusalem church in
The degrees of A.B. and A.M. were con-
ferred on him by Williams College in 187(i. In ad-
dition to numerous sermons, tracts and articles,
many of which have been translated into French,
German and Italian, he published "The Nature of
Spirit and of Man as a Spiritual Being "( IstUi; "The
Incarnation, Death and Mediation of ( )ur Lord Jesus
Christ" (1868); " Heavenly Blessedness: What It Is,
and How Attained" (1872); "The Spiritual World
and Our Children There " (1874); " Perfect Prayer,
How Offered, How Answered " ( 18S3); " Evolution "
(1887); "The Forgiveness of Sin" (1889); "Why I
Am a New Churchman" (1892); "Consolation"
(1893). He also wrote several children's stories of
considerable merit; "The Wonderful Pocket"
(1SH7); "The Magic Spectacles" (1868); "The Gate
of Pearl" (1869); "The Made Shoes, and Other
Stories" (1869), and "The Valley of Diamonds, and
Other Stories " (1881). These stories are character-
ized by the same simple and direct style which is
found ia all his writings, and have for their aim
"the clothing of spiritual truths in the form of beau-
tiful stories and talks." After his death a memorial
volume, "Progress in Spiritual Knowledge." con-
taining his biography and an estimate of his life-
work, was published by the American New-Church
Tract and Publication Society (1895), also a volume
of sermons, entitled "The Sanctity of Marriage"
(1896). Mr. Giles was married, Sept. 8, 1841, to
Eunice Lakey, of Palmyra, N. Y. He died in Phila-
delphia. Pa., Nov. 6, 1893.
ROHLFS, Charles, actor, was born in New-
York city, Feb. 15, 1853. Even as a child he dis-
played histrionic talent, and became famous among
his schoolmates for his spirited recitation of dra-
matic verses. In 1877 he made his first profes-
sional appearance, under the manairemcat of Tomp-
kins and Hill. After the close of his first season he
filled engagements in the support of Edwin Booth,
John McCullough and Mary Anderson, and then,
going to New York, he became a member of the
riteriou Comedy Company, of which De Wolf
Hopper was proprietor. When Mr. Hopper starred
in the play " One Hundred Wives," Mr. Rohlfs was
VOL. IX — !7.
given a small and insignificant part, which, how-
ever, afforded him ample opportunity to display his
talent for facial expression, and he immediately
made a great success of it. Under his treatment it
became a leading part, and the actor -was brought so
prominently into notice that several desirable en-
faLM-ments in dramatic < ..... ipanies were offered him.
le accepted one to support Lawrence Barrett, and
in subsequent seasons he played Hotspur, in the
company of which McAuley was Faistaff ; was
with .loiin E. Owens fora short time; took the lead-
ing heavy part ill the play " Samuel of Pusen," and
played Carpjac in " The Banker's Daughter." In
1NS4, after his marriage to the novelist, Anna Kath-
arine Green, he left the stage, out of consideration for
his wife, and engaged in the designing of ornamen-
tal iron-work for six years. At the end of that time,
unable to forget his early predilections, he re
turned to his profession, staging his wife's no\e],
"The Leaveuworth Case, "and playing, in its sec ...... I
season, the part of Harwell, which at tirsl waslaken
by Joseph Ha worth. By his clever interpretation
of the pail, .Mr. Kohlfs established his rank as an
actor of exceptional powei in the portrayal of parts
requirini: Ihe exhibition of i; real emotion. Dining
this tour as a star, in 18'.r,!-93, the critics discovered
his especial fitness for tragic roles, and conse-
quently urged him to enter the field of the stand-
ard drama. In the season of 1S!)4-'.I5 he made a re-
cital lour for the purpose of exhibiting bis time-,-.
for sue 1 1 role-.. His methods have been compared to
I hose of Richard Ma nsticld and his expression and de-
meanor to E. S. Willard. During the political cam-
paign of 1896 he was active as a plat form speaker
on the Republican side, bringing into effective ser-
vice a talent for story-telling.
ROHLFS, Anna Katharine Green, author,
was born in Brooklyn. N. Y., Nov. 11, 1840,
daughter of James Wilson and Catherine Ann Green.
Her father was a lawyer, and one of an old Connec-
ticut family. She was educated in
the public schools of New York
city and Buffalo, whither the fam-
ily had removed in 1857, and
completed the course of study at
Ripley Female ( 'olle^e. Poultney,
Vt.,in 1867. Then returning to her
native city, she engaged in literary
work. In childhood she had writ-
ten numerous stories and poems,
but her novel, "The Leaveuworth
Case" (1S7S), was her first serious
work as a prose writer. Her work
on this was most carefully done,
and being given to the public-
only after repeated revisions and
study, at once attracted the atten-
tion of the literary world. Its sale
was phenomenal, and the demand
from publishers for books from
her pen gave her ample occu-
pation and remuneration. During the next seven-
teen years she wrote and published fifteen novels
and two books of poems, the latter being all written
before the publication of " The Leavenworth Case."
The sale of her first novel had exceeded 750,000 vol-
umes in 1894. The story was dramatized and produced
during the season of 1891-92, her husband sustaining
the leading part — Harwell. This book is also used as a
text-book "in Yale University to demonstrate the
fallacy of circumstantial evidence, and several
noted jurists have acknowledged its mastery of legal
points." Miss Green was married in Brooklyn, in
1884, to Charles Rohlfs, an actor, and soon after
took up her residence in Buffalo. They have three
children — Rosamond, Sterling and Roland. She has
.
258
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
retained her maiden name in all her writing!:, and
has made it known throughout the world wherever
they have been translated. Her published works
include "A Strange Disappearance " (1879); "The
Sword of Damocles" (1881); "Hand and Ring"
(1883); "X. Y. Z. " (1883); "The Mill Mystery"
(1886); "7 to 12" (1887); "Behind Closed Doors"
(18SS); "The Forsaken Inn" (1890); " A Matter of
Millions" (1890); "The Old Stone House" (1891);
"Cynthia Wakeham's Money" (1892); "Marked
Personal" (1893); "Miss Kurd: An Enigma"
(1894); "Dr. Izard" (1895); "That Affair "Next
Door" (1897); "Agatha Webb" (1899), and her
poems, "The Defense of the Bride and Other
Poems" (1882), and " Risifi's Daughter," a drama
(1887).
CHAMBERS, Talbot Wilson, clergyman,
was bom at Carlisle, Cumberland CO., Pa., Feb. 25,
1819, son of William C. and Mary (Ege) Chambers,
and descendant of one of three brothers Scotch-
Irishmen, who emigrated to Pennsylvania from
county Antrim, Ireland, about 1720. His father, a
graduate of Dickinson College, and a cultured
physician, was an elder in the Presbyteriau church
at Carlisle, and later, for a longer period, in the
First Church of Philadelphia. His mother, daughter
of Michael Ege, a wealthy iron manufacturer, was
descended from Michael Ege, who came to this
country in 17*:;. probably from Mannheim, Ger-
many. Dr. Chambers was the third of nine children.
In 1830 he entered Dickinson Col-
lege in his native town; in 1831 be-
came a communicant in the Pres-
byterian church; in 1832 entered
the sophomore class of Rutgers Col-
lege. Dr. Alexander McClelland,
professor of languages at Rutgers,
a remarkable scholar and preacher,
had been a professor in Dickin-
son College, and the parents of
young Chambers were anxious to
place their son under his direct
influence, hence the transfer. Dr.
Chambers was graduated in 1834,
sharing with two others the sec-
ond honor in a class of twenty, and
then entered the theological semi-
nary at New Brunswick. In the
autumn of 1836 he entered Princeton Seminary,
where he remained a year, his studies being more
than once interrupted by illness. He added Arabic
and German to his regular studies, and at one time
thought of studying medicine as well, in order to
increase his usefulness in the missionary field, which
he had a strong desire to enter. He was offered
a scholarship in the seminary, but was obliged to de-
cline il, and gave up stud}', financial losses in the
family obliging him to teach. For nearly two years,
in 1837-39, he was a tutor in families at Vicksburg,
Natchez and Oakley, Miss., and having continued
theological study, was licensed to preach, Oct. 21,
is;!s, at Clinton, Miss. During the controversy be-
tween the old and new school branches of the Pres-
byterian church, then at its height, Dr. Chambers
sided with the conservatives, while his father's fam-
ily were all with the other faction. Unable to ac-
cept new school views, unwilling to grieve his
family by connecting himself with the old school
branch, he found a way out of the dilemma by en-
tering the Reformed (Dutch) church. On Oct.' 13th
he began preaching for the Second Reformed Church
of Raritan, at, Somerville, N. J., and on Jan. 22,
1840, was ordained to the ministry, and installed
pastor. For ten years he ministered to lhal church,
which prospered numerically and financially under
him. During that same period he took an active
Interest in politics as a Whig, and contributed edi-
torials on current political topics to the Somerset
" Whig." On Dec. 2, 1849, he became one of the
pastors of the Collegiate Reformed (Dutch) Church,
New York city, being installed in the Middle Church,
Lafayette place, and preached in rotation until 1871,
when he was assigned to special duty in the Middle
Church. His connection with this church never
ceased, although it was transferred to another lo-
cality, and his full ministerial service was about
forty-three years in duration. For many years he
was the oldest minister of the Collegiate Church in
active service, and for three years its oldest minister.
He was in a remarkable degree familiar with the
history, doctrines and usages of the church, and was
strenuous for the observance of its constitutional
requirements. He was one of the most active mem-
bers of the classis; was repeatedly a delegate to the
general synod, and in 1863 presided over it. In 1857
he wrote a report committing the church to the
independent administration of its foreign mis-
sions, which was adopted. He was for twenty-two
years a member of the Board of Foreign Missions of
the Reformed Church, and for the last eight years
of his life, its president. For many years he was a
manager of the American Bible Society and chair-
man of its committee on versions. He was a mem-
ber of the company of Old Testament revisers, at
various times tilled temporarily the chairs of New
Testament exegesis at Princeton, Union, Hartford
and New Brunswick theological seminaries ; taught
dogmatic theology at New Brunswick during the
illness of Prof. Van Zaudt, and lectured on "The
Law" at Lane Theological Seminary. He was a
member of the American Tract Society and chair-
man of its publishing and executive committees; an
active friend of the Evangelical Alliance; president
of the western section of the Alliance of the Re-
formed Churches holding the presbyteriau system,
and later president of the alliance itself; trustee of
Rutgers College from 1868, and of Columbia Col-
lege from 1881; a manager of the Presbyteriau Hos-
pital and of the Leake and Walts Orphan House,
and was connected with many other organizations.
He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from
Columbia in 1853, and that oiLL.D. from Rutgers
in 1888. Dr. Chambers was a man of wide culture;
was more or less familiar with the languages; had a
thorough knowledge of church history, of doctrinal
and critical controversies, and of hymuology. His
books are: "Noonday Prayer Meeting in Fulton
Street " (1837); "Memorial of Theodore Freliughuy-
sen " (1862); "Exposition of the Prophecies of
Amos and Zechariah " in the Schaff-Lauge " Com-
mentary " (1874); "The Psalter: A Witness to the
Divine "Origin of the Bible," which contains his lec-
tures on the Vedder foundation, delivered at New
Brunswick (187(1); " Companion to the Revised Old
Testament" (1885). He edited papers on "Peuta-
teuehal Criticism" (1889); contributed many articles
to the "Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge "
and editorials to the "Christian Intelligencer" and
New York " Observer," and was the author of book
reviews, occasional papers, pamphlets and published
sermons, mounting in number into the thousands.
He was an associate editor of the " Presbyterian and
Reformed Review," and the earlier "Princeton Re-
view." Dr. Chambers was married at Raritan. N. J.,
May 21, 1841, to Louisa Mercer, daughter of Gen.
John and Elizabeth (Van Vechten) Freliughuysen,
and descendant, of Rev. Theodoras Jacobus Freliug-
liuyseu (1691-1747), "the apostle of the Raritau val-
ley." Six sous and three daughters survived the
parents. Dr. Chambers died in New York city, Feb.
3, 1896, and was interred at Somerville, N. J.
HECKEWELDER, John Gottlieb Er-
nestus, missionary and author, was born at
Bedfordshire, England, March 12, 1743. He was
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
259
brought in America when eleven years ol
HIM! at iiiiiclecii began missionary labors with
Chri-lian Frederick 1'ost ill Ohio. Later ii;6.i
71) lie "as emjaiied in labor ne;irer home; was an
assistant I" David /eisherger (i;;i siii, and aflcr
17SS \vas an agent, in Ohio of the Moravian Soeii ly
fur the Propagation of tin1 Gospel, lie helped
(lens. Uufus Putnam and Benjamin Lincoln in nego
tialc trealies at Vincemies in I III1,' and al Nia-jan in
ill IT!)!!. In 17H7 lie surveyed Ihe lands uranh d In
the Clirislian Indians nnllie Muskinuum, anil the
next year settled the frninant of them there, living
at Giiadenhuttcn from 18111 until IS10, when he re-
tnr I to the Fast, lie contributed to the " Trans.
ail ions " nf the Philosophical Soeiely, of which he
was a member, and published "An Account of the
History, Manuel- and ( 'iistoms of tbe Inilian Na-
tions "( is is i, which was translated into French and
German; "A Narrative of the Missions of I he I'nilcd
Brethren among the Delaware anil Mobe-jan
Indians " (1820), and "List of Names given liy the
Dela wares to Kivers, Streams and Localities in Penn-
syhania. New ,lerse\ , Maryland and Virginia"
(1822). The two former an- valued as aulhorilieson
their subjects. His life, bv F. Kondl baler, appeal ed
hi 1847. He died at Bethlehem, I'a.. .Ian. -,M, is-.'::.
HUNT, Harriot Kezia, physician, was born in
Boston, Mass.. in isnr>, daughter of .b.ab Hunt, a
Shipping merchant, distinguished form-cat strength
and independence of character. Slie recehed a
thorough education in the best, schoolsof her native
city, and in ]S'_'7. on the deal h of her father, which
left the family in .straitened circumstances, she. with
her only sister, opened a school for girls. In this
connection her attention was tirsl called Insanitary
conditions and the prevention of disease, ami she
began serious study of medical text-books. An op-
portunity for practical observation and experience
was all'orded her later through acquaintance w ith
Dr. and Mrs. Valentine Molt, \vhocanie from Lou
don and established themselves in Boston. Miss
Hunt gave up her school and for three years acted
as secretary to Mrs. Molt, meanwhile vigorously
prosecuting her studies with Dr. Moti. llere\peii
eiiee and advanced studies but deepened her desire
for the medical profession, and in is:',.",, with her -is
ter, Sarah, she opened an office for regular medical
practice. Her reading had been thorough and pro-
found, and as she was not recogni/.cd by theschools,
she did not hold herself bound by their regulations
and formulas. Mental disease specially attracted
her, and with her keen perception and reflective
faculties she soon discovered the cure of many phys-
ical maladies was through "Ministering to a mind
diseased, or plucking from the memory a rooted sor-
row." In 1843 she organized in Charlestown the
Ladies' Physiological Society, and addressed tbe
members at their bi-monthly meetings on hygiene of
the body and the mind and the prevention of dis-
ease. In this way she obtained the ease anil facility
in speaking which she afterwards displayed before
larger audiences. She made application, in 1847,
to the faculty of Harvard College for permission to
attend a course of lectures in the medical school, but
although she was then forty-two years of age and
had had twelve years' practice as a physician, her
application was refused 011 the ground of "expe-
diency." Three years later, on repeating her request,
the desired permission was granted; but the vehe-
ment protestation of the class of 1851 caused her
to relinquish this opportunity. Dr. Hunt became
early interested in the women's rights movement,
and frequently addressed conventions on the sani-
tary reforms needed among women. This opened the
way for several lecturing tours through New
England, New York state and Ohio, when her sub-
ject was always "Woman as a Physician to Her
Sex." The practical results of her teaching- have
been large and of immense benefit, to women; while
Ihe example of this pioneer practitioner in medicine
has induced many to follow in her steps. She perse-
vered through \ears of opprobrium and misjudg-
inent, and to her are largely due Ihe facilities aiid
etfcouragement which women now possess in study-
in- for the medical profession. She had a happy,
useful and successful career in Boston, and her
words, "All women-workers have nn benedici ion,"
are significant of the fullness of her life. The
Women's Medical College of Philadelphia conferred
on her the degree of M.D.,in is.->:{. l-',,r twenty-
flve years she contested the payment of her taxes on
the urouiid of the injustice of taxation without
representation. She published in isr,r,: •• dances
and Glimpses; or. Fifty Years' Social, inehnlhm
Twenty Veals' Professional, Life." She died in
Boston, Mass.. Jan. 2, IsT.'i.
ELWELL, Edward H., journalist and author,
was born in Portland, Me., Dec. 11, is;;.-,, -mi of
Charles and MaiL'.in I i I'atlerson) Klwell. His father
was a shipmaster of Portland, whose family cami
from Gloucester, Mass lie received his education
ill the public schooU of Portland, and al the a-e of
se\eniecn became aii apprcnt ice I o the printin a busi-
ness in Ihe ollice of the " Daily American," remain-
ing there until Ihe paper was discontinued. Then
alter spending two years as
a journeyman in the ollice of
Ihe "Chrisiian Mirror," he
look cliapjc. as foreman, of
the " Free Will Baptist LYposi
tory," published at Limerick,
Me. lie then, willi the late
Fdwin Plummer, stinted a
lieu weekly literary paper in
Porlland. called Ili'e " North-
ern Pioneer," the lir-i mini
bcr appearing July 1, lsls
At the end of four months.
Mr. Klwell purchased the in-
terest of Mr. Plinnnier, and
united Ihe " Tribune " with the
I'orl land " Transcript." lakinir
editorial charge of Ihe consoli
daled journal, (tci. '.'.i, |SJS. In
April, 1855, the Portland "Ec-
lectic " was united with the
" Transcript." Mr. Pickard. ils edilor, soon after
purchasing an interesi. became, in 186(1, a member
of the firm of Elwell, Pickard & Co. The circula-
tion of this paper, under such careful editorial man-
agement, steadily increased, until it became recog-
ni/ed as one of the leading family newspapers of the
country. Mr. Elwell spoke plainly whenever any
question of principle or reform was under considera-
tion. He championed the anti-slavery movement,
threw the weight of his influence on the side of pro-
hibition, and made effective pleas for the Indian.
His influence was felt in several prominent public
and benevolent organizations, including the Maine
Historical Society, and he was a founder of the Maine
Press Association. In 1S5S be was one of the pioneer
company that visited Aroostook county, and by his
pamphlet, called attention to the wonderful re-
sources of that wilderness region. He published
"The Boysof "35," which, under the guise of fiction,
gives the true story of his boyhood ; a series of val-
uable essays, entitled "Fraternity Papers" (1886),
and "Portland ind Vicinity," the best guide-book
to Portland. He was most popular as a public lec-
turer, and his services were in great demand. Mr.
Elwell was married, in 1852, to Sarah C., daughter
of Capt. John Polleys, of Portland; they had two
daughters and three sons. He died at Bar Harbor,
Me., July 14, 1890.
260
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
SAVAGE, James, author, was born in Boston,
Mass., July 13, 1784, sou of Habijah and Elizabeth
(Tudor) Savage. He descended from Maj. Thomas
Savage, who sailed from St. Albans. England, to
Boston, in 1625. His father was a prosperous Boston
merchant; his mother was a daughter ot John Tudor,
also of Boston. He was educated at Hiugham and
at Washington Academy, Machias, Me., afterwards
attending Harvard College, where he was graduated
in 1803, presenting an English oration, ''Patronage
of Genius." Then reading law, he was admitted to
the bar in January, 1807. Previous to this he
l>ad become a member of the Boston Anthology
dociety, a club composed of the finest scholars of
the city, who met at private dwellings for literary
criticisms, discussions of litera-
ture, theology and topics of
the day; and during a period
of five years he was an editor
of the "Monthly Anthology,"
the first purely literary maga-
zine in New England, and fore-
runner of the "North American
Review. " Mr. Savage was elected
to the state senate in 1826, also
to the executive' council in 1830,
and was a delegate to. the state
convention on the revision of
the constitution in 1820. He
was the founder of the Provident
Institution for Savings, which
\\as the first savings bank in
Boston, being its secretary, treas-
urer, vice-president and presi-
dent; was for many years presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and
its treasurer for nineteen years. Many years were de-
voted to antiquarian research, and his acquisitions
comprise gleanings from New England history, ex-
tending along one hundred pages in the " Massa-
chusetts Historical Collections," of names of early
settlers, extracts from records and an account of rare
books and tracts written iu New England. He pre-
pared for publication from the original manuscripts
"John Winthrop's History of New England"
(1S35-26; 2d ed., 1853); edited Paley's works (5
vols., 1828; new ed., ls;',0); and prepared "A Genea-
logical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New Eng-
land, Showing Three Generations of Those Who
Came Before May, 1692, on the Basis of Farmer's
Register" (4 vols., 1860-64). This is by no means
free from errors, but as the "North American Re-
view " said of it: "considering the obscurity of
most, of those whose names are mentioned, their
number and the difficult}' of obtaining information
respecting them, it is the most stupendous work on
uenealoi;v ever compiled." Mr. Savage died in
Boston, 'Mass., March 8, 1873.
TOWNDROW, Thomas, inventor and journal-
ist, was born at Crich, Derbyshire, England, May 7,
1810, son of Richard and Ann (Jerome) Towndrow.
AVhen sixteen years of age he studied shorthand, and
two years later made a verbatim report of AVilliam
Cobbett's speech on his defeat as a candidate for
member of parliament, delivered from a window of
Ca-lle Inn. After having mastered James Henry
Lewis's system of shorthand, iu 1830, he came to the
United States, and when but twenty-one years of age
published his first book on shorthand, issued at Bos-
ton, Mass. , a second edition being issued at New
Haven, Conn., the next year. Not being satisfied
with either of these two works, which were founded
on a stenographic basis, while visiting England, in
1834, he published a purely phonetic work, with
connective vowels, entitled " Complete Guide to the
Art of Shorthand AVriting, Being a New and Com-
prehensive System of Representing the Elementary
Sounds of the English Language in Stenographic
Characters," which is believed to have been the
original phonetic system of shorthand brought be-
fore the public. After his return to the United
States, a few years later, he taught this system in
Boston and Salem, Mass. ; Portland, Me. ; Providence
and Newport, R. I., and in Bowdoin, Harvard and
Yale colleges. Soon after going to New York, about
1839, and discovering that he was not receiving
honest treatment from his publishers, he gave up his
shorthand publications and became connected with
the New York "Herald." He was also sent to
Utica to report the trial of Alexander McLeod for
burning the lake steamer Caroline, which was being
used by Canadian insurgents for the transportation
of arms and ammunition. In 1841 Mr. Towudrow
became a member of the staff of the New York
"Tribune," and in May, 1891, celebrated his golden
jubilee as a reporter of that paper. His "Guide to
Shorthand" had lain dormant for nearly fifty years,
but in 1886 he revised it and placed it again before
the public. New systems, however, having devel-
oped, it was difficult to convince a new generation
that the honor of being the inventor of phonography
should be his, it having already been claimed by a
recent author. Mr. Towndrow was a faithful and
indefatigable worker, having reported many inter-
esting cases during his long career. He was at one
time the police reporter for every paper in the city,
spending his days on trains and street cars and his
nights in the police stations iu search of news. He
was married, in 1857, to Eleanor Randall. They
had four daughters, two of whom are living. He
died at New Rochelle, N. Y., May 7, 1898.
POPE, Nathaniel, jurist, was born at Louis-
ville, Ky., Jan. 5,1784, son of William and Penelope
(Edwards) Pope. He was educated at Transyl-
vania University, Lexington, Ky., and afterwards
removed to Illinois territory. In 1809 he was made
secretary of the territory, and iu 1817 went to con-
gress as a delegate. When Illinois became a state
he was appointed judge of the
U. S. district court, an office
he held until his death. There
were many acts in the life
of Judge Pope which bore
strongly on the future of the
great state of Illinois, but
none, perhaps, more than his
part iu the passage of the Eu-
abliug Act by congress pro-
viding for the admission of
Illinois territory as a state.
The feasibility of opening a
canal between Lake Michigan
and the Illiuois river was ad-
mitted by every one who hud
inspected the location and had
given the subject considera-
tion. This successfully car-
ried out would not only
open up new channels of
trade, but would tend to unite the East and West by
a chain whose links would be welded together not
only by friendship but by a community of interest.
The arguments adduced by Judge Pope were deemed
conclusive, and his amendment was adopted with-
out a revision. By this well-timed action there was
secured to Illinois an additional strip of territory
fifty-one miles in width, extending from Lake Michi-
gan to the Mississippi river, out of which were formed
tomieeii populous and wealthy counties. Judge
Pope was married, in 1808, to Lucretia Backus, of
New London, Conn. One of his sons was Maj. -Gen.
John Pope', of the U. S. army, who distinguished
himself at the battle of Monterey ami was promoted
on the field. He died in 1893. His onlv surviving
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
261
child (1899) is Mrs. Beverly Allen, of St. Louis, who
is in her eighty-fifth year. Judge Pope died in si.
Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850.
WHITING, Lilian, author and journalist, was
born at Niagara Falls, N. Y., Oct. 3, 1855, daughter
of Lorenzo Dow and Lucretia (Clement) Whiting.
Her father's ancestry dated back to the Rev. William
Whiting, tirsl rm'larian minister of Concord, Mass..
and on the maternal side to Cotton Mather. Mrs.
Wliiting was descended from a family of Episcopal
divines, one of whom was the Rev. Abram Wheeler.
Somewhat prominent in the early episcopacy of New
England. The daughter was educated at home un-
der her mother's supervision, and became familiar
with the masters in English literature before she
could read. "1 do not, remem-
ber learning to read," she has
written; "I was simply steeped
in the literary atmosphere of
our quiet country home. ' I'm
ing her infancy her parents re-
linked to Illinois, where for
twenty years her father was a
member of the state legislature,
both senate and 1 se, and
was influential in framing the
present state conslil ution. She
showed an inclination to litera-
ture from her earliest childhood,
and alter a few years of able
work in the editorial chair, she
found herself possessed of a read-
ing public sufficient to insure her
/ the more personal successes of in
/// \f— dependent authorship. In isso
^Vt-tx/U~t^ suo removed to Boston, which
/ seemed to offer the best field, and
thai city has been her home ever
since. Here she was engaged as art critic; as liter-
ary editor of the "Traveller " for eight years, and as
editor-in-chief of the "Budget" for three years, when
she resigned to devote herself to independent work.
In 1880 she began a scries of weekly letters to the
Chicago "Inter-Ocean" and the New Orleans
"Times-Democrat," which have been kept up
uninterruptedly ever since. She is a contributor
to the Harper publications, the "Independent,"
and the New York "Times." Frances E. Willard
wrote of Miss Whiting: "It has been well said
that her creed as a journalist is that her mission is a
ministry; that the responsibility of the journalist is
to freight the space he occupies with the best
thought and the utmost significance that he can
gather into it. Strength and" tenderness are blended
in her nature; and it often seems as if the keen and
brilliant editorials which she produces could hardly
have been penned by the same hand which writes
poems 'as tender as a rose-leaf and sweet as the
breath of violets.'" Miss Whiting's most enduring
work is to be found iu the several volumes published
since she began to devote herself to independent writ-
ing. The three volumes entitled " The World Beauti-
ful " (1894) have passed through many editions. In
them she appears as "the exponent and, indeed, in
the modern sense, the originator of a new philosophy,
which is just outside the pale of exact classification.
It is ethical, metaphysical, psychological, what you
will — but always irresistible. It is not a tissue of
dry and abstruse speculation, but a living, thrilling
emanation from a life that has demonstrated to full
measure the exaltation and serenity possible to one
who holds himself receptive to the higher influ-
ences." In 1897 appeared " After Her Death: The
Story of a Summer " — a work based on psychic ex-
periences following the death of her most beloved
friend, Kate Field. From the basis of facts Miss
Whiting makes a telling plea for the possibility
of intercourse between the seen and the unseen. A
collection of her verses was published in 1895, and
in 1899 a revised and enlarged edition of this vol-
ume,."From Dreamland Sent." was issued. Of her
verse Mrs. Helen Campbell writes: "Lilian Whit-
ing's poems are full of that absolute faith in the di-
vine love that marks, at every point, this most
spiritual of writers. There is no other name iu
American literature today that carries with it the.
same sense of keen intelligence and trained critical
ahility — united to insight — that never fails of playful
humor, a full power of analysis, yet who gives us
this steady insistence on the plar of the higher life,
and the nearness of what w< ee called the ' un-
knowable.'" She also published in 1899 "A Study
of the Life and Poetry of Mrs. Browning," and
"Kate Field; A Record," the latter being a biogra-
phy of Miss Field, whose life was one of singular in-
terest.
PLTJMER, William Swan, clergyman and
author, was horn al ( Jriersliurg (now Darlington),
lieaver co., Pa., .Inly ~li. IHOii. He was graduated at
Washington College, Virginia, in iS'Jti, and at Prince-
ton Theological Seminary in 1!S.5; was licensed by
the presbytery of New Brunswick, June 14, 1826,
and ordained an evangelist bv I lie presbytery of
<>ian-e. May 19, 1W7. In 1825-29 he was an
evangelist in southern Virginia and North Carolina,
during which he 01 uani/ed :• chiircii at Danville. Va.,
and one at Warrenton, N. C. Subsequently he
preached at Raleigh, Washington and Newbern,
N. C., and in Prince Edward and Charlotte coun-
ties, \'a. ; he was stated supply of a church at Briery,
Va. (1M9-30); pastor of Tabb Street Church,
IViersburgh (1831-34), and of the First Church,
Richmond (1834-40), founding in that city the
" Watchman of the South," of which he was editor
and sole proprietor for eight years. In 1838 he
was largely instrumental in founding an institution
for the deaf, dumb and blind at Slaunton, Va. His
next past.naie was in Baltimore, where he minis-
tered to the Franklin Street
Church (1847-54). In ls:>l >;••
he was professor of didaetic
and polemic theology iu West-
ern Theological Seminary. Alle-
gheny, Pa., and then (1855 H.')
was pastor of the Central Church
in that place. Leaving this
charge, he resided in Philadelphia
for three years, and was pastor of
the Second Presbyterian Church,
Pottsville, Pa. (1865-66). In
January, 1867. he removed to
South Carolina to become pro-
fessor of didactic and polemic
theology in the theological semi-
nary at Columbia and occupied
that chair until 1875,when, at his
own request, he was transferred
to the chair of historic, casuistic
and pastoral theology, which he
held until 1880, when, a few months before his
death, the seminary was closed for lack of funds. The
degree of D.D. was conferred on him by Princeton,
Lafayette and Washington colleges in 1838, and
LL.D. by the University of Mississippi in 1857. He
was moderator of the Old School Presbyterian
general assembly in 1838, and of the Southern Pres-
byterian general assembly in 1871. He published
a number of books, including : " The Bible True and
Infidelity Wicked " (1848); "Short Sermons to Little
Children" (1850); "The Saint and the Sinner"
(1851); "The Grace of Christ " (1853), "Rome
against the Bible aud the Bible against Rome"
(1854); "The Church and Her Enemies" (1856);
"Vital Godliness" (1865); "Studies iu the Book
262
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of Psalms" (1866); "Words of Truth and Love"
(1868); Commentaries ou the Epistle to the He-
brews" (1870). He was an impressive and at times
impassioned preacher and exercised a strong personal
influence over his hearers, his deep and sonorous
voice contributing to the effect. Dr. Plumer died
in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 22, 1880.
HILL, Thomas Jefferson, manufacturer, was
born at Pawtueket, R. I., March 4, 1805, son of
Cromwell and Cynthia (Walker) Hill. His father,
a native of Hehoboth, Mass., removed about 1800 to
Pawtueket , where for many years he worked at the
trade of a smith, largely depending for his patronage
on the cotton mills already established there. The
son attended the district schools of his native town
until his fourteenth year, and then,
after two years iuhis father's shop,
became an apprentice of Pitcher
& Gay, manufacturers of cotton
machinery. Upon attaining his
majority, he established himself on
an independent basis, and employ-
ing several workmen, took con-
tracts from Pitcher & Gay and
other firms, and gradually built up
a good business. He removed to
Providence in 1830, to become su-
perintendent of the Providence
Steam Mill, owned by Samuel
Slater, "father of the American
cotton manufactures, " with whom,
four years later, he formed a part-
nership, under the style of the Provi-
dcnce Machine Co., to conduct the
manufacturing of cotton mill ma-
chinery. The business had already attained consid-
erable proportions on Mr. Slater's death, in 1835,
and was thereafter conducted by Mr. Hill. In 1837,
with the intention of transferring his interests to
Willimantic, Conn., he purchased the Lee Cotton
Mill at that place, and putting in improved appli-
ances, inaugurated a spool-thread industry, and be-
gan the manufacture of machinery. Having de-
cided, however, to remain in Providence, he in
1845 sold the property to A. D. and J. Y. Smith,
who organized the concern since known as the
Smithville Manufacturing Co. In the same year he
purchased an extensive tract of land in Providence,
from the Stouington Railroad Co., and buying out
the interests of all his partners, he in 1846" erected
the buildings still occupied by the Providence Ma-
chine Co. as a manufactory for all kinds of cotton
and woolen working machinery. Here under a con-
tract with Francis Skinner, of Boston, he in 1847
constructed for the Naumkeag Mills of Salem the
first fly-frames made in the United States, and there-
after continued their manufacture as a profitable
specialty. These machines were first used in Eng-
land, about 1840, and although many American
manufacturers had attempted to make them, suc-
cessful accomplishment was reserved for Mr. Hill's
skill and ingenuity. In 1850, in association with
Francis Skinner, Benjamin E. Bates and other Bos-
ton capitalists, he formed a company for developing
and applying to manufacturing purposes the water
power of the Androscoggin river, at Lewistou, Me.,
an enterprise which led almost immediately Jo the
creation of an industrial centre and the erection of
many mills and factories. Mr. Hill himself erected
many factories and a foundry there, and in 1854
purchased the Bay Mill, large cotton works at East
Greenwich, R. I." In 1863 he purchased a tract of
laud in Warwick, R. I., upon which, in association
with Samuel W. Kilvert and others, he erected, in
1867, the Rhode Island Malleable Iron Works. Solely
at his own expense he built and furnished a school-
house at Warwick for the children of operatives,
adding also a place of worship in the upper story. In
1S75 he added to his property in that vicinity by the
erection of the Elizabeth Mill of 20,000 spindles, for
the manufacture of cotton yarns, which was named
for his wife. It was the beginning of the village of
Hill Grove, now an important manufacturing centre.
Among other corporations created by his untiring
energy and enterprise was the Providence Dredging
Co., organized in 1866; the Providence Pile-driving
Co., organized in 1874, and the Providence Machine
Co., incorporated into a joint stock company in
1874. In addition to all this he was for over forty
years president of the Limerock National Bank, and
for twenty-five years vice-president of the C.'ity Sav-
ings Bank, both of Providence. His life, although
busy, was not so completely occupied as to preclude
many and valuable services to his state and city.
He was a member of the city council (1848-52,
1855_56) and a representative in the general assem-
bly (1S7S|. Among his social connections was the
Slater Club of Providence; the Home Market Club
of Boston; the Rhode Island Agricultural and His-
torical societies, and the Rhode'lsland Veteran Citi-
zens' Historical Society, of which he was vice-presi-
dent at the time of his decease. Mr. Hill's career
was one of unusual activity, displaying not only
skill, energy and untiring enterprise, but also an
eminent executive ability and great public spirit.
Although he founded and was prominently associ-
ated with numerous important corporations, the
Providence Machine Co. was always the special sub-
ject of his attention and oversight. Few men have
personally done more to develop the business and
financial interests of the state, nor can his services or
his example be speedily forgotten. Mr. Hill was
thrice married: first, Oct. 12, 1825, to Betsey, daugh-
ter of Sylvanus Brown, of Pawtueket, who died in
1859; second, Dec. 9, 1861, to Olive L., daughter of
Stephen Farnham, of Canterbury, Conn., who died
in 1866, and third, Aug. 9, 1869, to Elizabeth C.,
daughter of John H. Keuyon, of Warwick, R. I.
Mr. Hill died in Providence, R. L, July 24, 1894.
PITCHER, Molly, revolutionary heroine, was
born in Pennsylvania, probably at Carlisle, Oct. 13,
1744. Her right, name was Mary Ludwig, and she
was the daughter of John George Ludwig, who came
to this country from Germany^ with the Palatines.
She was employed as a servant in the family of Gen.
William Irvine, at Carlisle, and ou July 24, 1769,
was married to John Hays, a barber.' On Dec. 1,
1775, Hays was commissioned gunner in Proctor's 1st
Pennsylvania artillery, Continental line, and she
followed him to the field. This was a common thing
for the wives of private soldiers to do, their time
being spent in laundering for the officers. At. the
battle of Monmouth she made herself useful by car-
rying water from a spring to the men in action, the
mercury being at 96 degrees in- the shade. Her hus-
band's company was stationed on rising ground, be-
hind Livingston's and Varnum's brigade, and he was
shot down, but not killed, during a charge made by
the British cavalry and infantry. As no one was
competent to take Hays' place, the removal of the
cannon was ordered, but Molly, dropping her pail
(or pitcher, as some accounts have it), seized the
rammer, and vowed that she would avenge his
death. She proved an excellent substitute, her
courage excited the admiration of all, and on the
following morning, in her soiled garments; Gen.
Greene presented her to Washington, who praised
her gallantry, and commissioned her sergeant. It is
related that she received many presents from the
French officers, and that she would sometimes pass
along the French lines, cocked hat in hand, and
would get it almost filled with coins. She is said to
have served in the army nearly eight years in all. Later
she was placed on the list of half-pay officers, and
OF AMKKK'AN BIOGRAPHY.
263
for many years aftiT the revolution lived at the Car-
lisle barracks, cooking and washing for the soldiers.
Subsequently she was employed as a nurse by many
families, licfn^ very fond of children and very ten-
der with them, though rough in her manners, and a
strict disciplinarian. She also kept a small store for
some years. She is further described as very garni -
lousaiid easily excited. Some years after I he death
of I lavs she was married to Serg. George McCaule-v
or McKollv, a worthless man, who simply lived on
her earnings and abused her. (in Feb. 27, 1822, the
State legislature, by special act, granted her an an-
nuity for services during the revolutionary war, the
sum of forty dollars immediately, and the same
amount half yearly for life. The house in \vliieh she
spent her laler years, and in which she died, on the
corner of lied ford and North streets, was demolished
in IS'.l'.l. She left a son, .lolm Hays, who was born
in Trenton. She was buried with military honors,
but her Lirave remained unmarked until 1*71!, "lien
IVii'i- Spahr, of Carlisle, concehed the idea of erect
ing a monument, and collected the money for the
same. It bears the following inscription:
MOLLIK Mre'AII.KY,
KrlimviH-il 111 hisli.ry US
"Molly Pitcher,'1
I In' Ili'l I lllll ill MI Mimollt ll.
Died Januai •. 22 182
A^e.l M'\ i -ill \ \ i :i I
Erecti-.l iiv i he <-ii i/.i-ns ,,i' i lumberland
County, .luh tin- I'ciui-tli. 1876,
A monument mi the battle-field further commemo-
rates Mollv Pitcher: a bas-relief representing her in
the act of ramming a cannon. She also figures in
George Washington Parke CiMis' palming, "The
Field of Monniout.il." Some authorities credit Molly
Pitcher with a similar exploit in November, 1777,
during the capture by the British of Fort Clinton
on the Hudson. At that lime, it is said, the garri-
son tied in such haste that Molly's husband dropped
a lighted match witli which he was about to touch
off a cannon, whereupon she picked it up, and sent
into the enemy's ranks the last ball tired.
MILLER, Stephen Franks, lawyer, editor and
author, was born near Trenton, Jones co. , N. C.,
Nov. 22, 1805. He was occupied on a farm until his
seventeenth year, when he became a clerk in a store
at Newborn. In November, 1824, he removed to
Georgia, and was admitted to the bar in bis twenty-
second year, being soon after chosen by the legisla-
ture solicitor- general of the southern judicial district,
which office 'he filled from Nov. 12, 1831, to Nov.
12, 1834. He then removed to Alabama, and con-
tinued the practice of 'his, profession until ill-health
compelled a change; and from March, 1840, to Octo-
ber, 1847, he edited the " Monitor," a Whig journal
published in Tuscaloosa. For two years he was
associated in the editorial management of " De Bow's
Review," in New Orleans, at times having sole
charge both of that periodical and the "Daily Com-
mercial Times," and in 1849 he removed to Ogle-
thorpe, Ga. He published: "Heads of the Alabama
Legislature" (1843); "The Bench and Bar of Geor-
gia" (1858, 2 vols.), being a biographical history of
the legal life of the state; " Wilkins Wylder; or, 'The
Successful Man" (1860); "Memoir of Gen. David
Blackshea*, " printed as an appendix to the first
volume of his "Bench and Bar," and "Recollections
of Newbern, N. C., Fifty Years Ago" (in "Our
Living and Our Dead," 1874). He died in Ogle-
thorpe, Ga., in 1S07.
HART, John Seely, educator, was born in
Stockbridge. Mass., Jan. 28, 1810. His parents re-
moved to Wilkes-Barre, Pa., when the son was a
mere lad, and he received his elementary education
in that place. He was graduated at the College of
New Jersey in 1830, and after one year as a private
tutor in Natchez, Miss., he returned to accept a
tutorship at Princeton, in which capacity he engaged
for two years, being then promoted adjunct-professor
of ancie'nt languages. In 1836 he took charge of the
Edgehill School at Princeton, and in 1842 relin-
cpiished the position to accept that of principal of
the Central High School. Philadelphia, where he
remained until ISo'l. In that year hi1 entered the
sci \ ice of the American Sunday-school Union. and
remained until 18(11. In 1862 he was elected
principal of the- New Jersey State Normal and
Model school-, at Trent. in. He conducted those in-
stitutions until ls7'J. when he was called to the chair
of rhetoric and Knulisli language at Princeton. He
was married to Amelia Caroline', daughter of Ed-
mund Morford. of Charleston. S. ('.. lirst editor of
the " Chin 'lesion Mercury." He contributed largely
to educational and religious literature, lie edited
the' "School Journal," " Sartain's Magazine" and
the " Sundav School Time's. "of which he was the'
founder. lie' also eelited some' of the' publications of
tin- Sunelay -school I'nie.n. He published several
scl ..... I li'Xt books and literary essays. Miami Uni-
veisilv conferred em him the' eh-mce of LL.D. in
L848. Prof. Hart died in Philadelphia, Pa., March
2(1. 1877.
HART, James Morgan, educator, was born
at (Princeton, N. J., X'>v. 2, 1839, son of John Seely
and Ame-lia Care, line- i Morford i Hart. He took a
complete course through the' Philadelphia public
schools, and was graduated at the Central Iliiih
(School in 1S57. lie- then entered the Collegeof New
Jersey, anil was .jradiiated A.!!, in 18(5(1. From then
until 1865 he Studied in l-Jirope; inlli'iieva. Suit/e-r-
land (IS(ilMil). and in (Icrmany, at Gottingcn (ISIil-
65). He received the degree' of H.n-ior Utriusque
Juris from Giiltingen in Neivcinber, 1SIU. I'pem his
return to America, in IS(M. he pursued the stuelv of
law in Xew York city, and was admitted to th<: bar
in collecting
in IStili. He was for a time'
material and revising the text |e,r
the- second edition of " Curtis on
Patents." In 1868 he was appointed
assistant professor of modern lan-
guages in Cornell University, then
just opened. He remained at Cornell
until June, 1872, when he went te>
Germany for the study of German
and English philology at Leipsic and
Marburg. He visited the Vienna
exposition from April to December,
1873, where he acted as correspond-
ent of the New York "World."
He returned to New Y'ork city in
1874, and in 1876 went to Cincin-
nati, O., to take the chair of mod-
ern languages and English litera-
ture in the University of Cincinnati.
In June, 1890, he assumed charge
of the department of rhetoric and
English philology in Cornell Univer-
sity, which position he still holds in
1899. Prof. Hart was married, in 1883, to Clara.
daughter of J. M. Doherty, of Cincinnati, O. His
literary work embraces translations from French and
German authors, published between 1868 and 1874;
"German Universities" (1874); "German Classics
for American Students" (1875-78); "Syllabus of
Anglo-Saxon Literature" (1881). He is also a liberal
contributor to the current magazines and periodicals,
and is especially interested in the reform of school
metheads of teaching English composition. An article
entitled "Regents' English," published in the "School
Review " in January, 1893, brought about a decided
change in the English instruction in the high schools
under the regents of the state. In 1895 he pub-
lished a " Handbook of English Composition," and
264
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
in 1897 brought out a new and thoroughly revised edi-
tion of John S. Hart's " Manual of Composition and
Rhetoric."
TRAIN, George Francis, author and financier,
was born in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1839. His
father, Oliver Train, was for many years a promi-
nent merchant of Boston, but in 1832 removed to
New Orleans, La., where the whole family, except
George Francis, soon after died of yellow fever.
Having been reared by his grandmother, he, in 1844,
entered the counting-house of Enoch Train & Co.,
shipping merchants of Boston, and at the age of
twenty-one was placed in charge of a branch house
in Liverpool. He was admitted to partnership in
1853, and one year later established in Melbourne,
Australia, the" house of George F. Train & Co.,
which for four years he conducted with great suc-
cess, meantime visiting all parts of the Orient. In
1858 lie terminated his connection with this house,
and going to London, floated the first mortgage
bonds of the Atlantic and Great Western railroad.
Subsequently he interested English capitalists in
the project of introducing street railways in London,
but his eloquent and fiery speeches during 1861-62
in favor of the Federal Union, which he unflinch-
ingly upheld, caused a revulsion of feeling, and he
was practically ruined at the very gate of success.
These speeches, however, were no small factor in
influencing popular opinion,
and he made many friends
among the leading men of Eu-
rope. During the celebrated
Beecher-Tilton trial he made
himself conspicuous by commu-
nications to the newspapers, de-
famatory of Beecher, the church
and society, and was imprisoned
in the Tombs for six months
for indecent writing, being final-
ly released on the ground of
harmless lunacy. At the time
of organizing the Union Pacific
Railroad Co., he remarked to
D'Israeli, then prime minister of
England: " You go to India by
your Suez canal; I'll go home,
build a railway across the conti-
nent, and beat you to the goal."
True to his word, he, on Dec. 2,
1863, broke ground at Omaha, Neb., for that vast
enterprise, and rode in the first train on the com-
pleted railway. He had invested largely in land on
which the Nebraska metropolis now stands, and
although foreclosure proceedings were entered for
part of the purchase-money his title was established
to property valued at $30,000,000, on the ground that,
as he had been declared insane by another court, his
property could not pass from him except at the in-
stance of a legal guardian. Having been adjudged in-
sane, however, he could not take legal occupancy of
the property, and it still remains in statu quo. Al-
though accustomed to use the most extravagant lan-
guage, he can, when he so chooses, talk even ably. He
never shakes hands, and for years he spoke to no adult,
save from the lecture platform. Holding the theory of
equality for all mankind, he invariably uses the word
"citizen" in address. As a public speaker, he is force-
ful, eloquent and impressive, and possesses a fine vo-
cabulary. He did some good work in behalf of the
peace convention at the close of the civil war, and was
prominent in the organization of the Credit Mobilier
and the Credit Forcier schemes. In 1868 he was an
independent candidate for the presidency of the
United States, and made an electioneering tour of the
country, advocating a mild form of reconstruction.
For years he has made his home in Xew York, and
frequently is seen in Madison square, surrounded by
children, his pet hobby. Latterly he has written all
his communications in what he terms "psychic
verse," a style which is unique. He has mad'e the
circuit of the earth five times, lecturing in every city
of consequence. When a New York newspaper
sent a woman reporter around the world to beat the
eighty-day record of Jules Verne's famous hero,
Train determined to seize the laurels himself, and
arrived in New York in advance of his schedule
time, thus performing a feat never since duplicated.
Always an agitator and orator, he is credited with
having been one of the prime instigators of the
Paris commune of 1871. Among his books are:
"An American Merchant in Europe, Asia and Aus-
tralia" (1857); "Young America Abroad" (1857);
" Young America in Wall Street" (1858); "Spread-
Eagleism " (1859); "Every Man His Own Autocrat"
(chiefly biographical, 1859); " Youni; America on
Slavery "(1860); " Observations on Street Railways"
(1860); " George Francis Train, Unionist, on Thomas
Colley Graftal). Secessionist" (1861); " Train's Union
Speeches" (4 vols., 1862); "Downfall of England"
(1865); "Irish Independency " (1865), and "Cham-
pionship of Women " (1868).
SHIPP, Albert Micajah, educator and clergy-
limn, was born in Stokes county, N. C., June 15,
1819. He was graduated A. B. at the University of
North Carolina, in 1840, and received the degree of
A.M. in 1845. In 1841 he was admitted to the South
Carolina conference of the Methodist Episcopal
church. South, and held pastorates in Charleston,
Columbia. Smuter and Cheraw, S. C., and Fayette-
ville, N. C. He became president of Greensboro Fe-
male College. Greensboro, N. C., in January, 1848,
and conducted the institution with marked success
until June, 1850. In 1849 he became professor of
history in the University of North Carolina, and
filled this position until 1859, also filling the chair of
French during 1850-53. He was elected professor
of English literature in Wofford College, Spartan-
burg, S. C. , on its organization, in 1853, declining
the chair, but being elected to the presidency, July
12, 1859. accepted. In spite of the general disor-
ganization in business and education, due to the civil
war, he, in November, 1863, entered courageously
on the work of increasing the endowment of the col-
lege, and continued his labors until the following
spring, when it was found that the aggregate amount
conlriliiitecl. pledged and bequeathed to the college
;;ivatly exceeded "$200,000. Sadly enough, this en-
dowment, except a few thousand dollars, and what
was left from the estate of Rev. John R. Pickett,
was lost by the war. In 1866 a chair of history and
Biblical literature was established at Wofford, and
also a school of divinity, the latter being put under
the charge of Dr. Shipp. In 1869 he entered on a
campaign to secure larger contributions for the col-
lege from the conference. He resigned the presi-
dency of Wofford in 1872, and in 1875 became pro-
fessor of exegetical theology in the Biblical depart-
ment of the newly established Vanderbilt University,
Nashville. In 1882 he succeeded Dr. Thomas O.
Summers as dean of the department and vice-chan-
cellor of the university, but was retired on the reor-
ganization of the department in 1885. He served in
every general conference of his church from 1850 to
1886'iiiclusive, and is said to have originated the idea
of Biblical professorships in the Methodist institu-
tions. In 1876 lie was requested by the South Caro-
lina conference to write the history of Methodism in
South Carolina, and this work was published in
1883 at Nashville. The honorary degree of D.D.
was conferred on him by Randolph-Macon College
in 1839, and that of LL.D. by the University of
North Carolina in 1883. He died in Cheraw, S. C.,
July 27, 1887.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
265
TAYLOR, Richard Cowling-, geologist and
mining engineer, was born ut Hintmi, Suffolk, Eng-
]:iinl, Jan. is, ITS'.I, SDH of Samuel Taylor, of Nor-
folk. Hi' received a thorough school education, and
tirst came i.ito notice as an antiquary through publish -
ing a description ofa Norman ruin on In- I'ai her's es-
tate in Xorfoik. Later he published a more extended
work, which he called "A General ludex to Dug-
dale's Monasticon Anglicanum," which was remark-
able for completeness and accuracy. His tastes led
him into scientific pursuils, and early in life lie. be-
came associated with William Smith, who has been
calleil "Ihe falher of Itiilish ^ei ilogy. " Under his
instruction Mr. Ta\lor made very rapid advance-
ment in tin- art of mining and in scientific geology.
As a mining engineer he made nnmenius re|nirls,
and the few llial were published gained for him a
professional reputation among the foremost of his
time. Mr. Taylor was anionu the pioneers in the
execution of geological maps, and one of his tirst
ell'orls. prepared for ihc "Ordnance Survey of
Great, Britain," made in 1813-14, and published in
the " Transact ions" of the Geological SocieU nf
London, was of a part of the mineral basin of South
Wall's, in the vicinity of Pontypool. In connection
with Iliis he executed a model ill plaster of ihat part
of Wales, the tirst of the kind in KnLrland, for which
the Society of Arts awarded him their gold IMS
lal. About 1N30 lie eame to Ihe I'niled Stales,
and taking up his residence, first at Philip-Inn j,
Pa., and later in Philadelphia, immedialeiv enu'a^ed
in investigations on the geology and mining of the
anthracite region of Pennsylvania. Many of his re-
ports were published, and all were so correctly exe-
cuted as to leave no doubt as to his judgment and
scrupulous representation of what he had observed.
His frankness was such that he never hesitated to
express an opinion, however much it might be against
his own interests. Besides his numerous engage-
ments in the United States, lie frequently had calls
to examine important mines elsewhere— the. copper
and asphaltum mines of Cuba, the gold mines of
Panama and tin; albertite of New Brunswick. His
testimony iu the famous litigation in which the
albertite mines became involved is a model of expert
testimony. He was ardently devoted to theoretical
geology, in which he was excelled bv lew. He was
the first person who referred the old red sandstone
underlying the coal in Pennsylvania to its true posi-
tion in the geological series, corresponding with the
European rocks. He was not willing to engage in
state surveys, but his assistance was frequently in-
voked, and for a short time he lent his services to
the New York state survey. Notwithstanding all of
the labors enumerated, which filled a most indus-
trious life. Mr. Taylor's reputation rests most securely
upon his volume, "Statistics of Coal," published in
1S4X. It included the geographical and geological
distribution of fossil fuel of all kinds throughout the
world, illustrated by maps and diagrams, and em-
bracing, from official reports of the great coal-pro-
ducing countries, the respective amounts of their
production, consumption and commercial distribu-
tion. It was received throughout Europe and the
United States with the most unqualified approbation,
and at once took the high place upon the shelves of
every geological library, which it still holds. Mr.
Taylor was a fellow of the Geological Society of
London; member of the American Philosophical
Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and of several other societies in Europe
and America. He died in Philadelphia. Pa., Oct.
26, 1851.
BRINTON, Daniel Garrison, ethnologist, was
born at Thornbury, Chester Co., Pa., May 13, 1837,
son of Lewis and Ann Carey (Garrison) Brinton. His
ancestor, William Brinton, emigrated from Shrop-
shire in 1684, and joined Penn's colony in Penn-
sylvania. Daniel G. Briuton was educated at the
school of Rev. William E. Moore, in West Chester.
Pa . and was graduated at Yale College in Ix.'iX. He
studied medicine in .Jefferson College, Philadelphia,
from which he received his degree of M.I), in IXCO,
and afterwards spent a year abroad, principally at
Heidelberg and Paris. One year after his return to
this country I nlisted as a surgeon of U. S. volun-
teers, and in November, isii:!. was appointed medical
director of the llth army corps. lie was next sta-
tioned at tjuincy and Springfield, 111., as superin-
tendent of hospitals, which position he retained until
the termination of the war. when lie was brevetted
lieutenant-colonel and discharged. In 1x67 he be-
came assistant editor of the Philadelphia "Medical
and Surgical Kepoitei , " and in 1x74. editor. He tilled
this position without intermission until |xx7. He was
appointed profess,,] ,,f ethnolo^ at the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Phi ladelphia." in 1XX4. and in ixsij
professor of American linguistics and archa-olo^y in
the University of Pennsylvania, and delivered a course
of lectures in both of these institutions every winter.
The matter of these lectures, being both ethnologic
and arcliu'olo;:-ic, covers a broad field; but he pos-
sesses in an eminent decree the faculties of concise-
ness and lucidity, and his lectures are well recch'd
by the public, as the large attendance testifies. He
was at one time editor of the semi-
annual "Compendium of Medical
Science, "and also a frequent writer
for various medical journals, princi-
pally on subjects of public, medicine
and hygiene. lie edited Naphey's
" Modern Therapeutics," which
passed through several edilions,
and was also the editor of other
volumes on theiapeuiies and di-
agnosis. Hi' has taken part in
many of the medical controversies
of the day. and assumed the posi-
tion thai ihe science of medicine
should be based upon the results of
clinical observation in preference
to physiological experiments. He
began his scientific writings as
early as IX.V.t, when lie published
"The Floridian Peninsula: Its Lit-
erary History, Indian Tribes, and
Autiqujties," which is the best work extant of the
ardueology of that peninsula. He has occupied
both the positions of publisher and editor of the
"Library of Aboriginal American Literature," and
for these publications was awarded the prize medal
of the Societe Americaiue de France, the single in-
stance in which it has been given to an American
writer. He has edited and published a number of
works on linguistics, and has contributed several
papers in general linguistics to the "Proceedings" of
the American Philosophical Society on the possibility
of an international scientific language. He has taken
a prominent position in the questions of debate be-
tween scientific thought and religious dogma, and in
his work "The Religious Sentiment" (1876) entirely
rejects the supernatural, and defines religious feeling
as the result of familiar physical and mental laws.
In 1886 he was elected president of the section
on anthropology of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. In 1888 he organ-
ized the Archaeological Association of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, of which he immediately
became an active member, and by bis personal
efforts has added greatly to the progress of the
organization. His scientific work covers a wide
scope; but he has investigated no subject upon which
he has not thrown new light, and holds an enviable
position both as a scientist and litterateur. In 1885
266
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
he edited the first volume of the "Iconographic
Encyclopaedia," aud contributed to it the articles on
anthropology and ethnology, and also revised those
on ethnography written by Prof. Gerland, of Stras-
biiru'. To the second volume of this work he con-
tributed " Pre-historic Archaeology of Both Hemi-
spheres." In order to afford scholars authentic data
for the study of languages and culture of the native
races of America, he founded a library and publish-
ing house of aboriginal American literature. He is
vice-president of the Browning Society of Phila-
delphia, and is president of the Folk-lore Society
and of the Numismatic Antiquarian Society of Phila-
delphia, aud a member of the antropological societies
of Berlin and Vienna, and of the ethnographical
societies of Paris and Florence, and of the Royal
Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen; the Royal
Academy of History of Madrid; the American Philo-
sophical'Society; the American Antiquarian Society,
and numerous other scientific organizations. In 1893
he was elected president of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science. In 1899 he
presented to the University of Pennsylvania his entire
collection of books and manuscripts relating to the
aboriginal languages of North and South America;
an accumulation of twenty-five years, and em-
bracing about 2,200 volumes. The gift placed
the library in the front rank in the department of
American ethnology. Dr. Brinton was married,
Sept. 28, 1865, to" Sarah M., daughter of Robert
TilKon, of Quincy, 111., and had two children. He
died iit Atlantic City, N. J., July 31. 1899.
WINLOCK, Joseph, astronomer, was born in
Shelby county, Ky., Feb. 6, 1826, son of Field-
ing and Nancy (Peyton) Winlock. His grand-
father, Joseph Winlock, enlisted in the Continental
army as a private, rose to the rank of captain, was
in the battles of Germantown and Monmoutb, and
endured the privations of Valley Forge. In 1787
he was married to a Miss Stepheuson, of Virginia,
and settled in Kentucky on lands granted him for
military service. He aided in framing the state con-
stitution aud was for some years iu the state senate.
In the war of 1812 he held the rank of brigadier-
general and went with three
regiments to Viuceunes. Field-
ing Wiulock, a lawyer by pro-
fession, was clerk of the com-
mittee of the state senate on
military affairs during the
preparations for the war of
1812 and performed many of
the duties of adjutant-general.
He served iu the army as aid
to his father and later on Gen.
Shelby's staff, and after the
war held various honorable po-
sitions. Joseph Winlock, his
son, was graduated at Shelby
College, Kentucky, in 1845,
and was appointed professor
of mathematics and astronomy
in that institution. An ex-
cellent Merz equatorial tele-
scope was the property of
the college aud he made
himself familiar with its con-
struction and manipulation. Iu 1851 he attended
the fifth meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science in Cincinnati, and tbe re-
sult was an invitation iu 1852 to become a computer in
tbe office of the "American Ephemeris aud Nautical
Almanac" at Cambridge, Mass. In 1857 he became
professor of mathematics in the U. S. naval observa-
tory at Washington, but soon returned to Cambridge
as superintendent of the "Ephemeris aud Nautical
Almanac." In 1859 he removed to Annapolis, Md.,
to take charge of tbe mathematical department in
the U. S. Naval Academy, but on the removal of the
academy to Newport, It. I., in consequence of the
outbreak of the civil war, he returned to his old
position at Cambridge. In 1866 he became Phillips
professor of astronomy at Harvard College and di-
rector of the observatory, and later was given the
additional position of professor of geodesy iu the
Lawrence Scientific School of the university. He at
once began to provide for the redaction and publi-
cation of the unfinished work of his predecessors,
the Bonds, father and son, issuing a volume on sun-
spots, and also projecting a catalogue of zone-stars.
A catalogue of polar and clock-stars appeared after
his death. He added to the appliances of the ob-
servatory in every direction, among the instruments
acquired being a seven-foot equatorial by Clark, a
Bond standard-clock with break-circuit attach-
ment for transmitting time-signals, a Frodsham
break-circuit sidereal chronometer (the original de-
vice of Mr. Winlock), a transit made in the work-
shop of the Pulkowa observatory, and a Zb'llner as-
trophotometer. Through his influence $12,000 were
contributed for the purchase of a new meridian cir-
cle, and in 1887 be went to Europe to visit the prin-
cipal observatories aud to acquaint himself with im-
provements in astronomical instruments. The circle
ordered for the Cambridge observatory embodied
some improvements of bis own suggestion and these
were endorsed by the most skilled astronomers. The
new instrument was first put to use in 1870 aud was
turned upon the zone of stars between 50° and 55°
of north declination, that being the field of observa-
tion assigned to the observatory at Cambridge by
the Astronomische Gesellschaft. By 1877 as many
as 30,000 observations had been made with this in-
strument. He greatly lengthened a catalogue of
time stars, begun in 1867, added a catalogue of new
double stars and produced a work upon stellar pho-
tometry, posthumously published. In 1869 Prof,
Winlock headed a party that cooperated with offi-
cers of the coast survey iu observing, in Kentucky,
the total eclipse of the sun, Aug. 7, and took
ciirhty photographs, seven during totality. Subse-
quently he superintended the construction of a micro-
meter adapted to the nice measurement of distances
and positions on the photographic plates. He was the
first to obtain a photograph of the corona during any
solar eclipse and was the first to adapt to photographic
purposes a telescope of long focus, fixed horizontally,
and used without an eye-piece or a heliostat. He or-
ganized and directed a party under the auspices of
the coast survey which went to Spain to observe tbe
total eclipse of the sun, Dec. 22, 1870. He greatly
increased the efficiency of the observatory iu furnish-
ing standard time to "Boston, and in 1872 secured a
contract for a special wire between Cambridge and
that city which should not be diverted to any other
business. In 1874 he was appointed chairman of a
commission appointed by act of congress to make in-
quiries into the causes of steam-boiler explosions and
devised some ingenious experiments calculated
either to confirm or refute in detail the various
theories which had been suggested to explain this
class of accidents. Prof. Winlock received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1868.
He was "one of the corporate members of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, and was a member of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, not to
mention other scientific associations. In 1872 Prof.
Winlock began preparing a series of astronomical
engravings, and at the time of his death thirty-five
large plates, beautifully executed, were ready for
publication. He was one of the most modest aud
unassuming of men anil his thought found expression
in actions rather than words. To discover, was to
impart unselfishly for the benefit of others, and he
OF A.MKKK'AX li l< i( . K A 1'H Y.
267
took ii" security for his own inventions and discov-
eries. Of him James Russell Lowell wrote:
" Sliy son! anil stalwart, man of patient will
Through year* one hair's 1.: cadth on iiur Dark to gain,
Who, from tlie stars he studied not. in vain,
Had learned their secret to be strong and still."
Prof. Winlock was married at Sliclhyvillc. Ky.,
Dec. 10, 1M,">I>, to Isabella, daughter of (Iconic
Washington and France-- ( Adams) Lane. She >ur
vivcd him with t \\ o sons and four daughters. Prof.
Winloek died at ( 'ambridiie, Mass., .lime 11, IN;.",.
WINLOCK, William Crawford, astronomer,
was born at ( 'amliridne, Mas-., .March 27, 1S.V.I, sun
of .luse|ih and Isabella (Lane) Winloek, and ureal-
nr.-iiidson of Lieut. Joseph Winloek, of the Virginia
Continental line, revolutionary army. His father
was pro lessor in Harvard t'nh cr-ily and director of
its observatory. William ('. \Vinlock \\as graduated
at the Cambridge High School in ls7li, and at Har-
vard, with honors, in ISsn. [n ]s7l he acted as aid
iu the I". S. coast and geodetic survey, anil for sev-
eral months in I si.so as aid at the Harvard oliserva-
tory. On Aiii. 2, Issn, be was a|ipoinlcd assistant
astronomer at the I". S. naval observatory. Wash
innlon, retaining tliis position until May 14, 1889,
when lie accepted the ollice of curator of exchanges
in the Smithsonian Instiiuliipii; meantime, Nov. 6,
Issil, having been appointed also to the position of
honorary curator of apparatus. In October, issii,
he was appointed professor of astronomy in the
Corcoran Scientific School, Columbian University,
which position he retained until his death, lie was
a member of the Astronomische Gesellschaft of
Leipsic; of the Astronomical Society of the. Pacific,
and secretary of the Philosophical Society of Wash-
ington. His published writings have- consisted of
numerous reviews and articles on astronomical sub-
jects. Prof. Winloek was married in ISXIJ, to Mis.
Alice Broom Muuroe, daughter of .lames and Eliza-
beth Broom of Washington, who bore him two sons
and one daughter. He died at Bav Head, N. J. ,
Sept. 20, isrtii.
HUTCHINS, Thomas, geographer-general of
the United States, was born in Monmoulh, N. J.,in
1730. When only sixteen years of age he went to
the western country, and obtained an appointment
as ensign in the British army. In 1703 Gen. Henry
Bouquet, a British officer then iu command at Phila-
delphia, was ordered to the relief of Fort Pitt, now
Pittsburgh, and setting out with 500 men, mostly
Highlanders, found the frontier settlements greatly
alarmed on account of savage invasions. He had
some fighting with the Indians on the way, but suc-
ceeded in reaching Fort Pitt with supplies, losing,
however, eight officers and one hundred and fifteen
men. Hutchins was present at this point, and dis-
tinguished himself as a soldier, while he laid out the
plan of new fortifications, and afterwards executed
it under the directions of Gen. Bouquet. From
Pennsylvania. Hutchins went to Louisiana, where he
remained for some years, and was afterwards with
the army in west Florida. Here he obtained a cap-
tain's commission. At the beginning of the war of
the revolution. Hutchius was in London, and though
he received some excellent offers while there, his
patriotism induced him to decline all. He, however,
remained iu England, and in 177SI. beinur suspected
of carrying on a correspondence with Franklin, then
in France, was thrown into prison, confined for six
weeks, then examined and liberated. It is stated
that during this imprisonment he lost, by some
means, £12,000. Leaving England, he crossed to
France, where he remained for a time, and then
sailed for Charleston, and joined the American
army under Gen. Nathanael Greene. He had by
this lime gained a high reputation as a geographer
and map-draughtsman, and he soon after was ap-
pomtc'i geographer-general of the United States.
Besides supplying the maps and plates for the " Ac-
count of Bouquet's Expedition," by Dr. William
Smith, published in Philadelphia iu i7ti.">, he wrote:
"A Topographical Description of \'irginia, Penn-
sylvania. Man land and North Carolina" i 177^1,
•'History, Narrative and Topographical Description
of Louisiana and West Florida" (1784), and certain
papers in the transactions of the Philadelphia and
American Geographical societies, lie died in Pitts-
burgh, Pa.. April 2s, 17sn.
HADLEY, Arthur Twining, thirteenth presi-
dent of Yale University ilx'.l'.i- ), was born in New
Haven, ( 'onn., April 2:!, Kill.
sou of .lames and Aline
(Twininii) lladley, and de-
-ii ndaii! of ( Iconic lladley.
" ho emigrated to Ipswich,
Mass., in H'.:;'.i. His graiid-
fallier, James lladley, was
professor of chemistry in Fair-
field Medical Colleue, llerki-
incr county, X. Y.. an institu-
tion now extinct. His father,
eminent as a linguist and
philologist, was professor of
(ireek in Yale tor t wenl \ one
years, and was the author of
a "I Jreek < iranunar " and of
an " Introduction to Human
Law." An uncle, Geonje
lladley, was a professor in
Buffalo Medical College, and j/Lh—
another. Henry II. lladley. •**'*>-
was professor of Hebrew
in Union Theological Seminary, New York city,
and iu Yale Divinity School. His mother was the
daiiuhler of Stephen Twining, formerly steward of
Yale roHene, 1 sister of Alexander Twining, a
prominent civil engineer, tutor at Yale (1824-20), pro-
fi ssi, i 1,1 several branches at Middlcliury College. Ver-
mont ( ls;!ll— III), and lecturer on constitutional law at
Yale for several years. It is recorded of her that she
took the full Yale course in mathematics. He was
titled for Yale at the Hopkins Grammar School,
New Haven. In college he won the WooNey and
liristed scholarships; a Winlhrop prize for thorough
acquaintance with (Jreek and Latin poets; the Clark
prize for the solution of astronomical problems;
stood high on the junior exhibition list; in the senior
year tookaTownsend prize for excellence iu English
composition, and was graduated as valedictorian. At
the same time he was not what is called a "din "; he
had thoughts for other things than text-books; kept
track of the varied interests of his class, and was a
member of a secret society in each year, including the
Delta Kappa Epsilon and the famous and exclusive
Skull and Bones. He remained iu New Haven for a
year after graduation, taking a post-graduate course
in history and political science, and two more years at
the University of Berlin, where his studies were in
the same field. In 1879 he became a tutor at Yale
College, instructing in various branches, and held
the position until i883. He then began work in the
field of the history and science of railroad transpor-
tation; in 1883-88 was university lecturer on railroad
administration, and iu 1885 published "Railroad
Transportation. Its History and Its Laws," which
made him almost at once the recognized authority
in this country on that subject. The work has since
been translated into several European languages.
About that time he was summoned as an expert wit-
ness before the Cullom senate committee, which
drafted the Inter-state Commerce Law. Since 1886 he
has been professor of political science in the gradu-
ate department, and in 1891-93 filled the chair of
political and social science iu the academic depart-
268
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
nicnt during Prof. Sumner's absence in Europe. He
also served for a time as dean of the graduate de-
partment. He established a limited course, open
only to seniors, and commonly known as the eco-
nomic debates, which has done much to revive the
art of public speaking at Yale, and he has taken a
deep interest in coaching the students for oratorical
contests with Harvard and Princeton. On May 25,
1899, he became president of Yale University, by
election of the corporation, being the first layman
to hold that office. Pres. Hadley's labors have been
manifold, and by no means confined to his alma
mater. In 1885-87 he was commissioner of labor
statistics for Connecticut, won the commendation of
employers and employed, and published two vol-
umes of reports, which established his reputation as
a statistician and student of the labor problem. In
1886 he was made one of the original members of the
International Institute of Statistics. In 1895 he was
vice-president of the American Economic Associa-
tion, and iu 1898-99 was its president. He has lec-
tured at Harvard University, the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, and other institutions
of learning, and has delivered addresses in many
cities on politics, sociology, finance and allied sub-
jects. Among honors not already mentioned are
the degree of M.A. , conferred by Yale, in 1886;
that of LL.D. from Harvard and Wesleyan uni-
versities, iu 1899 ; a medal from the Paris ex-
position, in 1889; an invitation to visit England
iu 1890, as guest of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, and election to mem-
bership in the American Academy of Arts and Ld-
ters, founded in 1899, and limited to fifty. He pre-
pared a series of articles on "Transportation" for
Lalor's "( 'yclop.-rdiii nf Political Science" (1883);
contributed part of the article on " Railways" to the
ninth edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britanuica"; is
the author of the chapter: "The Railroad in its
Business Relations" in Scribner's "The American
Railway " (1888), and in 1884-91 was engaged iu work
for the ' ' Railroad Gazette " as an editorial writer. He
has contributed to the "Financial Chronicle"; the
New York "Evening Post "; " Harper's Magazine ";
the "Forum"; the "Popular Science Monthly,"
and other periodicals which make a specialty of po-
litical science. Of late years he has devoted special
attention to the relations between economics and
ethics in the columns of the "Yale Review" and
elsewhere. He hud charge of the department of
economics in MarMillan's " Dictionary of Philosophi-
cal Terms" (1899), and contributed articles on po-
litical economy to R. H. Inglis-Palgrave's "Dictionary
of Political Economy." His volume. "Economics"
(1896), is now a text-book in a number of universities
and colleges. The article on Yale in Harpers'
"Four American Universities" is from his pen.
Pres. Hadley is an admirable after-dinner speaker,
and is noted as the possessor of that rare art, the gift
(.1 h-llinsr a story. He is a skilled Alpine climber
and an enthusiastic player of golf, tennis and other
games, and closely follows the main inter-collegiate
contests. In politics he is an Independent; iu eco-
nomics a free-trader. He is a member of theGradu-
atcs' Club of New7 Haven, and of the Reform Club
and Century Association of New York city. He
was married in New Haven. June 30, 1891, to Helen
Harrison, second daughter of Judge Luzon B. Mor-
ris (Yale '54), governor of Connecticut, and Eugenia
L. (Tuttle) Morris. They have three children. Mrs.
Hadley is a graduate of Vassar College and active in
its alumna' work.
FENDER, William Dorsey, soldier, was born
in Edgecombe county, N. C., Feb. 6, 1834, sou of
James and Sarah (Routh) Fender. His father's an-
cestors came from England, and settled near Nor-
folk, Va. , in the seventeenth century; his mother
was an aunt of the Hon. R. R. Ridgers. He was
educated in the common schools of his county,
served as a clerk iu a store, and in 1850 entered the
U. S. Military Academy, where he was graduated in
1854, nineteenth in his'class. His first assignment
was to the 1st artillery as brevet second lieutenant;
he was made second lieutenant of the 3d artillery in
the same year; was transferred, at his own request,
to the 1st regiment of dragoons in 1855, and pro-
moted first lieutenant in 1858. He saw service iu
camp, on the frontier, and in scouting iu New
Mexico, California, Washington and Oregon, and
was engaged in numerous skirmishes and battles with
the Indians. He was made adjutant of the 1st dra-
goons, Nov. 8, 1860, and served in this position,
wilh headquarters in San Francisco, until Jan. 31,
1861, when he was detached and ordered to Carlisle,
Pa., on recruiting service. Having resigned from
the U. S. army on March 21, 1861, he offered his
services to the Confederate government at Mont-
gomery, and was made captain of artillery in the
provisional army, and put in charge of the Confed-
erate recruiting service iu Baltimore. In May, 1861,
Capt. Pender returned to North Carolina, and served
as drill master at Raleigh and Garysburg. He \\ as
elected colonel of the 3d volunteers, May 16, 1861,
and on Aug. 15th was transferred to the 6th regi-
ment, which had already received its baptism of
blood at the first battle of Mauassas, under the gal-
lant but unfortunate Fisher. The Confederate army
remained near Mauassas until the spring
of 1862, when it was transferred, under
the command of Joseph E. Johnston, to
the Peninsula to meet McClelland's at-
tack on Richmond. At the battle of Fair
Oaks, Col. Pender, by a sudden flank
movement, brilliantly extricated his regi-
ment from a perilous position, where it
was threatened with destruction or cap-
ture, and for this brilliant action wns
promoted on the field by Pres. Davis
to the rank of brigadier-general, to
date from June 3, 1862. The 13th,
16th, 22d, 34th and 38th North Caro-
lina regiments were assigned to his brig-
ade. He was with Jackson at Cedar
Run on the Rapidan, where, by a rlank
movement, he again won the day for the
Confederates, and at Fredericksburg he received the
highest praise for the steadiness of his brigade. On
the second day at Chancellorsville, he opened the
battle, and carried the fight in the second charge.
Although wounded, he was placed in charge of
A. P. Hill's division after the disablement of that
officer. He was promoted major-general, Ma\ 27.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
269
1863. and given command of the brigades of Scales,
Lane, Thomas aud McGowan; being at that time re-
puted the youngest major-general in the army. At
Gettysburg, on July 1st, lie drove the Federals from
the woods on Seminary Ridge, and again from ihc
strong position to its rear. Late in the afternoon of
the second day he was wounded by a fragment of
shell and unfitted for action. At Stauuton, Va., on thu
retreat from Gettysburg, amputation of tin- In: wa*
found to he necessary on account of his wound, and
he did not long survive the operation. Gen. Fender
was very highly esteemed by Gen. Lee, who in his
official rcporl menlions him in the hiiihrsi in in* for
his usefulness as an officer and for the purity of his
private life. He was married, March :t, lsr>9, to
Mary Frances, daughter of Hon. Augustine II. Shep.
perd, and left three sons. His memory has been
honored by the state of North Carolina, when the
new county, formed in 187,">. from New Hanover, was
called by his name. He died at Staimton, Va., Julv
18, isiili
HUNTER, William, statesman, was born in
Newport, R. I., Nov. 26, 1774. His father, Dr. William
Hiinler, an eminent Scotch physician, came to this
country about the year 17.Y,'. six years after the famous
battle of Culloden, in which, as a friend of the
"pretender," he held a professional position, and
settled at Newport, where he gave the first course of
anatomical lectures in this country during two sea-
sons in succession. He was married to a daughter
of Godfrey Malbone, a weallhv merchant of New-
port, and a descendant of Edward Wanton, the
founder of the Wanton family in this country.
Their sou, William Hunter, pursued his preparatory
studies under the tuition of Robert Rogers, a noted
schoolmaster of Newport, and entering Brown Uni-
versity, was graduated with the salutatory oration in
1791. On completing his college studies! he went to
England, where he studied fora time with the cele-
brated Dr. John Hunter, a first cousin of his father;
but, finding that his tastes did not incline to medi-
cine, he turned his attention to the law. He pre-
pared for the bar in the Inner Temple, London,
under the direction of such eminent teachers as
Chilly and Arthur Murphy, the accomplished trans-
lator of Tacitus, whom lie aided in this scholarly
work. Mr. Hunter was often present at the debate's
in parliament, and enjoyed the rare privilege of lis-
tening to the eloquence'of the bar in the courts of
England. He returned to America in 1793. aud
completing his preparalorv studies, was admitted to
the bar in November, 1795, at. the age of twenty-one
years. Such was his regulation after a few years'
practice that, in 1799, he was elected from Newport
to the general assembly, anil was re-elected each *ue
cessive year until 1812. Duriug the session com-
mencing May. 1811, he was speaker. In 1812 he
was U. S. senator from Rhode Island, to till out the
uuexpired term of Christopher G. Champlin, re-
signed, and in 1814 was elected for six years. As an
orator Mr. Hunter took a high rank in congress, his
most famous speeches being those on the acquisition
of Florida and on the Missouri Compromise. The
former, delivered in secret session of the senate of
the United States, Feb. 2, 1813, was made on the
proposition to seize and occupy the province of East
Florida. As there were no 'reporters present, he
dictated it to an amanuensis after its delivery, and
it was printed in Newport. As has been justly said,
this speech "shows comprehensive views of the sub-
ject, expressed in a style unusually dignified and
elevated, and contains passages of a high order of
eloquence." The course which Mr. Hunter took
with regard to the Missouri Compromise not proving
satisfactory to his constituents, he failed of a re-elec-
tion to the senate, and resuming the practice of his
profession, again represented his native town for
of the young emperor, Dom Pedro, was elevated to
the position of minister plenipotentiary. While liv-
ing in Brazil he was a most, diligent student, gather-
ing from the various libraries of that country, and
from every reliable source, vast stores of information
on many subjects, which he would doubtless have
turned to a good use had his life been spared. His
term of service expired in 1845, and returning to
the United state*, he spent the four remaining years
of his life in Newport. Mr. Hunter was one of the
most accomplished men of his time. As an orator
he had few *uperiors. and there was a rare depth and
melody to his voice, while his addle** was full of
dignity. He was a tine linguist, familiar with the
be-i classic writers of antiquity, and was well versed
in the modern laminate*, noiably French. He was
married to Alary, daughter of William and Sarah
(Franklin) Robinson, of New York city, and had
eight children. He died in Newport, Dec. 3, 1849
PUTNAM, Alfred Porter, clergyman, was
born at North Darner*. K*sc\ co. , Mass., Jan. 10,
1*27. son of Elias and Kuniee ( Ross) Putnam. His
father was a shoe manufacturer and prominent
ollieeholder; his mother, a native of Ipswich,
Ala**. Hi' wa* eighth in descent from John Putnam,
progenitor of nearly all the Put-
nams in this country, who, in
Ki:i4, settled at Salem village
(now Danvcrs). Edmund, fifth in
direct descent, was for twenty-
three years a deacon of the
Congregational church of Salem
village, but became one of the
pioneer Uuiversalists of that re-
gion. He was captain of an
alarm list company in March,
1775, and commanded one of the
Dauvers companies that marched
to Lexington, April 19, 1775.
Edmund's sou, Israel, grand-
father of Alfred, was an intelli-
gent farmer and published sev-
eral original pamphlets in advo-
cacy of Uuiversalisni. His wife,
Anna Endicolt, was a descend-
ant of the Puritan governor,
John Endicott. At the age of fifteen Alfred Put-
nam became a clerk in the bank in his native town,
of which his father was president. After studying
in the Literary Gymnasium, Pembroke, N. H. , and
at the academies of Andover, Mass., and Spring-
field and Thetford, Vt., he spent a year at Dart-
mouth College as a member of the class of 1853.
He then went to Brown University, where he was
graduated in 1852. For six months he was princi-
pal of the high school of Wenham, Mass., aud then
entering the Divinity School at Cambridge, was
graduated in 1855, having been licensed to preach
in the winter of 1854-55. "He received calls to the
pulpits of several Unitarian churches, but finally
accepted that of the Mount Pleasant Society, Rox-
bury, Mass., where he remained nearly eight years,
one year being devoted to travel in Europe, Pales-
tine, Egypt and Greece. On Sept. 28, 1864, he was
installed pastor of the First Unitarian Society of
Brooklyn, N. Y., formerly ministered to by Dr.
Frederick A. Farley, and with this wealthy and in-
fluential society he labored until the spring of 1887,
establishing the Third Unitarian Church in the city,
building chapels for bis own Sunday-school and a
mission school he had founded, and engaging in
other kinds of benevolent work. He was one of the
founders aud one of the board of the Brooklyn Union
for Christian Work. On retiring from the pastorate
270
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
in November. 1863, he settled at Concord, Mass.,
but made frequent visits to Dauvers, being president
of its historical society. He frequently preached
and lectured in various towns, and gave courses at
'I'nt'iv College and at the Mead ville (Pa.) Theologi-
cal School. He was elected president of the Uni-
tarian Sunday -school Society in 1863 aud was
honored with the degree of D.D. from Brown Uni-
versity in 1871. He was a member of the Long
Island Historical and New England societies of
Brooklyn; of the New England Historic-Genealogi-
cal Society; of the Concord Antiquarian Society;
the American Historical Association; the Victoria
Institute, London, and the Society of the Sous of
the American Revolution. He was actively identi-
fied with the anti-slavery agitation in New England
and later took a great interest in political reform.
He contributed to the "Unitarian Review," " Liberal
Christian," "Harper's Weekly" and many other
periodicals, as well as newspapers. In 1862, at the
dinner of Americans in London to celebrate the
Fourth of July, Dr. Putnam made an eloquent ad-
dress in reply to the toast "The Constitution of the
United States." His published works include "The
Life to Come "(1865); "The Freedom and Large-
ness of the Christian Faith" (1868); " Unitariauism
in Brooklyn" (1869); "The Unitarian Denomina-
ton. Past and Present" (1870); "Singers and Songs
of the Liberal Faith " (1875); " Christianity the Law
of the Land "(1876); " Rebecca Nurse and Her
Friends," address (1894). Dr. Putnam was twice
married: first, Jan. 10, 1856, to Louise Proctor,
daughter of Samuel aud Lydia Waters (Proctor)
Pn'ston, of Dauvers. Her father was the sou of
( 'a | >t. Levi Preston aud descendant of Roger Preston,
emigrant from England. She died in 1860. He was
married, second, Dec. 27, 1865, to Eliza King,
daughter of Ephraim and Mary (King) Buttrick, of
Cambridge, and descendant of William Buttrick,
v\lio,iu 1635, settled in Concord. Her father was
long a prominent lawyer at the Middlesex bar. By
his second wife Dr. Putnam had three sous and two
daughters.
SMITH, Elihu Hubbard, physician and au-
thor, was born at Litchtield, Conn., Sept. 4, 1771.
He entered Yale College at the age of twelve, and
was graduated in 1786. As he was too young to en-
ter a profession, his father placed
him in charge of Dr. Timothy
Dwiglit, to continue his literary
and classical studies. His native
t.-i-te for literary pursuits was
fostered under his distinguished
tutor, and from that time for-
ward he continued to occup}-
himself constantly with writing.
In time he became associated
-. with the political writers known
as the " Hartford wits," among
whom Dr. Dwiglit was a lead-
ing spirit. On reaching a more
mature age he entered the office
ol his father, an eminent phy-
sician of Philadelphia, and af-
ter being licensed to practice
medicine', .settled rirst at Wethersfield, Conn., and
afterwards in New York city. He was a zealous
practitioner, aud equally ardent in his pursuit of lit-
erature, so that his impetuous activity made him
useful in both callings. In New York he kept bache-
lor's hall in genial and hospitable style at the head-
quarters of the Friendly Society, aud was a recog-
nized leader among the literary men of the city. He
edited, in 1793, the first collection ever made of
American poetry, a work containing few selections
of merit. He contributed a number of sonnets and
essays to magazines; wrote an anonymous play, an ope-
ratic version of the ballad of "Ed win and Angelina,"
and prefixed to the American edition of Erasmus
Darwin's works an "Epistle to the Author of the
Botanic Garden." He also left in manuscript what
was said by his friends to be his best production, an
irregular poem descriptive of Indian character and
manners, but this was accidentally destroyed after
his death. In 1796 he established, in connection with
Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill and Dr. Edward Miller, a
professional periodical, entitled the "Medical I!c-
pository," which he edited for one year. In the same
year he published an independent work, entitled
" Letters to William Buel ou the Fever which Pre-
vailed in New York in 1793." He met his death
while combatting the yellow fever epidemic of 1798.
He had labored untiringly among the victims for some
time without acquiring the disease, but finally, hav-
ing insisted on taking a young Italian patient to his
own house to nurse, he fell a victim to his humane
impulses. He died in New York city, Sept. 19, 1796.
MERRIMON, Augustus Summerfield, law-
yer, senator and jurist, was born in Buncombe (now
Transylvania) county, N. C., Sept. 15, 1830, sou of
Branch II. and Mary (Paxton) Merrimon. His
father, a native of Virginia, early removed to Ten-
nessee, where he connected himself with the Hoist on
conferenceof the Methodist Episcopal church (South),
and was in the regular itinerancy; his mother was a.
granddaughter of Col. Charles McDowell, who had
rendered good service to the Whig cause in the
King's Mountain campaign. His education was ob-
tained largely by private study at home, his sur-
roundings being favorable to the best possible mental
and physical development, and in his twentieth year
he attended a school at Asheville, where, after com-
pleting the course, he became an assistant. He be-
gan the study of law in December, 1850, and soon
after begiuuiug practice at Asheville, N. C., was
made attoruey for Buncombe and the adjoining
counties. In 1860 he was sent to the legislature
from Buncombe, and strongly opposed secession,
although voting in favor of a convention to consider
the question. He, however, followed the fortunes
of his state, and volunteered in the "Rough aud
Ready Guard," i>. mountain company; being after-
wards employed for a year, with the rank of captain,
as assistant in the cemmissary department to Col.
William Johnston, and serving at Fort Macon, Ocra-
coke, Weldou aud elsewhere. He was then appointed
by Judge French solicitor of the western district,
where he was of service in quelling disorder and
civil strife, aud continued to hold the office by elec-
tion for several successive terms. He was defeated
for a seat in the constitutional convention of 1865-
66 by the Rev. Dr. Stewart, but in January, 1866,
became judge of the eighth judicial district. This
position he held until about the middle of 1867, when
he received orders from Gen. D. E. Sickles, military
governor of the district of North Carolina, to suspend
proceedings against certain parties, and being un-
willing to recognize the military as superior to the
judicial power, he resigned. One of his last acts on
the bench was to preside at the trial of the Johnston
will case in Chowan county, which lasted for four
weeks, and is reckoned the most celebrated trial ever
held in the state. Judge Merrimon then resumed
the practice of law in Raleigh, N. C., in partnership
with S. F. Phillips, later solicitor-general of the
United States, and rapidly attained a large practice.
He declined the Democratic nomination for governor
in 1868, and. accepting that for associate justice of
the supreme court, was defeated. He was the
Democratic nominee for governor in 1872, but again
suffered defeat. In 1870 he fought the evils grow-
ing out of the Ku-Klux outrages and the Kirk" war;
was one of the first to apply for the writ of habeas
corpus for the accused, aud defended them without
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY..
271
fees. In 1H71 lie was associated with Guv. Thomas
Bragg Mini (}ov. William A. Graham in the trial for
the impeachment of Gov. W. \V. llolden for high
crimes and misdemeanors, his being the duty of
examining witnesses. As is well known, this prose -
cution resulted in the conviction of Holden anil liis
deposition from the governorship. In l.HTt Merri-
mon was also a candidate frmii Wake county lo t In-
proposed constitutional convention, but both be and
the, convention were defeated. In December, 1872,
he and Gov. Vance were candidates before the
Democratic caucus for the U. S. senate. For the
sake of harmony both candidates were withdrawn,
but both were put up again, and with the. aid of
Republican votes Merrimon was elected. [n the
senate he served on the committees on post-offices,
post roads, privileges and elections, claims, rules and
others. He spoke on the financial situation; on the
subversion of civil liberty in Louisiana; on the civil
rights bill; on military usurpation in South Carolina;
on the elective franchise, and on railroads. His
term of office expired March 4, 1879, and he resumed
the practice of law in Raleigh as a member of the
firm of Merrimon, Fuller A, Aslie. On Sept. 20,
1883, he was appointed by Gov. Jarvis an associate
justice of the supreme court of the state, to till the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Rullin,
Jr. He was chosen to the same position at the next
election, and on Nov. 16, 1889, was appointed by
Gov. Fowle as chief justice, to succeed Judge W.
N. H. Smith. His opinions are in North Carolina
Reports, volumes 89 to 110 inclusive. Judge Merri-
mon was married, in 1S5:!, to Margaret .1. Baird.and
left four sons and three daughters. He died in
Raleigh, N. C., Nov. 14, 1892.
LATIMER, Mary Elizabeth (Wormeley),
author, was born in London, England, July 2(5, 1822,
daughter of Ralph Randolph ami Caroline (Preble)
Wormeley. Her father was a rear-admiral in the
British navy and her mother a niece of Com. Edward
Preble, of the U. S. navy. She is a sister of Kath-
arine Prescott Wormeley, the well-known author and
translator. Her childhood was passed in Boston,
Mass., and in the eastern counties of England,
and as she grew older she resided at different
periods in Paris, London and Boston. Possessing,
in common with her sisters, a decided gift for let-
ters, she wrote constantly in her youth, but pub-
lished nothing until the appearance of Prescott's
"Conquest of Mexico," which contained in the ap-
pendix a translation by her of an early Mexican
poem. In 1843 she published her first novel in Lon-
don, and from that time was a frequent contributor
to magazines with stories and essays. In 1856 she
was married to Randolph Brandt Latimer, of Balti-
more, Md., and has since resided in that state. She
has published several novels, including "Amabel"
(1853); "Our Cousin Veronica" (1854~); "Princess
Aim-lie"; "My Wife and My Wife's Sister," and a
series of popular historical works, entitled severally;
"France," "England," "Russia and Turkey,"
"Italy," "Europe in Africa," and "Spain in the
Nineteenth Century." For the standard American
periodicals she has made translations from foreign
literature, and contributed essays on Shakespeare's
comedies, stories, ballads and "various other arti-
cles.
COLLES, Christopher, engineer, was born in
Ireland some time in 1738. Nothing is known of his
early life, except that he was educated by Richard
Pococke, a distinguished traveler in the East, who
was archdeacon of Dublin in 1745; bishop of Ossory
in 1756, and bishop of Elphin and Meath in 1765.
After the death of his benefactor, Colles emigrated
to America. He seems to have been thoroughly
educated and to have had a natural tendency towards
science, as he was lecturing in Philadelphia and
New York in 1772 and 1773 on pneumatics and also
on lock navigation. He is said to have been the
first to undertake building a steam engine for a dis-
tillery, but failed for want of means," although his
plans were approved by David Rittenhouse and the
Philosophical Society. Just prior to the revolution-
ary war he made a proposition to build a reservoir
for New York city, whose sole dependence for drink-
ing water at that time was on wells and springs. A
si. •am pump was erected near the Collect pond, but
tin' war interfered with his plans. Between 1775
and 1777 he acted as instructor to the artillery de-
partment of the revolutionary
army. He was the first one to
suggest the idea of canal naviga-
tion in New York, and witha view
to that end surveyed a consider-
able portion of the Mohawk river.
In 17*4 he memorialized I lie legis-
lature of New York, recommend-
ing such a project. His scheme
was indorsed by the New Yon;
chamber of commerce, which re-
Milled in the reporting a bill on
Feb. 12, 1786, "for improving the
navigation of the Mohauk river.
Wood creek and the Onondaga
river, with a view of opening
an inland navigation to Oswego,
and for extending the same, if practicable, to Lake
Erie." Here we find the great enterprise, later
known as the Erie canal, taking definite shape, and
to < 'c. Hi's is due the credit of proposing and bringing
before the public, in a practical form, the feasibility
and vast national advantage of a system of water
( inunication uniting the Great lakes with the At-
lantic. He traveled through Pennsylvania and
New York, and published a plan or map indicating
the roads of the latter state. His versatility was re-
markable, as in 1796 he was engaged in manufac-
tures in Xew York city, while also trading in skins
and other articles, and at the same time making
complicated astronomical calculations and construct-
ing proof-glasses for testing the specific gravity of
liquors. In 1808 he proposed a plan of navigation
between New York and Philadelphia, by which, in-
stead of digging a canal in the soil, it was to be
built of timber above the ground, but was never
carried out. During the war of 1812 he constructed
and worked a -semaphoric telegraph between
Sandy Hook and New York, which was under
his personal direction for many years. To help
eke out his scanty support, Colles occasionally
gave lectures on the branches of mechanical and
physical sciences, and in his last days he was keeper
of the American Academy of Fine Arts. Among
his essays and publications — they show the re-
markable qualities of his mind — are: "Syllabus of
Lectures on Natural Philosophy" (1773); "Propo-
sals for the Settlement of Western New York, and
for the Improvement of Inland Navigation Between
Albany and Oswego" (1785); "A Survey of the
Roads'of the United States" (1789); Proposal for a
New Mode of Canal between New York and Phila-
delphia " (1808); and " Description of the Numerical
Telegraph" (1813). He was said to be "as honest
a man as ever lived, and notwithstanding bis me-
chanical eccentricities, was respected by all who
knew him." He died in New York. Oct. 4, 1816.
MARK, Edward Laurens, zoologist and edu-
cator, was born at Hamlet, Chautauqua co., N. Y.,
May 30, 1847, son of Charles L. and Julia (Pierce)
Mark. His father, a native of Fredouia, N. Y., was
by occupation a merchant; his mother was a daugh-
ter of Austin Pierce, M.D., of Hamlet, N. Y.
Fitted for college at Fredonia, N. Y., he was gradu-
ated at the University of Michigan in 1871 ; during
272
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
another year was instructor in mathematics there,
and was assistant astronomer on the U. S. northern
boundary survey (1873-73). During 1874-75 he
studied at the University of Leipzig, chiefly under
Leuckart, and after receiving the degree of Ph.D.,
went to Jena for a further course in zoology under
Prof. Haeckel. Later he worked iu the marine
zoological laboratory of the Austrian government at
Trieste, of which Carl Clans was director. On his
return to America, he became in 1877 instructor iu
zoology at Harvard, and was promoted to an assist-
ant professorship in 1883; since 1886 he has been
Hersey professor of anatomy. His time since 1883
has been largely given to superintending the investi-
gations of advanced students in zoology, and the
"Contributions from the Zoologi-
cal Laboratory of Harvard Col-
lege," prepared under his direc-
tion, now (1899) number about 100.
He is a member of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences; of
the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, and of other learned bodies.
Among his contributions to the
literature of zoology, published in
the "Bulletin of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology," and the
proceedings of several learned so-
cieties are: "Maturation, Fecunda-
tion and Segmentation of Limax
Campestris"~(1881); " Simple Eyes
in Arthropods " ( lss7); "Trichinse
in Swine" (1889), and "Studies
on Lepidosteus" (1890). Prof.
Mark was married, iu 1873, to
Lucy, daughter of Edwin King, of
Dunkirk, N. Y. They have one sou and one daugh-
ter.
HENRY, William Wirt, lawyer and historian,
•was born at Red Hill, Charlotte co., Va., Feb. 14,
1831, eldest son of John and Elvira Bruce (McClel-
land) Henry. His father was the youngest son of
the revolutionary patriot, Patrick Henry, and his
second wife, Dorothea Spolswood Daudridge, the
granddaughter of Gov. Alexander Spotswood. His
mother was the daughter of Thomas Stanhope
McClelland, and the granddaughter of Col. William
< 'a bell, of Union Hill. He was educated at the
University of Virginia; took the degree of M.A.
iu 1850, and came to the bar in 1853, at Charlotte
Court House, Va., where for a number of years
he held the position of commonwealth's attorney.
He was an old line Whig, and did not believe in
South Carolina's doctrine of nullification and seces-
sion, but when Virginia took her stand with the
Southern states, in 1861, he volunteered as a private
soldier in an artillery company, commanded by
Capt. Charles Bruce, and saw service in Georgia.
He removed to Richmond, Va., in 1873, and engaged
iu a large law practice, principally in the supreme
court of the state. He was elected, in 1877, to the
house of delegates from the city of Richmond, and
served two sessions iu that body, being then elected
to the state senate, where he served two years, de-
clining re-election. A member of the Virginia His-
torical Society, he held the office of vice-president
for many years, being advanced to the presidency
upon the death of Hon. A. H. H. Stuart, whom he
also succeeded on the Peabody board. He was presi-
dent of the American Historical Society for 1891,
delivered the oration in Philadelphia upon the cen-
tennial of the motion for independence, and was
commissioner from Virginia at the centennial cele-
bration in Philadelphia of the formation of the U. S.
Constitution. On Sept. 18, 1893, he delivered the
oration on the centennial of the laying of the corner-
stone of the capitol in Washington. In 1898 he at-
tended the Congress of Histoiy at the Hague, as
representative of the American Historical Association
and of the Southern Historical Society. He is a devoted
student of Virginia history, and among his writings
are: "Rescue of Capt. John Smith by Pocauontas";
"Patrick Henry, the Earliest Advocate of Indepen-
dence"; " The Truth Concerning the Expedition of
George Rogers Clarke"; "Early History of Vir-
ginia, with Reference to Attacks upon Capt. John
Smith"; " Scotch-Irish in the South "; " Life Letters
and Correspondence of Patrick Henry" (3 vols.);
"Virginia of the Revolutionary Era"; "The First
Legislative Assembly that Sat in the New World."
His life of Patrick Henry has had much praise
from the northern and southern press, and in
American political and biographical literature, it
would be hard to point to its superior. In 1854 he
was married to Lucy Gray, daughter of Col. James
P. Marshall, a soldier of the war of 1812.
TODD, Sereno Edwards, author and journalist,
was born at Lansingville, N. Y., June 3, 1820, the
seventh child of Josiah Todd, a pioneer farmer, who
was the son of a revolutionary soldier, and himself
served as first lieutenant iu the war of 1812. His
mother was Lucretia, daughter of Moses IngersoU,pr>
prietor of a Vermont marble quarry, and through her
mother, Sarah Parsons, great-granddaughter of Rev.
Jonathan Edwards. The son received but little
schooling; at rare intervals he was permitted to at-
tend elementary classes held in the neigh borhood,
but generally he was closely confined to labors on
his father's farm. Of an inquiring mind, he bor-
rowed all available books, and made it a rule to read
the Bible from beginning to end each year for over
twenty years, and it thus became the most important
element iu his education. He afterwards studied the
classics for about a year at Groton and Cayuga
academies. At the age of twenty-four he married and
established himself on a small farm of his own, and
devoted his attention chiefly to scientific agriculture.
In 1862 he removed to Auburn, N. Y., and there,
in the course of a few years having made himself
known by journalistic writing, he obtained a posi-
tion, iu 1865, as associate editor of the "American
Agriculturist." In the following year he became
editor of the "Agricultural and Live Stock Depart-
ment" of the New York "Times"; of the "Home
Department" of the New York "Observer," and
editorial writer for "Hearth and Home," while
at the same time corresponding for a Rochester
weekly publication. He afterwards held positions
on the New York "Herald," and edited "The Prac-
tical Farmer" until the failure of his health com-
pelled him. in 1881, to retire from journalism. After
that date he resided on a small farm at Orange,
N. J., and only occasional!}' contributed to the
press. He published Vol. I. of "The Young
Farmer's Manual" in 1860, and Vol. II. in 1866;
published, in 1869, "Wheat Culturist"; was em-
ployed in 1870 by Harper Bros, to prepare "Todd's
Apple Culturist,'" and in 1873 by the Hartford Pub-
lishing Co. to write "Todd's Country Homes and
How to Save Money." All of these works were
highly successful, and are still in circulation, Mr.
Todd was twice married: first, on June 19, 1844, to
Rhoda, daughter of Benoni and Huldah Peck, of
Greenwich, Conn., who died, leaving three children;
and second, on March 19, 1887, to Dora Amanda,
daughter of Dennis and Millicent (Albertsou) Peter
son. His eldest daughter, Naomi Myrtilla, who was
an unusually gifted vocalist, instrumental musician
and linguist, died from an ill advised surgical opera-
tion. His seci >nd son is Prof. David Peck Todd, of Am-
lierst College, who enjoys a wide reputation through
his valuable contributions to astronomical literature.
Mr. Todd died at Orange, N. J., Dec. 26, 1898.
OF AMKRH'AN HKKJItAPHY.
273
McINTOSH, William, Creek chief, was born
:it Cowrt.-i, (i;i., in 177."), sou of William Mclnin-h.
a British soldier, and a Creek Indian woman. He
was the leader of those who joined the Americans in
1812-14. lie was tir-i mentioned by Gen. Floyd in
the battle of Anlossie, where he fought with valor,
assisting in the destruction of 200 of his nation, who
were surprised in their wigwams and hewn to pieces.
Warriors from eiuhl towns were there, and 400
buildings were burned. He was again conspicuous
at Horseshoe bend, on Tallapoosa river, where the
tribes, 1,000 strong, made a last stand in a fortiticd
camp, with well constructed works. Mclntosh uas
mentioned by Gen. Jackson as greatly distinguishing
himself in the war of extermination. When the
U. S. government had determined to possess a large
tract of the Creek territory, Mclntosh and a small
party were willing to concede it, and a council was
called, but when assembled the chief, addressing the
agent, said: "We told you we had no land to sell.
The chiefs here have no right to sell or treat. (Jen.
Mclntosh knows our laws. We have no lands to
sell. I shall go home." The commissioners told
Mclntosh and his party the nation was sullieieiil ]\
represented by him, and the U. S. government
would bear them out in the treaty. The idea of
getting all the money was too much for Mclntosii to
resist, and thirteen of his chiefs signed, while thirty-
six refused. Mclntosh's party numbered 300, not a
tenth part of the nation; yet the treaty was executed
in face of the direct law and the opposition of the
people, who were then civilized,, with towns and
printed laws. This treaty of Indian Spring, dated
.Ian. 8, 1821, gave universal uneasiness, and Mcln-
tosh lost popularity, lie wrote to his friend, John
Ross, president of the Creeks, as follows : " I want
you to give me your opinion about the treaty;
whether the chiefs will be willing or not. I will
make the U. S. commissioners gi\e you S',',0110. anil
nobody shall know it. If you think it should not
be sold, I will be satisfied. If the land should be
sold, I will get the amount before the treaty is signed,
and if you get any friends you want to receive it,
they shall receive. N.B. — The amount is $12,000;
you can divide among your friends, exclusive of
§7,000." The letter was read in council and the
writer exposed. He knew that his life was forfeited,
and he retired to Milledgeville under protection.
Nevertheless, a few days later his house was sur-
rounded 1)}' 100 warriors, who, ordering the whites
with him to leave, set tire to. the house, and as
Mclntosh attempted to come out shot him. After
the execution of Mclntosh, the U. S. government
had to interfere. Gov. Tronp, of Georgia, declared
vengeance against the Creeks, charging them with
murder; but, upon the advice of Pres. Adams, he
desisted. Mclntosh's principal residence was on the
Chattahoochie. He had two wives, Susannah and
Peggy — one a Creek, the other a Cherokee. He had
another plantation, fifty miles on the Tallapoosa. and
another wife. Eliza, who lived there. She was the
daughter of Stephen Hawkins, and sister of Samuel
and Benjamin Hawkins. His eldest daughter,
Jenny, was married to Wrilliam S. Mitchel, assistant
Indian agent of the Creeks. Gen. Mclntosh partici-
pated in the Seminole campaign, with Lovett, with
2,000 warriors, joining the American army at Fort
Scott in the spring of 1818. His death occurred on
April 29, 1825.
HUNT, Nathan, Quaker preacher, was born in
Guilford county, N. C., Oct. 26, 1758. His father,
William Hunt, also a minister in the same society
and a cousin of John Woolman, was born probably
in Pennsylvania about 1733, but spent his years of
maturity in North Carolina. He began his travels
in the work of the ministry at the age of twenty, and
his first missionary tours were in Virginia and the
VOL. IX.— 18.
Carolinas. In 1761, and again in 1767 and 1768, he
toured through the middle and New England states;
in 1771 he visited Kngland and the continent in the
same service, and died at Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
England, Sept. 9, 1772. The son was a minister
among Friends in North Carolina for more than
sixty years, having begun his ministerial career in
1792. His first visits in the service of truth, beyond
the limits of North Carolina, were to South Carolina
and Georgia, and in 1 7'.l7 and 1 7'.is, and ai;:iin in
1804-05, he visited the middle and northern -
In 1810 and l^'ll he visited the Indian tribes in
Canada; visited England, Scotland and Ireland in
1820-21, and in 1832 extended his visits to the newer
meetings in Ohio and Indiana, whither manv Friends
had emigrated from Virginia and the Carolina- to
escape from the neighborhood of slavery. This
migration began as early as 1785, and continued
until the civil war, the result being that many con-
gregations in these states were broken up.' The
Virginia yearly meeting was so diminished in num-
bers that it was necessary to suspend it. and the North
Carolina yearly meeting was much weakened. After
this trip to the West .Nathan Hunt ceased to travel.
He was possessed of i;]-cat oratorical powers, and had
a large influence in his society in Ninth Carolina.
He took deep interest in education and in I he urgau-
i/.ation of New Garden Boarding School, from which
has since grown Gnilford College. The "Memoirs
of William and Nathan Hunt," mostly from their
journals and letters, were published in I'hiladelphia
in 1858. He was twice married, and died at Center,
Guilford co., N. C., Aug. 8. 1S53.
JUDD, Sylvester, author, was born at West-
hampton, Hampshire CO., Mass., July ;>;{, 1813, de-
scendant ot Thomas Judd. who emigaled to New
Kngland about H13:!. His great-grandfather. Rev.
Jonathan Judd, was the first minister of Southamp-
ton, .Mass. Hi, father (1789-1860), for whom he
was named, was a self-taught scientist; owner and
editor, in 1822-34, of the "Hampshire Gazette,"
published at Northampton, and a zealous antiquarian.
He was author of "Thomas Judd
and His Descendants " (1856),
and " History of Hadley" (1863).
His mother was a daughter of
Aaron Hall, of Norwich, in the
same county. Sylvester Judd
spent his boyhood and youth in
Northampton. He was graduated
at Yale in 1836, and then took
charge of a private school at Tem-
pletou.Mass. Before going to col-
lege, he had united with the ortho-
dox Congregational church his
parents attended, and it was the
hope of his parents that he would
enter the ministry. At Templeton
he became acquainted with Uni-
tarianism, and soon discarded the
beliefs of his earlier years, declin-
ingabout that timea professorship
in Miami College, Ohio, a Presbyterian institution.
He entered the divinity school connected with Har-
vard College, and on his graduation in 1840 was or-
dained pastor of the Unitarian church at Augusta,
Me., with which he was connected until his death.
During his last year in the divinity school he pub-
lished a series of' papers, entitled "A Young Man's
Account of His Conversion from Calvinism," and
in 1843 began the work on which his reputation as
an author chiefly rests: "Margaret: A Tale of the
Real and Ideal, Including Sketches of a Place Not
Before Described, Called Mons Christi. " A revised
edition, in two volumes, appeared in 1851, and a
series of illustrations, by Felix O. C. Darley, in 1856.
To use his own words, "the book designs to pro-
0
274
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
mote the cause of liberal Christianity; it would give
body and soul to the divine elements of the Gospel.
It aims to subject bigotry, caut, Pharisaism and all
intolerance. Its basis is Christ. ... It designs
also . . . to aid the cause of peace, temperance
and universal freedom. . . . But more particularly
. . . the book seems fitted partially to fill up a gap
long left open in Unitarian literature — that of
imaginative writings." The story is loosely con-
structed, but is much admired for its portrayals
of rural life at the time of its author's boyhood and
for its beautiful descriptive passages. In 1850 Mr.
Judd published a companion to "Margaret," "Rich-
ard Edney, and the Governor's Family, a Rus- Urban
Tale," the scene of the story being laid in Maine,
and at a later period. In the same year appeared,
" Philo, an Evaugeliad," a didactic poem in blank
verse defending Unitarian doctrines. He left in
manuscript "The White Hills, an American Trag-
edy, " based ou the same Indian legend used by Haw-
thorne in his "Great Carbuncle." The year after
his death, "The Church, iu a Series of Discourses,"
was published. Mr. Judd was a popular speaker on
temperance and other reforms. He was married, iu
1841, to a daughter of Hon. Revel Williams, of
Augusta, Me., "who, with three children, survived
him. A volume, compiled by Arethnsa Hull, and
entitled "Life and Character of Sylvester Judd,"
was published in 1854. He died in Augusta, Me.,
Jan. 26, 1853.
Z A H M John Augustine, theologian and sci-
entist, was born near New Lexington, Perry co., O.,
June 14, 1851, sou of Jacob Michael and Mary Ellen
(Braddock) Zahrn. His fat her was
a native of France, but of Ger-
man parentage, and his mother
was of Irish extraction, and a
grandniece of Gen. Braddock of
pre-revolutionary fame. He re-
ceived his early education in the
public schools of Ohio, and enter-
ing the University of Notre Dame,
Indiana, was graduated with high-
est honors in the class of 1871.
Having entered the Congregation
of the Holy Cross, he was ap-
pointed professor of physics in
Notre Dame iu 1872, and' in 1874
made director of the department
of science, a position which he
held continuously for nearly a quar-
ter of a century. Meanwhile, he
taught at various times different
branches of science, but chiefly physics, and for ten
years was vice-president of the university. Iu the
interests of the college and for the purpose of scien-
tific research, he spent portions of twelve years
( lss^-94) traveling extensively in America, Europe,
Asia, Africa and even the South Sea islands. Iu
America he made a study of the geological and topo-
graphical features from Nautucket to the Gulf of
California, and from Alaska to Yucatan; while in
the Old World he familiarized himself with the vari-
ous methods of university instruction, particular!}'
iu Germany, and carefully studied the museums of
London, Paris, Leyden, Berlin, Vienna, St.- Peters-
burg, Moscow and Cairo. He also made valuable
collections for a museum at Notre Dame, receiving
useful hints as to arrangement from the museums he
visited. The degree of Ph.D. was conferred on him
iu 1895 by his holiness Leo XIII. Dr. Zahm's es-
says have been published iu the "Catholic World,"
"American Catholic Quarterly," "North Ameri-
can Review, "" Popular Science Monthly," "Cos-
mopolitan," "Revue des Questions Scientifiques "
and others. He has published several booklets
and brochures on Alaska, Mexico, the Hawaiian
islands, and has written a number of works on sci-
ence and religion: "Sound and Music"; "Bible,
Science and Faith"; "Science and the Church";
"Scientific Theory and Catholic Doctrine," and
"Catholic Science and Catholic Scientists." More
important than all these, however, and the work on
which his fame chiefly rests, is "Evolution and
Dogma," in which the author endeavors to recon-
cile ecclesiastical doctrine with modem scientific
theories. This work was immediately translated .
widely in the European languages, and created a
great sensation as departing from previous methods
of ecclesiastical writing. Following upon its publi-
cation came an invitation in 1896 for Dr. Zahin to
visit Rome, and there he remained two years as procu-
rator-general of his order, the Congregation of the
Holy Cross. He is a member of the "Arcadia" of
Rome and was the first American to be admitted to
the well-known Society Franfaise de Physique. He
was in 1894 a delegate to the International Catholic
Scientific Congress at Brussels, before which he read
an important paper ou "More Advanced Courses of
Science in Our Ecclesiastical Seminaries." Subse-
quently he became president of the congress for
America, and at the meeting in Fribourg, Switzer-
land, iu August, 1897, was elected president of the
section of anthropology, succeeding the distinguished
French anthropologist, the Marquis de Nadaillac.
He also, on this occasion, read a paper in defense of
the theory of organic evolution, which was warmly
applauded as an important step forward in ecclesi-
astical circles. In January, 1898, he was recalled to
America to assume the position of provincial-gen-
eral of his order in the United States, a position of
great responsibility as it is also a position of dignity
and honor.
SLOANE, William Milligan, author and
educator, was born at Richmond, Jefferson co., O.,
Nov. 12, 1850, son of James Reijwick Willson and
Margaret Anna Wylie (Milligan) Sloane. His
father (1833-1886), a'uative of Topsham, Vt., and a
graduate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, was
pi-rodent of Richmond College, Ohio (1848-50), and
of Geneva College, Ohio (1851-56); pastor of Re-
formed Presbyterian churches in Ohio and New
York (1856-68); professor of systematic theology
in Alleghany Theological Seminary (1868-86), and" a
famous abolitionist. His mother was a daughter of
Rev. James Milligan, a farmer, of Ryegate, Vt.
Both parents were of Scotch descent, their families
originating in Ayrshire, Scotland, and counting
several noted ministers among the Covenanters and
Reformed Presbyterians. The original American
representative of the family was William Sloane, a
native of Ayr, who settled in America in the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century. By the maternal
line the original ancestor was James Milligan, who
settled in America in 1796. Through his mother's
mother, Mary Trumbull, Prof. Sloaue descends from
Robt. Trumbull, an officer in the revolutionary
army and through her mother, Lucy Babcock, from
a passenger on the Mayflower. William M. Sloaue
was educated under his father's direction and was
graduated at Columbia College in 1868. His first
active employment was as instructor in classics in
Newell Institute, Pittsburgh (1868-72); then going
abroad as private secretary to George Bancroft,
U. S. minister to Berlin, he worked (lN7:;-74),
under his direction, on researches for his "His-
tory of the United States." For one year after-
wards he was special secretary to the legation,
under Bancroft Davis, employed in its archives, and,
meantime, having pursued historical studies, under
Mommsen and Drovsen, he was, iu 1876, graduated
Ph.D. at Leipsic University. Upon his return to
the United States he was offered and accepted an
assistant professorship of Latin in the College of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
275
New Jersey (Princeton I'niversh y i. ser\iiu;-iii ih:it
capacity until 1883, when he was appointed to the
chair of history. In ISSN he was offered anil re-
fused ihc professorship of Latin ai Coluniliia Col-
lege, but, in ISilli, accepted its chair of historv,
which lie still (I8!'9i til's. Prof. Sloane baa been a
constant contributor to such leading magazines as
the " Century." " I lai per '-.," and "The American
Historical Review, "and for thi'ce years ( l<ss"> <st,
was editor of the " New Princeton Ke\icw." lie
has also written three important works : " Life and
Work of .1. H. \V. Sloane" (isssi; "The French
War anil the Revolution" (Isyii). and "Napoleon
Bonaparte "( I vols., ]S9f> 1)7). Mis " Napoleon " is
acknowledged one of the most valuable contribu-
tions to the biographical and historical literature of
the dav. beini' a monument of erudition and deep
research, and throwing light upon many hilhciio
doubtful points in the character and career of the
L'l'cat emperor of the French. It first appeared as
a serial in the "Century," profusely illustrati d.
principally with rcproducl ions of old poiiraits and
scenic representations, which greatly enhanced tin-
interest of Prof. Sloane's absorbing pa'jes. The
work has since appeared in four handsome volumes,
and has enjoyed a well deserved popularity. Prof.
Sloane has traveled w idely , and has in all spent seven
years in study and research in various pails of
Europe. lie is a member of theCenliin .Wocia-
lion and the University and Players' elubs of New-
York city; the Nassau Club of Princeton. N. .1.; an
otlicer of the French Academy; the American His
lorical Association, and the New York Historical
Society. On Pec. ','7. 1S77, lie was married to
Maty Kspey, daughter of Francis Johnston, of
Philadelphia, Pa., and a lineal descendant of Col.
Francis Johnston, adjutant to ({en. Anthony Way ne
and mayor of Philadelphia.
EAMES, Wilberfoi'ce, librarian, was born in
Newark, N. J., Oft. 12. 1S55, son of Nelson and
Harriet (Crane) Eames. His ancestors on his father's
side were early settlers of Woburn, Mass., his ^[•cat-
grandfather being a pioneer of Belfast, Me. When
Wilberforce Eames was six years of age, his parents
removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., where he was edu-
cated in the public schools and where he has since
resided. He was engaged in various occupations
during his youth; from ls;;i s.'i
he was a book-seller, in the latter
year becoming secretary of Dr.
George H. Moore, chief of the
Lenox Library, New York city .
lu 1888 he was appointed first
assistant librarian; in 1893, chief
librarian. Since the formation
of the New York Public Li-
brary by the consolidation of the
Lenox and other foundations, Mr.
Eames has been known by the
rather unique title of Lenox li-
brarian, a designation analogous
to " Bodley's librarian," of the
Bodleian Library. The annual
reports of the Lenox Library
for 1S93-94, prepared by him,
aud his communication to the
"Bibliographical Contributions,"
No. 45 of Harvard University,
give some idea of the many treasures of art aud lit-
erature iu his keeping. He has devoted particular
attention for many years to the bibliography of
American history, Orieutalia, archaeology, philology
and general ethnology. In 1882 he edited a com-
parative edition of the authorized and revised ver-
sions of the New Testament. He has edited six vol-
umes (Vols. XV.-XX.) of Joseph Sabin's "Diction-
ary of Books Relating to America " (1885-92), a work
not yet completed (1899), and he was a contributor
to the various Indian bibliographies of the late James
C. Pillinir. The most important single contribution
to the latter series was issued -cparalely as " Biblio-
graphic Notes on Flint's Indian Bible, and His Other
Translations and Works in the Indian Language of
Massachusetts " ( Is'.Ml). Some of the most conspicu-
ous ai tides of his in "Sabin,"
also issued senarateh . are:
" Bay Psalm Book " I 1885);
" I'loleiin s ( Jeoa raphv
(ISSIIl; '"Sir Waller Ra-
leigh " (1886), and " Marva-
rila Philns,,phica"i Issib. lie
edited in IS'.TJ f, ,r 1 1,,. Lenox
Libiary a comparative edi-
tion of four Latin texts, w ilh
neu Liiu'lMi translation, of
Cohiiubus' letter to Sanehe/. on the discovery of
America. In October. 1*97, he read a paper before
the \meiican A nt iipiarian Society on "Early New
l.ii-land Catechisms," which was published in
Is'.i1- He is a member of these societies: the Colo-
nial Society of Massachusetts; the American Libiary
Association: the American Antiquarian Society, and
others. The honorary dcL'ree of A.M. was coil-
fei led on him by Harvard University in 1896.
McADEN, Hugh, pioneer and Presbyterian
missionary, was born in Pennsylvania about the be-
ginnini; of the eighteen! h century, son of poor but,
pious parents of Scotch • Irish descent. lie was
graduated at I'rinceloii in 1753, and studied theology
under John Blair, of Newcastle presbytery, which
licensed him to preach in 17 .Vi. In 17.V> ."ill he made
a missionary tourto the South, passing through Penn-
s\ hania. Virginia ami the central counties of North
Carolina, and penetrating the Broad river country of
upper South ( 'arolina, w here he visited the ( 'atau ba
Indians and preached in their communities probably
the tirst sermons ever heard in that section. lie then
returned to North Carolina, and passed down the
Cape Fear UMT to Wilmington, spending nearly a
year in this work, traveling leisurely, preaching
often and seeking everywhere to advance the in-
terests of the church. Towards the end of the
journey he was persuaded to become pastor of
churches in I) u pi in and New IIaiio\ er counties, and
in 1757 was ordained by the Newcastle presbytery,
remaining with the churches of Duplin and New
Hanover for nearly ten years. This section of North
Carolina contained the oldest Presbyterian communi-
ties in the colony, and had been settled very largely
by Scotch and Scotch-Irish. These had been brought
into the country from Ulster, beginning with 1786,
by Henry McCulloch, who had been a large pur-
chaser or land from the king. As early as 1744
Presbyterians in North Carolina had sent requests
for ministers to the synod of Philadelphia; Rev.
William Robinson had visited the colony, and Rev.
John Thompson had labored in the Iredell section
from 1744 until his death, in 1753. Mr. McAden
was thus among the first of the Presbyterian mis-
sionaries to have a fixed pastorate in the colony'. In
1768, partly on account of his health, he removed to
Caswell county, N. C., and preached to the churches
of Hico, Dan River and County Line Creek. At a
later period he served the churches of Red House
and Greers and a church in Pittsylvania county, Va.
Two weeks after his death a part of the British army
camped in the yard of the Red House Church. They
plundered McAden's house aud destroyed many of
his papers. He was married to a Miss Scott, of
Luuenburg county, Va., and left a large family,
which has since been prominent in the history of the
state. Two of his great-grandsons were Dr. John
270
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
H. McAden and the late Rufus Y. McAden, both
capitalists and manufacturers of Charlotte, N. C.
The journal of his travels in 1755-56 is printed in
"Foote's Sketches of North Carolina " (1846). He
died in Caswell county, N. C., Jan. 30, 1751.
DUNBAR, Paul Laurence, author, was born
at Dayton. MiinlLr'>mery co . O., June 27, 1872, sou
of Joshua and Matilda (Burton) Dunbar. His
father, born and held in slavery in Kentucky, fled to
Canada by way of the "underground railroad," and
remained there until the civil war ended, when here-
turned to the United States. He settled at Dayton,
and there was married to a young widow who had
been emancipated in ante-bellum days. Paul Dun-
bar was educated in the public and high schools of
Dayton, and showed especial fondness and aptitude
for literary studies. By means of private study he
has made up in large measure for the lack of college
training. On graduation he supported his mother
and himself, his father having died, and began writ-
ing for the local press, receiving particular encour-
agement from Dr. H. A. Tohey, of Toledo. He ac-
quired some reputation in the AVest, and did some
considerable work for eastern magazines, whose edi-
tors had not known him to be a negro. His first
book, " Oak and Ivy," was published in 1893. The
first edition of his second, "Majors and Minors"
(1895), was nearly exhausted when a kindly review,
by William Dean Howells, intro-
duced the author to a larger audi-
ence. "Mr. Duubar." said that
critic, " is the first black man to feel
the life of the negro a-sthetieally
and to express it lyrically.'"
James Lane Allen also expressed
great interest in Mr. Duubar's work.
The two volumes were repub-
lished as one: "Lyrics of Lowly
Life" (189G), and were followed
by "Folks From Dixie," short
stories (1898); "The Uncalled," a
novel (1898); "Lyrics of the Hearth-
side " (1899), and "Poems of Cabin
and Field " ( 189!)). " The Uncalled"
first appeared in " Lippincott's
Magazine, " and has been described
as "strong in motive and delinea-
tion. It is a story of a soul's
struggle against environment — the. soul of a waif
forced into the ministerial life (hence 'uncalled')
by the stern ' piosity ' of an adopted mother. The
intensity is relieved by many humorous episodes and
not a little quaint philosophy." Another writer has
said of it: "It has called " forth various comment,
but all critics agree that the evolution of the hero is
a strong character study, and the action of the minor
characters and the construction of the story gener-
ally prove that Mr. Dunbar is master of the difficult
art Ot writing a long novel of sustained interest."
<>ni' of tin' editors of the "Bookman" wrote con-
cerning his " Lyrics" as follows: " There are three
things illustrated in Mr. Dnubar's volume that will
be especially interesting to the scientific students of
his race: the negro's gift in telling a story, illus-
trated in the humorous and dialect pieces; the negro's
serious revelation of his passion of love, and, per-
haps, of far greater importance just at present, the
negro's sense of verbal melody. Of the last, the en-
tire collection of poems is a triumphant, well-nigh
unerring demonstration. The verse called ' The
Poet and His Song' affords a good example of the
author's perfect ease, his sincerity, his sensitiveness
to the outer world, his limited philosophy of life,
and the sweetness and pathos in the temper of his
race." Joel Benton says of " Lyrics of (he Hearth-
side ": "If the voice is not the deepest, it is a true one,
nevertheless; and has varied and captivating tones.
A certain pathos and praise will be deepened by
considering that the author is of the negro race, and
has risen to a height that no other of his blood and
class has as yet on similar lines attained. Some of
these poems are in the negro dialect. All are sane,
lucid and fluent, and communicate pleasing fancies
and a wholesome criticism of life." In 1897 Mr.
Dunbar removed to Washington, D. C., to take a
position in the new national library. He was mar-
ried in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 6, 1898, to Alice Ruth
Moore, a teacher in one of the public schools of that
city.
WOOD, Thomas Fanning, physician, was born
in Wilmington, N. C., Feb. 23, 1841, son of Rob-
ert B. and Mary A. Wood. He was educated in the
schools of his native town and then became a clerk
in a drug store. He acquired a knowledge of drugs
from a competent master, and read medicine in the
offices of Drs. Dicksou, Thomas and Me Bee. On
the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted as a private
in the Wilmington rifle guards (afterwards company
F, 3d North. Carolina regiment), and on the transfer of
his company to Virginia was detailed as hospital
steward under Dr. Otis F. Mauson, in charge of the
hospital for North Carolina troops. This change
gave him an opportunity to attend the lectures of the
Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, and after
one course he was examined and assigned as assist-
ant surgeon of the 3d North Carolina regiment, with
which command he remained during the remainder
of the war. On the return of peace he began the
practice of medicine in Wilmington, N. C. The in-
vading army had left in the city an epidemic of small-
pox, and the disease grew to such an extent that a
hospital became necessary for the indigent negroes
who flocked to the city. This work was undertaken
by Dr. Wood, and the hospital was duly organized
and successfully conducted. He received the hon-
orary degree of M.D. from the University of Mary-
land in lsi;s, and soon after the reorganization of
the North Carolina Medical Society became its secre-
tary. He held this position until 1872. In 1878 he
became a member of the North Carolina state board
of medical examiners, and in 1885 secured the pas-
sage of a law under which the North Carolina state
lui.'ird of health was organized. As its secretary, he
sought to popularize its work, and to that end issued
a monthly bulletin. He was one of the founders
of the American Public Health Association and a
vice-president in 1891. In 1878 Dr. AVood, along
with Dr. Moses John De Rossett, revived the
"North Carolina Medical Journal, "and continued
as its editor-in-chief until his death. He was a close
student of small-pox, vaccination and botany, and
collected a large and valuable library on profes-
sional and scientific subjects, which he bequeathed
to the University of North Carolina. His published
works include a number of scientific and biographi-
cal monographs, and, with Gerald McCarthy, he
published a report on Wilmington flora (Raleigh,
1886). At the time of his death he was on the com-
mittee of revision of the " American Pharmacopoeia."
He died in Wilmington, N. C., Aug. 22, 1892.
TODD, William Cleaves, legislator, was born
in Atkinson, N. II., Feb. 16, 1823^ sou of Ebenezer
and Betsey (Kimball) Todd. His father was a de-
scendant of John Todd, who came from Rowley,
Yorkshire, England, in 1640. with Rev. Ezekiel
Rogers' colony, settled in Rowley, Mass., about
1647, and was deputy to the general court in 1664
and 1686. His mother was descended from Richard
Kimball, a native of Ipswich, England, who came to
America about 1634, and about 1636 settled in Ips-
wich, Mass. Other ancestors were Gov. John En-
dicott, of Massachusetts Bay Colon}*, who came over
in 1628; Maj. William Hathorne, tiie first American
ancestor of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who came over
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
277
with \Vinthrop. in l(i;;ii; John Porter, an early set-
tler of Hingham and Danvers. and IJcliec-ca Nurse-,
who was hung as a Milch in Mi'.l'J. His grandfathers,
Eliene/.er Tcxld and Thomas Kimhall, .If. both
served in the rcvolulionaiy war. Thomas Kimhall,
of Wenham, his great-grandfather, commanded a
company in its march to Lexington, April 19, 1775.
Another great-grandfather, IVnjamin Porter, of
Danvers, Mas a soldier in the French and Indian
wars, and Mas sergeant in the' revolutionary Mar;
there is a tradition that five of his sons served with
him. and not one' of them would receive a pension.
William ('. Todcl was graduated at Dartmouth Col-
lege, in is-14. With the exception of a visit to Europe,
in 184S, he taught school a lar^e part of the time
until 1S()4, in Kentucky, at Atkinson, X. II., and at
Newburyport, Mass. Since' that dale he has traveled
cxte-nsively iii this country and in Europe, visiting
Egypt, Palestine, etc. He was a member of the- NYw
Hampshire legislature in |ss:[ and in l>s;, also of
the New Hampshire constitutional convenlion of
issil, in which, as the' Concord "Monitor," in a
review of the: convention, remarked: "lie' had a
prestige-, \vhie-h hLs ready Mil anil strong e'ommon
sense- tended to increase, and anything which he-
earnestly supported wasrare-K vote'd down." Being
much interested in educaliem, and leali/.ing the
growing importance of newspapers .-,, a means of
disseminating knowledge, he establishe-d a free-
reading-room in Newlmryport, Mass., in ls;o, and
later gave £.">i>.000 to the city of Bos|,,n for the- sup-
port of a newspaper reading-room in coime-e-tion w ith
the Boston public liluaiv, said to be' the' tine-si
newspaper rcaeling-room in the world. Ilepivse-me-d
a soldiers' monument to his native town, and has
made numerous gifts to different literary anil his,
torical institutions. Mr. Todel was president of the
New Hampshire Historical Socie-ly, and a me-mb.-r
of the Wisconsin Historical Society; of the Historic
Genealogical Society; of the Sons of the' American
Revolution; of the "Society of Colonial Wars, and
belongs to the Order of Descendants of Colonial
Governors, besides being as-oe-iati-d with many
other societies. He has written much for newspapers
and magazines, but has published no bound volumes.
SKENANDO, Oneida chief, was born in New-
York state in 1706. He was an oleler contemporary
of the missionary. Samuel Kirkland, and was one of
his earliest converts, being a e-onsisient believer fe>r
many years. Mr. Kirkland died at Paris, X. Y., in
1808, and was buried at Oneida. Skenando desired
to be buried near him at his death, which was
granted. He lived 110 years, and in old age was
visited by many out of curiosity. He said toa visitor:
"I am an aged hemlock: the winds of one hundred
winters have twisted through my branches. I am
dead at the top. The generation to which 1 belonged
has run awa^y and left me." In early life he was
addicted te> intoxicating liquors; but ill 1775, while
on a visit in Albany to settle some affairs, he became
drunk, and in the morning found himself in the
street, nearly naked, with everything stripped from
him. even the sign of his chieftainship. This made
him a changed man, anil he became a powerful chief
and a firm friend of the Americans during the revo-
lution, lie did good service, and was congenial.
He assisted the Americans because he thought they
held prior rights to the soil, just as he opposed the
English when they sought to take away the red
men's right to the same. In person he was tall,
well-made, robust, with an intelligent countenance,
and having the peculiar dignity of a chief. In youth
he was a brave warrior; In riper years he was the
noblest counsellor. During the revolution, by his
vigilance, he preserved the settlement of German
Flats from destruction. He died March 11, 1816.
HERRON, George Davis, author and edur;
tor, was born in Monle/.iima, luel., .Ian. yi, 1862,
son of William and Isabella (Davis) Herron'.
Thrown em his own resources while still a bov,
he- supported himself by working in summer, alleii'd-
ing school in winter. Be-ing, however, desirous to
enter the ministry, he entered I tipon College, Wis-
consin, in isso. Later hr traveled anel studied in
England, Germany and Italy. At the age of tweuty-
I, lie e-nlc'ie'd the Coiign-gational ministry. In
is'.X), while- pastor at Lake City, Minn., lie was
invited to aeldte'ss ihe- Minnesota Congregational
club at Minneapolis, and attracted great interest itv
ll •iginalily and earnestness of a sermon then de-
livered on " The- Me-ssa i;e of .lesi.s |0 Men ol Wealth";
and when, shortly aflcTM arils, he- followed this by
an address on "The' Larger Chrisi," he so com-
manele-d public attention that immediately the pas-
lorates of prominent churches in elitlereni parts of
the' I'liiled Stales we' ll'eie-d him. He accepted
that of the First Congregational Church at Burling-
ton, la., which he' held for two years. While there
he- organi/.i'd and tauulil the tirsl Institute- of Chris-
tian Sociology which Mas al (ended weekly by large'
numbers Of professional men and laborers, 'in his
sermons Dr. lie-iron cxpre-sscs Ml, -ialisiie views of
the- duly of Christians, denounces the competitive
sysleni and advocates ceidpera-
lion, altruism anel self-growth
through abnegation. The al-
truism of the Sermon e.n (he-
Mount he make's the' basis
of an idealized socialism, anel
no one, in his opinion, can be
a Christian without being a
socialist, in active opposition
to the present standards of
civilization. Hiss\ ste-m of the-
ology, as •• Applie'il Christian-
ity, was denned in the "Al-
truistic' Outlook," as giving
"a distinctively Christian in-
terpretation to historical, po-
litical, theological and social
doctrines, which have never
before received it ....
unflinching in interpreting all
life- by Christ." These views,
expressed with force and
earnest eloquence, anil less
argumentatively than absolutely, have attracted the
attention of American and English theologians and
philanthropists, and Dr. Herron has found no less
bitter antagonists than enthusiastic admirers. A
chair of applied Christianity was founded for him
at Iowa College in 1894 by a member of his Burling-
ton congregation. Mrs. E. D. Rand, with the idea
of giving him an independent platform. His classes
include undergraduates and graduates anel many
clergymen and other visitors, both American and
foreign. He has published works entitled: "The
Larger Christ"; "The Call of the Cross "; "A Plea
for the Gospel"; "The New Redemption "; " Social
Meanings of Religious Experiences"; "The Christian
State," and "Betwei-n Ca_-sar and Jesus." Of the
last-named work the New York "Critic" said:
" What is most attractive in his book is its moral
rather than its intellectual seriousness, to adopt
Matthew Arnold's phrase. Dr. Herron aims at pro-
ducing impressions, not by iteration, but by earnest
and emphatic statements. He writes with immense
enthusiasm and tine culture. Dr. Herron, like a
prophet — a speaker of God that he is — does not
argue, he appeals to one's moral nature; he pleads;
he commands." Dr. Herron was married, Jan. 9,
1883, at Ripon, Wis., to Mary V. Everhard, whose
father was a German physician.
278
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPJSDIA
HOLLEY, Marietta, author and humorist, was
born near Adams, Jefferson co., N. Y., in 1844,
daughter of Johu Milton and Mary (Taber) Holley.
Her maternal grandfather was Lemuel Taber, or
Squire Taber, as he was called, being a justice of
the peace. He emigrated to Jefferson county from
Rhode Island, and settled on a tract of land situated
on a small stream, called Bear creek. He was finely
educated, for those days, and taught higher mathe-
maticsand surveying. The maiden name of his wife
was Sarah Brightman. Miss Holley 's great-grand-
mother and paternal grandparents, David and Sarah
(Southworth) Holley. went to Jefferson county from
Connecticut, and, like the other Connecticut Hoi-
leys, claimed to be the descendants of the eminent
English astromomer, Edmund Halle}'. John Milton
Holley and Mary Taber went, immediately after
their marriage, to live in a cottage on the very spot
where their daughter's present residence, Bonnie
View, now stands. Here all their children were
born, Marietta being the youngest of seven children.
She received the rudiments of an English education
at a neighboring school ; later, with the exceptions
of teachers in music and French, she pursued her
studies at home. She was extremely fond of music,
and gave lessons on the piano for several years ; was
fond also of art and literature, but wisely chose the
latter as her life work. She began to write sketches
and verses when a child, and at an early age sent
some verses signed " Jemyma," to an Adams news-
paper, which were published, with encouraging
words, from the editor. She now began to write for
other newspapers and magazines, such as the "Inde-
dependent," the " Christian
Union, "and " Peterson's Maga-
zine." To the last named sue
contributed a dialect sketch,
purporting to be by "Josiah
.Mini's Wife. "and was imme-
diately urged by thepresident of
the American "Publishing Co.,
of Hartford, Conn., to write a
book for him. She complied,
and in 1873 appeared, "My
Opinions and Betsy Bobbet's,"
which, in its humorous charac-
ter, recalled the once famous
"Widow Bed ott Papers," but
showed, underlying its satire, a
praiseworthy motive; an earn-
est desire to improve mankind.
This was followed bv " Saman-
tha at the Centennial" (1876);
"My Wayward Pardner; or,
My "Trials -with Josiah " (1880);
"Miss Richard's Boy," stories
not in dialect (1882); "Sweet
Cicely; or, Josiah Allen's Wife as a Politician" (1885);
"The Mormon Wife," an illustrated poem (18*7);
"Miss Junes 's Quilting" (1887); "Samantha at Sara-
toga" (1887); "Poems" (18S7); "Samantha Among
the Brethren" (1891); "Samantha Among the Col-
ored Folks "(18 ); "Samantha at the World's Fair"
(1893); " Samautlia in Europe" (18 ). "Josiah
Allen's Wife," as Miss Holley is widely known, has
written some of the most mirth-provokingbooksthat
have ever been given to the public, and her books
have found a warm welcome with all classes, and
are read in nearly every civilized country of the
globe, having been translated into a number of
languages. From Africa and Japan have come
messages of warm appreciation, and the foreign
press has been quite as appreciative as the Ameri-
can. One of the most feeling tributes from per-
-onal friends was from Clara Barton, who was
quick to recognize the value of Miss Holley 's
work for humanity. Of "Samantha Among the
Brethren," B. J. Lossing wrote: "It is, I think, the
brightest and best utterance of Josiah Allen's wife."
MORKIS, Joseph Chandler, banker, was born
in South Wilbraham (now Hampden), Mass., Nov.
19, 1827, son of Joseph and Lydia (Russell) Morris,
and a descendant of Edward Morris, who lived in
New Roxbury (now called Woodstock), Corn., and
who died there in 1689. At the age of eighteen he
went to Boston and entered the office of L. Beebe &
Co., commission merchants, and in 1850 removed to
New Orleans and entered the employ of Beebe & Co.
In 1855 he was admitted to full partnership, and in
1864 purchased the interests of the
other partners, and from that time
until 1887 conducted the business
in his own name. He has been a
director in the New Orleans Canal
and Banking Co. since 1868, and
in 1876 was elected president of the
Hibernia National Bank. On the
death of George Jonas, president of
the New Orleans Canal and Bank-
ing Co., in 1877, he was elected
president of that bank, and from
that date has given his attention to
banking business. For several
years Mr. Morris has been presi-
dent of the New Orleans Clearing
House Association; a member of
the board of liquidation of the city
debt of New Orleans, and member
of theboardofadmiuistratorsof the
Tulane educational fund (Tulane
University), and for fourteen years a member of the
school board of the city of New Orleans. In 1863
he was married to Elizabeth Colton, daughter of
Capt. Junius Beebe. of New Orleans, and "has one
son, Joseph C. Morris, Jr., and three daughters,
Jennie, Louise and Sophia Morris.
BOND, Lester Legrand, lawyer, was born at
Ravenna, O., Oct. 27, 1839, son of Jonas and Eliza-
beth (Story) Bond. He is descended from William
Bond, who came over to Boston in 1030, and who
had many distinguished descendants. His mother
was the daughter of Ephraim Story, a cousin of
Judge Story. Lester L. Bond was educated in the
public schools and academies of his native city, de-
fraying his expenses by working in factory, saw-
mill and machine-shop. He entered on the study
of law in the office of F. W. Tappan, and completed
it under the direction of Bierce & Jeff eries, the latter
of whom was comptroller of currency under Pres.
Johnson. On Oct. 15, 1853, he was admitted to the
bar, and removed to Chicago May 28, 1854. For
some time lie pursued a general practice; but later,
following his natural inclinations, lie made a specially
of patent law. for which his early experience in me-
chanics had titled him. Soon he gained an extensive
patent law practice and a reputation of being the
foremost patent lawyer in the West, and, indeed, one
of the ablest in the United States. At the beginning
of the civil war his services, freely offered to his
country, were refused on account of the condition
of his health. He has rendered many valuable ser-
vices to his adopted state, which are too often
neglected by men of ability. He was a member of
the common council of Chicago and (1862-Oti) chair-
man of the finance committee. In 1868 he was
presidential elector from Illinois. During 1871-73
he was again in the common council of Chicago, a
portion of that time being acting mayor of the city.
He was also for t \\ o terms a member of the Illinois
state legislature, and during the second term it was
his influence which accomplished the laying out
of the west side parks of Chicago, so that he be-
came known as "the father of the \veM side park
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
279
system." Not forgetting his early struggles, his
sympathies have been most active in the educational
movements, and his association with the board of
rdiiration \vas the means of instituting improvements
and needed changes in educational lines. He is a
member of the Union League and Illinois clubs; past
commander, Knights Templars, and has taken the
thirty-second degree in the ancient and accepted Scot-
tish Kite. Mr. Bond has traveled extensively both in
this country and in Europe. He was married, Oct.
12, 1851!, to Amy S.. daughter of Rev. N. W. Aspin-
wall, and a lineal descendant of Peregrine White.
They have one daughter, the wife of John L. .Tack-
son, of the law tinn of Bond, Adams, Pickard &
Jackson, of which Mr. Bond is the senior member.
PILLOW, Gideon Johnson, soldier, was boru
in Williamson county, Tenn., June 8, 1806. Jasper
Pillow, the first of the family to settle in America,
came from England, and settled in the Virginia
colony in 1740. He had three sons, John, Jasper
and William, all of whom were Continental soldiers
in the revolution, and were present at the surrender
of Cornwallis at Yorktown. John Pillow, in 1784,
settled on the Cumberland river, near Nashville,
Tenn., amid hostile Indians. He had five suns, Wil-
liam, Gideon, John, Mordecai and Abner, all en-
gaged in Indian wars. William became famous as
colonel in the Indian war and battle of New Orleans.
under Andrew Jackson, and both he and Gideon
were conspicuous in the attack on and capture of the
celebrated Indian fortress, Nickajack. The grand-
mother of the subject of this sketch was a Mary
Johnson, of Virginia, and her father and three
brothers served in the revolutionary war. Gideon Pil-
low was married to Annie, daughter of Josiah Payne,
descended from the McGregors of Scotland, and was
a cousin to Mrs. Pres. Madison. Her father, brothers
and uncles were soldiers in the revolutionary and
Indian wars, and some were in the battle of New Or-
leans. It will be seen that Gen. Pillow was de-
scended from fighting stock through many genera-
tions— literally a family of soldiers. Gideon Pillow
and Annie Payne had six children : Gideon John-
son, Granville A., Jerome B., Mrs. George W. Mar-
tin. .Mrs. Judge West II. Humphreys and Mrs. Gov.
Aaron V. Brown. Gideon Johnson Pillow was gradu-
ated at the University of Nashville in 18271 He
immediately began the study of law under Judge
W. E. Kennedy, then a circuit judge. After eighteen
months with him, he entered the office of Hon.
William L. Brown, judge of the supreme court, and
after a further study of eighteen mouths, was licensed
by Judges Catron and White, of the supreme bench.
He settled at Columbia, Teun., and began practice.
In a few years he rose to prominence in the state in the
profession, with a lucrative practice. At the same
time he lived on his farm in that beautiful region
known as the Polk and Pillow settlement, and be-
came a successful farmer also. Gov. Carroll, his
relative, appointed him on his staff, with rank of
brigadier-general. In 1844, being a great friend and
admirer of James K. Polk, he went as a delegate to
the national Democratic convention in Baltimore,
and, through great personal activity, materially aided
in securing for him the presidential Domination, and
afterwards made a vigorous canvass for his election.
After the election he returned to his practice, and
continued until the war with Mexico began. On
July 13, 184(5. he received a commission as brigadier-
general in the American army. On the following
day he left, family and professional engagements,
and w.as the first general officer to report to Gen.
Taylor at Camargo, Mexico, of the then recent
appointments. By great effort, he carried with him
his brigade of Tennessee volunteers. His first real
engagement was at Vera Cruz, when he was com-
plimented by his senior commander. At the battle
of CerroGordo, he was severely wounded, and never
entirely recovered. At the expiration of time of ser-
vice of the twelve months volunteers, congress called
for ten new regiments, and Gen. Pillow was commis-
sioned a major-general. During the following cam-
paign he was second in command to Gen. Scott, and
through his energy and soldierly abilities aided
materially in adding to the laurels of his leader. At
Coutreras, Churubusco and Chapultepec his services
were particularly effective. At the latter place his
ankle was crushed by a grape shot. He was borne into
the fortress behind his victorious troops. For three
months he was confined to his room, his wound and
fever preventing his participation in the final capitu-
lation, which was not made cm the line desired by him;
the Sierra Madre mountains. The "Pillow line" was
admitted to be the correct one when too late to
remedy tin- error. Subsequently Gen. Pillow was ar-
rested by Gen. Scott on charges of insubordination ;
but he was completely and thoroughly vindicated
by the court. He always preserved
the friendship of the general officers
under him and with him — Worth,
Childs, Pierce and others. His
defense in his own behalf is a very
able one, and is part of the history
of the Mexican war. Returning
to his home in Maury county,
noted for its beauty and hospital-
ity, he declined the further prac-
tice of law, and engaged exten-
sively in farming in Tennessee and
Arkansas. He became very wcali hy
for a planter. He was a delegate
to the great southern convention
in Nashville in 1850, and op-
posed the extreme measures pro-
posed. Prior to the civil war he
opposed secession ; but, finding
war inevitable, tendered his ser-
vices to Tennessee, and was appointed major-general
in command of Tennessee troops by Gov. Harris.
He organized a force of 35,000 men, and, to expedite
equipments, he advanced heavilj* from his private
means to aid the state temporarily, but was never
reimbursed. Later this large force was transferred to
the Confederate government, and Gen. Pillow re-
duced to the rank of brigadier by Pres. Davis. For
some reason connected with their Mexican war ex-
perience, Mr. Davis disliked Pillow, and that un-
friendliness existed to the end of life, though both
were vestrymen in the same church. Gen. Pillow
was too much a soldier and too much a patriot to
sulk or withdraw. He fought the battle of Belmont,
and defeated Gen. Grant. The next battle was
the disastrous one of Fort DoneJsou, fought un-
necessarily and against his military advice. From
this he never recovered, and was never given an op-
portunity afterwards. He was relieved of command,
and never assigned another in the field, but kept on
post duty to the close of the war. Being on a visit to
Gen. Bragg at Murfreesboro, at his own request, he
was given a temporary command for: hat battle, and
participated in the great charge made by Breckin-
ridge's troops. At the close of the war, he found his
vast estates had been swept away, as if by fire ; his
hundreds of slaves were freed, stock taken, houses
and fences destroyed, and he penniless. Borrowing
enough money from one of his former slaves, he went
to Nashville, and induced a friend to go to Wash-
ington to secure a pardon from Pres. Johnson. He
tried to cultivate his farm in Maury county, Tenn.,
and plantations in Arkansas ; but the year was a
disastrous one. In 1868, he went to Memphis, and
formed a law partnership with Hon. Isham G. Har-
ris ; and, though out of practice for twenty-two
years, soon took rank with the first lawyers of Ten-
280
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
nessee. Though grown old, he struggled with
calamity to the end. Debts piled up against him ;
some ante-bellum, grown heavy with interest ; some
by indorsement for friends ; others by suits of north-
ern parties for seizures, as a Confederate general, of
boats, barges and cargoes for his government, with-
out a cent profit to him. Like the bold spirit and
honest man he was, he fell in the struggle. He was
always liberal in politics, and differences had no
effect on his friendship. He was moral and tem-
perate in his habits, an accomplished scholar and lin-
guist, a fine conversationalist, ready debater and
logical reasoner. He was married, at an early age,
to Mary Martiu, of Columbia, Teuu. (sister to Judge
William P Martin), and left a large family of chil-
dren. These survive : Mrs. Thomas J. Brown,
Nashville, Teun.; Mrs. John D. Mitchell, Helena,
Ark.; Mrs. Wilbur F. Johnson, Atlanta, Ga. ; Mrs.
F. Wade, Nashville, Teun.; Mrs. Melville Williams,
Nashville, Teun.; Mrs. Landon C. Haynes, Nash-
ville, Tenn.; Mrs. D. B. Fargason, Memphis, Tenu. ;
Robert G. Pillow, Little Rock, Ark. George and
Gideon died early. Gen. Pillow died on the Mound
plantation, Phillips co.. Ark., Oct. 8, 1878, honored
and loved by the patriotic and liberty-loving people
of Tennessee and the South.
SHEEHAN, John Charles, lawyer and poli-
tician, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 5, 1848.
son of William and Hanora (Crowley) Sheehan. His
parents, natives of county
Cork, Ireland, came to Amer-
ica at an early age, and set-
tled iu Buffalo, where they
raised a large family; two
sous and two daughters still
survive. The elder Sheehan
was for many years a prosper-
ous railroad contractor and
engiueer, but financial re-
verses about the time of the
civil war compelled him to
accept employment where
formerly he had employed,
and threw his sons upon
their own resources at an
early age. This experience,
however, tested the mettle
of the boys, John C. and
William F. Sheehau, who
found employment as ferry-
boys on the" Buffalo river,
attending school meantime, and completing the
course of study at St. Joseph's College, Buffalo.
John C. Sheehau continued his preparation for busi-
ness life at the Buffalo Commercial College; and,
subsequently learning telegraphy, was for some
years in the employ of the New York Central and
Hudson River and the Buffalo, New York and Phila-
delphia railroad companies. From telegrapher he
rose to the position of secretary to the general man-
ager of the latter company, and about this time be-
gan the study of law. Early interested in politics,
Mr. Sheehan rapidly rose to prominence as a leader
of the younger element among Buffalo Democrats
in the fight against "boss" rule, and in 1874 was
elected city assessor for a term of three years. Mean-
time, continuing his law studies in the office of
Thayer <fc Benedict, he was admitted to the bar in
1875. In 1877, he was elected comptroller of Buf-
falo for a two-year term, being re-elected in 1879;
and among other notable services achieved the re-
duction in the tax rates from $17.30 to $12.40 per
$1,000. In 1882, he met his first defeat as candidate
for clerk of Erie county, and thereupon engaged in
general law practice with Willis J. Benedict, under
the style of Benedict A: Sheehau. He removed to
York city in 1885, and having identified him-
self with the Tammany Hall Democracy, speedily
became prominent in the city's politics. From
August, 1886, to March, 1892, he was secretary of
the New York aqueduct commission, being then ap-
pointed police commissioner by Mayor Grant, to till
the unexpired term of John R. Voorhees; and iu
Ma}7, 1893, was reappointed by Mayor Gilroy for the
full term of six years. The victory o»c the anti-
Tammany candidates in 1894, however, resulted in
the removal of all Democratic olliec holders, among
them Mr. Sheehau, who resigned his office in March,
1895. Among his political associates Mr. Sheehau
has enjoyed exceptional regard and popularity.
Shortly after going to New York he was chosen
leader of the old 13th assembly district, and in
1895 a sachem of the Tammany Society; and in the
same year, to rescue the party from permanent de-
feat, he was unanimously elected leader-in-chief of
the Tammany Hall political organization. The
effect was magical, the first political contest there-
after resulting in a victory of 23,500 votes for Tam-
many, as against the defeat of 54. OHO in the previous
year. His able conduct of the Democratic presiden-
tial campaign of 1896 still further demonstrated his
executive ability, while the election of Robert A.
Van Wyck as the first mayor of Greater New York,
iu 1897, was his sufficient vindication against the
calumnies of his political rivals and opponents.
When, therefore, he retired from the leadership in
January, 1898, regret was universally expressed by
the friends of Tammany Hall. He is still (1899)
leader of the 9th assembly district and a member
of the Tammany Hall executive committee. In
1894, Mr. Sheehan formed a law partnership with
ex-Judge Edward Browne, which continued until
early iu 1898, when he relinquished law practice
and entered the general railroad contracting busi-
ness, under the style of John C. Sheehan & Co.
Socially, he enjoys a wide popularity, owing most
of his political success to his magnetic and gentle-
manly character, which readily disarms opponents
and wins him hosts of friends. lie is a member of
several clubs and societies, including the Pequod
Club, of New York city, of which he has for four
years been president. Mr. Sheehan was married, iu
1892, to Minnie, daughter of James Mulhall, a well-
know u railroad contractor, of Oneida county, N. Y.,
and a woman of high culture and rare charm of
manner. They have two children, Margaret Blanche
and John C. Sheehau, Jr.
BRIGHAM, Charles David, journalist, was
born at Oxford, N. Y., in 1819, son of David and
Betsey (Trowbridge) Brigham, and a descendant of
Thomas Brigham, a Puritan settler in New England,
who came to this country from England iu 1635.
He was educated at Oxford Academy, then con-
sidered one of the leading educational institutions of
New York state, and received an impulse towards
intellectual pursuits from his father, who was a
Shakespearean scholar of great note, and the mov-
ing spirit of a circle of men celebrated for their art
and culture. Amid such associations, the son early
developed inherited literary talent and an industry
and power of concentration which strongly charac-
terized him. At the age of eighteen, lie .went to
Norwich, N. Y., and there edited a paper for some
months. While thus engaged, he became a friend
and co-worker of Thurlow Weed, Horace Greeley
and others who afterwards became prominent in
American history. From Norwich he went to Lock-
port, edited a newspaper there for five years, and
then went to Troy, N. Y., to assume charge of the
"Whig," the most important journal of that city.
Under Mr. Brigham, this paper became a power
throughout the whole state. His next journalistic
engagement was in New York city, where he was
OF AMKIIICAN r.lniii; \ I'm .
281
associated intimately \\ilii Horace < Jreeley, I'harles
A. Dana, I l:i Isteai I anil I !ay MM mil. A year before
the outbreak of the civil war, .Mr. Brigham was sent
by l):in:i ti> report !lic srnliinrnl nl' I lie Soul li, ami
while iu Charleston, S. ('.. was arrested as a -pv
and sentenced to death, but by sheer wit .anil pres
euce of mind succeeded in making Uis escape. lie
tlirn served for a year as correspondent at llic front,
occupying part of tin- time the same tent with Gen.
Grant. In 1802, through the recommendation of
Greelcy ami Dana, he seruml an appointment as
editor-in-chief of the • •Commercial," ot Pillslmrg,
Pa. His success uilh this newspaper was remark
able, anil in a few years lie seemed a controlling
interest in it. In 1S04, he made himself famous in
the newspaper world by securing news of the battle
of the Wilderness twenty four hours before any
other editor. His correspondent haste I from the
battle-field on the second day of the ciiL-aL^cnienl .
chartered a ferry-boat for $2,7(10 to carry him to the
nearest telegraph station, and telegraphed I he details
of the contlicl before New York newspapers knew
that the armies had met. In 1ST)!. Mr. Brigliam
sold his newspaper interest anil went to Florida,
where he soon afterwards lost, by unfortunate land
speculations, the large forli which his journalistic
labors had brought him. He then returned to
newspaper work, acting as Washington i|> C.)
correspondent to a number of journals in New York
city anil Pittsburgh, Pa. From iss.=> until IS'.io, |H-
was again in Pittsburgh editing the "Times." and
then returned to Washington and continued the
work of correspondent. His communications ap
peared regularly on the editorial pane of the New
York "Sun." During the administration of Pres.
Harrison, he was also immigrant inspector at Balti-
more. Mr. Brigham was married to Cordelia,
daughter of Gen. Knndell. of Norwich, X. Y. She
was a woman of unusual intellectual gifts, and fie
qneutly aided her husband in his most arduous
tasks. They had two sons and I wo daughters. Mr.
Brigham died at Washington, I>. C., Oct. 20. l^'.M.
GBIFFIS, William Elliot, educator, clergy
man and author, was born in Philadelphia. Pa.. Sept.
17, 1843, son of John Limeburner Grillis, a mer-
chant of Philadelphia, and his wife, Anna M.-ma
Hess, daughter of William Hess. His father's an-
cestors were English, and for six generations previ-
ous to his grandfather, followed the sea: his mot In-r's
distant ancestry was German-Swiss. A I'ter passing
through the Philadelphia public schools he cn^a-ed
in business from 1859 to 1804, with one interruption,
when he served in the 44th Pennsylvania regiment
of militia during Lee's invasion of his native state.
In 1865, he edited, in Philadelphia, a Sunday-school
journal, "Our Messenger." He afterwards entered
Rutgers College, and was graduated there in 1869,
having during his coHeire course taken prizes for ora-
tory, science and English composition, and founded
the present college journal, " The Targuni." On
his graduation he went to Europe for a year, then,
returning, spent one year in theological study. Late
in 1870 he went to Japan, having received, through
the faculty of Rutgers College, an appointment from
the Japanese government to organize schools in the
province of Echizen. This work engaged his atten-
tion for four years, iu the course of which he not
only traveled extensively and met with success in
his appointed duties, preparing also iu English a se-
ries of the guide-books and maps and a line of spell-
ing and reading books for native pupils, but gained
an intimate knowledge of Japanese life and institu-
tions that afforded him, iu after years, material for
the works by which he is best known. He claims to
be the only white man that has dwelt in a daimio's
capital and seen ihe Japanese feudal system in op-
eration. Returning to New York city in 1874. he was
graduated at Union Theological Seminary in 1877,
and has held three pastorales: thai of the Dutch Re-
formed Church at Schencclady, for one year, of the
Shaw milt Congregational Church, in Boston, 1886-
'.i:i. and. since IMC), of the Congregational church at
Ithaca, N. Y. His piv-ent congregation is largely
made up of professors and students of Cornell Uni-
versity. The decree of I ). I ). was conlerred upon
him in lss;i by L'nion College, in which he \\.-is for
one year acting professor of mental science. Imme-
diately on returning to America Dr. Grillis began a
series of works on Japan, which arc probably the
most authoritative on the subject in English. Tlie\
an "The .Mikado's Empire: Hook I., Histon of
Japan from (itid is. r. to 1872 A. J>. ; Book 11., 'per
sonal Experiences, Observations and Studies in Ja-
pan, I *;o 1874" (1876), which has gone through many
editions. On the appearance of the first volume, the
••.Nation" said : " Mr. Grillis has given us a pano-
ramic view of Japanese history, brinuiiiL! into promi-
nence many of the most important periods. He
accompanies this with a running commentary, which
is enlivened by the fact that it is the Ian Linage of one
who, living aiming the people, has attempted to un-
ravel the causes of recent events in the iight of the
past. . . . The whole book heals evidence of
being the work of an intelligent and thoughtful ob-
server, who was determined to be impartial; it is un-
doubtedly the most important con-
tribution that has appeared with
rcuard to Japan." The others of
this series are: "Japanese Fairy
World," illustrated by ( >/awa. of
Tokio ilssiil; "Asiatic History"
(in the Chautauqua series) (Issli;
"Corea, the Hermit Nation "| |s^-.'i.
' I 'oica, Without and Within "
(18S.-,); ". Matthew Calbraith Perry"
1887); "Honda, the Samurai,"
L890); "Japan in History, Folk-lore
and Art "(IN',12); "The Religionsof
Japan" i Is'.t"> ; "Towiiscnil Hani-,
First American Knvoy in Japan"
(1895). Dr. Grillis has made four
visits to the Netherlands for travel
and research, noting particularly
the sources of the influence of Hol-
land upon American institutions
and points of contact between Dutch and American
history. The results of these studies are given in
"Sir "William Johnson and the Six Nations" (1891);
' 'The Influence of the Netherlands in the Making of
the English Commonwealth and the American Tie-
public'' (1892), of which 20,000 copies were printed;
"Brave Little Holland and What She Taught Us"
(1894); "The Student's Motley, " a condensation and
continuation of Motley's history (1898); "The Pil-
grims in their Three Homes, England, Holland and
America" (IS'.IS), ami " The American in Holland"
(1898). Other writings of this author, besides fre-
quent contributions to periodicals, many of which
have been translated into Japanese and Dutch, are:
" The Lily Among Thorns: A Study of the Song of
Songs" (1889); "The Romance of Discovery " (1897);
"The Romance of American Colonization" (1898),
and "The Life of Charles Carleton Coffin "(1898).
The "Nation, "in 1882, commended the author for
" his sense of humor, — not too broad, — his power of
condensation without loss of interest, his judgment
in enlarging, his apt and complete metaphors." Dr.
Grirtis is a member of the American Historical Asso-
ciation, of several learned societies in Japan, and of
the Netherlands Society of Letters in Leyden — he
being one of three Americans who alone enjoy the
latter honor. He was married, in 1879, to Katharine
Lyra, daughter of the late Prof. Benjamin L. Stan.
ton, of Union College, and has three children.
282
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
CONYNGHAM, John Nesbit, jurist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. IT, 1798, son of
David Hayfield ami Mary (West) Conynirham. His
family dates back to very ancient times, the founder
being a certain Malcolm, sou of Freskin, who saved
the life of Malcolm, prince of Scotland, from the
wrath of Macbeth, by hiding him in some straw in
a barn. When Malcolm became king he rewarded
his deliverer with the thanedom of Conyngham,
whence came the surname. In direct line from him
was William Conyngham, fourth son of the fourth
earl of Glencairn, appointed bishop of Argyle in
1539. He had two sons; William, who succeeded at
Conyngham-head and was made a baronet of Nova
Scotia, and Alexander, who being ordained priesl in
1610, removed to county Donegal, Ireland, where
he was made dean of Raphoe in 1630, and died in
16(30. His great-great-grandson, Redmond Conyng-
ham, was the first of the name in America. He
settled in Philadelphia about the middle of the
eighteenth century, and became a member of the
firm of J. M. Nesbit & Co. His sou, David Hay-
field Conyngham, joined the firm in 1774, when the
name became Conyngham & Nesbit. They7 very ma-
terially aided the cause of colonial independence,
and doubtless saved Washington's army at Valley
Forge by their liberal donations of supplies. His
son, Judge Conyngham. was educated in the schools
of his native city and was gradu-
ated in the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1817. He studied
law in the office of Joseph R.
Ingersoll of Philadelphia, and
was admitted to the bar Feb.
12, 1820. Shortly after, he re-
moved to Wilkes-Barre, and was
admitted in Luzerue county,
on April 3d. His practice was
successful from the start, and
his systematic habit of close
study of the details of every
case made him a trustworthy
and recognized authority on law
and precedent. After a most
successful career at the bar,
covering nearly a score of years,
during which he was burgess
of Wilkes-Barre (1827-37), and
represented his district in the
state legislature, he was made
president-judge of the thirteenth district of Penn-
sylvania, then consisting of the counties of Sus-
quehanna, Bradford, Tioga, Potter and McKean.
In 1841 he was transferred to the Luzerne county
bench. His commission expired in 1849, and he then
served another term in the state legislature (1849-50),
but in the fall of 1851, under the amended constitu-
tion, he was elected to the president-judgeship of the
eleventh district, then composed of Luzerue, Wyo-
ming. Montour and Columbia counties. In 1853, and
again in 1856, changes were made in the dictrict,
which finally consisted of Luzerne county only. In
1861 he was re-elected, and in July, 1870, finally
resigned his position on the bench. Thus for thirty
years he filled the office of president-judge of
Luzerue county. Although holding political opin-
ions differing on many points from those promul-
gated by the national administration up to the date
of the firing on Sumter, this ad of war against the
legal authority of his country aroused his patriotism,
and immediately sacrificing every party feeling, he
addressed himself with special vigor to the preserva-
tion of the union. His name and influence were all
powerful in his judicial district, and few men gave
greater personal or moral support to the Federal
cause inits peril. When he resigned the judgeship,
the bar of Luzerne county, with a unanimity seldom
before manifested by the legal profession, presented
him with a testimonial, as an enduring evidence of its
regard. It is not often that such a tribute is paid to
a judge, and this was the first instance of the kind
in Pennsylvania. Judge Conyngham was a devout
and active Episcopalian. Shortly after his removal
to Wilkes-Barre he was elected (1821) a vestryman of
St. Stephen's Church, and later the senior warden,
which offices he held continuously during the re-
mainder of his life. In 1836 he was elected a dele-
gate to the special diocesan convention; in 1844 he
was chosen its representative in the general conven-
tion, and continued thereafter an important and in-
fluential member of botli bodies, serving on several
important committees and participating in notable
discussions. In 1868 he was elected president of the
American Church Missionary Society, an office
which he adorned with dignity and judgment. He
was also vice-president of the American Sunday-
school Union and of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum
of Philadelphia. In 1848 he was elected a member
of the American Philosophical Society. The degree
of LL. D. was conferred upon him by his alma mater
in 1869. Judge Couyngham was married, Dec. 17,
1823, to Ruth Ann, daughter of Gen. Lord Butler
and granddaughter of the distinguished revolutionary
officer, Col. Zebulon Butler. They had six children,
who grew to maturity: Col. John Butler, U. S. A.;
William Lord ; Thomas; Maj. Charles Miner, U. S. A. ;
Mary, wife of Charles Parrish, and Anna, wife of
Rt. Rev. AVilliam Bacon Stevens, D.D., LL.D.,
bishop of Pennsylvania. Judge Couyngham died
the victim of a railroad accident, at Magnolia, Miss.,
Feb. 23, 1871.
PROCTOR, Mary, astronomer, was born in
Dublin, Ireland, daughter of Richard A. and Mary
(Mills) Proctor. Her father, a noted astronomer,
was the fourth and youngest child of William Proc-
tor, of Chelsea, a solicitor in easy circumstances.
Mary Proctor at an early age became interested in
the wonders of the stars, through her love of her
father and his work. She was constantly in his com-
panionship, and long before she could understand
his books she read them because he had written
them. AVith great delight she would listen to the
legends of the stars as he told them to her, his ex-
planations being within her understanding. She
took great pride in the care of his library, arranging
his letters and correcting the proof-sheets of his
books even at the age of fourteen. In his incessant
application to work she would try to imitate him as
far as possible, and her great ambition was to write
a book. After her parents' removal to America, in
1886, Miss Proctor began in earnest to study the art
of writing, under her father's direction. He was
then editor of " Knowledge,'' and helped his daugh-
ter to write a series of articles in comparative my-
thology. Under her father's intelligent and patient
guidance she was carefully trained for her present
work. After his death she went on with her writ-
ing on mythology and astronomy, and contributed
to "Science," ""'"' Knowledge," "Popular Science
News," "Popular Astronomy," "Scientific Ameri-
can," "Youth's Companion.'" "The Arena," "The
Chautauquan," "School Journal," and other maga-
zines. Her great ambition to write a book was
realized in "Stories of Starland," for young readers
(published June 1, 1898) and it is used as a supple-
mentary reader in the public schools in New York
city, Brooklyn and elsewhere. Miss Proctor made
her debut as a lecturer at the World's fair. After
seeing an appeal in a Chicago paper to all women
interested in the furtherance of woman's work at the
fair, she wrote to Mrs. Potter Palmer, asking if
she would approve of a woman lecturing to children
about the wonders of starlaud. There was a pleas-
ant response and a request for six lectures; but MNs
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
283
Proctor, surmising that she was to address very
young children iiUhe kindergarten department, pre-
pared IHT lectures with this idea, calling them " Gob-
lins from iStarlaud, " and ordering her illustrations
from New York. To her utter dismay, on tlir ap-
pointed day after her arrival in Chicago, on going to
the children's building, she found, instead of an
audience of children, a hull tilled with adults. She
was obliged to give an impromptu lecture, and to
prepare I he rest of the lectures from clay to day. She
was surprised at suddenly linding herself famous, the
lecture-hall being crowded with appreciative audi-
ences; and most favorable notice of these lectures ap-
peared in the Chicago leading papers. Since that
time she has been in great demand, lecturing under
the auspices of the1 board of education of New York
city, and throughout the large cities in the eastern
and western states and in Canada, having lectured
over 400 times since her debut in lssi:{. She is a
member of the British Astronomical Sciciety, and
was elected a fellow in the department of astronomy
and mathematics at the meeting of the' Association
for the1 Advancement of Science, held in Boston,
June, 18!»S. She has earned for herself the title of
the " children's astronomer," and her special aim is
in making astronomy easy for the children, and in
continuing her father's work in popularising as-
tronomy.
CRAWFORD, William, soldier, was born in
Berkeley county, Va., in 1782, and was the son of
a Scotch Irishman, one of a number of his race who
had emigrated from Pennsylvania to Virginia. At
the age of seventeen, at which time he was carrying
on a farm for his widowed mother, he made the ac-
quaintance of George Washington, who w.-is sur\e\
ing the estate of Lord Fairfax, and became his as-
sistant, lie has been described as " a youth of tine,
manly appearance, above six feet in height, and in
point of strength and activity, an athlete." Subse-
quently, and until 1755, he did surveyor's work c -
billed with farming, and then was commissioned
ensign in the Virginia riflemen, and fouuht with
Washington under Gen. Braddock in the engage
meut near Fort Duquesue, July 9th. His gallantry
was so marked, that in 17."ili he was made a lieuteii-
aut, ami did garrison duty on the frontiers of Penn-
sylvania and Virginia and was the leader of scouting
parties as well. In 1758 Washington secured for his
friend a commission as captain, and Crawford there-
upon recruited a company of frontiersmen, and look
part in the expedition against Fort Duquesnc in that
year. In 1761 lie returned to surveying and farm-
ing, serving, however, in the Pontiac war in 1763-
64. In 1765 he removed to Stewart's Crossings, on
the Youghiogheny, in the wilderness, about forty
miles from Pittsburgh, in what is now Fayettc county,
Pa., and there farmed, traded with the Indians, and
surveyed, especially for Gen. Washington and his
brothers. In 1770 he was appointed a justice for
Cumberland county, and in 1771 a justice for Bed-
ford county. When Westmoreland county was
formed he was appointed a justice for that county
and the president-judge of the courts. When the
county of Yohogania, Va., was created in 1776, he
became one of its justices. In May. 1774. lie was
commissioned captain, and a little later, major, by
Lord Dnumore, whom he joined in an expedition
against the Shawauese. The region where Craw-
ford had settled was claimed by both Virginia and
Pennsylvania, and as he supported his native state
and held a commission from her governor, he was
removed from office early in 1775. He was a con-
spicuous member of the committee of defense formed
at Pittsburgh on May 16th, meantime having offered
his services to the council of safety at Philadelphia.
Owing to the peace-policy of that province and per-
haps to the boundary dispute, (hey were not ac-
cepted, but Virginia gladly received him, and author-
ized him to raise a regiment. On Jan. 12, 1776, he
was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Virginia,
ami on Oct. llth, by act of congress, colonel of the
7th regiment, Virginia battalion, his commission to
be dated Aug. 14th. He took part in the battles
and skirmishes on Long Island and the retreat
through New Jersey; crossed the Delaware with
Washington; fought at Trenton, Princeton, Brandy-
wine and Germantown, and did efficient work at
the head of a detachment of scouts in the effort to
keep the British out of Philadelphia. In Novem-
ber, 1777, lie was sent to Pittsburgh to take command
under Brig. -Gen. Hand, of the Continental troops
and militia in the western department. In the
spring of 177* lie superintended the erection of a
fort on the Allegheny, which was given his name,
and for the greater part of three years was in com-
mand at this post, lie was unable, though invited,
to join Cen. George Rogers Chirk in his secret expe-
dition against the British posts between the Ohio and
Mississippi, but assisted the general in many ways,
and in the fall of 177s aided him in building forts
Mclntosh and Lanrens, Ihe latter the first in what is
now Ohio. In 1780 he visited congress toohiain larger
supplies and appropriations for frontier defense. In
17*1 lie u;is retired, and returned to his farm, but
lie -.till held his commission, and in 17H2Gen. Wash
iniTton and Gen. Irvine urged him to lead an expe-
dition against the Wyandol and Delaware Indians,
who were keeping up their warfare
on the frontier. The expedition left
Miirjo lioiiom, near Sleulieiivillc, O.,
May -5th. and on June 4th reached a
spot since known as I !at 1 1 e island, a leu-
miles northeast of the present town of
Sandusky . There they were met by a
large force of Indians and British sol-
diers, who on the following day were
reinforced from Detroit. The fron-
tiersmen had the advantage, and in a
hot tight lasting all that dav were
victorious, but did little damage on
the 5th, and were so outnumbered
that Crawford ordered a retreat. This
was begun about nine o'clock at
night, but was discovered by the
enemy, and in the confusion which
followed, a number of volunteers became separated
from Ihe main body, as did Col. Crawford in at-
tempting to find his sou, John, and other relatives.
On the afternoon of the 7th, together with Dr.
Knight, siirneon of one of the companies, he was
captured by a party of Delawares, and with other
prisoners, was taken to a spot a short distance north-
east of Crawfordsville, Wyaudot co., on the east
bank of Tymochter creek. Here, on June llth,
after several hours of excruciating torture, heroically
borne, he was burned to death. Dr. Knight also was
doomed, but escaped from his keeper, and after
wandering in the wilderness for three weeks, reached
Fort Pitt. Crawford's nephew, William Crawford,
and his son-in-law, Maj. William Harrison, were
captured elsewhere during the retreat, and also were
tortured to death. On Aug. 3, 1877, a monument
to Col. Crawford was erected on the spot where he
met his fate, by the Pioneer Association of Wyandot
county. His children were John, Sarah (Mrs. Har-
rison) and Anne (Mrs. Connell).
TAYLOR, John, missionary, was born in Fau-
quier county, Va., in 1752. He joined the Baptist
denomination in 1772, and having been licensed
to preach almost immediately after, labored for
nearly seven years in western Virginia. In 1779 he
removed to Kentucky, and during the greater part
of his ministry there, of nearly sixty years, supported
himself by pioneer farming. He located first in
284
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Woodford county, where, iii 1785, a large revival
resulted in the foundation of Clear Creek Church, of
which he was pastor for the next ten years. In 1795
he became settled over a church at Bullittsburg,
Boone CO., where he remained for seven years, and
then removing to Trimble county, assumed charge
of the Corn Creek Church, organized by him in
1800. He gathered a church at Frankfort iu 1816;
another at Buck Rim in 1818, and during the re-
mainder of his life traveled iu all parts of Ken-
tucky, holding revivals and forming societies. He
was pastor at Clear Creek (1793-95). He wrote
"History of Ten Baptist Missions'" (1826), and
"Thought-son .Missions," a pamphlet. He died iu
Franklin county, Ky., in 1833.
HITCHCOCK, Enos, clergyman, was born iu
Springfield. Mass., March 7, 1744. He was gradu-
ated at Harvard College, in the class of 1767, and
immediately thereafter oegan his theological studies,
being licensed to preach in 1769. In 1771 he was
ordained, and became colleague with Rev. Mr.
Chipman, pastor of the Second Congregational
Church of Beverly, Mass., there continuing until
early in the revolutionary war, when he offered his
services as a chaplain in the army. Before his formal
discharge iu 1783, he preached in Providence,
where during a period of one or two years, he per-
formed occasional services. On Oct. 3, 1783, he
was installed as pastor of the Benevolent Congrega-
tional Church of Providence, in which office lie con-
tinued for twenty years. As a good citizen, as well
as a religious teacher, he endeavored to promote the
social and moral welfare of the town, making him-
self especially conspicuous for the deep interest he
took iu the cause of popular education, working not
only in person, but by his pen endeavoring to form
and control public sentiment on a matter of such
vital importance to the welfare of the community.
To his efforts it was largely owing that the elegant
house of worship on Benefit street was erected.
Towards the establishment of a fund for the support
of the ministry In this church he bequeathed the sum
of $2,500. Brown University conferred on him the
honorary degree of D. D. in 1788, and he was chosen
a fellow of the university iu 1785. He was author
of "A Treatise on Education" (1790); "Catecheti-
cal Instructions and Forms of Devotions for Chil-
dren and Youth" (1798), and "Sermons, with an
Essay on the Lord's Supper " (1800). He died in
Providence, R. I., Feb. 27, 1803.
DRAKE, Sir Francis, explorer and vice-admiral
of the English navy, was born on the banks of the
Tavy, Devonshire, England, the date being given by
various authorities as 1539, 1545 and 1546, with the
weight of evidence in favor of 1545. Doubt also
hangs over his parentage, as he is said variously to
have been the son of a yeoman, of a sailor and of a
clergyman. There is reason for believing that lie
WHS the son of a partially educated man, who fell
into a line of work bringing him in contact with sea-
faring men. It is, however, certain, that he was a
kinsman of Sir John Hawkins, the celebrated navi-
gator, at whose expense lie was educated, and who-,.
exploits gave him his first incentive to exploring
foreign seas and countries. While still a lad, he was
apprenticed to the master of a bark, with whom he
' made voyages to the coasts of France and Zealand.
When he was eighteen years of age his master died,
bequeathing his bark to him; and, thus equipped,
he undertook longer voyages, combining with them
commercial speculations. In 1567, having accumu-
lated a considerable sum in savings, he sold his bark,
and, with the money at his command, joined Capt.
Hawkins in an expedition to the coast of Mexico.
The fleet comprised five vessels, of which Drake
commanded the Judith, and distinguished himself
by his gallantry iu the harbor of San Juan de Ulloa,
fighting against the Spaniards. The expedition,
failing to meet with the success anticipated for it,
returned to England, with both Hawkins and Drake
much poorer for their experience, having also lost
three of their vessels. Nothing daunted, however,
Drake succeeded iu obtaining enough money to fit
out a vessel, with whicli he made several voyages to
the West Indies and the Spanish Main, with fail-
results. On one of these voyages, in 1572, he plun-
dered the Spanish settlements in Central America,
and crossing the isthmus of Darieu obtained a
sight of the Pacific Ocean. In his hostilities against
the Spaniards he was assisted by the natives;
and it is related that to one of their chiefs he made
a present of a fine cutlass, receiving in return four
large wedges of solid gold, which, however, he in-
sisted on turning in to the general fund, sharing it
with his crew. On Aug. 9, 1573, he entered Ply-
mouth harbor, his vessel laden with the spoils he had
obtained. Soon after his return, having become
very wealthy, he fitted out three frigates, and joined
the earl of Essex in an expedition against Ireland,
in course of which he proved himself equally able
as a soldier and a sailor. On his return to England,
Drake was presented to Queen Elizabeth, who took
him at once under her protection. Thus favored,
he was enabled to organize the great undertaking
whicli he had long contemplated. He formed an
expedition consisting of five vessels, manned by a
total of 164 men, and sailed from Plymouth Dec. 15,
1577, fora vo\,'i^<- to the Pacific. He entered the
Straits of Magellan Aug. 20, 1578, and passed them
Sept. 25th following, having then only his own ship,
the Pelican. He had transferred to this vessel the
provisions from two of the others, which he then de-
stroyed; ami his vice-admiral, Capt. Winter, had
returned to England with the others. He now con-
tinued his voyages along the coasts of Chili and
Peru, capturing and pillaging Spanish ships, and
attacking their coast settlements; until, sated with
his plunder, he thought to return home by way of
a passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, which he
made sure of finding. In this hope he was, of
course, disappointed; and, after having coasted
north as far as 48 degrees north latitude the severe
cold forced him to change his plan, which was to
attempt a passage through Behring strait. While
on his way north he put iu at San Francisco, where
he refitted, and took possession of the country in the
name of Queen Elizabeth, calling it "New Albion."
OF AMKIMCAX 1U( II ; K A I'll Y
285
The u-Milts ul' ih is expedition I mil distanced Drake s
must sanguine expectations. I!' -sides oi her enormous
booty, In- had captured ;i Spanish galleon, laden
with precious ineials ami gems, \\ hose value proved
to be about £600,000 sterling. \Viih this hitherto
unheard-of cargo he crossed the Pacilie, passed
through the Indian ()eeaii. -uec'essl'iilly rounded the
Cape of (iood Hope, and arrived in Plymouth har-
bor No\ I, I.I.MI, after having gone ijuite ai'imnd
the world within a lew weeks ol three years. His
return with Ilie immense wealth he had amassed e\-
cited all Kn-jland. and -nan. used the aniM-r ul' the
Spaniards that a demand was made upmi Oiieen
Elizabeth Ihat Drake should lie surrendered to them
as a pirate. This uas refused, anil, instead, the
ipiren -howeied favors upon him. < >i\ April 4,
l.'iSI, she dined on hoard his vessel al Depilonl, eon
ferring on him the honor of knighthood, then more
hi^hh esteemed than now, and gave orders that his
ship should he preserved as a m ..... iinenl to his own
and his country's glory. Of his i:aiii~. Diake de-
voted no small portion In good purposes, une ol
these being the introduction, at 'jnal cost, of pure
drinking water into the eily.it l'l\ ..... ulh, lluis re
pairing a waul which had hitherto been most i;rie\
ously felt. In l.'is.'i he sidled with a lar-e Heel for
the enasi ,.f South America and the \ViM Indies.
Capturing the cities of San .lauo, San Domini:., and
Carthagena, and returning with Sir Wallet Ralegh's
surviving colonists in Virginia, whom he picked up
on his way. In 15S7 he sailed for Lisbon \\ith a
Heel of thirty sail, lint, bearing of the assembling ot
many vessels in I he hay of Cadi/,, which were I., he
apart of the celebrated "Armada," then preparing,
he sailed for that port, when1 lie burned up\\aids ol
10,0110 Ions 1. 1 shipping. In 15SS Sir Franci- u a ,
appoinled vice-admiral, and assigned to a command
in the Beet under Lord Howard, which, aided i.v the
elements, .lesin,yed the Armada, and com; .fetch
broke the existing naval supremacy of Spain. In
15S!t he attacked, with urea I SUCCCSS, the COasI polls
of Spain; and on his return uas elected a mem!., i
of parliament, in which he con tinned through l.V.i-j !i:i.
Ill l.MI'i he made- an expedition to America with I law
kins wit ha Heel of twenty si\ \cssels, lint disagreement
between the two commanders rendered this move-
ment abortive. \Vhen Hawkins died, or was killed.
in Porto Kico. Drake continued the expedition, and
destroyed and plundered several towns, but later
met with severe reverses and losses, which
preyed seriously upon his mind and weakened his
body. In this condition he fell a victim lo an epi-
demic disease, which decimated his crews, and died
on board his own ship. His remains were enclosed
in a metal casket, and buried in the harbor of Puerto
Cabello, Venezuela. In 1871 considerable time,
labor and money were expended by members of the
Drake family in the United States in a vain en-
deavor to trace their lineage back to Sir Francis.
The occasion of this was the rumor that the fortune
of the great admiral, increased by nearly three cen-
turies of interest compounded," until "it was esli-
niated to amount to $125,000,000, was held in the
Bank of England awaiting the production of heirs
supposed to be living in America. A commission
appointed by the numerous Drake's in this country
visited England in their behalf, but were unable to
establish the validity of their claims or the existence
of the fortune. Sir Francis Drake died Dec 27
"
, John Louis, jurist, was born in Lou-
don, England, March 1, 1769, of Irish descent. At the
age of twelve years he was Drought to this country
by his elder brother, James, and by his assistance
obtained a classical education at William and Mary
College, Virginia, an eminent institution in those
days, from which went out four presidents— Jeffer-
son, .Madison, Monroe and Tyler — Chief-Justice
Marshall, (Jen. \Vinlield Scott and many other dis-
tinguished men. lie was compelled to lease college,
before graduation, and alter reading law without
preceptor or ^uide, he was admitted to Hie liar at
the age of aineteen, and located in Ka\etteville.
Diiriiii- 1 III'.' !i."i he was a member of the legislature
fr Fayetteville, and in 17!M he was a candidate
before the general assembly for the oil ice of attorney -
general, bm was defeated by Mlake llakei. He re-
moved to New hern in 1711(1, and in 17!!* he was
elected a jndi:e of ihe superior court. In IMS he
had held that ..Hire consecutively twenty years, din-
in- ten ,,f which he had been chief- justice of the
Court held by the judges of the superior court ill
Conference. In 1818 he was elected to Hi:- supreme
court of North ( an.lina as its HIM chief- justice. In
INOM he published "Taylor- Reports," which now
form a pail of I. North ( an.liiia Reports; in 1M4
he published the tiM \olnme ol the "North ('an.-
lina Law Repository." and in islli the second vol-
ume of the same, and in ls|s •• Taylor's Term Re-
ports," HICSI- three volumes being now united in
, and known MS the IV. North Carolina Re
ports. AS originally printed, the "Repository"
contained much inteiesiin^ matter which has been
omillcd in Ihe repiinl. In 1*17 he was appointed
by the general assembly jointly with Judge Henry
Potter of the I. S. district conn t..i N'oith Carolina
to publish a re\ isioii of the si at ill e law of the si ale.
This I k, known as "Potter's Ke\ isal. " w as issued
in IS'.M. In 1SM5 In- published a continuation of Ibis
woik, including tin- ads of IsM.i, and known as
"Taylor's Ke\ i-al.' lie al-o published a "Treatise
on Kxecutors and Administrators." Jndue Taylor
possessed a singular aptitude for literature 'and
would have excelled in composition if his "jealous
mistress," the law, bad i:i\en him opportunity. His
elocution \\as tin • admiration of all w ho heard him,
and his sl\l, ..I w riling, as preserved to us in his
opinions, are in beauty of diction
unsurpassed b\ any of his succes-
sors, lie became chief justice at
the age of forty-nine, and during
the ten years he presided in the
neu court he uttered a sucee--i..n
of brilliant and memorable opin-
ions. They are to he found in
Murphev's and Hawks' reports
(VII. to" XI. North Carolina Re-
ports inclusive) and in part of XVI.
North Carolina; his opinions before
his elevation are to be found in
volumes I. to VI. An estimate
of his character as a man was re-
corded by his associates as fol-
lows: " Of the chief-justice, we are
unwilling to trust ourselves to speak as we feel. We
loved him too w-ell and too long to make the public
the depository of our cherished affections. If there
ever heaved a kinder heart in human bosom, it has
not fallen to our lot to meet with it. If ever man
was more faithful to friendship, more disinlerested,
humane and charitable, we have not been so fortu-
nate as to know him." Judge Taylor was twice
married. By his wife, Julia Rowan, he had one
daughter, who became the wife of Maj. Junius
Sneed. of Salisbury. A son of theirs, John Louis
Taylor Sneed, became attorney-general of Tennessee.
His second wife was Jane Gaston, sister of Judge
Gaston, by whom, also, he had a daughter, who was
married to David E. Sumuer, of Gates county, and
left descendants in Tennessee. He had another son
who died without issue. Judge Taylor died at
Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 29, 1829.
THOMSON, William, soldier, was born at
Maghera, county Derry, Ireland, or, according to
286
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
another account, in Pennsylvania, in 1726 or 1737.
It i> uncurtain whether he was a brother or a
cousin of Charles Thomson, patriot, Continen-
tal congressman and author (1729-1824). He set-
tled on the South Carolina frontier in youth,
gained note as a marksman, and in March, 1771,
commanded a regiment, under Gov. Tryou, to sup-
pi <^s the outbreak of the so-called " regulators." The
next year he was sheriff of Orangeburgh, S. C., and
soon after a member of the provincial legislature and
of the first convention of the new state. As colonel
of the South Carolina rangers, from June, 1775. he
was active in suppressing the Tories under Cunning-
ham. In June, 1776, he earned the thanks of con-
gress and of Gov. Rutledge by repelling the attack
on Sullivan's island. Pie took part in the operations
against Savannah in 1779, under Count D'Estaiug
and Gen. Benjamin Lincoln; was taken prisoner in
1780 after the fall of Charleston, and on his release
did good service under Greene. After the war he
was again sheriff of Orangeburgh, residing on his
indigo plantation. He was in the convention which
framed the South Carolina constitution. While try-
ing to recruit his broken health, he died at Sweet
Springs, Va., Nov. 22, 1796.
ALLEN, Joseph Henry, clergyman, educator
and author, was born in Northborough, Worcester
CO., Mass., Aug. 21, 1820, son of Joseph and Lucy
Clark (Ware) Allen. His father came of a Scotch
family, which was among the earliest settled at Med-
fleld, Mass., and which still holds the old farm bought
from the Indians. His mother was a daughter of
the older and a sister of the younger Henry Ware,
both professors in the Harvard Divinity School, and
among the earlier Unitarian leaders. Her mother
was a daughter of Jonas Clark, who was the minis-
ter at Lexington, Mass., at the outbreak of the
American revolution, and it was to his house that
Paul Revere made his famous ride o'n the eve of the
battle, to warn Adams and Hancock, who were
visiting there, the latter being a cousin of Mrs. Clark.
Joseph H. Allen traced back ten generations of
ministers, finding in the seventh
generation Peter Bulkle3r, of ( Ym-
cord, from whom Ralph Waldo
Emerson also descended. His
father, like most country minis-
ters of that time, combined the
two callings of farmer and minis-
ter, and Joseph H. Allen was conse-
quently trained to physical toil as
well as to habits of study. He was
graduated second in his class at
Harvard College in 1840. after-
wards entering the Harvard Di-
vinity School, from which he was
graduated in 1843. He was settled
in his first parish in 1843 at Jamaica
Plain, now a part of Boston, leav-
ing this in 1847 to take charge of
the Unitarian church in Washing-
ton, D. C. Heaftei'uards preached
several years in Baugor, Me., which was his last
settled parish, though, in later years, he was sent by
the American Unitarian Association to short terms of
service in Ann Arbor, Mich.; Ithaca, N. Y., and San
Diego, Cal. At the time of the civil war he was editor
of the "Christian K.xaminer" for a few years, and
during 1887-91 of the "Unitarian Review." He also
taught for many years, and for several years lectured
on ecclesiastical history at the Harvard Divinity
School. In August, issl, he was delegate of the
American and of the British and Foreign Unitarian
associations, at the session of the supreme consistory
of the Unitarian churches of Hungary, held in
Kolozsvar( Klausenhnrg), Transylvania: and in July,
1890, he was a member~of the Universal Peace Con-
gress in London. Besides fugitive addresses and re-
views, including a series of articles on national ques-
tions written for the " Christian Examiner " during
the civil war, his published volumes are: "Ten
Discourses on Orthodoxy" (1849, 2d ed. 1889);
•'Memorial of Hiram Withington " (1849); "The
Great Controversy of States and People" (1851);
"Hebrew Men and Times, from the Patriarchs to
the Messiah" (1861, 2d ed., with critical introduc-
tion, 1879); "Fragments of Christian History to the
Founding of the Holy Roman Empire" (1880);
"Our Liberal Movement in Theology" (1882);
"Christian History in its Three Great Periods"
(3 vols., 1883); "Outline of Christian History, A.
D. 50-1880" (1884); "Allen and Greenough Classical
Series, "and " Positive Religion, Essays, Fragments
and Hints," etc. He received the degree of D.D.
from Harvard University in 1891. Prof. Allen was
married at Jamaica Plain, in 1845, to Anna Minot
Weld, a descendant of Thomas Welde, first minister
of Roxbury, and sister of the late Hon. Stephen
M. Weld. She survived him with five children. He
died March 20, 1898.
MAYNARD, Horace, statesman and diplomat,
was born at Westlioro. Mass., Aug. 30, 1814 son of
Kphraim and Diana (Cogswell) Maynard. He was
descended on both sides from Massachusetts colonial
stock. His original American ancestor, Sir John
Maynard, came from England, and settled at Sud
bury in 1638. From him the line of descent runs
through six generations with John, David, Ebenezer,
Jonathan, Ephraim and Horace Mayuard. His ma-
ternal ancestor, John Cogswell, came from London
in 1635. From him the line runs through William,
William 2d, Emerson, James Cogswell and Diana
Cogswell Maynard. James Cogswell was a soldier
in Capt. Flint's company of militia from Westou,
Mass., in the revolution, and was at the battles of
Crown Point, Ticouderoga and Dorchester Heights;
he died in 1837. Horace Maynard was educated in
the town schools of Westboro, and was graduated at
Amherst College as class valedictorian in 1838. Dur-
ing the next three years he was tutor and principal of
the preparatory department of East Tennessee Uni-
versity, Knoxville. and in 1842-43 was professor of
mathematics and mechanical philosophy in the col-
legiate department. He was admitted to the bar in
1844, and settled in practice at Kuoxville. In 1852
he was Whig candidate for district elector; in 1853
was candidate for congress from the 2d district of
Tennessee, and in 1856 was slate elector on the
Fill more ticket. For six years (1857-63) he was
congressman from the 2d district, being distin-
guished as a vigorous advocate of the Federal
cause throughout the civil war. He was attorney-
general for Tenm^sce in 1863-65, and for seven years
thereafter was again representative in congress for
the 2d district. " He was representative-at-large in
1872-74, and in 1874 was Republican candidate for
governor of Tennessee against James D. Porter. In
1875 he was appointed by Pres. Grant U S. min-
ister to Turkey, and held the position for five years,
lieini; then appointed postmaster-general in Pres.
Haves' cabinet and serving until the close of his
term. Mr. Maynard was graduated LL.D. by Am-
herst College in' 18(iO. The town of Maynardville,
in Union co., Tenn., was named in his honor. He
was prominently identified with the Presbyterian
church in his state; was elder in the Second Church,
Knoxville, from 1849, and trustee of the East Tenn-
essee University from 1865. On Aug. 30, 1840, he
was married to Laura Anne, daughter of Asel Wash-
burn, of Amherst, Mass. They had seven children,
of whom four grew to maturity and three still sur-
vive. His son, Edward, enlisted in the 1st Tennes-
see volunteers on the outbreak of the civil war. was
later promoted lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Tennes-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
287
see, ami iu 1866 was appointed U. S. consul to
Turk's Island, W. I., where lie died in ISO*.
Horace Mayuard died at Kuoxville, Teim., May 3,
1882.
CHURCHMAN, John, scientist, was born in
East Nottingham, Chester CO., Pa., May 29, 1753,
son of George and Hannah Gainor (James) Church-
man, grandson or John and Margaret (Brown)
Churchman, and great-grandson of John and Han-
nah (Corie) Churchman, who were married in
lli'.Ml. and were among the first settlers of Notting-
ham, Chester co. His grandfather, John, 2d, uas
an eminent preacher of the Society of Friends, and
traveled extensively in the United States and Europe.
Of the ten children of George Churchman, several
•were surveyors, but John was considered the most
ingenious of them all. He conceived a design of im-
proving magnetic observations, and notwithstand-
ing repeated opposition on the part of eminent and
learned men, who could not appreciate a self-taught
genius, he diligently pursued his investigations. He
succeeded in interesting Sir Joseph Banks, president
of the Hoyal Society of London; H. Parker, secrr-
tary of the Commission of Longitude; and other
learned men and societies, at Hamburg, St. Peters-
burg, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Cambridge and Paris;
and several prominent men of America, among
them, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson,
with whom he corresponded. That he might fur-
ther his researches and also be able to test his scheme
for finding the longitude at sea, he sailed for Eng-
land in 1792. This visit was brought about by an
invitation from the Royal Society of London, through
Sir.lo^cph Hanks, lie returned home in 17!H>. In
1804 he again went to Europe, visiting Copenhagen,
and going thence to St. Petersburg, Russia, where
lie was well received by the authorities. He spent
the winter in that high latitude perfecting his obser-
vations and corresponding with several European
philosophers, the main object with all being the dis-
covery of the law governing the constant variation,
dip and declination of tl:s magnetic needle iu differ-
ent parts of the earth. His published works were a
"Map of the Peninsula Between the Bays of Dela-
ware and Chesapeake" (1778); "The Magnetic At-
las; or, Variation Charts of the Whole Terraqueous
Globe; Comprising a System of the Variation and
Dip of the Needle, by which, the Observations be-
ing Truly Made, the Longitude may be Ascertained "
(London, 1794; 3d ed., fSOO). The latter work was
first published iu 1790, in the United States, in the
form of a map of the world, accompanied by a book of
explanations, and under a different title. He visited
England for the third time, about 1803, and while in
London suffered an attack of paralysis. When suf-
ficiently recovered he sailed for home in 1805, iu
the William Murdock. This ship encountered vio-
lent storms, in which much of the cargo had to be
thrown overboard, and it is supposed that iu the
confusion his papers were lost. He died during this
voyage; July 17. 180"), and was buried ;tl sea.
RIDGAWAY, Henry Bascom, clergyman,
was born in Talbot county, Md., Sept. 7, 1830. Af-
ter attending the high school in Baltimore, he en-
tered Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., and was
graduated iu 1849. From childhood he had desired
to enter the ministry, and prior to his graduation he
was licensed to preach. On leaving college he
taught for several months, and then m the fall of
1849 began his regular ministry in the Summerrield
circuit, Baltimore county. He was received on trial
in the itinerancy in the Baltimore conference i:i
1850, and appointed to the Winchester circuit. In
1851-54 he labored iu the Loudoun, Summerfield and
north Baltimore circuits, and in the spring of 1855 be-
came second preacher of the north Baltimore station.
His next position was at the High Street Church,
Baltimore, the richest in the city, and there he became
known as one of the most able preachers in the de-
nomination. Two years later, at the unanimous call
of the Chestnut Street Church, Portland, Me., the
leading one in the state, he was transferred to that
city, and labored there for two years, when he was
invited to St. Paul's Church, New York city, and in
the spring of 1861 was transferred. He next served
St. Paul's iu the same city and St. James', Harlem;
labored at Sing Sing and Kingston, N. Y., and at
Cincinnati, where he served two churches. Before
his second pastorate ended he was chosen pro-
fessor of historical theology in Garrclt Biblical In-
stitute, Evanston, 111., and took the chair in 1882.
In 1884 he was transferred to the chair of practical
theology and was made presi-
dent of the institution; posi-
tions held by him until his
death. He was fraternal dele-
gate to the Methodist Episco-
pal church, South, in 1882,
and was one of the regular
speakers at the centennial con-
ference at Baltimore in IN^I.
The degrees of D.D. and
LL.D. were conferred upon
him by Dickinson College.
Dr. Ridgaway was a rigor-
ous and eloquent preacher,
showed a great power of
analysis and keenness of
reasoning, and was endowed
with remarkable powers of
memory. He was the author
of "Life of Alfred Cook-
man" (1871); "The Lord's
Laud: A Narrative of Travels
in Sinai and Palestine in 1873-74" (1876);
Bishop Edward S. Janes" (1882);
Waugh" (1883); -'Bishop Matthew Simpson"
(1 **•">). He contributed frequently to the columns
of " The Methodist." He was married at Carlisle,
I'n . iu February, 1855, to Rosamond U., daughter of
Prof. Merritt Oaldwell, of Dickinson College. In
1892-93 they made a tour of the world, visiting the
principal missions of the church in India and China.
Upon reaching Japan, he was stricken with fever,
contracted in China, and was detained many weeks
at the Doshisha Hospital in Kioto. He recovered so
as to spend one more year in the work to which he
was devoted. His health was never fully restored,
and he died in Evanston, 111., March 30, 1895.
FROST, Edwin Brant, astronomer, was born
at Brattleboro, Windham co., Vt., July 14, 1866,
son of CarltonPenniugton and Eliza Ann (Du Bois)
Frost, the latter a native of West Randolph, Vt. On
his father's side he is of English and Dutch stock;
on his mother's, of French (Huguenot) and Danish.
His maternal great-grandfather, Brant, was an officer
of the regular army and continued to serve after
the war closed. His father, who was surgeon
of the loth Vermont volunteers in the civil war,
became, in 1871, professor in the medical school at
Dartmouth and was a member of its faculty for
fifteen years. Edwin Frost was graduated at Dart-
mouth in 1886, and received from that institution the
degree of A.M. in 1889. After four years of teach-
ing, partly in the college, and additional study, he
spent two years in Germany, studying first at the
University of Strasburg, and for the last eight
months holding the position of assistant in the Prus-
sian Royal Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam.
In 1892 he was appointed professor in Dartmouth,
serving until 1898, when he became piofessor of
astrophysics in the University of Chicago, stationed
at the Yerkes observatory. In 1894 he published
"Astronomical Spectroscopy," a revision and trans-
Life of
Bishop Beverly
288
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
latiou of an important work by Dr. J. Scheiner.
Prof. Frost's researches have been chiefl}' devoted to
the astrophysical side of astronomy, as his contribu-
tions to scientific journals show. He is also an assist-
ant editor of the "Astrophysical Journal," pub-
lished by the University of Chicago. He is a mem-
ber of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and of the Astronomische Gesell-
schaft ((in-many). He was married in Boston,
.Mass., Nov. 19, 1896, to Mary E., daughter of
Marshall Hazard, Ph.D., and Mrs. Elizabeth
(Wymau) Adams Hazard.
STRONG, Theodore, mathematician, was born
at South Hadley, Hampshire Co., Mass., July 26,
1790, second son of Joseph and Sophia (Wood-
bridge) Strong. His father and grandfather were
Congregational ministers, and were descended from
John Strong, a settler of Dorchester, Mass., in 1680,
and later a resident of Northampton. His mother
was the daughter of Rev. John Woodbridge, of
South Hadley, of the ninth successive generation of
ministers bearing the same name, the first having
come to Massachusetts in 1634. Theodore Strong
. was educated by his uncle, Col. Woodbridge, and
at the age of eighteen entered Yale College, where
he took a high stand in mathematics, and at gradua-
tion, in 1812, was awarded a prize for proficiency.
He had planned to devote
himself to the positive sci-
ences, especially chemist ry,
but this intention was defeated
by an almost immediate call
to Hamilton College, where,
after four years as tutor of
mathematics, he was appointed
professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy. In 1825
and 1826 he declined calls to
the chair of mathematics in
Queens College (afterwards
Rutgers), Columbia College,
New York city, and the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania; but
in December, 1827, having
received a second invitation
to Rutgers, he concluded to
accept. He was an active
member of the faculty until
1861, when he was made professor emeritus, and
was vice-president of the college from 1S39 until
1863, when he severed his connection. He became
eminent as early as IS]:!, in which year he made a
demonstration of Matthew Stewart's propositions
respecting the circle; considered a ureat feat of
mathematical skill. At the time hesettled in New
Jersey his ability was so generally recognized that a
prominent mathematician in New York city who
about that time published a series of difficult prob-
lems, which "he challenged all the mathematicians
in America to solve, expressly excepting Dr. Bow-
ditch. Prof. Strong ' and one other.'" The last
named, who contributed a memoir of his friend to
" Biographical Memoirs, National Academy of Sci-
ences" (Vol. II.), said: " In pure mathematical sci-
ence Prof. Strong was a very giant. Other stars of
great brilliancy and splendor have since risen in our
scientific hemisphere; but in his day he had hanlly
a peer in grasp and power of intellect. If Dr. Bow-
ditch, on account of his age and great attainments,
was regarded as princeps among the mathemati-
cians of this country, to him alone Prof. Strong
stood secundns in the public estimation." In 1859
he published his "Treatise on Elementary and
Higher Algebra," a remarkable work, in which, for
the first time, was given M rigidly logical solution of
Cardan's irreducible case of cubic equations. In
1869 appeared his "Treatise on the Differential and
Integral Calculus." In this " the infinitesimal
method of Leibnitz and the method of limiting
ratios of Netvton are shown to be unnecessary in
a proper conception of the science. In the appendix
to this work was reprinted a contribution to the
'Mathematical Diaiy,' namely, a solution of the
'boot problem,' considered to be one of the most
difficult and elusive that can be attacked by the
ordinary analytical processes." Prof. Strong was
elected a member of the Connecticut Acadeiny in
1815; an honorary member of the American Philo-
sophical Society of Philadelphia, in 1844; was a
member of the American Academy of Arts and Sci-
ences of Boston, and one of the corporate members
of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He contributed to their ' Proceedings" and to
various scientific periodicals, especially to the
"American Journal of Science" (1818-45), and
the "Mathematical Miscellany." Many of the
papers in the "Journal of Science," it is said, threw
light on points left obscure by the great authors
whose works he was studying. Among the me-
moirs read before the National Academy of Sci-
ences were: "Notes on the Parallelogram of Forces
and on Virtual Velocities" (1864); "On the Inte-
gration of Differential Equations of the First Order
and Higher Degrees" (1864); " New Theory of the
First Principles of the Differential Calculus" (1865);
"New Theory of Planetary Motion" (1865),
and " On a Process of Integration Used in the Case
of a Planet's Orbit Disturbed by Small Forces"
(1867). The honorary degree of A.M. was con-
ferred upon him by Hamilton in 1815, and that of
LL.D. by Rutgers in 1835. "In the course of a
long life," as testified one of his associates at Rut-
gers, " I have met with few men whose characters
have exhibited more admirable traits or fewer blem-
ishes to mar their worth." In September, 1818,
Prof. Strong was married to Lucy, daughter of
Capt. John Dix, of Boston, a woman of strong in-
tellect and congenial tastes. She bore him two sons,
one of whom, Theodore, died of fever while serv-
ing in the Federal army during the civil war, and
five daughters. He died at New Brunswick, N. J.,
Feb. 1. 1869.
BOGARDUS, Everardus, clergyman, was born
in Holland, about KiOO. He was the second estab-
lished clergyman in New Amsterdam, whither he
came in 1633, in company with Wouter van Twiller.
His claim to fame rests, first, upon his marriage with
Annetje Jansen, owner of what has since been known
as the Bogardus estate, and second, upon his oppo-
sition to the local government, of which he himself,
as servant of the Holland Company, was independ-
ent. His devotion to the cause of right and relig-
ion was illustrated when he called Gov. Wouter van
Twiller "a child of the devil," and threatened to
denounce him from the pulpit if he did not behave
himself. He boldly denounced Kieft, his successor,
for his rapacity and cruelty in causing the Indian
war of Pavonia in 1643. Kieft retorted with charges
of drunkenness and of his dishonoring the pulpit
witli sermons that were nothing but the "rattling of
old wives' stories drawn out from a distaff. " The
dispute was finally adjusted through the intercession
of mutual friends before Bogardus was brought to
trial. In his later years Pastor Rogardus became
blind, and resigning his church, was succeeded by
Rev. Samuel Megapolensis. His activity in oppos-
ing the governors of the colony would seem to have
led to charges against him before the classis of Am-
sterdam, of which he was a member, 'and in 1647 he
set sail for Holland on the same ship with Gov.
Kieft. They were wrecked in the Bristol channel,
England, Sept. 27, 1647, and Bogardus lost his life,
with eighty of his fellow passengers.
OF AMKKIi'AX BIOGRAPHY.
289
JOHNSON, Thomas, lirst state governor of
Maryland (1777-79), was born in Calverl county,
Nov. 4, 1732, son of Thomas and Dorcas (Sedgwick)
Johnson and grandson of Thomas Johnson, of Yar-
mouth, who emigrated to Maryland in HiliO. He
was a descendant of Sir Thomas Jolmsou, of Great
Yarmouth, whose family had been members of
parliament since 15S."i. Thomas Johnson's mother
was the daughter of Joshua Sedgwick, whose grand-
daughter became the wife of John Quincy Adams.
After attending school in Frederick county, whither
his parents had removed, Thomas Johnson at an
early age was sent to Annapolis, and was employed
in the office of the provincial court, where he studied
law under Mr. Bordley. He soon rose to distinction.
He was a member of the first Continental congress,
and was upon almost every important committee.
His speeches against the Stamp Act, full of patriotism,
carried conviction. Upon his motion, George Wash-
ington was made commander-in-chief of the Ameri-
can forces in the united colonies. He served upon
the committee of the constitution until Nov. 9, 1776;
was appointed by congress brigadier-general of the
Frederick militia, which was with Washington in
the Jerseys, and, while still in the field, was elected
governor, Feb. 13, 1777, to succeed the council of
safety. He was inaugurated, March 21, 1777, at the
state house, Annapolis, as the first Republican govern-
or of Maryland, before a great concourse of patriotic
witnesses. Three volleys were fired by the soldiers,
followed by a salute of thirteen guns, after which
were given a sumptuous dinner and a ball at night.
Gov. Johnson's first proclamation, calling out the
state militia, contained these words. "To defend our
liberties requires our exertions; our wives, our chil-
dren and our country implore our assistance — motives
amply sufficient to arm every one who can be called
a man." The interior counties answered promptly.
The "Maryland line" was then engaged at Staten
Island. Busy times had now dawned, and Gov.
Johnson had almost dictatorial authority. The
severe winter at Valley Forge having exhausted
both magazines and supplies, to keep up the quarter-
master's department required the utmost energy of
the governor; yet by the middle of June the " Mary-
VOL. IX.— 19.
land line " had received its complement. "To pro-
ninte the recruiting service"; "to expedite the march
of troops in and through this state "; "to make the
bills of credit issued by congress" and "the bills of
credit emitted by the assembly legal tender in all
eases"; " an act for quartering soldiers" — all these
measures gave to Gov. Johnson's term a military and
ext iiing character. In addition to these cares, Mary-
land had her share of Tories, who had organized under
the title of "Associated Loyalists of America." In
Somerset and Worcester counties Iliese loyalists
offered resistance, and Gen. Smalhvn<«|, \\}\n had
been detached to Maryland to aid in organizing re-
cruits, was sent with a force to put them down.
This led to the organization of the " Whig Club,"
which ordered the editor of the "Maryland Journal"
in Baltimore to leave the town. Upon the editor's
appeal to Gov. Johnson, the latter issued a proc-
lamation commanding such an organization to dis-
perse. In March, 1779, Gov. Johnson wrote to the
Maryland representatives in congress complaining
that a large number of Maryland soldiers had been
enlisted in the regiments of other states, for which
the state received no credit. Up to that time the
state, independent of these, had furnished over
12,000 regulars. In 1779 ' ' the address of the officers
of the Maryland forces" to Gov. Johnson gave a
gloomy picture of their lack of means, owing to the
depreciation of Continental currency. In answer,
the legislature by act provided " four good shirts and
a complete uniform, suitable to each officer's station, "
and also fixed a regular ration of provisions. During-
Gov. Johnson's second term, this depreciation of the
currency led to a heated contest between the two
houses of the assembly. The house was anxious for
higher pay; the senate, represented by Charles
Carroll, of Carrollton, opposed it; but the urgency
of the occasion won a victor}' for the house. During
his last term, also, the first naturalization laws were
passed. At the close of his second term, the limit
of his eligibility, Gov. Johnson was succeeded by
Thomas Sim Lee, in 1779. Upon his retirement, the
general assembly transmitted to Gov. Johnson the
following address: "The prudence, assiduity, firm
ness and integrity with which you have discharged,
290
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
in times most critical, the duties of your late im-
portant station, have a just claim to our warm ac-
knowledgment and sincere thanks." Gov. Johnson
retired to Fredericktown, but was soon returned to
the house of delegates; was again elected governor,
but declined; was appointed chief judge of the
general court, and afterward associate justice of the
supreme court of the United States, which he re-
signed in 1793 because of ill-health, and for the same
reason declined a position in Pres. Washington's
cabinet; but did accept the office of commissioner of
Washington city, in which he laid out the plans and
fixed the site of the capitol, president's house and
other buildings. He afterward retired to "Rose-
hill," near Frederick. His wife, to whom he was
married in 1766, was Ann, daughter of Thomas
Jennings, a distinguished citizen of Annapolis. She
died early, leaving five children. His daughter,
Ann Jennings Johnson, became Mrs. Col. John
Grahame, and with her lie spent his declining days.
Sirs. Col. Dennis, of Frederick, is one of his de-
scendants. Gen. Bradley Johnson, of Confederate
fame, is a descendant of Col. Baker Johnson, a
brother of the governor. In 1800 Gov. Johnson per-
formed his last public act — the delivery of a eulogy
upon his friend, Gen. Washington, at Frederick.
He was of middle stature, slender in person, with
keen, penetrating eyes and intelligent countenance.
He had a warm, generous heart, and was a kind
husband and father. He died at "Rosehill," Oct.
26, 18UI.
LEE, Thomas Sim, second and seventh gov-
ernor of Maryland (1779-83 ; 1793-94), was born in
Prince George county, Md., in 1745, sou of Thomas
and Christiana (Sim) Lee. His mother wasa daughter
of Dr. Patrick Sim and his wife. Mary Brooke, a
descendant of Thomas Brooke, of Brooktield. He
was descended from a Norman family established in
England at the Conquest; in America it is well
known through the patriotism of Richard Henry
Lee (Light-horse Harry) and Gen. Robert E. Lee, of
Arlington. In- England the Lees ranked among the
gentry. As early as 1193 Lionel Lee, with his se-
lected company of cavaliers, accompanied Richard
Cceur de Leon in the third crusade, and was created
earl of Litchtield for his gallant conduct at the siege
of Acre. The pioneer of the family in America was
Richard Lee, a cavalier from Shropshire, who,
"sometime in the reign of Charles I., went over to
the colony of Virginia as secretary and one of the
king's privy council. He and Sir William Berkeley
kept the colony to its allegiance during the civil war
between Charles I. and Cromwell. While Charles
II. was at Breda, Richard Lee went over and had a
private conference with him in regard to the colony.
On his return, he and Berkeley succeeded in having
Charles II. pro-
claimed king of
England, France,
i Scotland, Ireland
and Virginia. In
gratitude for his
loyalty, on the restoration Charles ordered the arms
of Virginia to be added to those of England." Philip
Lee, the second sou of this gentleman, crossed over
into Maryland, and became the founder of that
branch of the family known as the Maryland Lees.
He was the grandfather of Thomas Sim Lee. The
latter, on Oct. 37, 1771, was married to Mary Digges,
the daughter of the proprietor of the princely estate
of " Melwood Park," in Prince George county, Md.
At the opening of the revolutionary war Thomas-Sim
Lee was an a~rdent supporter of the cause, and on
Nov. 8, 1779, was elected governor, to succeed Gov.
Thomas Johnson. His opponent was Ed ward Lloyd.
He entered at a critical era. His first proclamation
was for collecting provisions for the army, then
threatening to disband; and his next, for recruiting
the quota of the state for the Continental army, by
which act the state gave a bounty of fifty acres of
land. Both calls were answered. A legislative act
was recorded for a supply of clothing for each man
of the brigade; quit rents were abolished; French
subjects were allowed to enjoy the same rights as
citizens of the state. The circulating currency had
reached so low a standard that contracts made in gold
and silver were paid in the same coin. By means of
the bank act, the assembly and patriotic citizens
came to the governor's aid in supplying the needs of
the army. Upon another demand for troops, backed
by a letter from Gen. Washington to the governor,
the patriotic reply of the general assembly was:
"We propose to exert our utmost efforts to raise
2,000 regulars to serve during the war." A letter
was sent out by that assembly which deserves to be
written in gold. The answer to that appeal was the
desired recruits, provisions and supplies, with 2.065
men added to the Continental army. Mrs. Mary
Lee was at work also, with other patriotic women,
and Gen. Washington, in reply to her letter asking
what was most needed, replied: "Shirts and blaclj
stocks for the use of the troops in the Southern army. "
Gov. Lee entertained and encouraged Gen. Greene
on his way South to relieve Gates. Gov. Lee having
failed to secure any aid from congress to prevent
depredations upon the Chesapeake, the legislature
came to the rescue in its "act for protection." The
Tories of southern Maryland still continuing their
opposition, "an act to seize, confiscate and appro-
priate all British property within the state " was
passed. The debt had now increased $10,000,000,
yet Gov. Lee's pen was constantly urging new sacri-
fices in order to keep the state up to its require-
ments. In February, 1781, Lafayette arrived at the
head of the Elk, and Gov. Lee ordered every vessel
in the state to transport him and his army to Anna-
polis; dispatched messengers and established beacon-
signals and a chain of post-riders to communicate
with the expected fleet of the French. The delay
of the fleet, the return of Lafayette to the Elk
and his march again to Baltimore, required still
greater sacrifices, all of which were cheerfully made
by the governor, the legislature and the private
citizens of Baltimore. " We will supply them," was
the reply of a Baltimore lady to Lafayette's lament
over his troops; and the ragged force of the marquis
left Elk Ridge newly clothed and with new hopes.
Gov. Lee entertained the French officers and re-
viewed the troops. The retreat of Lafayette before
Cornwallis in Virginia called again for aid from
Maryland's governor. His pen again was urging
assistance from congress to send recruits to Lafayette.
He appealed again to the counties. The militia came
pouring in from every section, and with these un-
armed men at his back Lafayette turned upon Corn-
wallis and drove him in a retreat which was to end
in his surrender. In the meantime, 7,000 men were
to be fed as they passed from the head of the Elk
to Virginia. It" required 5,000 cattle and all the
vessels of the state to transport troops and provisions,
and both were furnished. Gov. Lee, as the tried
anil trusted friend of Washington, had knowledge of
the plan that was to entrap Cornwallis at Yorktown,
and, buoyed by such hopes, strained every exertion
to its accomplishment. To Gov. Lee and the Mary-
land assembly much of the success of Gen. Greene,
Gen. Otho Williams and Col. John Eager Howard
in the South was due. The governor was asked
to urge congress to devote a portion of the special
tax toward paying the Maryland troops, and Lee
made the appeal as one of the closing acts of his ad-
ministration. Having served two terms, Gov. Lee
declined a third nomination. He was a delegate in.
the Continental congress in 1783 and 1784 ; was a
OF AMERICAN HIOUK A I'll Y.
291
member of the state convention which ratified the
Federal constitution of 1788: and in 1792 was one of
the presidential electors, and voted for \Va^liiirji"ii
in the second presidential election, [n 17!i^ he
was again elected governor by the state legislature.
During his second term lie reorganized the .state
militia and look an active part, in the suppression of
the whiskey insurrection in western 1'eunsylvaiiia and
Maryland. Soon after his marriage, Gov. Lee re-
moved to what is now known as the Petersville dis-
trict of Frederick county, ,Md., where he purchased
over 1,500 acres of land, and becameavery law and
successful farmer. At thecloseof his official life, in
1794, he established his w inter homein Georgetown,
D. 0., where his house became the headquarters of
the Federal party, of which he was a prominent
member. In November, 1798, he was again unani-
mously elected governor by the general assembly, but
declined the honor, and, thereafter, he remained close-
ly at " Need wood," niananini: his cstale willi his L'UO
well-trained slaves. The descendantsof Gov. Lei ;UM|
Charles Carroll, of Carrolllon, intermarried several
times, thus cementing by a more intimate connec-
tion the friendship of their ancestors. The Lees are
also connected by marriage with ihe families of the
Chews, of Germantown, 1'a. ; the Howards, of
Maryland; Madame IJonaparte (n^e Patterson i ,
the Marquis of Wellesley, viceroy of Ireland
and elder brother to tin; Duke of Wellington;
Lady Stafford, the Duchess of Lee, Is, ami many
of the most distinguished families of Europe and
America. Gov. Lee left no portrait of himself, but
it is said he was a remarkably handsome man, stand-
ing six feet four inches, anil magnificently propor-
tioned. His sons were all line looking men. none of
them being under six feet. His granddaughter,
Mary Digges Lee, was Ihe mother of Gov. John
Lee Carroll; another granddaughter, Eli/.a, daughter
of Thomas Sim Lee, .Ir., was married to Hon. Outer-
bridge Horsey, I'. S. senator from Delaware. The
old homestead is still in possession of the Lee familv.
represented by Thomas Sim Lee, who was married
to a daughter of Columbus O'Doneli. Gov. Lee
died, Nov. 9, 1819, at the age of seventy-four, leav-
ing four sons and six daughters.
PACA, William, signer of the Declaration of
Independence and third governor of Maryland
(1782-85), was born at " Wye Hall," his father's seat,
in Harford county, Md., Oct. 31, 1740. He was
the second son of John Paca, an early settler of the
province. He was graduated B.A. at Philadelphia
College (the germ of the University of Pennsylvania)
in 1758, and was afterward admitted to the Middle
Temple, London. Returning in 1766, he settled in
Annapolis, began the practice of law, and became
prominent in his resistance to the oppressive measures
of the ministry and to the proprietary government of
the province. This course he steadily pursued while
in the assembly of 1771-74, and continued it in con-
gress; but public opinion in Maryland then was
conservative, and his colleagues had instructions
which held them to that course. In 1774 William
Paca was appointed a member of the committee of
correspondence, and in 1775 he was in the council
of safety. He remained in congress until 1779, and
on Aug. 2, 1776, his instructions having been re-
scinded, he affixed his signature to the Declaration
of Independence. On Aug. 17, 1776, he was elected
on the committee "to prepare a declaration and
charter of rights and a form of government for
Maryland." Upon the organization of the state, he
was elected to its first senate. In March, 1778, he
was appointed chief judge of the general court of
Maryland which position he held until 1781; subse-
quently, he was chief judge of the court of appeals
and admiralty. In November, 1782, he was elected
the third governor of Maryland, to succeed Thomas
Sim Lee, the war governor, and during his earlv mi-
ministration came the dawn of pence. Like Gov.
Lee, Gov. Paca was aided by a patriotic as.se mb Iv,
and this body issued a llatteving address to Gen.
Greene upon his ma.-lci ly campaign. The army was
still in the field in extreme want. and the prospect of
an early peace was welcome news. On April 12,
1783, Kobert H. Livingston wrote to Gov. Paca ask-
ing his support to the stipulation of the treaty, and
on April 22d the latter issued his proclamation de-
claring a cessation of arms by sea and. land, enjoin-
ing obedience to the treaty. "On Nov. 25th lie ad-
dressed the sheriffs, requiring them to read the
ircaly in public places. On May fi. 1>::, Cov. Paca
placed before the general assembly the articles of
peace, and congratulated them
upon the return of peace, pay-
ing (herein a touching tribute lo
the army. The old Maryland
line. 500 slronir. now returned
;n rags, with Ilri^. Gen. (list i'i
Command. Gen. Greene, upon
his return, again repealed lo
Gov. I'aca his hi^h compliment
I" ihe Maryland line. His diary
of Sept. 26lh mentioned: "Dined
wiHi Gov. Paca, w ho is a \ er\
polite' character anil a great
friend of the- army. We drank
several toasts, which were ac-
companied by Ihe discharge ,,|
thirteen c:n i. ' In December,
I r83, coicjress assembled in
Annapolis by invitation of the
governor and the general as-
sembly. The governor gave up his house to the
president of congress. (In Dec. l!Mh (Jen. Washing-
ton arrived in Annapolis, where he was welcomed
by Go\. Paca and tendered a public reception. On
Dec. •_':;, 1783, in Ihe old senate chamber, in the
presence of Gov. Paca, the general assemblv and
the Continental congress, Gen. Washington resigned
his commission. On Jan. 14, 1784, Gov. Paca pro-
claimed the treaty as ratified by congress. Gov.
I'aea was a delegate lo the council which organized
the Order of the Cincinnati. Two ex-governors of
the proprietary now returned, and Gov. Eden, mis-
taking his powers, began to issue patents for lands
that had been surveyed under his administration.
Gov. Paca calling him to explain, matters were
satisfactorily arranged. In 1781, to carry out the
act granting a bounty of fifty acres to each soldier
enlisted under Gov. Lee's call, Gov. Paca appointed
Francis Deakius to locate the lots west of Fort
Cumberland. The cause of securing educational
institutions also found in Gov. Paca a warm advo-
cate. He secured the charter rights of Washington
College. Upon the expiration of his term of office,
he was succeeded by Gen. William Smallwood. In
1784 Gov. Paca was elected vice-president of the
Society of the Cincinnati and a member of the Maiy-
land convention that ratified the Constitution of the
United States. In December 1789, he was appointed
by Washington judge of the U. 8. court of the dis-
trict of Maryland, and served until his death, in
1799. Gov. Paca's first wife was Mary, daughter of
Benjamin Chew and Henrietta Maria Lloyd. Her
sister, Henrietta Maria, became the wife of Capt.
Edward Dorsey, of the house of burgesses, from
Frederick county, and son of Caleb Dorsey and
Elinor Wartield, of Richard. One of Gov. Paca's
daughters was married to Consul Houbelle, a co-
adjutor of Napoleon. Their sou bore such a striking
likeness to the accepted ideals of our Saviour, he
was often called upon to pose as a model. Gov.
Paca's son, John, was married to Juliana Tilghman,
now represented by the Rasiu family of Kent county.
292
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
In 1777 Gov. Paca was married to Anne Harrison,
of Philadelphia, who died in 1780, leaving no issue.
Gov. Paca built the house on Prince George street , near
East Annapolis, afterward the home of Chancellor
Theodoric Bland. It lias two wings, and is still
well preserved. A striking portrait of Gov. Paca
hangs iu the state house at Annapolis. He died at
his birthplace in 1799, a pure aud zealous patriot,
with a character that was spotless.
SMALLWOOD. William, revolutionary soldier
aud fourth governor of Maryland ( 1785-88), was born
in Kent county, Mil., 1732, son of Bayiie and Pris-
cilla (Heberd) Smallwood. His father was a mer-
chant and large planter, presiding officer in the court
of common pleas aud member of the house of bur-
gesses; his mother was a native of
Virginia and a lady of family aud
fortune. At au early age he was
sent to school iu England; his first
teacher was Thomas Rebask, of Ken-
dale, Westmoreland. He was after-
ward a student at Eton, where he
completed his studies. It is related
that after his return, he was in
the French aud Indian war. On
April 24, 1775, Col. William Small-
wood, with a command of 1,444
men, left Annapolis for Boston. He
was placed in Lord Stirling's bri-
n-ade, and was at the battle of Long
Island, where 400 of his Mary-
'aut' 'me' ulic\el' ^aJ- Gist, made
five charges with bayonets against
Coruwallis' brigade, outnumbering them ten to one.
Upon the sixth charge the British brigade recoiled
in confusion. Assaulted by Hessians in front and a
British brigade in the rear, Lord Stirling with a por-
tion surrendered; but three companies cut their way
through the British ranks, swam the creek, and came
out with a loss of 250 officers and men. In com-
memoration of that heroic charge, the Sons of the
Revolution have recently erected upon the spot a
memorial shaft. Two days after this charge, Small-
wood's men were, at Fort Putnam, within 250 yards
of the enemy's line, and, at Washington's request,
Smallwood covered his withdrawal into the line-. In--
low Fort Washington, when they attacked the
enemy, drove them from their position, and were in
full pursuit when recalled. Smallwood met the
Hessians, under Hawk-, at White Plains. Under the
fire of British cannon he was wounded, but his men
fell back in good order. The Maryland line was at
Princeton and Trenton, and Washington there re-
corded: "Smallwood's troops had been reduced to
a mere handful of men, but they took part iu the
engagement with their usual gallantry, and won
great renown." In the next campaign the state
added 4,000 more to the army, — one-tenth of the
whole force, — and in October of that year the Mary-
land line was increased by 2,000 more. In August,
1777, Smallwood's first brigade was at Staten Island,
and took 141 British prisoners. At Brandy wine and
Germantown they advanced with such resolution
they drove the British light infantry from the field,
took their camp, and received the highest encomiums.
The gallant defense of Fort Mifflin closed the year.
Smallwood's men that winter were stationed at Wil-
mington, and there captured a British brig laden
with provisions. In 1779, with Gen. St. Clair and
the Pennsylvania forces, Smallwood set out for
Elizabethtowu to aid Gen. Maxwell, when the enemy
retreated. Smallwood was at Monmouth when the
British were driven back with a loss of 300 killed,
aud Sir Henry Clinton retreated to New York. In
1779 Smallwood and the Maryland line met the
British at Scotch Plains, and drove them back. In
1780 the Maryland line marched to the South. At
Camden Gist's men "were firm as a rock, aud Wil-
liams' regiment, with Howard at its head, broke
upon the enemy and severed his front, driving the
opposing corps before them." Smallwood received
the thanks of congress for his Camdeu campaign.
Returning to Maryland, in ten days he secured 700
non-commissioned officers aud men. Upon the death
of Baron de Kalb, Smallwood was promoted to the
command of a division, and Gist and Williams to
that of two brigades. Entitled to a major-general
and two brigadiers, Marylauders submitted long to
be led by strangers, which brought on some friction
between Col. Smallwood and Baron Steuben. In
1785 Gen. Smallwood was elected to congress, and
in November of that year was made governor, to
succeed William Paca. During his administration
King William's School was consolidated with St.
John's College; aud iu 1784 the first movement for
the improvement of the Potomac river was begun,
resulting in running a steamboat, the conception of
James Rumsey, from Shepherdstown to Harper's
Ferry, in 1780. Other administrative acts were:
methods of paying the national debt, the claim of
British creditors creating the most violent opposition,
not only in the Maryland senate, but through news-
paper controversy. The joint navigation of the
Chesapeake aud Potomac brought out a discussion
which developed into a convention at Annapolis in
178G, representing five states, to revise the Fed-
eral constitution. The united action of Maryland
and Virginia resulted iu calling a convention at
Philadelphia, which framed the new constitution.
In 1788 Gov. Smallwood was succeeded by Gov.
John Eager Howard, and retired to his home in
Prince George county, now embraced in Charles
county, Md. His old" colonial homestead, built of
English brick, though unoccupied and dilapidated,
still stands upon a high promontory. He named it
"Mattawoman," from a neighboring creek. On
July 4, 1898, the Sons of the American Revolution
erected over his long unmarked grave, within full
view of his old homestead, a granite shaft as a me-
morial of his military achievements. Gen. Small-
wond was never married. His only sister became the
wife of Co!. William Grayson, of Virginia. Iu 1827
it was found that Col. William Graysou, eldest son
of William Grayson, was entitled by entail to the
whole estate of Gen. Smallwood, no transfer having
been made. In private life Gov. Smallwood, as au
obituary notice said of him, "was highly esteemed
for the enduring ardor and steadfastness of his
friendships and his candid deportment toward all."
He died in Priuce George Co., Md., Feb. 14, 1792.
HOWARD, John Eager, revolutionary soldier
and fifth governor of Maryland (17S8-91), was born
near Baltimore, June 4, 1752, son of Cornelius aud
Ruth (Eager) Howard. His mother was the daughter
of John and Jemima (Murray) Eager. He was a
grandson of Joshua Howard, of Manchester, Eng-
land, an officer in the army of the Duke of York
during the Monmouth rebellion, who was married
to Joanna ( >'< 'arroll, of Ireland, aud going to Mary-
land in 1007, took up a tract of land in Balti-
more county. John Eager Howard was educated by
private tutors. Coming to manhood at the beginning
of the revolution, he was offered a colonel's commis-
sion, but preferred to accept a commission as captain
of a company of Col. Carvil Hall's "Flying Camp."
He was at the battle of White Plains. Oct.^28, 1770;
commissioned major in the 4th regiment of Mary-
land, he was at Germantown and Monmouth. In
1780 Maryland's 1st brigade, under Gen. de Kalb,
marched south to defend North Carolina from British
invasion. As Lieut.-Col. Howard, he was in the 5th
Maryland regiment at Camden, first under Gen.
Gates, and afterward under Gen. Greene. There
Gist's Maryland regiment and Williams' regiment,
OF AMKKK'ANT BICK1 MAPI I Y.
293
with Howard at its head, broke upon the enemy and
drove him before them. In 1781, 400 of the Mary-
laud line \vere placed under ( 'ol. Howard and con
solidated with Gen. Morgan's command. At the
battle of Cowpens the British trooper, Tarletou, hav-
ing called out his reserves endangered Howard's right,
and Gen. Morgan ordered Col. Howard to retreat
toward the cavalry and assume a new front. He
had not reached that position when Tarleton ordered
a charge. Suddenly facing the enemy, Col. Howard
poured in upon his astonished line a close and mur-
derous fire. Tarletou's ranks recoiled, when Col.
Howard, ordering his men forward, charged upon
the British with fixed bayonets. It was a terrible
but decisive conflict. The day was won, and the
whole British infantry were either captured or killed,
Tarletou himself, after a conflict with Col. Washing-
ton, narrowly escaping. Gen. Morgan rode up to
Col. Howard and said: "You have done well, for
you are successful; had you failed, I would have
shot you." Col. Howard replied: "Had I failed,
there would have been no need of shooting me." At
that moment Col. Howard held the swords of seven
British officers. Congress voted him a silver medal.
Col. Howard was with Gen. Greene on his retreat al
Guilford Court House, March 15, 1781. At Hob-
kirk's Hill, April l.">lh. he succeeded to 1 he command
of the 3d Maryland regiment. At Eulaw Springs,
the fiercest contest of the war, Sepl. s, 17S1, How-
ard's regiment met "The Buffs," an Irish corps of
Kawdon's army. Neither would yield, but crossing
bayonets, their ranks mingled together; oppo^in^
files sank down, each pierced with the bayonet of his
antagonist. They were found grappled in death and
transfixed together upon the battlefield. The officers
fought hand to hand. The British line, having at
last given away, "The Buffs," unable to stand, broke
and fled. Col. Howard came out of that contest the
only surviving officer, and his command was re-
duced to thirty men. Upon a final charge he was
wounded. Gen. Greene was so delighted he rode up
and complimented the Marylauders in the midst of
action. Three hundred British prisoners were taken,
in the face of a murderous tire of
artillery and musketry. Each corps
engaged received a vote of thanks
from congress. Amos Cummings
has said: "The Old Guard occupied
no higher station in the French army
than that held by the Maryland
line in the Continental army." Col.
Howard was a member of the Con-
tinental congress in 1787-88, and in
the latter year was elected gov-
ernor, to succeed William Small-
wood. During his term Maryland
cast her six electoral votes for Gen.
Washington as the first president
of the United States, with Robert
Hanson Harrison, of Maryland, for
vice-president. On Dec. 23, 1788, the
assembly of Maryland voted to cede
to congress a district ten miles square for the seat of
the government of the United States. In 1789, the
legislature of Virginia having voted a loan of $120,000
to the government to assist in erection of public build-
ings at the seat of government, at the following session
Maryland voted a loan of $72,000 for the same, and
authorized the sale of its public lands to meet it. In
1790 the legislature passed an act "for the better ad-
ministration of justice in the several counties of the
state," and Gov. Howard and his council appointed
some of the leading men of the state as associate
justices. This was because Charles Carroll, of
Car roll ton, and John Henry, the first senators of
Maryland, had urged him to present the state's
claim in the ablest manner, as there was a strong
probability of the governments willingness to as-
sume the debts of the states. Gov. Howard and
Charles Carroll, of C'arrollton, drafted the militia law
passed by the legislature. In 1791 Gov. Howard was
succeeded by Hon. George Plater. Four years later
( 1711")) he was sent to the Maryland senate, and in
1796 was elected I". S. senator, vice Mr. Potts, and
was re-elected for the full term, to 1803. Retiring
to his beautiful homestead, "Belvedere." where he
had entertained Washington and Lafayette, this revo-
lutionary patriot spent his honored, declining days.
When the news of the capture of Washington bv the
British, in 1814, reached Gov. Howard, will! the
suggestion that it would be wise to capitulate, the
old hero said: "I have as much property at stake as
most persons, and I have four sons in the field; but
sooner would I see my sons weltering in their blood
and my property reduced to ashes than so far dis-
grace t'he country." "At thiscrilical period, besides
contributing liberally to the common defense, he
raised a troop of aged men and rendered important
service in the field." Col. Howard was married.
May 18, 1787, to .Margaret, daughter of Benjamin
Chew, of Philadelphia, and granddaughter of Dr.
Samuel Chew, a distinguished physician and judge
anil a member of the Society of Friends. Col. Samuel,
lather of Dr. Samuel, emigrated to Maryland from
< hewlown, Somersetshire, England, in 1671. John
son of John Eager and .Margaret (Chew) Howard,
was married to Cornelia Arabella Read; George, an-
other son, was married to Prudence Gough Ridgely;
Benjamin Chew Howard, to Jane Grant Gilmor,
William, to Rebecca Key; Charles, to Elizabeth P.
Key. His daughters were Mrs. John McIIenry and
Mrs. George Reed. Mrs. Howard died in 1824.
His health gradually declining from that time, he
died in Baltimore county, Md., Oct. 12, 1827.
PLATER, George, sixth governor of Maryland
(179 1-112), was I inn i at '• Sat torly." near Leonard town,
Si. Mary 'sco., Nov. 8, 1735, and was third of the name
His grandparents are said to have been blood rela-
tives. Theeslaleof " Sailorly " was named in honor
of the Plater homestead in Suffolk county, England,
a history of which, with the family coat-of-arms, is
found in Suckling's "History of Suffolk." His
father, Col. George Plater, was married, in 1729, to
Mrs. Rebecca (Addison) Bowles, widow of James
Bowles and daughter of Col. Thomas Addison, a
gentlewoman of considerable fortune. He was mar-
ried a second time to Mrs. Elizabeth Carpenter. In
1750 the "Annals of Annapolis" showed the pre-
vailing pastime of that period in the following
notice; "Sept. 20th, a race was run on the race
course between Gov. Ogle's bay gelding and Col.
Plater's gray stallion, which was won by the former. "
The "Maryland Gazette " of May 22, 1755, gives this
review of Col. Plater's life: "Saturday last died at his
seat in St. Mary's, aged upward of sixty years, the
Honourable George Plater, Esq., who was for many
years one of his Lordship's Council of State, naval
officer of the Patuxuit, and lately appointed secre-
tary of the province; a gentleman eminent for every
social virtue which could render him truly valuable.
He was, as Horace says, 'ad unguem factus fiomo.'
As his life was a pleasure, so was his death a grief
to every one that knew him." His children were
Rebecca, wife of John Tayloe, of Virginia; Ann;
George, afterward governor; Thomas Addison and
Elizabeth. George ^Plater, the son, was graduated
at William and Mary College in 1753; studied law,
and upon being admitted to the bar took an active
part in the discussions preceding the revolution. He
was chosen a member of the convention which as-
sembled in Annapolis, May 8, 1776, and invited Gov,
Eden to vacate; was appointed, May 26, 1776, one
of the council of safety ; was appointed to repre-
sent St. Mary's county in the convention in Annapo-
294
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
lis, Aug. 14, 1776, and was appointed, Aug. 17th. a
member of the committee "to prepare a declaration
and charter of rights and a form of government"
for Mary;. mil. From 1778 until 1781 he was in con-
gress, and' in 1788 was president of the Maryland
convention that ratified the Constitution of the United
States. He opposed the amend-
ment to Article IX. of the Arti-
cles of Confederation, which
sought to ascertain and restrict
tin- boundaries of states; which
amendment was defeated by
six states, including Maryland.
In 1791 he was elected govern-
or of Mary laud, to succeed John
Eager Howard. His adminis-
tration secured the location
of the national seat of govern-
ment by ceding the District of
Columbia, which had been ac-
cepted by congress. In 1791
Gen. St. Clair having been de-
feated bv certain Indian tribes,
Col. Otho H. Williams, with
additional troops, was sent out
in 1792. On Dec. 5, 1793, the Maryland electors as-
sembled at Annapolis and cast their vote for George
Washington and John Adams for a second term of
four years. Gov. Plater was twice married: first, to
Hannah, daughter of Hon. Richard Lee — she died
in 1763 ; and second, on July 19, 1764, to Eliza-
beth, daughter of John and Ann (Frisby) Rousby
and granddaughter of John Rousby and Ann, widow
of the first George Plater. Her great-grandparents
were John and Barbara Rousby , of "Rousby Hall."
Gov. Plater's children were: Rebecca, wife of Philip
U.irton Key; George was married to Cecilia Brown
Bond; Judge John Rousby Plater was married to
Elizabeth Toot ell (a revolutionary name now extinct);
Thomas was married to Evelina Buchanan, and Ann
b 'crime the wife of Gen. Uriah Forrest, of Maryland.
Gov. Plater's health became impaired early in his
term. He died in Annapolis, Md., Feb. 10, 1792,
and was buried at "Sotterly."
STONE, John Hoskins, eighth governor of
Maryland (1794-97), was born in Charles county,
Md., in 1745, son of David Stone and Elizabeth
Jenifer, daughter of Dr. Daniel Jenifer. He was a
descendant of Gov. William Stone, the younger
brother of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration
of Independence. He received
a fair education in the pri-
vate sel Is of the county, and
then took up the profession of
law. In November, 1674, he
was one of the committee from
Charles county, Md., to earn-
out the resolutions of congress,
and was one of the commit-
tee of correspondence for the
county. He was one of the
Association of Freemen of
Maryland in 1775; on Jan. 14,
1776", was elected captain of
< 'ol. William Smalhvood's 1st
Maryland regiment, and in
December following was ap-
pointed colonel. He fought
w ill) distinction at Long Island,
White Plains, Princeton, and
at Gerinantown, where he was
shot through the ankle, receiving a life-long injury.
He resigned, Aug. 1, 1779, and in November was
chosen one of the governor's council. In 1781 lie
was employed by Robert K. Livingstone in the for-
eign affairs office. In 1786 he was a member of the
house of delegates from Charles county, Md., and
was one of the committee to recommend "revising
the confederation of the United Slates "; and was one
of the conference committee to prepare instructions
for the commissioners for the Philadelphia fed-
eral convention which framed the Constitution of
the United States. From 1794 to 1797 he was gov-
ernor of Maryland, and was the first to introduce
the present custom of sending to the legislature at
the beginning of each session a message calling at-
tention to such matters as deserve legislative consid-
eration. At the request of Pres. Washington, Gov.
Stone loaned the government $250,000, on behalf of
the state, for the erection of the public buildings at
Washington. In 1795 Gov. Stone wrote to Gen.
Washington, conveying the resolves of the Maryland
assembly, in reply to the calumnies which had been
heaped upon that great patriot. In reply, the gen-
eral expressed his appreciation of the confidence so
well expressed by the assembly. Gov. Stone, in his
message, asked 'for a modification of the prevailing
method of electing presidential electors, suggesting
that the state be divided into ten districts, with one
delegate chosen from each. Gov. Stone wa; a mem-
ber of the Society of the Cincinnati, and his commis-
sion is still in possession of his grandson, Nathaniel
Pope Causin. Gov. Stone's wife was Miss Couden, a
Scotch lady. Their daughter, Eliza, was married to
Dr. Nathaniel Pope Causin, whose son, Nathaniel
Pope Causin, of Port Tobacco, was married to Eliza
Mactier, daughter of Daniel and Nancy (Mactier)
Warfield, of Baltimore. His brother, Michael Jeni-
fer Stone, was in congress in 1789-91, and judge of
the circuit court of Charles county. Gov. Stone
dieil at his residence in Annapolis, Md., Oct. 5, 1804.
HENRY, John, first senator and ninth governor
of Maryland (1797-98), was born at "Weston,"
Somerset CO., in November, 1750, sou of Col. John
and Dorothy (Rider) Henry. His paternal grand-
father was Rev. John Henry, a Presbyterian minis-
ter, who came from England in 1700, and settled first
near Hehoboth, on the Pocomoke river, Somerset
co. His wife, Mary, widow of Col. Francis Jenkins,
brought him the immense estate of her late hus-
band. She was the daughter of Sir Robert King, an
Irish baronet. On the decease of Mr. Henry, she
was married to Rev. John l.ampton, another Presby-
terian minister, and was thereafter known as
Madame Hampton. Her sons by Rev. John Henry
were Francis Jenkins and Col. JoTn. The hitler's
wife, Gov. Henry's mother, was the daughter of
Col. John and Anne (Hicks) Rider. Col. Rider was
the sou of John Rider, of England, who, while
going to school in his native country, was married to
the only daughter of Col. Charles Hutchius, an early
settler of Somerset county, and lived at Weston, af-
terwards the home of John Henry. John Henry was
prepared for college at West Nottingham Academy,
Cecil. He went to Princeton, and was graduated
in 1769 ; studied law in the Temple, London ; was
there a member of the Robin Hood Club, and in
their discussions defended the colonies. He left
England in 1775, a thoroughly educated, popular
and attractive young man, and was soon elected to
the legislature of Maryland. In 1777 he was sent to
the Continental congress, and remained, by succes-
sive elections, until the adoption of the constitution.
He opposed Jay's treaty with Spain, in which our right
to navigate the Mississippi was surrendered for the
small benefit that would come to the eastern states.
In 1787 he was appointed upon the committee to pre-
pare an ordinance for the government of the north-
west territory. Upon the adoption of the constitu-
tion, Mr. Henry was, with Charles Carroll, of Carroll-
ton, elected the lir^t senator from the eastern shore.
]]•• voted to locate the seat of government on the
Potomac. His term in the senate began in 1795, and
he resigned it in 1797, to accept the office of gov-
OF AMP:RICAN BIOGRAPHY.
295
emor, succeeding Thomas II. Stone. In 1780 the
British, after plundering the town of Vienna, de-
si royed Col. Henry's house and furniture, but having
been apprised of their approach, he had removed his
plate and most valuable papers. During the election
I'm president, to succeed Washington. John llenn re-
ceived two voles in the electoral college al Annapo-
lis. 17N3. Maryland's quota for Hie impending
war with France, in 1798, was four regiments. The
citizens of Annapolis appointed a commiiiee for col-
lecting aid in erecting a battery and mounting a
number of cannon, while those of Baltimore raised
$|O,0()0 for equipping I wo sloops-of war to be offered
to the government. Gen. Washington, regretting
Man land's lack of officers, requested Col. John
Ka^er Howard and Gen. Lloyd lo make a selection
of officers for the Maryland regiments, and both de-
clined the honor ; but the general assembly of Mai v-
land having endorsed the vigorous course of I're-.
Ai hims, which prevented an impending war. reeeh ed
the president's acknowledgment in the following
tribute : " There is no state in this Union whose pub-
lic affairs upon all great national occasions have been
conducted with more method, wisdom and decision
than those of the state of Maryland." Gov. Henrv
was married, March (!, 17*7. lo Margaret, daughter
of John and Elizabeth (Goldsborough) Campbell, of
Caroline comity. He left two sons, John Campbell
and Francis Jenkins. The former was married to
Mary Nevelt Sleele, sister of I. Nevelt. Sleele, the
distinguished attorney of Baltimore. Mrs. Winder
Townsend, in her memoirs, thus describes Gov.
Henry: "His manners were easy, engaging, and in
person he was graceful and elegant." He directed the
education of his nephew, William Henry Winder,
afterward commander of the American forc<* at
Bladensburg, in 1814. There is no portrait of him,
because of the lire which destroyed the homestead,
" Westou," in which were many of his papers. The
original letter from Thomas Jefferson to Gov. Henry
upon the authenticity of "Logan's speech " was,
however, preserved. Gov. Henry's granddaughter,
" Kilty," daughter of John Campbell Henry, was
married to Daniel, youngest son of Gov. Edward
Lloyd. She became the mother of Gov. Henry
Lloyd, who succeeded Gov. Robert McLaue. Gov.
Henry died in November. 1798.
OGLE, Benjamin, tenth governor of Maryland
(K9S-1S01), was born in Annapolis, Feb. 7, 1746, in
the house built by his father, corner of King George
street and College avenue, afterward the residence
of Gov. Pratt and Judge John Thompson .Mason.
He was the sou of Gov. Samuel Ogle and Ann,
daughter of Gov. Benjamin Tasker, and grandson of
Samuel Ogle, of Northumberland county, England,
who died in 1718. In 1732 Samuel Ogle received his
first appoint ment, followed bv two other commissions,
to represent the Calvert family in Maryland. His
last administration was in troublous times. William
IViiifs heirs were claiming a large area of the Cal-
vert grant, and sending settlers into the disputed ter-
ritory. Gov. Ogle's efforts to dispossess them caused
serious encounters, which led finally to the boundary
line of Mason and Dixon. For refusing to support
the invasion of Canada, Gov. Ogle dissolved the as-
sembly of the province. His proclamation upon
officer's fees led to an exciting and long continued
controversy between Daniel Dulauy, in support of
the government, and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton,
in defense of the people's rights. Gov. Ogle's report
of the resources and expenses of the province was as
comprehensive as a modern census. Samuel Ogle
died in 1752, at the early age of fifty-eight, and was
succeeded by his father-in-law, Hon. Baujamiu Tas-
ker. Benjamin Ogle was educated in England.
Upon his return he became a member of the council,
and was upon the committee of observation for
Frederick county. He was a personal friend of
Pro. Washington, by whom he was frequently con-
sulted. In 179S lie was elected by (he assembly the
tenth governor of Maryland. His administration
was in the midst of the violent excitement follow-
ing the death of Pies. Washington, in 1799. His
proclamation, issued I'Yb. II. jsoo, called upon the
I pie of Maryland lo observe the day "as a day of
mourning, humiliation and prayer for 'the deceased,"
a precedent still observed under the " new style " on
Feb. 22d each year. Tin.- political contest "during
his administration between Pres. Adams and the
Republican, Thomas Jefferson, equally divided the
voters of Maryland, and brought out much rancor,
not only in the electoral college which failed to
elect, but in the
house of repre-
sentatives, where
a seven - (lavs'
contest resulted
in the election '
of Thomas Jeffer-
son. Gov. < tale's
cstateof " Belair"
was one of the early homesteads of Gov. Benjamin
Tasker, his maternal grandfather. Gov. Ogle was
twice married : his first wife was Rebecca Stilley.
Their daughter. Eli/.abeth, became the wife of
Michael Thomas, son of Christian Thomas, of Fred-
erick county, whose grandson, David Ogle Thomas,
came into possession of "Rose Hill," the former
estate of Gov. Thomas Johnson. It is still held by
hi* daughter, Mrs. Ceeilius Wartield, of Baltimore.
Judge! Me was married Hie second time to Henrietta
Margaret, daughter of Henry Hill and Mary, daugh-
ter of Philip and Ann (Chew) Thomas of West River.
Their son, Benjamin Ogle, was married to Anna
Maria Cooke, and left twelve children. The old
homestead is now in possession of James T. Wood-
ward, president of the Hanover Bank. New York
city. Gov. Ogle died at "Belair," July 6, 1809.
MERCER, John Francis, soldier and eleventh
governor of Maryland (lS01-0:i) was born al Marl-
boro, Stafford co., Ya., May 17, 1759. son of John
and Ann (Hoy) Mercer. He descended from Robert
and Ann (Smitin Mercer, of Castle Aldie, Scotland,
afterwards of Noel, Chester, England. Their son,
Robert Mercer, wasmairied to Eleanor Reynolds,
w hose sou, born in Dublin, was married to Grace Fen-
ton. He went to Virginia in 1720, and became secretary
of the Ohio Co.; was an eminent crown lawyer; pub-
lished two editions of the laws of Virginia, called
"Mercer's Abridgment," and wrote the first tract in
Virginia in opposition to the Stamp Act. He lived
at Marlboro, and died in 1768. His grandson, John
Francis Mercer, was educated at William and Mary
College, Virginia, and was graduated in 1775. In
1776 he entered the 3d Virginia regiment as lieuten-
ant, and was made captain June 27, 1777. He served
as aide to Gen. Charles Lee until the battle of Mon-
mouth, N. J., when his sympathy for that officer in
his disgrace led him to resign. Returning to his
own state, he equipped, at his own expense, a troop
of horse, of which he was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel. He joined Gen. Robert Lawson's brigade,
and served with it at Guilford, N. C., and elsewhere
until its disbandment. He then attached his com-
mand to the forces of Gen. Lafayette in his Virginia
campaign against Lord Cornwallis, with whom he
remained during Lafayette's retreat and final success-
ful advance until the surrender of Yorktown. His
correspondence during the war placed him among
the leaders of that struggle. At the conclusion of
the war Col. Mercer studied law with Thomas Jef-
ferson. In 1782-85 he was one oi the Virginia
delegates to the Continental congress. His wife
had inherited the estate of "Cedar Park," West
296
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
River, from her father, and he now removed
thither, and became prominent in political affairs.
He was sent as a delegate to the convention which
framed the Constitution of the United States, and
took a leading part in the discussions in opposition
to . its adoption. He was, with Luther Martin, a
strong opponent to those provisions which tended to
centralize individual state rights in the federal gov-
ernment. Seeing that all opposition to its adoption
was useless, he withdrew from the convention, be-
cause he was not willing to endorse the report as
drafted. He afterward served in the Maryland legis-
lature for several sessions, and was in congress from
1792 to 1794, during which time the permanent loca-
tion of the capilol was the exciting question of dis-
cussion. He was with the Southern
members in urging its location upon
the Potomac. When he came to the
office of governor, in 1801, the capi-
tol had been erected and the national
government transferred to Washing-
ton. His friendship with Thomas
Jefferson, his former teacher, gave
him considerable influence in both
national and state legislation, which
was shown in the exciting election
contest, which lasted seven days, in
deciding Pres. Jefferson's claim to the
office. In 1801 the chief controversy
of Gov. Mercer's term was the repeal
of the property qualification neces-
sary to entitle a vote. The repeal was
urged by the Democrats, and was carried early in
the session of 1801, and in 1802 the confirmatory act
was passed. Up to this time all voters must possess
a freehold of fifty acres of land. In 1803 Gov.
Mercer was succeeded by Robert Bowie. Retiring
to his handsome estate at "Cedar Park, "he was
again called to the legislature. Col. Mercer drew up
a petition, intending it to be signed by the freehold-
ers and inhabitants, asking congress, with temperate,
forcible and clear reasoning, to prevent the declara-
tion of war in 1812. Col. Mercer's wife, Sophia,
daughter of Richard and Margaret (Caile) Sprigg,
was the granddaughter of John and Rebecca (En-
nalls) Caile, of England. Mrs. Mercer descended
from the fourth Thomas Sprigg and Elizabeth Gal-
loway. The first Thomas Sprigg, the immigrant of
1061, settled in Calvert county, of which he was
high sheriff, also commissioner for trial of causes.
Gov. Mercer's son, Col. John Francis Mercer, was
married to Mary Scott, daughter of Thomas and
Jane (Byrd) Swann, and granddaughter of William
Byrd, of "Westover," member of the council ; of
the house of burgesses ; receiver-general of the col-
ony. His wife was Jane, daughter of Mann Page
and Mary Mason, descendant of Col. George Mason,
3d. Richard Sprigg Mercer, son of Col. John Fran-
cis Mercer, Jr., was married to Miss E. E. Coxe, of
Philadelphia. Their daughter, Margaret, now in
Paris, presided over Gov." Thomas Swann's house
when he was a member of congress. Their daugh-
ter, Ella Mercer, now Mrs. Edwin J. Farber, of Bal-
timore, is a member of the Society of Colonial
Dames. Their son, Col. Richard Sprigg Mercer, is
now living in New York. Gov. Mercer's daughter,
Margaret, was the author of "Studies for Bible
Classes," "Ethics," and a "Series of Lectures for
Young Ladies." She became noted for her sacrifice
in freeing her slaves and seeding them to Liberia,
and was called the " Hannah More of America."
Gov. Mercer, after a protracted illness, died in Phila-
delphia, Pa., Aug. 30, 1821.
BOWIE, Robert, twelfth and fifteenth governor
of Maryland (1808-0(1; 1811-12), was born near Not-
tingham, Prince George co., in 1749, sou of Capt.
William Bowie and his wife, Margaret, daughter of
Edward Sprigg, chief-justice of the provincial court.
He was of Scotch descent. He attended the school
of Rev. John Eversfield, in the neighborhood of his
home, and when in his nineteenth year was married
to Priscilla, daughter of James John Mitchell, of
Calvert county, Md., she being in her fifteenth year.
He resided in "the village of Nottingham until after
his father's death, in 1791, when he alternated his
residence, living at his late father's home, " Matta-
poni," during summers, and in Nottingham in win-
ter. At a meeting of the freeholders, at Upper Marl-
boro, in 1774, he was placed on the committee to
carry into effect the resolutions of the Continental
congress. lu February, 1776, a military company
was organized in Nottingham, and he was commis-
sioned its first lieutenant. On June 21st following he
was made captain of the 2d battalion of Maryland
flying artillery, and took an active part in the battle
of White Plains, where he was wounded in the skull.
He represented Prince George county, Md., in the
legislature during the years 1785-86, 1788-90 and
1801-03. In January, 1793, he was commissioned a
major of militia, and in the same year was made
justice of the peace in his county. While a member
of the legislature, in 1803, he was elected governor
of the state, and continued to serve by re-election un-
til 1806. During his first term charges were brought
against Judge Samuel Chase by John Randolph, of
Roanoke. His defense of Luther Martin and acquit- -
tal upon most of the charges which led to his im-
peachment were the culmination of a political ran-
cor between Federalists and Democrats. During
Gov. Bowie's term the second election of Thomas
Jefferson was celebrated by a popular inauguration.
It was the beginning of depredations upon American
commerce; and Baltimore merchants, on Jan. 21,
1806, drafted a series of resolutions and presented
them to congress. This led to the Embargo Act,
which the people of Annapolis, in 1807, in mass
meeting endorsed. In 1809 Gov. Bowie was a presi-
dential elector, voting for
James Madison ; and in 1810
was one of the directors of
the first state bank incor-
porated in Annapolis. In
1811 he was again elected
governor. The war fever
had now widely separated
the Federalist, or "peace
party," from the Demo-
cratic, or " war party."
The able editor of the
"Federal Republican, "Alex-
ander Contee Hanson, son
of Chancellor Hanson, and
in 1816 a senator from
Maryland, had gathered
around his party the lead-
ing men of that day. His
attack upon the war proc-
lamation led to a forci-
ble suspension of his jour-
nal, and when once more permitted to resume, his
attacks upon the governor led to a mob, which de-
stroyed his paper and killed many of his defenders.
Bowie and the senate were in sympathy with the
war, while in the house resolutions opposing the war
were passed ; but the members pledged their " lives
and fortunes to the public service " in the common
defense. On April 12, 1812, the president was re-
quired to request the governors to organize and
equip 100,000 militia, and $1,000,000 was appropri-
ated to the expense. Gov. Bowie, on June 15, 1812,
convened the legislature, which appropriated $20,000
and called out 6,000 militia. The city of Baltimore,
which was Democratic, eagerly filled 'the quota ; but
at the next election throughout the counties the effect
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
297
of the Baltimore mob resulted in an increased Fed
eralist majority, which secured the election of Gov.
Levin Winder. Gov. Bowie was a large landed pro-
prietor, and wealthy for that day. He was devoted
to the raising of blooded stock, and especially fond
of racing, owning some tine horses. He died, Jan.
8. 1818, itt Nottingham, and is buried in the yard at
".Mattaponi," where are also interred his parents
and his wife, who survived him four years. Five ol
his children arrived at maturity, two sons and three
daughters.
WRIGHT, Robert, thirteenth govern. >r of
Maryland (1806-09), was born in Kent county, Md.,
about 1765, sou of Judge Solomon and Mary (Tid-
marsli) Wright. lie was the grandson of Justice
Solomon and Anna Wright, and great-grandson of
John Wright, the immigrant from England, in 1000,
who settled in Queen Anne county. Judge Solomon
Wright was a member of the Maryland conventions
of 1771, 177:5, 1774, 177") and 1770; was a member
of the association of freemen, and signer of the
declaration of freemen of Maryland ; was chairman
of the committee of correspondence for Queen Anne
county in 1775 ; was appointed judge in the provin-
cial court, but resigned; was special judge' for the
eastern shore during the revolution. Tpon the
stale's organization, he was appointed judge of the
first court of appeals, and served until his death.
Capt. liobert, Wright served as private in ('apt.
James Kent's company of Queen Anne minule-nien
against Lord Drummond's Tories of the eastern
shore of Virginia, Feb. 3, 1776. He was captain of
a company in the Maryland line, and was at 1'aoli
and Brandywine; was in Col. Richardson's battalion.
His commission was dated July 7, 1777, and uas
embodied under a resolution of congress. Having
been educated at the public schools and Washington
College, Robert Wright studied law, and praeliced
in Queenstown, Md. In 1801 he was elected as a
Democratic member of the U. S. senate, where he
continued until 1806, when lie resigned, to accept
the office of governor. The Embargo Act followed
by the Enforcement Act, created, in Maryland,
considerable discussion, and Gov. Wright presided
at a meeting in Annapolis, which endorsed the ad-
ministrative policy. Resolutions were also passed
urging Pres. Jefferson to withdraw his declination
of a third term. Gov. Wright, under the militia
law, enacted within his term, appointed Samuel
Tarbutt Wright, adjutant-general of the state militia.
who issued an order commanding vigilant guardanee
against all violations of the president's proclamation.
On July 6, 1807, the governor was authorized to equip
5,863 men as Maryland's quota of the government's
call, to take the field upon a moment's notice.
Though the Embargo Act had reduced Maryland
exports from $14,000,000 to $2, 000, 000, the legislature
and governor still endorsed the administration ; but
the effect of such a heavy loss to commercial in-
terests was the election of a Federalist majority in
the house of delegates, which made Edward Lloyd
his successor. In 1810 Gov. Wright was sent to
congress, and continued a member of that body until
March 3, 1817. In 1821 he was returned to congress
for two years, when he was appointed district judge of
Kent county, which position lie held until his death.
His descendants are still prominent in the politics of
Queen Anne county. Capt. Wright, of the tax de-
partment at Annapolis, and Dr. Pembroke Thorn,
of Baltimore, are among his descendants. Gov.
"Wright died in Queenstown, Md., Sept. 7, 1826.
LLOYD, Edward, fourteenth governor of Mary-
land (1809-11), was born at "Wye House," Talb'ot
count}', Mil., July 22, 1779. He was the son of the
revolutionary Edward Lloyd, the fourth in line from
the commander of Anne Arundel. The fourth Edward
Lloyd, who was married to Elizabeth Tayloe, held
many positions under provincial, state and Conti-
nental governments, lu 1771-74 he was a member
of the lower house of the assembly and afterward a
member of the provincial convention of 1775, called
together under the const it ui ion, taking his seat in
that body in January, 1770. In 1775 he was a member
of the council of safety for the ea-tem .shore, con-
tinuing in the councils of the executives of the first,
second and third ail ministrations. In 1780, under
t he new government, he was a delegate to the lower
assembly, and one of the stall' senators in 1781, 1786,
1791; he was a delegate from Maryland in the Con-
tinental congress during 17*:i and "1784, and a mem-
ber of the state convention, in 1788, for the ratifica-
tion of the constitution. Col. Edward Lloyd, of the
revolution, was a large planter, his estate being as-
sessed, in 1783, as 11,884J£ acres. Located within
easy reach of the enemy's fleet, in 1781 his loss of
plate, jewelry, negroes, clothing and cash money
amounted to a small fortune. A writer thus de-
scribes him : "With Maryland and North American
interests at heart and at stake, ingrained through
full five generations, prior to 1776, Edward Lloyd,
of ' AVye House,' had an honest claim upon the con-
fidence of his constituents. His business tact in
caring for the industrial interests of the province,
promoted by regular immigration in certain English
shires, gave importance to his election in 1774-70.
Along with .Matthew Tilghmau, James Lloyd Cham-
berlaine anil Pollard Edmondson, families of ample
means, he rode at limes in a coach-and-four. Hehad
also quite a large tracl of land for a deer park, and he
let his friends and his guests rejoice in horses and
hounds. To the convention of 1776 he was
not originally returned,
but in a few weeks took
his place among the
leading men on the
Whig side, after the ex-
pulsion of a blatant
demagogue, full of idle
doubts about trusting
rich landed proprietors.
After the burning of ' Wye House ' by a predatory
band, he rebuilt it, with a town-house in Annapolis,
that stands still sufficiently high to overtop the
neighboring ones and give an outlook toward the east-
ern bay of the Chesapeake and the mouth of Wye
river. In 1792, when Gov. Lee was in his last ser-
vice, John Edmondson, with Joseph H. Nicholson,
the Democratic leader, moved to have the property
qualification removed from the statutes. Mr. Ed-
ward Lloyd, the largest holder, revived this meas-
ure, which gave him additional political eclat." Ed-
ward Lloyd, 5th, known as the governor of 1809,
was a gentleman of respectable talents, large wealth,
and an honorable politician. He was a delegate to
the legislature from 1800 to 1805 ; a member of con-
gress from 1806 to 1809, and governor from 1809 to
1811. His congressional career covered the exciting
enactment of the Embargo Act, and while governor,
that act was repealed, and the Non-Intercourse Act
substituted. The Free Ballot Act, repealing viva
voce vote and a" property qualifications, introduced
in the legislature by John Hanson Thomas, was con-
firmed by the act of 1809. In 1811 Gov. Lloyd was
succeeded by Col. Robert W. Bowie, Democrat, and
was returned to the senate of Maryland in 1811,
when he offered a series of resolutions endorsing
the course of Pres. Madison toward England, and
condemning the measures of Great Britain as de-
structive of our interests. Gov. Lloyd was a
presidential elector in 1812, and voted for Pres.
Madison. In 1819 he was U. S. senator. With
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and Daniel Carroll,
he was opposed to the report of Samuel Chase upon
bank stock. Senator Lloyd resigned in 1826, and
298
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
retired to his Annapolis house, known since as the
Chase house, the only three-story colonial house in
Annapolis. His wife was Sallie Scott, daughter of
Dr. James Murray, of Annapolis, and a connection
and descendant of " Caleb Uorsey. of Belmont."
Their daughter, Elizabeth Tayloe Lloyd, was mar-
ried to Edward Stoughton, son of Gov. Levin Win-
der. The third daughter was married to Adm.
Franklin Buchanan. Their youngest sou, Daniel, was
the father of Gov. Henry Lloyd. His sisters, Ann
and Eleanor, were married to two brothers, Richard
Tasker Lowndes, and Charles Lowudes, of the U. S.
navy, grandfather of Gov. Lloyd Lowudes. Ed-
ward Lloyd, 6th, of " Wye House," whose wife was
Alicia McBlair, of Baltimore, was on the Van Buren
electoral ticket, in 1830 and 1840. lu 1850 he was a
senator from Talhot and a member of the conven-
tion which, in 1851, completed the new constitution.
His son, Edward Lloyd, 7th, the present owner of
" Wye House," lias also been a representative in the
Maryland assembly, a member of the senate, and
president of that body. He was married, in 1851, to
Mary Lloyd, daughter of Charles and Phoebe (Key)
Howard, and died in Annapolis, Mel., June, 1834.
WINDER, Levin, sixteenth governor of Mary-
land (1812-15). was born in Somerset county, Md.,
Sept. 4, 1757, son of William and Esther (Gillis)
Winder, grandson of John and Jane (Dashiel) Win-
der, and great-grandson of John Winder, of Cum-
berland, England, officer of the colonial army, jus-
tice of the peace, and lieutenant-colonel in 1697.
He was a brother of William Winder, who was mar-
ried to a daughter of Gov. John Henry, and uncle of
Brig-Gen. William Henry Winder, who commanded
the American forces at Bladensburg, in 1814. Levin
Winder began the stud}- of law, but abandoned it
upon the outbreak of the revolution, and entered the
army. On Jan. 14, 1776, he was appointed by the
convention of Maryland first lieutenant of the 5th
company of Capt. Nathaniel Ramsay's command of
Col. William Smallwood's battalion. On April 17,
1777, he was made major of the 4th regiment of the
Maryland line, and at the close of the wrar was
lieutenant-colonel. At the conclusion of the war he
engaged in agricultural pursuits in southern Mary-
land, near Princess Anne. From there he was sev-
eral times elected to the house of delegates of Mary-
land, serving as speaker. In 1812 the Federalists,
though a Democratic senate remained over, had a
substantial majority in the lower house, thus defeat-
ing Gov. Robert Bowie and electing Levin Winder.
His election was due to the extreme disgust created
throughout the state by the unwarrantable barbarity
of the Baltimore mob against the freedom of the
press. The death of Gen. Liugan, a revolutionary sol-
dier, and the wounding of Gen. Henry Lee, who had
led Lee's legion to the southern front, and again « as
the hero of^lie " whiskey rebellion " ; the wounding
of Dr. Peregrine Warfleld, son of " the Heroe of the
Peggy Stewart" — men who had fought for freedom,
yet were ready to defend the freedom of the press —
brought on an intense excitement, which was not for
many years forgotten. It
wasthe chief causeof the
prevailing subsequent
objections tothc increase
of Baltimore representatives in the assembly of Mary-
land. Immediate!}- after the Baltimore riot, peti-
tions from the counties -were presented to Gov.
Bowie, demanding a suppression of such lawless at-
tacks. These were answered by Gov. Bowie in a
card calling upon the people, " when our country is
engaged in an open and declared war with one of the
must powerful nations of Europe, to cultivate a spirit
of harmony," and repelling the charges that the offi-
cials iif Baltimore had not done their duty in quell-
ing the riot. This helped to defeat Gov. Bowie and
restore the power of the opposing party. Guv. Win-
der, though opposed to the war, immediately sought
the assistance of the general government to put
Baltimore in a state of defense. He wrote to the
secretary of war, detailing the lack of protection at
Annapolis, Eastou and other towns upon the bay.
After repeated demands for assistance, which did
not come, though Virginia and other states were
protected by militia, paid by the general govern-
ment, brought out the Federalist criticisms: "Vir-
ginia lias but to ask. and she receives ; but Mary-
land, for her political disobedience, is denied." Call-
ing an extra session of the legislature, the governor
laid before it his correspondence with the general
government, claiming in his message the right to de-
mand protection from the government. A commit-
tee upon the governor's message indorsed his posi-
tion, and the sum of $100,000 was apprnpriated, to
be applied by the governor to defray the expenses
of the militia already called ont. The governor had
also equipped and sent forward to the front Mary-
land's quota for the general defense. Capt. Nathan
Towson, with an artillery company, had joined Col.
Wiutield Scott in the North, and a number of other
companies had tendered their services to the presi-
dent, who would not accept them unless the state
would pay them. Baltimore sent forward Col. Wil-
liam Henry Winder, nephew of the governor, with
ample funds from private subscriptions. A portion
of the middle of the state was called upon to garrison
the forts of Baltimore and Annapolis, all paid for by
the state. On the arrival of the enemy's fleet in the
Chesapeake, the governor again appealed for aid to
protect Eastou, where the public records and a U. S.
armory were kept. The reply was : ' ' Remove the
armory — the government cannot protect it." At this
time a number of citizens in the unprotected dis-
tricts, unable to bear the burdens of defense,
abandoned their estates, and set out for new settle-
ments in the West. At the next gubernatorial elec-
tion, owing to a close vote in one of the counties,
which gave a Federalist majority, seventeen mem-
bers of the legislature refused to vote, but Gov.
Winder was declared elected. In his next message
he stated: "If the expenses of a war waged by
the national authorities are to be borne by the state, it
is not difficult to foresee the stale treasury will soon
be exhausted, and the annihilation of the state gov-
ernment must soon follow." After recommending
the amendment of the militia law " to compel the
services of those who, on any sudden emergency,
are unwilling to assist in the defense of the country,"
and the organization of volunteer companies of
mounted infantry, he submitted to the legislature
"the propriety o'f adopting a system of general edu-
cation." In the gubernatorial election of 1814 Gov.
Winder received forty-eight votes against twenty-
three for Robert Bowie. The state was now de-
cidedly Federal ; yet the Federalists never refused
their aid to the war, appropriating $450,000, with
$1,000,000 more as a contribution from the city of
Baltimore, to carry on the defense of her citizens.
The governor's nephew, Gen. William Henry Winder,
commander of the military district of Maryland and
Virginia, led the American forces at the battle of
Bladensburg. and was courtmartialed for their de-
feat. The trial, however, resulted in a report of
commendation for having heroically done his duty
under circumstances beyond his control. Maryland
contributed 42,636 soldiers to the war of 1812." Her
claim against the government for the expenses of
that war, though met in part, was the beginning of
a debt which harrassed her legislators for many
years. Gov. Winder retired to his farm, and in 1816
was returned to the senate of Maryland. He became
a prominent Mason, and in 1814-15 was grand mas-
ter. At the time of his death he was senior major-
OP AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
299
general of the state militia. In person and presence
he was very firm, moral and gentlemanly. As a
speaker, lie wax eloquent. Of him an opponent said:
"Gen. Winder was incapable of misstatement;
his spirit could not possibly bear its own reproach of
anything that was disingenuous." Gov. Winder
was married to Alary Sloss, who bore him three chil-
dren: William Sydney, Mary Anne Stoughtou and
Edward Stoughton, who was married to Eliza-
beth Tayloe, "daughter of Gov. Edward Lloyd.
Their daughter, Elizabeth Tayloe Winder, became
the wife of Charles Josias IVnninirton, whose son is
Josias Pennington, of Baldwin & Pennington, archi-
tects, of Baltimore. Gov. Winder died in Balti-
more, July 1, 1819.
RIDGELY, Charles Carnan, seventeenth gov-
ernor of Maryland (1815-18), was born in Baltimore
county, Md.,"Dec. 6, 1762, son of Capt. Charles R.
Carnau, a distinguished Irish officer in the revolution,
and Achsah, daughter of Col. Charles and Kachel
(Howard) Kid-rely. He was great-grandson of Charles
and Deborah (Dorsey) Ridgely.and great-great-grand-
son of Robert Kidgely, secretary of Lord Baltimore's
council. Deborah Dorsey was the only daughter of
Hon. John Dorsey, of the "upper house," brother of
Maj. Edward Dorsey, field officer of the provincial
forces of Anne Aruudel and judge of the high court
of chancery. One of the most celebrated trials in
that court of chancery in later days was the contest
of Kidgely vs. Griffith, for a division of "Howard's
timber neck," now in the centre of Baltimore city,
jointly entailed to Capt. John Howard's daughter,
Rachel, by his marriage to Mary Wartield, of Richard,
and Katharine Howard, by his marriage to Katherine
(Greenberry) Kidgely, widow of Col. Henry and
daughter of Gov. Nicholas Greenberry. Rachel
Howard became the wife of Col. Charles Ridgely,
and Katheriue Howard the wife of Orlando Griffith.
Capt. Charles Ridgely represented the Ridgely heirs
and Hon. Henry Griffith the Griffith heirs. After a
contest between the best legal talent of the state, the
decision was in favor of the former. Capt. Charles
Ridgely was the founder of Hampton. He was in
the 'house of burgesses in 1773-89, and took up
10,000 acres, upon which he erected a colonial man-
sion, which was seven years in construction. He
•was married to Rebecca Dorsey, daughter of "Caleb
of Belmont," proprietor of a colonial estate more ex-
tensive than Hampton, and son of Caleb and Elinor
(Warfield) Dorsey. Capt. Ridgely had no children.
Charles Ridgely Carnau, sou of his sister, Achsah,
by his will, was placed at the head of Hampton,
under a legislative enactment, as Charles Carnau
Ridgely. He was married to Priscilla Dorsey, daugh-
ter of "Caleb of Belmout," and became a brother-
in-law of his uncle. He was frequently sent to the
legislature of Maryland, and served for five years in
the senate. He was a Federalist, as were most of the
large lauded proprietors of that time, and in 1815 be-
came a candidate for governor. His opponent of the
Democratic party was Col. Robert Bowie, who had
twice been honored by his party. Gov. Ridgely was
elected by two votes, one more than the Federalist
majority. In 1816 in his message to the legislature
he announced that he had ceded Forts Washington
and McHenry, together with all the ground upon
•which they stood, to the national government. He
urged, further, the necessity of taking steps for col-
lecting Maryland's claim against the government,
and suggested the appointment of an agent to repre-
sent the state in urging congress to refund the
amount expended during the late war in defending
the border from invasion. He urged, also, a revision
of the militia law of the state. He placed the state's
claim against the government in the hands of Rob-
ert H. Goldsborough, representative in congress,
who indorsed the governor's action, and promised
to secure its speedy settlement. Of that claim Pres,
Madison had said : "The claim of Man hind for her
(\prnditures during the war stood upon higher
ground than those of any oilier state of the Union."
Yet. only a portion was ever collected, while much
of her reserve fund was exhausted. During Gov.
Ridgely's first term attention was first called to the
fact that seven counties and two cities of the state,
with a popular majority of 9,000 voters, were en-
titled to send only thirty-two representatives to the
assembly of Maryland, while twelve counties in the
minority sent forty-eight representa-
tives— the result of the growing popu-
lation of Baltimore city. This fact
now became a political factor, which
led to the long and exciting contests
of subsequent administrations. In
1816, Gen. Robert Goodloe Harper
having resigned his seat in the U. S.
senate, the vacancy was filled by the
election of Alexander Contee Han-
son, editor of the ' ' Federal Repub-
lican," son of Chancellor Hanson.
He was still the able and fearless
spi ikesman of the Federalists of Mary-
land ; but Pres. Monroe was now at
the head of the government, and
"the era of good feeling." induced
by peace and his peaceful methods,
was about to dawn. In 1817 Pres.
M on n le began his toll r t h n >ughout the
Union ; stopping in Baltimore, he attended to the
gallant defense of that city, which "shed great lus-
tre on the American name." As a result of his ad-
ministration, the Federalist strength in the state was
decreased, but still strong enough to elect Charles
Goldsborough as successor to Gov. Ridgely. Re-
becca, daughter of Gov. Ridgely, became the wife
of Judge Charles Wallace Hanson. John Carnan
Ridgely was the first child born at " Hampton." He
was married, first, to Prudence Gough Carroll, and
second, to Eliza Eichelberger. Their son. ('apt.
Charles Kid-rely, was married to Margaret Sophia,
daughter of James, son of Gov. John Eager Howard.
Ca|>t. Ridgely died in Rome, in 1872. His son, Capt.
John Ridgely, now of "Hampton," was married to
Helen West Stewart, author of "Old Brick Churches
of Maryland." Prudence, second daughter of Gov.
Ridgely, became the wife of Gov. George Howard ;
Mary Pue Ridgely was married to Col. Charles S.
W. Dorsey, whose daughter became the wife of Col.
George R. Gaither, of the 5th regiment veteran
corps. Gov. Ridgely died at "Hampton," Baltimore
county, July 17. is-j'.l.
GOLDSBOROUGH, Charles, eighteenth gover-
nor of Maryland (1818-19), was born at Hunting creek,
Dorchester co., July 15, 1765, son of Charles and
Anna Maria (Tilghmau) Goldsborough, and grandson
of Charles, born m 1707. The progenitor of thefamily
in Maryland was Nicholas Goldsborough, born at
Malcolm Regis, near Weymouth, England, in 1641.
He emigrated to Barbadoes, thence to New Eng-
land, and finally settled on Kent island in 1670. By
his wife Margaret Howes, of Newbury, Berks,
England, he had two sous and a daughter. Charles
Goldsborough, the governor, was a Federalist mem-
ber of congress from Dec. 2, 1805, until 1817, and
was, therefore, a participant in all the legislation
leading to and closing the war of 1812. In 1818
he was elected governor of Maryland for one term
by a decreased majority. The opposing party made
an attempt to increase the representation of Balti-
more city. This demand had now become a serious
one. Two representatives could not attend to the
business representing one-fifth of the population,
one-fourth of the wealth and two-thirds of the float-
ing capital of the state The city claimed a fifth
300
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
part of the legislation, or sixteen members of the
eighty members of the house, ami a proportional
part of the senate. The arguments in favor of the
city were gaining strength. It was the market for
the state's produce; it furnished loans for the state in
a few hours which could never have been secured in
the counties ; it contained one-half of the increase
of the population of the state. The governor and
his legislature failed to listen to, or profit by, these
arguments, and once more defeated the city's claim.
The city had, by its gallant defence, regained much
of the respect which had been lost by the action of
its mob, and that influence was felt in the next elec-
tion in the counties, which resulted in a Democratic
victory in its return of members of the lower house.
The senate having been elected for five years, still
held a Federal majority — but on joint ballot Mr.
Goldsborough's re-election was defeated by the
young champion of Democracy, Gen. Sprigg, of
Prince George county. Another mistake made by
the Federalists was the defeat of the "Jew bill,"
which had been pressed by this growing element of
the city. The governor urged the repeal of imprison-
ment for debt, and it was passed. His report upon
the only internal improvements at that time, the
turnpike roads to Frederick, York and Reistertown,
showed considerable benefit to the state, although
not much assistance had been received from the
state. In 1819 Gov. Goldsborough's term was
marked by the establishment of the first lodge of
Odd Fellows in the United States. It was organ-
ized in Baltimore by Thomas Wilday. The election
of 1819 was bitterly partisan, and resulted in a
Democratic victory. Gov. Goldsborough was twice
married : first, Sept. 22, 1793, to Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Judge Robert Goldsborough and Mary Emer-
son Trippe, of Myrtle Grove, Talbot co., Md.,
thus uniting two families known as the eastern
shore and western shore Goldsboroughs. She bore
him two daughters : the eldest, Elizabeth Green-
berry, was married to Him. John Leeds Kerr; Anna
Maria Sarah became the wife of William Henry
Fitzhugh. On May 22, 1804, Charles Goldsborough
was married to Sarah Yerbury, daughter of Charles
Goldsborough and Williamina Smith, of Horn's Point.
Her father was the eldest son of Charles Goldsbor-
ough, of Cambridge. By her he had nine sons and
five daughters. His son, William Tilghman, was
"a gentleman of the old school." He served three
years as state senator from Dorchester ; was a mem-
ber of the peace commission of 18til. and of the
constitutional convention of 1867. His wife was
Eleanor, daughter of Gov. Edward Lloyd ; their
son, Charles, served in the Confederate navy and
army. Charles F., another sou of Gov. Goldsbor-
ough, was a graduate of St. John's College, a mem-
ber of the bar, and of the legislature. His wife
was Charlotte, youngest daughter of John Campbell
Henry, and granddaughter of Gov. John Henry.
Coins. Louis Malesherbes and John Rodgers Gold's-
borough, U. S. N., were sons of a cousin, Charles
Washington Goldsborough. Gov. Goldsborough
died in Dorchester county, Md., Dec. 13, 1834.
SPRIGG, Samuel, nineteenth governor of
Maryland (1819-22), was a native of Prince George
county, Md. He was a descendant of Thomas
Sprigg, born in 1636, who emigrated to Calvert
county, Md., in 1661, becoming a commissioner for
trial of causes, and "high sheiiffe" of Calvert in
1664. He removed to Prince George county and
died there. His son was Col. Thomas Sprigg. t he-
second. His son, Thomas Sprigg, third, left Thomas
Sprigg, the fourth, who was married to Elizabeth
Galloway, and became the father of Samuel. Col.
Edward Sprigg, Osborn Sprigg and Judge Richard
Sprigg, were all prominent members of committees
of correspondence and observation in 1774-7.").
Their family connections were with Gov. John
Francis Mercer, the Stocketts and Harwoods, of Anne
Arundel. the Dorseys and Carrolls, of Elk Ridge,
and the Bowies, of Prince George county. Samuel
Sprigg was the young Democratic nominee of the
Maryland assembly in 1819, during a campaign of
extreme partisan excitement. The Democrats se-
cured a slight majority on joint ballot. Proscrip-
tion was the watchword throughout the campaign,
and Gov. Sprigg made many changes in the office
holders. A new council was elected, composed of
Democrats. The existing controversy was based
upon the inequality in the legislative representation
throughout the state. The growing city of Balti-
more now demanded increased representation, but
the senate, composed of large landed proprietors,
was determined to hold the country against the en-
croachments of a city with a great foreign element.
Though the city's demand was passed by the house
it was defeated" in the senate. The first attempt to
give the people at large a choice in selecting their
governor was made during Gov. Sprigg 's term. The
Federalists bitterly opposed it, and urged that Balti-
more city would control the state government if
such a change were made, and it was defeated by
the senate. The city of Baltimore again attempted
to gain additional representatives, but in that was
also defeated. A resolution asking the Maryland
representatives in congress to admit Missouri with-
out conditions was passed by the legislature. The
seeming neglect which had at-
tended Pres. Madison's admin-
istration of the late war in pro-
tecting the interests of Maryland,
whereby many hundreds of her
citizens, unable to bear the
drains for sustaining the militia.
had deserted the slate for bet-
ter protection in the West, still
gave the Federalists of Mary-
land a strong power in the state.
but at the next election the
Democrats secured a majority,
and again honored Gov. Sprigg by
an election, in which he received
a majority of fifty-seven votes,
which was made unanimous.
The next question of advance-
ment in Maryland was also begun in Gov. Sprigg's
term. It was a joint commission of Virginia and
Maryland "to examine the affairs of the Poto-
mac Co., the state of navigation of the Potomac
river, its susceptibility of improvement, and to make
report whether said compan}' had complied with its
charter, granted by the two states, and its ability to
comply within a reasonable time, and whether any,
or what aid should be given to said company, and
what would be the best means of effecting an im-
provement in the navigation of said river." That
report, made to a subsequent legislature, was the
origin of the movement of the Chesapeake and Ohio
canal. Within the last twenty years congress had
expended $3,000,000 in laying out "the great na-
tional road" through Cumberland to the Ohio river.
( iver it the advance guard of civilization had passed
to the West. Gov. Sprigg's third election, in 1821,
was unanimous, for his vigorous course had healed
many sores in party politics and helped to bring on
the era of good feeling.
STEVENS, Samuel, Jr., twentieth governor
of Maryland, (1822-26), was born in Talbot county,
Md., in" 1778, son of Samuel Stevens, whose family
had, in 1679, taken up "Stevens' plains" and
"Stevens' lott," and "Stevens." He was not a
college graduate, but became, early in life, a
political aspirant, and, as a Democrat, succeeded
Gov. Samuel Sprigg, by a majority of sixty-
OF AMERICAN I!I< KiUAPH Y.
301
nine voles, (.in jninl ballot. Iu 1823 Gov. Stevens re-
ported thr action nl' lln- committee authori/.ed by ;i
previous legislature to investigate the affairs of the
Potomac ( 'd , which hail been chartered during Gov.
Smallwood's ii'i-iii. That report resulted iniliei.i
gani/alioii of Ilie Chesapeake and ( Ihin ( 'anal Co.,
which was made a stock company with $6,000,0011
capital, and contemplated a cm meet ion in a aide canal
with Baltimorecity. 1 >m inn ( i<n . Steven-.1 adminis-
tration another canal, connecting Baltimore with the
Siisi|uehanna river, was alteni|iled, and Theodore
Bland was em ployed to make the surveys. The. '.mi
|ileti.in nl' the great naliiiiial mad In Cumberland
during Pics. Monroe's term, and prevailing peace,
brought on the "era oi' g I feeling." and it cul-
minated in Ilie reliirn of l.afa\elte, in I*'.'), as a
guest of the young nation he had materially aided
to establish. \Vhea he reached Annapolis, lie was
tendered an ovation as lie entered the senate cham-
ber, in which his companion in anus had laid down
his commission. There (lov. Sievens and the a-
sembled legislal nre w elcomed and feted him. (Jen.
Lafa\elte IraM'leil over the newly finished national
highway which opened up the ureal West. In IN'.' I
the "era of g 1 feeling " was further celebrated in
the passage of the enfranchising act, which made
.lews citi/.ens of Maryland. Gov. Stevens was re-
elected in IS-.TI. lie was married, June'-', INOI, io
Kliza May, of Chester county, 1'a. (!ov. Stevens
dieil near Trappc, Mil., in INI'III.
KENT, Joseph, physician and statesman, and
twenty-first governor of Maryland (IN'.Mi 2si. was
born in Calvert county, Md., Jan. 14, 177'.'. lie was
the son of Daniel Kent, and received an academical
education. He studied medicine, was admillcd to
practice, and in May, 17119, became professionally
associated with Dr. Parran, of Lower Marlborough,
Prince George co., Md.; but in September, 1NIU,
dissolved partnership and continued to practice upon
his own aceounl. In 1NII7 he removed to near Bla-
densburg, Prince George county, where he combined
agriculture with his profession. I'mler the siaic
government he was surgeon's mate, surgeon, major,
lieutenant-colonel and colonel of cavalrv. and pic
sided at the first public meeting asscinbled at Wash-
ington city for the organization of the Chesapeake
and Ohio canal, and was a director for several \ears.
He soon entered into polities, and was elected a rep re
seutative from Maryland in the 12th congress as a
Federalist, de-
feating ('. F.
Mercer; was
re - elected to
the 13th con-
gress, serving
from Nov. 4,
1811. to March
2, 1815. At the
presidential
election in
1816, he was
chosen an elector on the Democratic ticket, and in the
electoral college cast his vote for James Monroe and
Daniel Tompkins. He was elected to the 16th con-
gress, and re-elected to the 17th, 18th and littli. serving
from Dec. 6, 1819. to Jan. 6, 1826. when he resigned,
having been elected governor of Maryland. Gov.
Kent's administration was chiefly noted for the or-
ganization of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in
1827, the outgrowth of many attempts to secure
water communication with the West. Gov. Kent
had presided at the convention of 1823 in Washing-
ton, which appointed committees to secure a charter
for a canal connecting Baltimore with the Potomac
canal to Cumberland. Subsequent surveys had de-
veloped the impracticability of such a connection,
when, at a meeting of citizens of Baltimore, on
Feb. 12, 1827, the idea of a railroad was developed.
On the 19th of that same month a committee re-
ported "that measures lie taken In const met .a double
track railroad between the cil\ of Baltimore and
point on the Ohio river In the most eligible
and direct route." It was uiianiinouslv adopted.
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and Charles Kid.gelv,
of Hampton, with others, were appointed to peti-
tion the legislature for a charter < m l-Vh. -JN. 1827,
tin charter was promptly granted. On April 1,
IN-.';, stuck was subscribed, and on April 28th the
companv was organi/ed In Ilie election of Philip
K\an Thomas as president. On .Inly 4, 182S, the
corner-stone was laid by < 'liarles Carroll, of < 'arm]]
Ion, with grand civic and military ceremonies. In
his message, (lov. Kent urged support to both rivals,
the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, which was desiined
to -lop at Georgetown, ami ihe Baltimore and Ohio
rail mad, which had sprung from a failure of all at-
leinpls to bring the canal to Baltimore. Gov. Kent
urged the necessity of -.'curing
from the govcrnnienl \l
land's distributive share of tin-
public lands to be de\ oied. as
by the Western stales, to edu-
cational development. Ib1
Suggested the pmpriely of
changing ihe mode of i li cling
the president and vice pn 91
dent ; urged the legislature to
dispose OI Ihe three per cent.
I'. S. stock, worth then eighty
percent., the proceeds lobe in
\ ested in a sinking fund. A
legislative act was passed abol-
ish ing imprisonment of females.
Having served the usual limit,
Gov. Kent was .succeeded by
Daniel Martin. In December,
|s;;t. ihe Naiional liepubliean,
or Whig party, composed principally of the friends
of John nnhicy Adams and those who were dissatis-
lied with the course of Gen. Andrew Jackson, was
organi/ed and held its national con\enlion in Balti-
more . of this Dr. Kent was elected a vice-president.
After a bitier contest at the ensuing election he was
elected I*. S. senator by the Whigs, and served four
years, from Dec. 2, 1833. Dr. Kent was twice mar-
ried : first to Eleanor Lee, eldest .laughter of Dr,
Michael and Eleanor Lee (Contee) Wallace and grand-
daughter of Thomas and Sarah Contee, of Prince
( ieorge county, Md. By her Dr. Kent had ten chil-
dren." She died in 1826, and Dr. KeiU was married
the second time to Alice Lee Conlee, of Charles
county; but had no children by her. Dr. Kent died
at the family residence, Rose Mount, near Bladens-
burg, Nov. 24, 1837.
MARTIN, Daniel, twenty-second and twenty-
fourth governor of Maryland (1828-29; 1830-31),
was born in Talbot county, Md., in 1780. He
was the son of Nicholas and Hannah Martin,
and grandson of Tristram Martin and Mary Old-
ham, daughter of John Oldham, whose wife was
Ann, daughter of Nicholas and Ann Goldsborough.
Daniel Martin was highly educated. At the time of
his official career the absorbing question was that
of internal improvement. He succeeded Gov. Kent
in 1828, and in that year the first spade of earth in the
Chesapeake and Ohio canal was removed by Pres.
John Quincy Adams. It was organized by a subscrip-
tion of $1,000,000 by the United States. $1,000,000
by Washington city, and $500,000 by Maryland.
In 1829 Gov. Martin reported the completion of
twelve miles of the Washington Turnpike Co. road.
He was one of the charted members of the Balti-
more and Ohio railroad in 1827. Gov. Martin was
an earnest and able advocate of educational institu-
302
THE NATIONAL CYCLOP/EDIA
tions ; an advocate of penitentiary manufactures,
and urged the employment of but few officers in
state departments, and would hold them to strict ac-
countability. He said: " To preserve the simplicity of
our institutions is a deep concern ; to guard them as
far as possible from innovations, is a sacred duty."
The national contest between Jackson and anti-
Jackson parties in 1829 resulted in the election of
Thomas King Carroll. Democrat, on a joint ballot of
seven votes, but at the next election the anti-Jack-
son party regained their majority and re-elected
Gov. Martin by a majority of forty-one votes. Gov.
Martin was married, Feb. 0, 1*16, to Mary Clare
Maccubbin, of Annapolis. On the occasion of his
death the trustees of the Maryland Agricultural Soci-
ety of the Eastern Shore, of which he was an honored
member, met and passed a series of resolutions com-
memorating his life and services in the cause of ag-
ricultural interests. At a special meeting, held
July 20, 1831, in the council chamber at Annapolis,
Mr. Worthington offered as a testimony of their high
esteem for the frank, manly and benevolent disposi-
tion of the late Gov. Martin, in all of his official re-
lations : "Resolved, that the armorer cause nineteen
minute guns to be tired on Thursday morning at
sunrise and nineteen at sunset, and thatthe state flag
be hoisted half as funeral honors to the deceased."
Similar resolutions were offered in both the upper
and lower house and a special message by his suc-
cessor was sent to both houses. The distinguished
Dr. Eunalls Martin, of Talbot county, was a great
uncle of Gov. Martin; and Hon. James Lloyd Mar-
tin, deputy attorney-general, of Talbot, and an
elector upon the ticket of Breckinridge and Lane,
was a nephew. Robert Nichols Martin, son of
Judge William Bond Martin, of the court of ap-
peals, was also a relative of Gov. Martin. He was
elected to congress in 1825 ; was chosen judge in
1845, and professor in the law school. Gov. Martin
died, July 11, 1831, and was buried on his estate
upon the Choptank.
CARROLL, Thomas King-, twenty-third gov-
ernor of Maryland (1829-30), was born in St. Mary's
county in 1792. He was a son of Col. Henry
James Carroll, of St. Mary's, a connection of Charles
Carroll, of Carrolltou, through whom his in-
heritance was entailed. Although Col. Carroll was
a Roman Catholic, his children were educated in the
faith of their mother, Elizabeth Barnes King, of
Somerset. She was the only daughter and sols heir-
ess of Col. Thomas King, of Somerset, a descendant
of Sir Robert King, baronet, who emigrated from
the north of Ireland to Virginia, and whose de-
scendants settled in Somerset, where, at Rehoboth,
in 1691, they built the first Presbyterian church
erected in America, which is still standing. Thomas
King Carroll, was graduated at Princeton with high-
I-M honors, at the age of seventeen, and at the age of
twenty was married to Juliana, daughter of Dr.
Henry Stevenson, brother of Dr. John Stevenson,
of Baltimore, the builder of the wooden Presbyte-
rian church upon the site of the present U. S.
court house. The first hospital for small-pox in Bal-
timore was in the residence of Dr. Henry Steven-
son, which he yielded for the purpose. Early in life
Mr. Carroll became a Mason. He opposed slavery,
advocated colonization, and organized a society for
that purpose and became its president. In 1824 he
was appointed inspector for Somerset. He was
barely of age when elected to the legislature. He
acquired marked power as a speaker, but would
not seek the nomination for any office, and when
chosen governor his surprise was great. During his
administration there was much discussion upon the
mode of revising presidential elections. He laid be-
fore the legislature the list of committees represent-
ing the different states in a convention for changing
the prevailing law. In 1829 he reported the begin
ning of the track laying of the first railroad in the
United States, upon which, in 1830, the first loco-
motive made in the United States was used. It was
built by Peter Cooper in his car works at Canton,
Baltimore, and erected at Ml. Clare works upon the
property of Dr. Charles Carroll, a relative of the
governor. Within that same year the right of way
for the Chesapeake and Ohio canal was secured, and
the work of construction finally begun. Gov. Carroll
suggested the establishment of an educational sys-
tem, advocated the penitentiary as a good reforma-
tory institution, but disapproved promiscuous social
intercourse ; advocated the cessation of prevailing-
militia displays, because they drew large crowds from
their daily business and led to dissipation ;, urged an
appropriation from congress for copying revolution-
ary records then in the archives of Great Britain ;
recommended the adoption of some relief for revolu-
tionary soldiers; indorsed the movement to improve
the collegiate department of the University of Mary-
land. In the election of 1830, the anti-Jackson party
recovered its usual majority, and re-elected Gov. Car-
roll's predecessor, Gov. Daniel Martin. Gov. Car-
roll retired to his large estate, near Church creek,
Dorchester, and lived, respected by all, to an ad-
vanced age, and died Oct. 3, 1873. Hisdaughter,
Anna Ella, became the noted campaign strategist of
the civil war — on the Federal side.
HOWARD, George, twenty-fifth governor of
Maryland (1831-33) was born at"" Belvedere," Bal-
timore, Nov. 21, 1789, son of Gen. John Eager and
Margaret (Chew) Howard, and brother of Gen. Ben-
jamin Chew Howard. He was a grandson of Corne-
lius and Ruth (Eager) Howard, and great-grandson of
Joshua and Joanna (O 'Carroll) Howard, who were im-
migrants of 1687. Gov. John Eager Howard left a
record which stated that Manchester, England, was
the birthplace of his grandfather, Joshua, who, hav-
ing served in the army at the time of Monmouth's
invasion, incurred the displeasure of his father. As
a resuH, he sought Miss O'Carroll, of the distin-
guished family "of Ireland, and married her, and
both came to America. He obtained a grant 'u Bal-
timore county, much of which is still held by the
family. The mother of Gov. George Howard was
"Peggy," the fascinating Tory daughter of Chief
Justice Benjamin Chew, descendant of the Chews of
Chewtowu, England. As the wife of Gov. John
Eager Howard, she made " Belvedere" the central
home of attraction. Their son, George Howard, wns
educated by private tutors. Taking a foremost rank
in the Federal party, upon the death of Gov. Daniel
Martin, in July, 1831. he was appointed to succeed.
His first message contained a feeling allusion to the
death of his distinguished predecessor. Early in his
administration, and continuing throughout it, began
the triangular contest of the "Jackson party. "
•' Whigs" and " Anti-Masons," with William Wirt.
the distinguished and only Marvlander on a presiden-
tial ticket, in opposition to Henry Clay, the Federalist,
who w.-is called "the high priest of Masons." An-
drew Jackson won the presidency, but .Maryland,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
303
having elected Gov. Martin liy forty-one majority,
now again honored Gov. Howard by an increased
majority of forty-nine. The Federalist issues of the
campaign were the maintenance of the United States
bank, the encouragement of internal improvements,
and a high tariff. In 1833 James Thomas, the Na-
tional Republican, was elected as successor to Gov.
Howard, who, in 1837 and in 1841, was a presiden-
tial elector, votinirupon both occasions for William
Henry Harrison. Gov. Howard, still later, presided
at a meeting of farmers to take action in protecting
their slaves under " the fugitive slave law." On Dec.
26, 1811, he was married to Prudence Cough,
daughter of Gov. Charles Carnau Ridgely, of
"Hampton." and Priscilla Dorsey, of " Belmoni."
They had eight sons and five daughters, whose de-
scendants are numerous. Gov. Howard's large es-
tate, " Waverly," was situated near Woodstock,
Howard district of Anne Arundel, now Howard
county. It has passed from the family. His brother,
Benjamin ( 'hew, was a candidate for governor against
Augustus W. Bradford in 1861. Gov. Howard died
at "Waverly," Aug. 2, 1846.
THOMAS, James, twenty-sixth governor of
Maryland (1833-35), was born at " De la Brooke
manor," St. Mary's county, Starch 11, 1785, son of
William and Catharine (Boarman) Thomas. His
father was the youngest, son of John Thomas, of
Charles county, a member of the house of delegate-.
captain and major of the militia, and member ni'
the committee of safety. He was married to Eliza-
beth Reeves, of Thomas. Catherine (Boarman)
Thomas was a granddaughter of Roger Brooke, a
prominent descendant of Com. Robert Brooke, of
the Patuxent, who, in 1650, came over with forty
servants as his body-guard and built tirst " Ue la
Brooke," but afterward removed to " Brooke place."
James Thomas was graduated at Charlotte Hall
Academy. St.. Mary's, in 1804, and at Philadelphia
Medical College in 1807. Returning to his native
county, he practiced his profession with marked suc-
cess. He was commissioned major of the 4th Mary-
land cavalry in 1812, and rendered such valuable
service in the war, which began that year, that he
was subsequently brevetted major-general. In 18-0
he was elected to the legislature of Maryland
as a Democrat ; was re-elected six times to the
same body, and from 1833 to 1835, was governor.
Gov. Thomas was the Maryland representative of
the National Republican party, composed of the
friends of Mr. Adams and those dissatisfied with
Jackson. His administration was in the midst of
disasters. The cholera had raged through many
cities ; fires devastated Cumberland and Snow hill,
entailing much loss, which was met, in part, by gen-
erous citizens. The financial disasters induced by
Gen. Jackson's withdrawal of the government funds
from the national bank, causing thereby the failures
of many banks, especially the Bank of Maryland,
which held the savings of many poor people.'led to
great excitement in Baltimore, and much criticism
of the bank officers, which finally resulted in the
"bank mob." Gov. Thomas called out the state
guards and applied to the president for aid, which
was promptly sent. During his administration there
was much excitement also from the "Nat Turner"
negro insurrection at Southampton, Va. In his
message to the legislature he announced the comple-
tion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to Harper's
Ferry, and the construction of the main-stem road
between Baltimore and Washington nearly com-
pleted. At. his suggestion the legislature granted a
loan to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad of $2.000,-
000, and $1,000,000 to the Susquehanna, or Northern
Central railroad. Profiting from his experience at
the recent riots, he urged the enrollment of a militia,
and urged the general government to apportion the
state's share of the public lands. In the political
contest during Gov. Thomas' term, the Whigs
gained a majority of 2,,-ls Miles in a total of 50,102
votes cast. On Jan. 26, 1808, ne was married to
Elizabeth, daughter of Maj. William and Elizabeth
(Thomas) Coates. Dr. Thomas, of St. Mary's, late
a prominent member of the state grange, and Prof.
Thomas, principal of Charlotte Hall, are descend-
ants of Gov. Thomas. Richard, brother of Gov.
Thomas, was a member of the house of representa-
tives and also speaker of the same ; president of the
senate and president of the Maryland Colonization
Society. Gov. Thomas' sister. Catherine, was mar-
ried to William I). Merrick, of Charles county, U. S.
senator. Gov. Thomas died at Deep Falls, St. Mary's
Co., Dec. 25, 1845.
VEAZEY, Thomas Ward, twenty-seventh
governor of Maryland (ls:'.."i !l>>i, uas born at Vea-
zey's Neck, Cecil co., Md., Jan. 31, 1774, son of
Edward and Elizabeth (De Coursey) Veazey. His
family was of Norman origin, the name originally
being De Veazie. John, of "Cherry grove," first of
the line in this country, settled in Kent county prior
to 1670, and received a Lirant of laud on Elk and
Itohemia rivers, known as Ycay.cy's Neck, now in
Cecil county. Hiswillof Feb. 28, 1697, named a sou
.lames, who was married to Mary Mrrcer. Their son,
('apt. Edward Veazey, was of the 7th regiment of
the Maryland line, and was killed at Long Island in
1776. Thomas Ward Veazey. son of Edward, was
colonel of militia in the war of 1812,
and made a gallant defence of Fred-
i riektown against Adrn. Cockburn.
He was a member of the Maryland
legislature during several sessions;
was a presidential elector in 1807,
.•mil in ]si:;, \\heu he voted for Pres.
Madison. He was elected govern-
or in 1835, at a time when a strong
executive head was needed. IK
grasped the situation by yielding,
while executing. The reform move-
ment, long delayed, now forced itself
to the front — nineteen Van ISurcn
electors chosen to select the senate of
Maryland, claiming to represent a
population of 205,922. addressed the
Whig colleagues, numbering twenty-one, but repre-
senting only 85,179 of the people, demanding the
nomination of eight members of the senate to be
chosen, or they would refuse to enter the college.
The Whigs made no reply, and they refused to enter,
but organized a "reform convention," and de-
manded the election of a governor by the people and
the abolition of the council ; the election of one sen-
ator from each county and the city of Baltimore by
the people ; the reapportionment of the house of
delegates ; the abolition of all life offices ; the elec-
tion of clerks and registers by the people. Gov.
Veazey, by proclamation, recalled the old senate, but
in the meantime the defeat of Van Buren and the firm-
ness of the governor induced the rebellious nineteen
to enter the college and the senate was elected. Fear-
ing to go before the people without a compromise,
the legislature, at his suggestion, enacted the very
reforms demanded, and Gov. Veazey was the last
governor chosen by the senate. Baltimore city not
only was granted increased representation, but also
by the enactment of the "|8,000,000 loan, "which gave
$3,000,000 to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad; $3,-
000,000 to the canal, and $2,000,000 to other works of
internal improvements, was so overjoyed, its citizens
celebrated the event by a public dinner to the gover-
nor and the legislature, followed by bonfires. Hav-
ing thus met the popular demand, the convention of
reformers never met, and Gov. Veazey held his party
together until the election under the reform consti-
\
304
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
tution of 1838. lu addition to all other demands,
the legislature, as an indemnity for the personal loss
by the " bank mob," paid the city's claim for $200,-
000. Gov. Veazey was thrice married : first to
Surah Worrell, of Kent, by whom he had one
daughter, Sarah: his second wife was Mary Veazey,
who bore him four children ; his third, was Mary,
daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth (Black) Wallace,
to whom he was married in 1812. By her lie had
five children. He was succeeded by William Gra-
son, and retired to his estate, where he died, June
30, 1848.
GRASON, William, twenty-eighth governor of
Maryland (1838^41), was born in that state in 1786.
1 le was a planter in Queen Anne county, and served in
both brandies of the legislature, being a member of
the house of delegates in 1837. A Federalist of the
old school, a Jackson Democrat in after years, he
was warmly attached to the principles of liis party.
He was a leader of his party, and was an active
worker in the political struggle from 1836 to 1838 in
favor of a new constitution for Maryland, and was
the first governor under it, serving with great dis-
tinction from 1838 to 1841. Gov. Grason, the re-
form candidate and Democrat, after the most ex-
citing campaign, in which there was much personal
violence, was declared elected by some 300 majority.
In his message, which was mainly directed to the fi-
nancial embarrassments bequeathed to his adminis-
tration, he said : " The $8,000,000 loan of 1835 was
made when better prospects were at hand ; when
money was plentiful and securities in demand.
It is now changed, and it is impossible to sell bonds."
' ' Neither the canal nor railroads can pay any interest-
to the state until finished. Annual revenues are
barely sufficient to pay ordinary expenses; the pub-
lic debt is now nearly $15,000,000." He charged all
this debt "to the wild spirit of internal improve-
ments." He urged rigid economy in all expenses ;
urged a moderate tax for increasing the revenues, to
be levied upon real and personal property ; urged a
change in the constitution, curtailing the legislative
power — ' ' ours is a constitution for the judiciary and
executive, but not for the legislative branch of the
government of the state." Gov. Grason's letter to
Pres. Van Buren, under a resolution of the assem-
bly, asking the United States to deliver its stock in
the canal company to Maryland, was an able one.
His condemnation of the wholesale hypothecation
of the bonds of the state by the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad, brought out a reply from its president,
Louis McLane. In 1840 Gov. Grason showed an in-
crease of $1.000,000 more of debt. He showed that
all expectation of realizing any benefit from the
state's interest in the public lauds would prove futile,
and the state would have to look elsewhere for means
to pay its debt. He reported the Susquehauua and
Elk Ridge roads finished. Reports having come to
the legislature that the canal was being made a politi--
cal means for advancing the interests of its presi-
dent, an investigation was ordered, which brought
forth an exhaustive report from Pres. Francis
Thomas, showing a total canal cost of $9.500,000.
The result of the legislative investigation and the
effect of Mr. Thomas' report, made him the suc-
cessful candidate and successor of Gov. Grason.
In a caucus of his party he was chosen to rep-
resent Maryland in the U. 8. senate, which
was only prevented from being consummated
by the refusal of the senate to go into the election.
He was a member of the constitutional convention
of 1851 from Queen Anne county. He was known
as the "Queen Anne's farmer." His wife was a daugh-
ter of Dr. James Sulivaue, of Dorchester county, Md.
Their sou, Richard, horn iu Queen Anne county,
April 4, 1820, was educated at Cambridge Academy,
Dorchester county, and at St. John's College, Annapo-
lis. He was admitted to the bar iu April, 1841, and
removed to Elktou, Cecil Co., where he was ap-
pointed deputy attorney for the county, which he
held until the adoption of the state constitution of
1851, when he was elected state's attorney for that
county. He was re-elected, but resigned" in 1867,
and removed to Towson, Baltimore co. In 1864
he was elected judge of the circuit court, but
was unseated by the legislature after a contest for
alleged disloyalty. Under the state constitution of
1867, he was elected chief judge of the third judi-
cial circuit of Maryland for fifteen years. In 1847
he was married to the eldest daughter of Gen.
Charles Sterret Ridgely, of Howard county. He died
of paralysis at Towson, Baltimore co. , Sept. 21,
1893. Gov. Grason died on his plantation July 2,
1868.
THOMAS, Francis, twenty-ninth governor of
Maiylaud (1841-44), was born in Frederick county,
Feb. 3, 1799, sou of Francis and Grace (Metcalfe)
Thomas, grandson of William, great-grandson of
Hugh and Betty (Edwards) Thomas of "Monte-
vue" — descendant of the same stock as Bishop Will-
iam Thomas of Caermarthens, who went from Wales
to Pennsylvania. Gov. Francis Thomas was the
seventh child. He entered St. John's College, An-
napolis, as early as 1811, but as there were no classes
from that date until 1822, was not graduated. He
was admitted to the bar in 1820, and settled in Frank-
ville, Md., to practice. He was a member of the
state house of representatives
in 1822, 1827 and 1829, and in
the last year was speaker. From
Dec. 5, 1831, until March 3,
1841, he was a member of the
natiiinal house of representa-
tives. He was president of the
Chesapeake and Ohio canal in
1839-40. He became a candi-
date for governor to succeed
Gov. Grason, and during the cam-
paign, iu which he took an active
part, fought a duel with Wil-
liam Price. He was the second
governor to hold office under
the provision of the new consti-
tution.making- elections triennial.
His first annual message be-
gan: "The public debt, destroy-
ing public credit, has been our
burden ; met by your predecessors in a public spirit,
the means are yet inadequate ; a decided course is
needed. Baltimore city lias borrowed $5,000,000
and the state owes $15,000,000. In seven years our
state debt has been increased $12,000,000 for inter-
nal improvements. With a territory of 10,000
square miles, and a population of 318,194, we are
struggling with a debt that would task the re-
sources of Great Britain. The glorious nineteen Van
Buren electors accomplished good results iu modify-
ing the prevailing difficulties of a minority ruling
the majority, but even now a minority of the senate
can defeat the will of a two-third majority of the
state." He urged the necessity of improving the tax
system ; urged the exchange of the state's bank
stock in paying the debt ; reported the state's share
of the public lands to be $15,000, against which the
government held claims on Maryland amounting to
$20,000. In his message of 1844 the state debt had
reached $16,000,000, and the resources of the state
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
305
wi re still inadequate to meet current expenses. The
governor combated repudiation, but it became the
issue in i In- next campaign, and defeated the party
lie represented, and under the vigorous direction of
Gov. I'ratt, was forever buried. In l*5n Go\
Thnmas was elected a delegate to the state constitu-
tional convention, and it was partly due to his tight
against the " minority ruling the majority, "and bis
masterly gift of eloquence and pleasing manners,
which had carried him as a Jackson champion into
Hie governor's chair — that the constitution of 1*51
curtailed the power of the slave-holding counties and
increased ihc strength of liultimore city and the
western counties. On the outbreak of the war of
isiil, (iov. Thomas, from bis mountain h !,
aroused Hie Federal sentiment of Western Maryland,
and gathered around him a volunteer regiment of
3,000 for the war, but left the command to younger
men. lie accepted the nomination for congress, in
1S(11, remaining throughout the war. In 1S67,
when an attempt was made to take the Naval
Academy from Annapolis on account of its atmos
phere of "disloyalty," GOV. Thomas joined Mr.
Phelps in an eloquent defence, which had its effect;
but when the people of Maryland were trying to
adopt the constitution of 1807, he introduced a reso-
lution asking congress to give Mary lain I a Republican
form of government, saying: "I utterly deny here —
I have denied it for thirty years of my life — that
there is a Republican government in Maryland." Con-
grcss failed to pass his resolution, though many peti-
tions poured in from the Federal men of Maryland
in its support, but his efforts, aided by a peaceful
election, resulted in the constitution of 1867. In 1866
Gov. Thomas was a delegate to the loyalist conven-
lion iii Philadelphia, and became a strong opposer of
Pics. Johnson's policy of reconstruction. In April,
1870, Gov. Thomas was appointed collector of inter-
nal revenue for the Cumberland district, and served
until March 25, 1872. when he was appointed inin
ister to Peru. He resigned this position July 9. 1875,
and returned to his home in the mountains. " Monte-
vue," near Frankville. His wife was Sallie Camp-
bell Preston, daughter of Gov. James McDowell, of
Virginia. Gov. Thomas was fearless, active, exerting
a remarkable influence in every public sphere.
U'hile walking on a railroad track he was killed by
a locomotive, Jan. 22, 1876.
PRATT, Thomas George, thirtieth governor
of Maryland (1844-47), was born in Washington,
Feb. 18. 1804, a descendant of Thomas Pratt.
of Prince George county, Md., who was married to
Eleanor Magruder. Thomas G. Pratt was educated
at Georgetown College ; studied law, and after his
admission to the bar, began practice in Upper Marl-
boro, Prince George CO., Md., in 1823. He was a
member of the Maryland house of delegates in
1832-35. In 1836 he became a member of the state
electoral college for the selection of a senate ; in the
same year was president of the last executive coun-
cil of Maryland, and in 1838 was elected to the state
senate for six years. In 1844, after an exciting cam-
paign against James Carroll, on a ticket opposed
to repudiation, he was elected as a "Whig." His
vigorous message called on the legislature for power
to enforce the laws already existing for the collec-
tion of taxes ; attributed the difficulties of his pre-
decessor to the fact that the laws were not enforced,
and presented a tax system that would, if carried
out, enable the state to meet its obligations. Said
he : " From an abundant harvest now at hand, this
is the time to pay our debts." He proposed the re-
euactnient of revenue laws ; called for a new assess-
ment and the collection of bank taxes ; advised a
return to the "stamp lax," though still odious ; urged
the extension of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad to
the Ohio river. His message of 1847 reported that
VOL. IX.— 20.
his resumption law had improved the finances, rais-
ing the bonds of the state from s:!5 i,, p:n-. lie re-
ferred to the valuable service of Mr. George Pea-
body in enabling the state to borrow and sell in for-
eign markets; condemned the course of the gov-
eruor of Pennsylvania in his action against tiie fugi-
tive slave law. Tin' biennial assembly act of 1845,
-aved the state $30,000 annually ; referred the ques-
tion of a new constitution back to the people , re-
duced the salaries of the governor and secretary ol
State : abolished the chancery court. In the election
of 1846 the governor and legislature were sustained
by large Whig gains. In ls|il »;nv. Pratt called for
two regiments of infantry as .Maryland's quota to the
Mexican war, wiving: "The sons of .Maryland have
alw a\ s obeyed the call of patriotism, anil will now
sustain the honor of the state." Volunteer, came
from every section, but ihe go\ eminent only accepted
one battalion of Maryland and District of Columbia
volunteers. Many independent companies were or-
ganized, making a total of
'.' ."ion men. Resuming his
practice in Annapolis, (.io\.
Pratt, in 1849, was elected
I". S. senator, to fid the un-
expired term of Keverdy John-
son, who went into Pres. Tay-
lor's cabinet, and was clecteil
in 1*50 for the full term, which
ended March :!. 1S57. He was
an intimate friend of Henry
( 'lay, but upon the election of
.lames Buchanan, in 1856, he
joined the Democratic conserv-
aihe party. Upon the expira-
tion of his term of office, he
returned to Annapolis and re
inained until isii4, when he re-
moved to Baltimore. During
the war he was a supporter
of the Confederacy, and was
confined for a few weeks in Fortress Monroe. In
]s;ii4 Gov. Prait was a delegate to the Chicago na-
tional Democratic convention, and in 1866 to the
Union convention in Philadelphia. Gov. Pratt was
married to Adelaide, daughter of Gov. Joseph Kent.
She, with several children, survived him. He bought
the old colonial residence of Gov. Samuel Ogle,
in Annapolis, which was afterward sold to Judge
John Thompson Mason. Gov. Pratt died in Balti-
more, Nov. 9, 1869. At a meeting of the bar, on
Nov. llth, Judge Mason offered a resolution pointing
with pride " to the noble disregard of personal popu-
larity which marked the official course of our la-
mented brother ; when the executive of the stale,
he linked his name forever with the establishment of
good faith." Gov. Pratt's remains were conveyed to
Annapolis, attended by Gov. Bowie and his staff
The funeral was held at St. Ann's Church, and
his burial was in the cemetery of that church. Gov.
Pratt's presence and figure were distinguished, and as
a speaker his arguments showed force and ability.
THOMAS, Philip F., thirty-first governor of
Maryland (1847-50). (See Vol. V., p. 6.)
LOWE, Enoch Louis, thirty second governor
of Maryland (1850-53), was born at " The Her-
mitage," Frederick county, Md., a fine estate of 1,000
acres, owned by his family, about three miles from
the town, on the Monocacy river, Aug. 10, 1820, son
of Lieut. Bradley S. A. Lowe, a graduate of West
Point, who served through the war of 1812, and also
in the Florida war, and Adelaide Bellumeaude la Vin-
cendiere. Lieut. Bradley Lowe was the sou of Lloyd
M. and Rebecca (Maccubbin) Lowe, and grandson of
Michael and Ann (Magruder) Lowe, all of western
Maryland. Enoch Louis Lowe was entered at St.
John's School, Frederick, and from there went to a
306
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Roman Catholic college near Dublin, and to the
Roman Catholic College of Stonyhurst, Lancashire,
England, where lie remained until 1830. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1842. In 1845 he was elected to
the house of delegates and became at once an able and
eloquent champion of Democracy in western Mary-
land. In 1850, though very young, he was elected gov-
ernor. It was during the discussion of the new consti-
tution urged by Gov. Philip Francis Thomas, that
Gov. Lowe suggested amendments to the election
laws; a revision of the criminal code in regard to the
inequality of punishments, pardons and remissions of
fines ; urged a modification of the tax on civil com-
missions ; urged au ascertainment of the number of,
and salaries of, deputy clerks ; and an entirely new
system of issuing licenses. He announced with pro-
found pleasure the completion of the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad. It had at last reached the Ohio river,
but the rival canal company, owing to spring fresh-
ets, had been greatly damaged ; he urged the re-
duction of forty per cent, in taxes, and the continu-
ance of the sinking fund ; he suggested private exe-
cution of criminals. During Gov. Lowe's term two
national conventions met in Baltimore — one nomi-
nated Franklin Pierce, the other Millard Fillmore,
from the defeat of whom grew the Know-nothing
party. In 1845 Gov. Lowe delivered at Mount St.
Mary's College, near Emmittsburg, Md.. a discourse
upon the "Lauding of the Pilgrims." In 1857 Gov.
Lowe was offered, but declined, the position of minis-
ter extraordinary and plenipotentiary to China. He
was a Democratic elector in 1860, and spoke for and
voted for John Cabel Breckiuridge. He was also
present when Gov. T. Holliday Hicks assented to the
burning of the bridges surrounding Baltimore to
prevent the passage of north-
ern troops through the city.
In 1861 Gov. Lowe went
south and remained during the
civil war. In 1866 he removed
to Brooklyn and practiced law.
Gov. Lowe was married May
29, 1844, to Esther Winder,
daughter of Col. James and
Anna Maria (Stuart) Polk, of
Princess Anne. Her grand-
father wns Judge William
Polk, of the court of appeals,
a cousin of Pres. Polk. Mrs.
Anna Maria (Stuart) Polk,
was the daughter of Dr. Alex-
ander Stuart, of Delaware.
Gov. Lowe had eleven chil-
dren. Two of his daughters
were married in Baltimore to
Edmund Austin Jenkins and
his brother, Francis de Sales Jenkins. His sons are in
New York, Chicago and California. Gov. Lowe
was a genial, handsome and social gentleman. He
died in Brooklyn, Aug. 23, 1892.
LIGON, Thomas Watkins, statesman and
thirty-third governor of Maryland (1851-58), was
born in Prince Edward county, Va., in 1812, sun
of Thomas D. and — — (Watkins) Ligon. His
male ancestors, by both his father's and mother's
lines, were engaged in the revolutionary war. Col.
Thomas Watkins, his grandfather on the maternal
side, was an officer under Gen. Washington, and in
command of a troop of horse raised by his own ex-
ertions in Prince Edward county, and took an active
part in the battle of Gnilford, N. C. His father, an
intelligent farmer, died young, leaving Thomas Wat-
kins and James, his two sons, to the care of their
mother. At. an early age Thomas Watkius Ligon
was sent to Hampdeu Sidney College, where he was
graduated. He completed his education at the Uni-
versity of Virginia, and then entered Yale Law
School, where he remained eighteen months. After
graduation he returned to Virginia, and upon ad-
mission to the bar, when twenty-three years of age,
went to Baltimore to practice his profession. In
1840 he removed to the vicinity of Ellicott's mills.
He was an enthusiastic Democrat, and in 1843 was
elected a member of the legislature. He was elected
a representative from Maryland to the 29th con-
gress as a Democrat, and was re-elected to the 30th
congress, serving from Dec. 1, 1845, to March 3,
1S4SI. In 1853 he was elected governor, and un-
der the new constitution, making elections quad-
rennial, held office until 1858. "" He was called
upon, in 1857, to exercise authority vested in
him for suppression of a railroad riot, and also to
intervene for the rescue of the city of Baltimore
when it was under the Know-nothing regime.
Though not successful in protecting the elective
franchise of the citizens, he yet took such a stand as
to leave the impress of his sound principles on the
records of his administration. His vigorous attack
upon the Know-nothing party,
which controlled the legisla-
ture, was begun in his first
message, viz.: "All history
warns us that a war of races,
or sects, is the deadliest curse
that can afflict a nation." A
committee appointed by the
legislature to consider and re-
port upon the governor's attack,
resulted in a majority report
refusing to investigate the
charges, and a minority
report which sustained the
governor. The governor's de-
cisive action in the election
riots of Baltimore, led to the
reform movement, which se-
cured a new police bill and a
reform mayor. Retiring to his
large estate in Howard, Gov.
Ligon resumed farming, and took an active part in
the advancement of all institutions of learning and
religious improvement. He was president of the
Patapsco Female Institute, and also connected with
several charitable institutions up to the time of his
death. Gov. Ligon was twice married. His first
wife was Sallie, daughter of Charles Worthington
and Mary Tolly (Worthington) Dorsey. Her grand-
father, Caleb Dorsey, was the eldest son of Thomas
Beale Dorsey, youngest son of Caleb and Elinor
(Warfleld) Dorsey, of "Stockley." Her mother,
grandmother and great-grandmother, were Worth-
ingtons, descendants of Capt. John. Gov. Ligon's
second wife was Mary Tolly Dorsey, sister of his
first wife. The latter with a son and two daughters
survived him. He died at his residence near Elli-
cott city, Jan. 12, 1881.
HICKS, Thomas Holliday, thirty-fourth gov-
ernor of Maryland (1858-62), was born about four
miles from East New Market, Dorchester CO., Md..
Sept. 2, 1798. He was a sou of Henry C. and
Mary (Sewell) Hicks; the latter, a relative of Gen.
Sewell, of the American army: both were mem-
bers of the Methodist church. They had eleven chil-
dren. Thomas Holliday Hicks attended school near
home. In 1824 he was elected sheriff. Purchasing
a farm on the Choptauk, from there he was sent to
the legislature. In 1833 he removed to Vienna, and
became a merchant, running a line of boats to Bal-
timore. In 1836 he was elected a member of the
state electoral college, which then had the election
of the slate senate, governor and his council. The
election was a deadlock, owing to the refusal of
nineteen Van Bureu electors to enter the college
without a promise by the remaining twenty-one
OF AMKKICAN BIOGRAPHY.
307
Whig electors to give them eighl members of the
new senate. The refusal of the Whig electors to
bind themselves by such a promise, brought on con-
siderable excitement, which lasted two months.
While at Annapolis Mr. Hicks was elected a mem-
ber of the legislature which Voted for the reforms
del. landed bv the nineteen Van Burcn electors, viz.:
to make the senate and governor elective. In is'.r
he was a member of the governor's council. In |s:ss
Gov. Veazey appointed him register of wills for Dor-
Chester county, and he so continued by reappointment
until 1851, when the office was made el, -dive. In
1S.~>7 Mr. Hicks was nominated and elected gov
ernor by Ihe American parly from January, is.'.s for
four years. There he won reputation in a period
more momentous than any previously experienced.
It was the time of " plug-uglies " and other rowdy
organizalions which had grownup with the new parly
he represented. Gov. Hicks determined to put Ilium
down, and he refused lo pardon those who had been
convicted of murder. His position throughout the
excitement of I860 ami 1861 was a trying one. lie
was with the city authorities in asking the govern
incut after the conflict in (he -t reels of liallimore, to
allow no more troops to pass through the city, and
gave his consent to the hurninuof the bridges. Gov.
Hicks tried I > be conservative, and to hold the
southern stales together, but was
severely criticised by leading citi-
zens of the stale in convention
assembled, for refusing to call
the legislature together to decide
the course Maryland should lake.
He still held correspondence with
other southern states, and was
anxious that Maryland should
not be made the bailie Around of
a conflict which, as a Southerner
and slave holder, he did not in-
dorse. He called the legislature
in special session at Annapolis,
Friday, April 26, 1861, but " for
safety" a change was made, ami
Frederick was named as the place
of assembling, on the 24th, "to
take such measures as in their
wisdom they may deem fit to main-
tain peace." The legislature, com-
posed of representatives of the
Democratic conservatives of the cily, chosen by
special election to fill the vacancies created by the
expulsion of the illegally elected Know-nothings,
by a vote of fifty-three lo twelve declared against
secession. Gov. Hicks having failed to influence a
change in the Federal government's determination
to place Maryland under military rule, the Ic^i--
lature was, after several sessions and adjourn-
ments, in September, 1861, broken up by arrests, and
its members confined in several forts as prisoners.
During that same year a Maryland Union con vent ion,
ignoring party lines, assembled in Baltimore. It was
composed of the leading citizens of the state, and it,
organized the Union party in Maryland that was to
exist during the war. It authorized a state conven-
tion for Aug. 15th, at which Augustus W. Brad-
ford was nominated for governor. This was fol-
lowed on Sept. 10th by a stale peace convention,
which nominated Gen. Benjamin Chew Howard, sou
of Gov. John Eager Howard. Gov. Bradford was
elected, and ten days thereafter Gov. Hicks con-
vened the legislature in special session "to consider
and determine the steps necessary to be taken to en-
able the stale of Maryland to take her place with the
other loyal slates in defence of the constitulion and
Ihe union." His message was a brief review of Ihe
circumstances attending the position of Maryland
since the commencement of the war. On Jan. 8,
1862, Gov. Bradford was inaugurated. Atthecloseof
bis term Gov. Bradford appointed Mr. Hicks U. S. sen-
atpr to fill the unexpircd term of James Alfred
Pierce, and his selection was ratified at the next an-
nual election. He had now become a thorough Re-
publican and a membei ,.| the Union League. Al-
though a slaveholder, he had voted lor lie constitu-
tion of 1864. Gov. Hicks was married ihree limes.
His first wife was Ann Thompson, of l)orche-lcr .
his second. Sarah Raleigh, of Dorchester; bis third,
Mrs. Mary Wilcox, widow of his con-in, Henry
Wilcox. B. Cbapin Hicks, of Baltimore, is his only
living son. Gov. Hicks sprained a leg in lsi;:i, and
erysipelas havingset in necessitated amputation, from
the cll'ccts of which he died in Washington, 1). C.,
Feb. 1:5, 1NIJ5. A large and expressive portrait of
him now hangs in the state house, Annapolis.
BRADFORD, Augustus Williamson, thirty-
fifth governor of Maryland (isii'i-liiii, was born ill
Mclair, Ilarford Co., Jan. !>, isoii, son of Samuel
and Jane (Bond) Bradford, both of Knglish parent-
age, dating back to a period before the revolution,
lie received a good Kngli.-h education, ami alter his
com e ai the Belair Academy became a surveyor. He
aflei -ward look a course at St. Mary's College, being
graduated in 1824: then studied law with <Mho
Scoil, and was admitted to the bar in 1S27. In 1831
he removed to Baltimore, where he became a promi-
nent member of the Whig parly. lie was an elector
on the Clay ticket of ]s||, but took 1:0 promi-
nent part in political discussions until isiid. In 1845
he was the clerk oi Haliiinore county, under the ap-
pointment of Gov. Frail. Upon retiring from that
oilier the court officials bore tc-timony of his effi-
cy. In 1861 he \\a- appointed by Gov. Hicks
our of the peace commissioners who assembled in
\\ risliington. Upon thclir.-t ballot of the gubernato-
rial convention of 18lil Mr. I'.railford was nominated
for governor. His majority, aided by the soldiers,
who were allowed to come hometo vote, was31, 000.
His inaugural address was lull of denunciations of
secession, and to the utmost degree in favor of the
Union. His legislature, though it reflected his
opinions, by resolutions viewed with disapproval
certain indications at the -eat of 'jovcrnment, with
cudcnces too well displayed, of an intention to in-
terfere with slavery, declaring: "This war is prose-
cuted by the nation with but one object, that,
namely, the restoration of the Union just as it was
when the rebellion broke out." A vote of confi-
dence in Pres. Lincoln and a declaration of Mary-
land's readiness to fulfill all of her constitutional ob-
ligations as a loyal state, were passed. The special
legislative act of 1862 was the " treason bill," which
forbade, on penalty of death, the levying of "war
against this stale," or " giving aid or comfort within
this state or elsewhere" to persons so engaged. It also
appropriated $7.000 " for the relief of the families
of those belonging to the 6th regiment of Massachu-
setts who were killed or disabled by wounds re-
ceived in the riot of the 19th of April in Baltimore."
Lieut. -Col. Morris, of Gov. Bradford's staff, was,
upon (he dedication of the Ladd and AVhitney mon-
ument in Massachusetts, 1865, the Maryland repre-
sentative who presented to Gov. Andrew a U. S. flag
of ~ilk wrought by ladies of Baltimore. On its
staff was a carved eagle holding in its talons thun-
derbolts, and in its beak an olive branch. The staff
also bore a silver plate bearing an engraving of the
arms of Maryland and Massachusetts, and the
words: " Maryland lo Massachusetts, April 19, 1865.
May Ihe union and friendship of the future obliter-
ate Ihe anguish of Ihe past." That senlimenl was
still further developed in Baltimore city when the his-
toric Massachusetts regiment passed through lo join in
Ihe Spanish war in 1898. Amid the plaudits of the
entire city Ihe 6th Massachusetts regiment ackuowl-
308
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
edged that the above sentiment "nail snut out all fu-
ture criticism upon the citizens of Baltimore. The
history of Gov. Bradford's administration is the his-
tory of the civil war. Abundantly able and willing
to aid the government in all necessary obligations, lie
resented military interference with the elections, but
presided at a large war meeting at which the presi-
dent was instructed to order an oalh of allegiance to
be administered. A resolution was passed which
Gen. Wool declared would send "20,000 men to
swell the army of Jeff. Davis." The invasion of
Maryland by Gen. Lee's army in 1862 caused Gov.
Bradford to issue a proclamation calling upon the
citizens to enroll themselves in military organiza-
tions, which would not be required to join the Fed-
eral army without their consent. This proclamation
was promptly answered by volunteers and organiza-
tions. In 1863, upon a second invasion of Mary-
land, Gov. Bradford called for 10,000 volunteers.
On June 17 he determined to arm and equip all vol-
unteers as they were received, in companies, without
"waiting for regimental organizations; and many aged
men, not subject to military draft, offered their ser-
vices for home defense, and were accepted by the
fovernor, who complimented their spirit. On June
1, 1863, Gov. Bradford, not receiving the desired
volunteers before called for, issued another appeal
which was answered by the formation of three regi-
ments. After the battle of Gettysburg and the defeat
of Gen. Lee's army, Gov. Bradford appointed by
proclamation a day of prayer for deliverance and
the hope of a speedy peace. In November, 1863,
Gov. Bradford wrote to Pres. Lincoln upon the ru-
mors that, troops were to be sent to the polls on the
day of election with orders to carry out certain re-
strictions upon voters, and pretested against such in-
terference, claiming that the state was loyal, and
prayed the president would issue orders to prevent
any such intrusion. The president's reply was
not favorable The governor then, on Nov. 2, 1863,
issued a proclamation in opposition to the military
orders of Gen. Schenck, and declaring that what-
ever power the state possessed should be exerted to
support tlic proper officers in their duties. There-
upon Pres. Lincoln revoked a portion of the military
orders, which was still unsatisfactory to Gov. Brad-
ford, and his proclamation was issued, but before it
could be printed Gen. Schenck issued orders to all
the papers, commanding them not to publish the
governor's proclamation until further orders. After
issuing a counter proclamation, the two were issued
too late for circulation throughout the state. The
result of that election is summed up in these words
by Gov. Bradford in his message to the legislature,
which was largely in favor of the abolition of sla-
very: "I have caused copies of the certificates of
judges of ejections to be transmitted to you. They
present a humiliating record, such as I never
expected to be called upon to read, still less in a
loyal state like this. A part of the army was on
that day engaged in stifling the freedom of election
in a faithful state, intimidating its sworn officers and
obstructing the usual channels of communication
between them and their executive." At the January
session of the legislature Gov. Bradford reviewed the
question of Federal interference with slaves of
Maryland by carrying them off at night, and his
efforts to have such proceedings discontinued. He
had complained to Pres. Lincoln and had understood
that no authority had been given for such proceed-
ings. At a session of the legislature of 1864, the
question of negro emancipation was discussed, and
one of his first acts was the calling of a state con-
vention with a view of abolishing slavery, said con-
vention to meet in Annapolis, April, 1864. The mem-
bers were required to take an iron-clad oath to sup-
port the state and United States and its constitution.
The law further declared that if any armed force of
the United States should appear in any election dis-
trict, the governor would be empowered to call a
new election. After voting themselves $100 each
for extra expenses, the legislature adjourned March
10, 1864. Gov. Bradford had now to contend with
a new military officer, Gen. Lewis Wallace, who
wrote that persons disloyal to the government were
candidates for the constitutional convention. To
this the governor replied at, length, explaining
that the law just passed enabled the judges to ques-
tion the voters; and to aid the judges, he drew up a
series of questions to be asked at that election. The
result was that many were turned away without a
vote, and a constitutional convention was ordered,
which adopted the constitution of 1864, abolishing
slavery and disfranchising all who sympathized with
the " rebellion." It further provided that soldiers
in the field could cast their votes before judges spe-
cially appointed. After a legal fight against the
provisions of that constitution it was defeated by the
pc'nple of the state by over 2,000 votes, but the sol-
diers' vote of 2,633 votes in favor, gave the slight
majority of 375 votes. By this act emancipation, in-
volving the loss of millions of property and the dis-
franchisement of the owners of that property, was
accomplished. In the midst of this transition the
Confederate forces, having pushed on to Frederick,
and won at Mouocacy, were threatening Balti-
more. Gov. Bradford, by proclamation, again called
all the men that could be raised to the defense of the
city. His own house, furniture and valuable library
were burnt, perhaps in retaliation for the destruc-
tion of Gov. Letcher's residence in Virginia. Gov.
Bradford attended the convention of loyal govern-
ors at Altoona. After his term of office.'Pres. John-
son, in 1S67, appointed him surveyor of the port of
Baltimore, which he held until 1869, when Pres.
Grant removed him. He was married to Elizabeth,
daughter of Judge Kell, of Baltimore, and of the
third judicial district. They had seven children.
Augustus W. Bradford, Jr., and Thomas Kell Brad-
ford are in business in Baltimore. Gov. Bradford
died in Baltimore, Md., March 1. 1881.
SWANN, Thomas, thirty-sixth governor of
Maryland (1865-69). was born in Alexandria, Va.,
in 1806, son of Thomas Swanu and Jane Byrd Page,
daughter of Mann Pa ire and Maiy Mason, descend-
ants of Col. George Mason. 3d. Thomas Swann,
Sr. , was a prominent lawyer, of Washington, and
under Pres. Monroe was U. S. attorney for the Dis-
trict of Columbia. Thomas Swann, Jr., was edu-
cated at the University of Virginia, and became a
law student under his father. He was appointed
by Pres. Jackson secretary of the U. S. commis-
sion to Naples. Mr. Swauu removed from Wash-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
ington to Baltimore in Is4"> ; became director in
the Baltimore aud Ohio railroad; and in I wo \ ears
was elected its president, succeeding Louis MeLane.
lie remained president until the completion of the
road to the Ohio river, in 1S5:!, and received the
thanks of the directors for his able administration.
He then became president of the
Northwestern railroad from Bal-
timore to Parkersburg. In 1856
he was elected mayor of Balti-
more city, and again in 1*">S.
lie introduced the lire depart-
ment, the police and fire alai m
telegraph, the water from Jones
Falls, llic street car system,
and opened Druid Hill park.
The imposition of what is
know n as |he " park lax " on
si reel railways as compensation
for their franchises, which has
enabled the city to maintain its
parks without, cost to the lax
pa\eis, is among the measures
that will cause his name to
be remembered in Baltimore.
( lie was the representative head
3 I ^} "W</i/VvVv_ of the Know-nolhinu parly,
and. during his adminislralion.
In Id considerable correspond-
ence with Gov. Ligou upon the relative powers of
the governor and mayor. In istii he took strong
ground against secession, and was in favor of main
taining the Union. In 18ti:i he was elected president
of the First National Bank. In |S(i4 he was elected
by the Union party uo\ernorof Maryland, and in
January, 1865, succeeded Gov. Bradford. Gov. Swann
supported Pres. Lincoln, and was with Pres. Johnson
in his reconstruction measures; then renouncing Re-
publicanism, he joined the Democratic party and so
remained to the end of his term. In lsi;t> Gov.
Swann, with other distinguished Republicans, deem-
ing war measures no longer needed, joined a large
body of Maryland Democrats in an effort to remove
the disfranchisements of the constitution of 1864.
When the police commissioners of Baltimore re-
fused to allow a single Democrat to be placed as
a judge of election, Gov. Swann removed them aud
appointed other Union commissioners. These, un-
der a bench warrant issued by Judge Bond, were
arrested and thrown into prison, but under habeas
corpus were brought before Judge Bartol, who de-
cided that they were legally appointed. The attend-
ing excitement and resistance of the old board in-
duced Gov. Swaun to call on Pres. Johnson for mil-
itary aid. Gen. Grant was sent to Baltimore to in-
vestigate, but decided against military interference.
The appointment of conservative registers \>y Gov.
Swaun enabled the Democrats at the next election,
without a single Democratic judge of election, to
triumph in securing a legislature which imme-
diately set to work to overthrow the constitution of
1864 and adopt that of 1867. Early in that session,
for his valuable service rendered during the prelimi-
naries of the recent election, Gov. Swann was elected
U. S. senator as successor to Hon. John A. J. Cress-
well. After consultation with leading Marylanders,
Gov. Swann sent a message to the assembly an-
nouncing his determination not to accept the position
of U. S. senator, which message was indorsed by
the legislature. A convention bill was passed and
indorsed by the people, notwithstanding the appeals
to congress for aid in upholding the war measures of
1864. Gov. Swann was indorsed by the Democratic
city convention "for having unmasked the fallacy
of the radical faction in this state: for the zealous
support of the president's policy, and for the spirit
of impartial justice he has manifested in regard to
the execution of the registry law." In his message
to the legislature of ls(57, he reviewed, at length,
his action in removing the police commissioners, and
in moderate and conciliatory terms dealt with many
important practical questions, favoring a convention
of the ] pie to revise the constitution, and admit-
ted the right of the legislature togive the cili/ensof
Baltimore an immediate opportunity of establishing
a municipal government that really represented
them. Among the first bills of thai session was one
introduced by Hon. Philip Francis Thomas, of Tal-
liot, " to restore to full eiti/.cnship and the right to
vole and hold oflice, all persons who may be de-
prived thereof by llic fourth section of the first arti-
cle of the constitution." Upon the adoption of the
constitution of 1SI17. (Jo\. t Men Bowie, who had
acted as chairman of the Democratic conservative
part \ during ils (in-lit for recognition, was nominated
and elected as (Jov. Swann > successor; but as the
new Constitution had lengthened the term of oflice
to four years. Swann remained in the chair until
January, isiiii. In 1868, after an exciting campaign,
in which the Republicans made a special ell'orl todc-
feai him, Gov. Swann was elected a representative of
the fourth election district in COICJTCSS. He was re-
turned in ls7',', in is7lainliii 1876, becoming chair-
man of the committee on foreign relations, in
\\hieh hi' belli a prominent position upon all (lie lead-
ing questions of that excitiiiL' period. In |s:;i Mr.
Swann was married to Kli/abclh (Jilmor Sherlock,
granddauulitei of Robert Cilmor. Their daughter.
Louise, became Mrs. Ferdinand ('. Lai robe. (Jov.
Swann was married attain June 20, 1S7S, loa daugh-
ter of (Jen. Aai on Ward, of Sinn Sim:. X. V., who dis-
tinguished hi nisei I in the1 Mexican war. AS Josephine
Ward she was a belle in society, and having married
John K. Thompson, who afterwards became U. S.
senator from New Jersey, she was one of the most
popular leaders of Washington society ( Jo\ . Swann
died near Leesbnrg, Loudoun CO., Va.. July 24, 1883.
BOWIE, Oden, thirty seventh governor of Mary-
land (lSfi!)-72). (Sec Vol. III., p. 260.)
WHYTE, William Pinkney, thirty eighth
governor of Maryland (1872-74). was born in Balti-
more, Aug. 9, 1824. son of Joseph White, who was
born in Ireland, and Isabella Pinkney, born in An-
napolis, and grandson of Dr. John Campbell White
and Elizabeth, his wife.
His mother's paternal pro-
genitor was William Pink-
ney, who was married to
Ann Maria' Rodgers. Wil-
liam Pinkney Whyte was
educated at Baltimore Col-
lege and by private tutors,
and studied law at Har-
vard University. He was
a member of the legislature
of Maryland in 1847-48;
comptroller of the treasury
in 1854-55, and a delegate
to the national convention
of 1863. In 1851 he wa*
nominated by the Demo
crats for congress, but was
defeated by T. Tales
Walsh, Whig candidate, by
a very small majority.
Again, in 1857, he was a
Democratic candidate for
congress against J. Morri-
son Harris, aud contested the seat, but was defeated
in the house by a small majority. He refused to
claim any pay as a contestant, although the report
of the committee on elections was against the sitting
member. In 1858 he was appointed U. S. senator,
to fill the unexpired term of Reverdy Johnson; in
310
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1871 lie was elected governor of Maryland, which
position, upon being elected U. S. senator, he re-
signed in 1874. He served as senator until 1881,
during which service he was appointed by congress
upon the commission to select a site for the naval
observatory in 1878; and waa also upon the commis-
sion to frame a code of laws for the government of
the District of Columbia, which code was accepted
by Pres. Harrison. He was, in 1**2 and in 1883,
mayor of Baltimore. In 1888 he was elected at-
torney-general of the state, and in 1889 was one of
ten delegates to an American conference with rep-
resentatives of Hayti, San Domingo and Brazil, to
secure the enlargement of commercial interests.
Gov. Whyte, though in his seventy-fifth year, is
(1899) actively engaged in a large legal practice, and
upon urgent occasions still employs his pen and
voice in the cause of good government. The degree
of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1874 by the
University of Maryland. He was married, in Balti-
more, Dec. 7, 1847, to Louisa D., daughter of Levi
Hollings worth, a prominent merchant. She died,
leaving three sous. Gov. AVhy te was again married,
April 22, 1892, to Mary (McDonatd) Thomas,
daughter of William McDonald aud widow of
Raleigh Thomas.
GROOME, James Black, thirty-ninth governor
of Maryland (1874-76), was born at Elktou, Cecil
co., Md., April 4, 1838, son of Col. John Charles
Groomc, attorney-at-law, of Elk-
tou, aud Elizabeth Kiddle Black, a
lady of rare culture aud daughter
of James Hice Black, of New Castle,
Del., district judge of the superior
court of that state. Col. John
Charles Groome, nominated as an
opposing candidate for governor
in the Know-nothing campaign
which elected Thomas Holliday
Hicks, was a son of John Groome,
of Kent county, Md., who va>- tlir
grandson of Samuel Groomc, a dis-
tinguished citizen and church war-
den of St. Paul's parish, in 1726.
James Black Groome went first to
Tennent School, Hartsville, Pa., to
prepare for Princeton College, but
on account of an affection of his
eyes had to relinquish a college
course. He studied law with his
father, and was admitted In the bar in 1861. He
immediately became a favorite on account of his
social and personal attractions. In 1867 he was
elected a member of the reform convention for re-
porting a new constitution for the state. His first
speech was upon usury laws. In 1871 he was elected
a delegate to the legislature of Maryland, and at the
session received a number of votes for U. S. senator,
withdrawing his name in favor of an eastern shore
candidate. At the close of that session he had made
a reputation as a leading man. He was opposed to
the nomination of Horace Greeley for president, but
accepted a place in the electoral college. In 1873 he
was again elected to the house of delegates, and \\.i^
chosen chairman of ways and means. Upon <Iov.
Whyte's resignation to accept a seat in the U. S.
senate, Mr. Groome became a candidate for the
governorship, and received sixty votes out of seveuty-
two. though opposed by many of the leading men of
Maryland" Except in' the case of Enoch L. Lowe,
the state had never before had so young a chief
magistrate. He was inaugurated March 4, 1^74.
The enMlr-1 0\ IT I lie elrel loll of allol lle\ "elielal fell
to Gov. Groome fora solution; viz., the contest of
Severn Teackle Wallis, which was decided in favor
of Attorney-Gen. Gwinn. During his term the
executive mansion was the scene of truly representa-
tive Maryland hospitality. At, the last session of the
legislature, in 1878. Gov. Groome was elected U. S.
senator from March 4, 1879. His competitors were
again many of the foremost men of Maryland ; but at
the age of "forty-one years he was honored. He was
made collector of the port of Baltimore during Pres.
Cleveland's first term, Feb. 17, 1886. Upon retiring
from that office, he continued to reside in Baltimore,
at 2 East Preston street. In an obituary notice a Balti-
more newspaper said: "Cecil county loses her most
famed son, the state of Maryland an eminent citizen,
society a useful member, his associates a true and
loyal friend, his family an honored and loving hus-
band, a fond father and a dutiful son. The annals
of the county record no instance where honors were
more generously bestowed and more unsought, and
public opinion concords in the verdict that in no in-
stance were these marks of distinction and respect
more genuinely merited. In his public career he was
a success. But it was in his social intercourse that
lie was most remarkable. While inheriting the
qualifications to adorn society, he possessed to a
wonderful degree that rare faculty of being able to
affiliate with dignity aud ease with all grades and
classes of society. The humblest citizen, under any
and all circumstances, was as cordially recognized
and received by him as was the most distinguished
statesman, and it was this peculiar trait of character
that brought him so closely in touch with the masses
and won ^or him their respect and support." On
Feb. 29, 1876. immediately after his term as governor
had expired, he was married to Alice Leigh, daughter
of Col. Horace Leeds Edmoudson, of Talbot county.
Gov. Groome had one daughter, Maria Edmondson,
who now resides with her mother, the wife of P. F.
Young, of Philadelphia, a cousin of Gov. Groome.
His sisters are: Mrs. Maria G. Knight, wife of lion.
William M. Knight, only son of William and Rebecca
(Ringgold) Knight, who was a delegate and senator
from Cecil during Gov. Groome's term ; Mrs. Eliza-
beth Constable, wife of Albert Constable, of Cecil
county; and Mrs. J. J. Black, wife of Dr. John J.
Klack, of New Castle, Del. Gov. Groome had been
a sufferer from ill-health during his most active
career, which caused his death in the prime of early
manhood, on Oct. 4, 1893. His remains were buried
in the Presbyterian cemetery of Elkton.
CARROLL, John Lee, fortieth governor of
Maryland (1876-80), was born at "Homewood, " the
Carroll estate, upon Charles street, Baltimore county,
now the Country School for Boys, Sept. 30, 1830. He
is the second son of Col. Charles and Mary Digges
(Lee) Carroll. His mother was the granddaughter
<i| Thomas Sim Lee, governor of Maryland in 1779-
82. He is a descendant in the fourth generation of
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, his grandfather being
the only sou of the statesman. When John Lee
Carroll was three years of age his father came into
possession of "Doughoragan Manor," aud removed
thither. The son was sent to Mount St. Mary's at ten
years; to Emmitsburg Seminary, and thence to
Georgetown College, and finally to St. Mary's, in
B.-iln'more. Intending to make law his profession,
he entered Harvard Law School in 1849. Returning
to Baltimore, he entered the office of Brown & Brown,
and was admitted to the bar in 1852, after which he
went to Europe and spent a year in traveling. In
1855 he was nominated for the legislature of Mary-
land, in opposition to the Know-nothings, but was
defeated. In the fall he went to New York, and
met Anita, daughter of Royal Phelps, a merchant,
whose wife was a Spanish lady of South American
birth. Mr. Carroll was married to her, April 24, 1856.
In 1858 he removed to New York city, intend-
ing to practice law, but in 1861 returned to Mary-
land to care for his father, whose health was de-
clining. His father died in 1862, leaving him
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
311
sole executor of his estate. In 1866 he purchased
the inheritance of his brother, Charles, the home-
stead, and has since made it his home. In isiii'
he was nominated and elected to the state scnaie,
was re-elected in 1872, and again in ls?4. when
he became; president of the senate. In 1873 his wife
died, and in 1874 he went to Europe to place his
daughters in the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Paris
and his sons in the Jesuits' College. He returned
in 1875, and in July was nominated for governor.
On Jan. 12, 1876, he was inaugurated. With his
staff and the militia of Maryland, under the com-
mand of Brig.-Gen. James R. Herbert, Gov. Carroll
represented Maryland at the Centennial exposition in
Philadelphia, and there received marked attention
as the great-grandson of the Maryland patriot " \\ ho
signed his post-oHice address to the Declaration of
Independence." In 1877 occurred the great railroad
strike upon the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and
Gov. Carroll called out the militia to proceed al once
to Cumberland. In carrying out that order, the (ith
regiment was attacked by a mob in sympathy with
the strikers. Camden station was set on fire when
the U. S. troops were sent from Washington; but in
the meantimeGov. Carroll, aided
by the police force of lialiimon-.
had quelled the riot in Mary-
land. Gov. Carroll tendered his
thanks to the police board for
the efficient service, in which
two-thirds of the force were on
their feet for forty-eight hours
without rest This disturbance
was the birth of the " Work-
iugman's party." Since retir-
ing from official life Gov. Car-
roll has spent much time in
Europe, visiting his country es-
tate at Doughoragau in summer
and spending his winters in
Washington. In several impoii.
ant political crises he has been
solicited to become a candidate
for congress, but has declined . In
1890 he was elected general president of the National
Society of the Sons of the Revolution, and has four
times been re-elected to that office. He is a member
of several of the clubs of New York, Baltimore and
Washington. By his first wife he had four daugh-
ters and five sous. In April, 1877, he was married,
for the second time, to Mary Carter, daughter of
Judge Lucas Thompson, of Staunton, Va., by whom
lie has one child, a son.
HAMILTON, William Tiffany, forty-first
governor of Maryland (1880-84), was born at Hagers-
town, Sept. 8, 1820, sou of Henry and Anna Mary
M. (Hess) Hamilton. His father was a native of
Boonsboro, Md., and a brother of Rev. "William
Hamilton, of the Methodist Episcopal church. His
mother died when he was six years old, and his
father about two years later. He was brought up
by an uncle, who was of the old Jefferson school
of politics, and was educated chiefly at Hagerstowu
Academy and Jefferson College, Caunonsburg, Pa.
He entered the law office of Hon. John Thompson
Mason at Hagerstowu, and in 1843 was admitted to
the bar. In 1846 he was elected to the house of
delegates, but was defeated in 1847; in 1848 was
upon the Cass electoral ticket; in 1849 was elected to
congress, where he advocated and voted for the Clay
compromise bill; in 1851 was re-elected to congress,
and in 1853 received a larger majority than ever be-
fore. He supported Pres. Pierce, and was chosen
chairman of the committee upon the District of
Columbia; was instrumental in bringing water into
the city of Washington from "the great falls"; in
was again a ( andidatc for i ongress, but was de-
teated by the candidate of the Know-nothing party,
lie then formed a partnership with Richard II.
A 1 vey, afterwards judge of the court of appeals. In
IMil he was urged to become a candidate for the
governorship of Maryland, but declined. In 1868
he was elected U. S. senator, succeeding- Wm. Piuk-
ney Whyte, in which position he took a leading
part. In 1875, at the expiration of his term, he be-
rame a candidate for governor, but was defeated by
John Lee Carroll; but in IsV.t was the unanimous
choice of the convention, and was elected by a
majority of 22,000 over James A. Gary. His in-
auguration was an ovation. His administration was
a reform in many former usage's. He advocated the
abolishment of many offices, including the insurance
department and the fishery force, which he con-
sidered a signal failure. The laud office, he con-
sidered, had survived its usefulness, and he advised
abolishing it and giving its records to the court of
appeals. The expenditure in public printing, he
thought, was too large, and the legislative expenses
oiinht lo be reduced, lie advised that all taxes be
fairly imposed, and suggested, as an economy in col-
leeting them, the employment of only one collector
lor eaeh county. Hon. Francis Thomas, as an inde-
pendent candidate for congress, met Mr. Hamilton in
joint discussion, but was defeated. Gov. Hamilton's
practice frequently brought him before the court of
appeals. No man in Maryland was more favorably
known and respected for high courage and thorough
honesty. In all places of trust, and at all times, he
was the unyielding advocate of what he thought was
right, and the tight he made
ii ua i nst t he <•< irru ption of machi no
politics was magnificent. He
was known as the "farmer gov-
ernor," and during his term took
much interest in the work of
the Agricultural College. He
owned considerable leal rotate
in the neighborhood of Hugers-
town, and took great pride
in keeping up with agricultural
; 3. lie was a most sub-
stantial citizen of his native-
town and the promoter of many
of its improvements. He se-
cured for it a new charter, im-
proved streets, electric lights, new
water-works and the hotel bear-
ing his name. He was at the
tin f his death president of the
Hagerstowu Bank, the Washington County Water
Co., the board of street commissioners, the Hagers-
towu board of trade, the Rose Hill Cemetery Co.,
the Maryland Farmers' Association, and a director
in the Hagerstown Steam Engine and Machine Co.
and in the Mutual Insurance Co. Indeed, every
enterprise tending to the development of the town
and county received the support of his influence
and means. Gov. Hamilton was married, Sept. 8,
1850, to Clara, daughter of Col. Richard Jeuness,
of Portsmouth, N. H. Their children are: Wm.
T. Hamilton, Jr., Richard Jenuess Hamilton, Misses
Clara and Leonore Hamilton, Mrs. Eames and Mrs.
Josephine Maxim, wife of Hiram Percy Maxim, son
of the inventor of the Maxim gun. Gov. Hamilton
died at Hagerstown, Md. , Oct. 26, 1888, and was
buried in Rose Hill cemetery.
McLANE, Robert Milligan, forty -second
governor of Maryland (1884-85), was born in Wil-
mington, Del., June 23, 1815, the eldest son of Louis
and Catharine Mary (Millisran) McLane. His father,
after twenty years' distinguished service as repre-
sentative in congress, senator, minister to Great
Britain, secretary of the treasury and secretary of
y/4^^^^.
312
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
state, retired in 1837, and settled in Maryland as
president of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Col.
Allan McLaue. of Delaware, grandfather of Hon.
Robert McLane, was an officer of distinction in the
revolution and a friend of Washington. The mother
of Hon. Robert McLane, was the daughter of
Robert and Sally (Jones) Milligan, of Cecil, and was
a connection of the Baldwins and Larkins and the
families of Judges Samuel and Jeremiah Townley
Chase. Young Robert McLane was educated partly
at home, at St. Mary's College, partly in Paris,
studying there while his father was in England.
There he enjoyed the friendship of Lafayette. On
his return to the United States he was appointed a
cadet in the Military Academy at West Point, at
which institution he was graduated in 1837, being
then appointed second lieutenant in the 1T. S. army,
and proceeded immediately to Florida. He served
in the Seminole war, in the 1st regiment of artillery,
until he was transferred to the topographical en-
gineer corps, in which corps he served until the
autumn of 1843. As an officer of this corps, he
visited Europe, under order of the government,
to examine the dikes in Holland and the Poutiue
marshes in Italy. In the latter part of 1843 he re-
signed from the army, and was admitted to the bar
in Baltimore, Md., where he practiced law and took
an active part in the politics of
his state and nation. In 1845 he
was selected by the Democratic
party in Baltimore city as one
of their candidates to the state
legislature, and was elected. In
1S47 he was selected by the Demo-
cratic party in the same city as
a candidate for congress; was
elected, and was re-elected in
1849, thus completing two terms
of congressional service. Dur-
ing this period he practiced his
profession assiduously, and was
very successful both in his pro-
fessional and congressional life.
In the latter he was recognized
as a Democrat of the Jackson
school, and was one of the
most trusted friends of the
Democratic administration, the president, Mr. Polk,
having confided to him a mission of a very delicate
nature to Gen. Taylor, then commanding the army
on the Rio Grande frontier. The president at that
time was very generally reproached for making win-
on Mexico without the authority of congress, whereas
Mr. McLane insisted that congress, and not the presi-
dent, had made the war by annexing Texas and
establishing custom-houses and ports of entry and
delivery on the Rio Grande, the defense of which
required an army, and made necessary the battles
of Palo Alto and Resacu de la Pahua. The despatches
of Gen. Taylor were referred to by Mr. McLane, and
fully confirmed this view. On the termination of
his congressional service, Mr. McLaue was employed,
in conjunction with Robert J. Walker, to defend the
rights of certain claimants to the great quicksilver
mines in New Almadeu, Cal., then operated by the
banking firm of Ban-on & Co., in the city of Mexico.
This engagement took him to California, and caused
him for a time to abandon his political career. His
professional engagements in California were greatly
increased, and he remained there more than a year,
when he returned to Baltimore, and served as a
delegate in the national Democratic convention that
nominated Franklin Pierce for the presidencv in
1852. Mr. McLaue was appointed by this conven-
tion chairman of the national Democratic committee,
which held its sessions in the city of Washington,
and conducted the political campaign which resulted
in the election of Pierce. In the summer of 1853
Mr. McLaue was appointed U. S. commissioner
(writh the power of a minister plenipotentiary) to
China; he was accredited at the same time to Siam,
Cochiu-China and Japan, aud Com. Perry was in-
structed to detach a ship of war to meet him at
Hong Kong. He proceeded via what is known as
the overland route to Hong Kong, and there found
awaiting him the steam frigate Susquehauua. Later
in the summer the imperial commissioners were
visited at the mouth of the Pei-ho and at Amoy and
other places, also by the rebel chief Tai-Ping-Wang,
who, at the head of 100,000 rebels, was at the old
capital of Nankin. Mr. McLane, on his return to
the United States, continued his profession, which
took him once more to California and Europe as
counsel for one of the earliest pioneers in the con-
struction of the Pacific railways, under the munifi-
cent grants of congress. He took an active part
in organizing the Democratic national convention of
1856, to which he was a delegate. The candidate of this
convention was James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania,
who was elected, and he appointed McLane U. S.
minister to Mexico. He signed the treaty between the
United States and Mexico for the protection of the
lives aud property of U. S. citizens, but the troubles
at home convinced him of its uselessuess. In 1877
he was elected state senator, and in 1878 was elected
to congress, in which he took foremost rank as a
leader in debate. He was a delegate to the St. Louis
convention, by which Samuel J. Tildeu was nomi-
nated for president. Subsequently, in 1885, under
the Democratic administration of Mr. Cleveland, he
was appointed minister to France, having been elected
prior thereto a member of congress, in which body
lie again served two terms. He closed his political
career in Maryland by his election to the state senate
of Maryland, and subsequently as governor of the
slate, just one year prior to his appointment as minis-
ter to France. During the last years of his life lie
resided in Paris, returning to America every year
except 1887. Gov. McLaue was married, in 1841, to
a daughter of David Urquhart, a merchant of New
Orleans. He died in Paris, France, April 16, 1898-
and his remains were interred in Greenmount ceme-
tery, Baltimore.
LLOYD, Henry, forty-third governor of Mary-
land (1885-88), was born at " Hambrooke," near
Cambridge, Dorchester co., Md., Feb. 21, 1852. He is
a descendant of the commander of the Patuxent, and
the two Edward Lloyds, of 1709 and 1809, through
Daniel, youngest son of Gov. Edward Lloyd, of
1809. His mother was "Kitty," daughter of John
Campbell Henry, and granddaughter of Gov. John
Henry. Henry Lloyd was educated at Cambridge
Academy. He studied law while teaching school.
In 1881 he was elected state senator, and in 1884,
though the youngest member of that body, was
chosen president of the senate. In the following year,
upon the resignation of Gov. Robert McLane, who
had been nominated by Mr. Cleveland minister to
France, Henry Lloyd, by virtue of his office, became
governor, and was subsequently elected for the term
ending in 1887. Gov. Lloyd is a Mason, having
served as master four times, and in 1885 and 1886
was senior grand warden. He is a vestryman of
many years' service in Christ Protestant Episcopal
Church of Cambridge, Md. In July, 1892, he was
appointed by Gov. Frank Brown to the bench as as-
sociate judge of the first judicial circuit of Mary-
land. In 1893 he was nominated and elected by the
people to that office for the full term of fifteen years,
and is now filling the same ; he is also president of
the Dorchester National Bank. In 1886 he was mar-
ried to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of William T. and
Virginia A. Stapleforts, descendants of old and
prominent families of Dorchester county, Md.
OF AMKK1CAN BIOGRAPHY.
313
JACKSON, Elihu Emory, forty-fourth gov-
ernor of Maryland (1888-92), was born in Somerset
county, Nov. 8, 1836, son of Hugh and Sally (Mc-
Bride) Jackson, grandson of John and great-graud-
son of Elihu Emory Jackson, of Somerset. His
father was a prosperous farmer, and had at onetime
been judge of the orphans' court. Elihu was
brought up on the farm, and, being the eldest of
seven children, was his father's chief helper. He
obtained a good education, however, at a country
school, which he afterward supplemented by private
study. When he became of age he started in busi-
ness for himself, opening a country store at Delmar
in 1859. In 1863 he removed to Salisbury, where
he took into the tinn his father and his brother, Wil-
liam II. Jackson, his three other brothers also becom-
ing associated with him when they came of age.
The business of the company consists in the manu-
facture of yellow pine lumber. In 1877 they erected
a large planing mill in Baltimore, and two years
later another in Washington. They have a constant
supply of lumber from forest lands in Virginia, and
own 80,000 acres of timber lauds in Alabama. AVil-
liam II. H the chief member of the lumber tinn at
Salisbury. Elihu E. Jackson was in the legislature
for several sessions, and in the senate of Maryland.
In 1887 lie was elected governor, to succeed Hem\
Lloyd. During his administration the compulsory fea-
ture of tobacco inspection \\ a-,
abolished; an attempt was made
to lease the canal to the We-i-
ern Maryland railroad, In 1^11
the canal was completely
wrecked by Irc-lieis, and the
state could do nothing for it.
Assistance from private re-
sources having failed, the Bal-
timore and Ohio railroad fore-
closed its mortgage. A dispute
over the legal ownership of
Hogg island was instituted by
Virginia. Tobacco inspection
had decreased so much in reve-
nue as to become a tax upon
the state, and Gov. Jackson
recommended a reduction in
the number of warehouses.
In 1890 Hon. Ephraim King
Wilson was elected U. S. sen-
ator, and in that year the court decreed the sale of the
canal. Gov. Jackson was president of the Salisbury
Bank, and is now president of the Seaford National
Bank of Delaware. His brother, Wilbur F. Jack-
son, is president of the Continental National Bank
of Baltimore. Gov. Jackson was married to Nannie,
daughter of Dr. William H. Rider, of Somerset
county. They have three sons and two daughters.
BROWN, Frank, forty-fifth governor of Mary-
land (1893-96), was born at Brown's inheritance, Car-
roll Co., Md., Aug. 8,1846, son of Stephen T. Cockey
and Susan A. (Bennett) Brown. His mother was a
daughter of Wesley Bennett, of Carroll. The first
ancestor in this country, on the paternal side, Abel
Brown, emigrated from Dumfries, Scotland, about
1730, and settled near Annapolis, Md. , but removed to
Carroll county, where he bought a large tract of land,
that now forms a part of the splendid estate, " Spring-
field." The property descended to Elias Brown,
Sr., great-grandfather of Frank Brown, who greatly
improved it. He was a public-spirited man and a
zealous patriot, whose four sons all bore arms in the
revolutionary war. Stephen T. C. Brown, born on
the ancestral estate in 1820, was regarded as the
representative man of the county. He was a mem-
ber of the state legislature, one of the original sub-
scribers to the Maryland Agricultural College, an
'<r
active member of the Agricultural and Mechanical
Association, and treasurer, trustee and ruling elder
of tlie Springfield Presbyterian Church. He died
in 1876, and "Springfield,'" with its 25,000 acres, was
inherited by his son, who greatly improved it, al-
though for many years it had been considered the
model farm of Maryland. As early as 1817 Devon
cattle were imported, and most of the Devon herds
in the United States have descended from this origi-
nal stock, or from later importations to the same
farm. Much attention was given to the breeding of
horses, especially from stock imported from Nor-
mandy. Frank Brown was educated in private
schools at Carroll, Howard and Baltimore, and then
began business life at Carroll, with the firm of
B. Sinclair & Co. In 1873-78 he represented Carroll
in the state legislature. During the campaign of
IMS.") he was treasurer of tin: Democratic state cen-
tral committee, and in issii was appointed postmas-
ter of Baltimore by Pres. Cleveland. He greatly im-
pnm-d the usefulness of the post-
office by establishing -uh stations
and making other improvements.
Tin' Maryland exposition, held in
Baltimore in 1SS9, was planned and
managed by him. at a personal
outlay of many thousands of dol-
lars. In 1891 he was the Democratic
candidate for governor, was elected
by a lar^e inajuriiy, and \vas in-
augurated Jan. 13, 1802. During
liis term he appointed eight judges
of the courts of Maryland ; called
out the militia to protect the mining
interests of Frostburg during the
strike, and went with the 4th and
S.'ith regiments to Frostburg. Gov.
Brown has been president of the
Hale Agricultural Association since 1881 ; has been
a director of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad ; for
s. -\rral years was president of the Baltimore Traction
Co., and is now president of a new loan and improve-
ment company, having for its object the encour-
agement of immigration to the waste and undeveloped
sections of the state. He is also connected with sev-
eral trust companies and banks of Baltimore. He is
a popular member of several clubs and social or-
ganizations. Gov. Brown was married, in 18 , to
Mary (Ridgely) Preston, widow of Horatio Preston,
of Boston, Mass., and daughter of David Ridgely, of
Baltimore, who died in 1895.
LOWNDES, Lloyd, forty-sixth governor of
Maryland (1896-1900), was born in Cumberland,
Feb. 21, 1845, son of Lloyd and Maria Elizabeth
(Moore) Lowndes, and grandson of Com. Charles
Lowndes, of the U. S. navy. Com. Lowndes, whose
•wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Gov. Edward
Lloyd, was son of Christopher and Elizabeth (Tas-
ker) Lowndes, and grandson of Richard Lowndes,
of Bostock House, Cheshire.England. Lloyd Lowndes,
Sr., was a native of Georgetown, D. C., but, with
his younger brother, Richard, removed to Cumber-
land, where he engaged in business. In 1831 he
again removed to Clarksburg, where he established
a branch house, under the name of Lowndes & Co.,
and aided in developing that section of the state.
Mr. Lowndes interested himself in farming and lum-
bering, in addition to carrying on his regular busi-
ness, and left a large fortune to his sons. Lloyd
Lowndes, when sixteen years of age, entered Wash-
ington College, at Washington, Pa., but removed to
Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., where he was
graduated in 1865. He attended the law school of
the University of Pennsylvania, and being gradu-
ated in 1867, settled in Cumberland. In 1872 he was
elected to congress from a largely Democratic district,
314
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
his rapidly acquired popularity being amply demon-
strated by his victory of 1,700 votes over his oppo-
nent, Hon. John Ritchie, of Frederick county, who
two years before had carried the district by over 1,500
majority. Although the youngest member of that
body, he was placed on some of the most important
committees. His vote against the civil rights bill
defeated him at the next election, for he lived in a
district where there was a large negro constituency
directly affected by the bin. In 1879 he was a dele-
gate-at-large to the Republican national convention
at Chicago. In that same year he was urged to be-
come a candidate for the governorship, and in 1891
strong pressure was brought to bear upon him ; but
his personal business engagements prevented. In
1895 he was nominated, after a struggle, in the state
convention, and was elected, being the first Repub-
lican governor the state had had in thirty years. His
inauguration was the occasion of a great military
display and much enthusiasm. Gov. Lowndes made
his canvass upon reforms, notably a new election
law, and the legislature of 1896 enacted a very ex-
cellent one. He urged ail immigration law, and
under it many cf the waste fields of the state have
found settlers, who are developing them; he has
further developed the commercial interests of Mary-
land by the organization of a bureau for the study
of the mineral resources of the state. The legislative
session of 1898 enacted a new charter for Baltimore
city, which went into operation in May, 1899. Upon
the election of a successor to Hon. Arthur P. Gor-
man in the U. S. senate, Gov. Lowndes
withdrew his name from the list of can-
didates, in order that there should be no
charge that he had used his office to
promote his own advancement. Answer-
ing the call of the general government,
Gov. Lowndes called out the 4th and 5th
regiments of militia and reorganized the
1st, which were held in military prepara-
•ion at Camp AYilmer for volunteers in
.he Sp ,nish war. The government se-
lected the 1st and 5th regiments, which
were ordered to the front. At the con-
clusion of the war, at the governor's re-
quest, the 5th regiment was mustered
out. During his administration the
board of public works unanimously de-
termined to sell the state's interest in the
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and also in
the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Since
1873 hehas been president of the Second
National Bank of Cumberland. He is also president of
the Frostburg Gaslight Co., president of the Union
Mining Co., and president of the Potomac Coal Co.
He is a director in the Cumberland and Elk Lick
Coal Co., and vice-president in the Black, Sheridan
Wilson Co., in the New York Mining Co., in the
Millville Milling Co., in the Barton and George's
Creek Valley Coal Co., in the Fidelity and Deposit
Co. of Maryland, and a number of other corpora-
tions. He was formerly president of the Bar Asso-
ciation of Allegany county, and was a member of
the World's Columbian exposition commission. He
has been for many years :t member of Emmanuel
Protestant Episcopal Church of Cumberland, is one
of the vestrymen, and lias frequently been a delegate
to the diocesan conventions. Besides his large finan-
cial, coal and milling interests, he has one of the must
fertile farms in the county, where he raises choice
breeds of cattle. He is closely identified with the
agricultural interests of his section, and particularly
with the efforts which have been made for the estab-
lishment and maintenance of a system of good roads,
NEWCOMER, Benjamin Franklin, railroad
president, was born in Washington county, Md.,
April 28, 1827, son of John and Catherine New
comer. His father was for many years a prominent
citizen of the state, being sheriff and commissioner
of Washington county, state senator and delegate to
the constitutional convention in 1850. The original
American representatives of the family were Swiss
emigrants, who settled in Lancaster count}-, Pa., in
1720. Mr. Newcomer was educated in the private
schools of Washington county, Md., and began
preparation for the profession of civil engineer in
Hagerstown Academy. In 1842 he was employed
with the firm of Newcomer & Stonebraker, whole-
sale dealers in flour and grain, in Baltimore, and in
1845 he bought his father's interest. During the
next seventeen years he saw the house increase to
such immense proportions that it absorbed one-tenth
of the trade in its line in the city, and was rated
one of the most prosperous mercantile concerns of
Maryland. The firm was finally dissolved in 1862,
and the business was thenceforth conducted by New-
comer & Co. Mr. Newcomer became a director of
the Northern Central Railway Co., serving as chair-
man of its finance committee until 1875, when here-
signed, but was re-elected in 1878. He became
prominent in the management of the Atlantic Coast
Line, with which he is still connected. He was ap-
pointed a financial commissioner of the city of Balti-
more in 1867, with Hon. William T. Walters as col-
league, and served on the board during the next two
years. He vras one of the founders of the Baltimore
Institute for the Education of the Blind, and for a
number of years was a trustee of Johns Hopkins
L'uiversity. He was president of the Safe Deposit
and Trust Co., of Baltimore; a trustee of the Balti-
more Savings Bank, and a director of the Northern
and Central, and of the Philadelphia, Wilmington
and Baltimore railroads. In January, 1895, he was
chosen to succeed ex-Gov. Oden Bowie as president
of the Baltimore and Potomac, and in that capacity
repeated this brilliant record in the world of finance.
Mr. Newcomer enjoys wide popularity iu the social
world, and although in business transactions firm
and determined, possesses the happy faculty of never
offending, either by word or act. In 1848 he was
married to Amelia, daughter of John H. Ehlerj, of
Baltimore. They have had four children.
BATES, Katharine Lee, author and educator,
was born at Falmouth, Mass. Aug. 12, 1859, daugh-
ter of William and Diautha (Lee) Bates. Her father
was a Congregational minister, the son of Rev.
Joshua Bates, D.D., the erudite president of Middle-
bury College, Vermont. She was educated at the
primary and grammar schools of Falmouth, where
her eagerness to learn made her an apt pupil. In
her thirteenth j'ear she accompanied her mother to
Wellesley Hills, Mass., and entered the high school
of Wellesley, taking a diploma there in 1874. The
family subsequently making their home at Newton-
ville, Miss Bates studied in the high school of that
place as well, and from there entered Wellesley Col-
lege, when her literary work began. She was class
poet, and also received two prizes for poems, the
first a Latin boat-song and the other some English
verses. Her stories and sketches written during this
period were published in the Springfield "Repub-
lican " as well as in local publications. One of her
poems was printed during her junior year in the
' ' Atlantic Monthly. " After her graduation, in 1880,
she taught mathematics, classics and English in the
Natick high school for one year, and from 1881 until
1885 taught classics in Dana Hall Preparatory School,
in Wellesley. In the latter year she was appointed
instructor in English literature at Wellesley College,
and two years later became associate professor. In
1889 she went to Europe and spent fifteen mouths in
foreign study, after which she returned to Wellesley
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
315
College to fill the chair of professor of English
literature. Throughout this busy career Miss Bates
has necessarily made her literary work subordinate
to her other employment, but has never entirely re-
sisted her natural impulse to write. She has been a
frequent contributor of verse and prose to the "Cen-
tury," "Independent," "New England Magazine,"
"Youth's Companion," "Wide Awake" and other
magazines. In 1889 she won a prize of $30 for a
quatrain contributed to the "Magazine of Poetry,"
and in the same year was awarded a $700 prize for
:i juvenile story entitled " Rose and Thorn," which,
in the next year, was followed by a second book of
the same description, "Hermit Island." lu 1887
and 1890 respectively the Wellesley alumni pub-
lished privately, for the benefit of a college fund.
"The College Beautiful and Other Poems" and
"Sunshine and Other Verses for Children"; the
poem from which the second volume takes its title
having also been awarded a prize in a competition.
Her other independent works are: "The English
Religious Drama," a series of college lectures (1893)
and """ American Literature" (1897). Besides these
writings, Miss Bates has prepared a number of works
in connection with her educational labors. She
edited Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner" (1888); "A
Ballad Book,"' (1890); "The Merchant of Venice"
(Is'.U); "A Midsummer Night's Dream "(1895); and
"As You Like It," (1896), and compiled "A Wed-
ding Day Book" (1880). She has earned a reputa-
tion as one of the most scholarly of American woman
writers.
FRANCIS, Convers, educator and clergyman,
•was born at West Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 9, 1795,
son of Convers and Susanna (Rand) Francis. He
\vas educated at the old Medford Academy, then
under the preceptorship of John Hosmer, and was
graduated at Harvard College in 1815. His theologi-
cal studies were made at the Cambridge Divinity
School, and, after supplying various pulpits, he was,
on June 23, 1819, ordained pastor of the Unitarian
church at Watertown. This relation he maintained
until his resignation, on Aug. 21, 1842, to accept the
Parkmau professorship of pulpit eloquence and pas-
toral care at Harvard, where he remained to the end
of his life. Throughout his career Prof. Francis was
iinled as a careful student and wide reader in many
branches of knowledge. As has been well said, his
preeminent interest was truth, no matter whence de-
rived, so the source be authoritative. Although
firmly convinced of the correctness of his own con-
clusions, he was generously tolerant of the opinions
of others, and especially sensible to all expressions
and sentiments of beauty and power. His publica-
tions consisted mainly of essays and discourses, ar-
ticles in the "Christian Examiner," "Unitarian Ad-
vocate,," "American Monthly Review" and other
magazines of the day, and several biographies. The
most important are ; "Errors of Education " (1828);
"An Historical Sketch of Watertown" (1828);
"Life of Rev. John Eliot, the Apostle to the In-
dians" (1836), and "Life of Sebastian Rale, Mis-
sionary to the Indians" (1845), both in Sparks'
"American Biography" series; and "Memoir of
Rev. John Allyn, D. D.,' of Duxbury " (1836); "Mem-
oir _of Dr. Gamaliel Bradford" (1846), and "Memoir
of Judge Davis" (1849), in the " Proceedings " of the
Massachusetts Historical Society. He was an over-
seer of Harvard College for twelve years (1831-43);
delivered the Dudleian lecture at Cambridge, in
May, 1833, and was awarded the honorary degree of
D.D. in 1837. Dr. Francis was married, May 15,
1822, to Abby Bradford, daughter of Rev. John Al-
lyn, D.D., of Duxbury. A memoir of Dr. Francis,
by Rev. "William Newell, was published by the Mas-
sachusetts Historical Society. He died at Cam-
bridge, Mass., April 7, 1863.
SHALER, Nathaniel Southgate, geologist
and educator, was born near Newport, Ky., Feb. 22,
1841. His father, Nathaniel Burger Shaler, was a
graduate of Harvard College (1827), and of the Har-
vard Medical School (1829), and for many years a
prominent physician of Kentucky. Educated in the
scl Is of his native state, Nathaniel S. Shaler, in
1 S.V.I, entered the Lawrence Scientific School at
Cambridge, Mass., where, beside his regular course
of study, he received private instruction in geology
from Prof. Louis Agassiz. Being graduated B.S. in
1862, he returned to Kentucky, and there joined the
Federal army as captain of a volunteer artillery com-
pany, which earned reputation for gallantry, under
the name of Shaler's battery. In 1864 he was ap-
pointed assistant professor of paleontology in Har-
vard 1'iiiversity, and during 1865-72 was in charge
of the regular instruction in geology in the Lawn-nee
Scientific: School; meantime, in 1869, having been
made lull pro lessor of paleontology. In 1S(>6, and
again in 1872, he spent several months in Europe,
pursuing original lines of investigation in his spe-
cialty, and in 1872 was appointed by the governor of
Kentucky director of the: state geological survey,
with which he was largely occupied during the
next seven years. In 1884 he received appointment
as geologist lor the Atlantic coast division ot the
I". S. geological survey. Kesidcs the lepoit en lliia
work to the federal government,
he has made a report of his own
on a survey of Mount Desert
island ; also reports on salt
water marshes, etc., fresh water
swamps, soils and harbors, etc.
The reports of his government
sur\eyare to be found in the
" I". S. Geological Survc\s." [u
IS'.M he lice: -dean ot I lie |.;i\\
rence Scientific School. Prof.
Shaler has served on a number
of public commissions at differ-
ent limes for the commonwealth
of Massachusetts, on topographi-
cal surveys, the improvement of
high-ways, for eradicating the
gypsy moth, agriculture, etc.
He has been a voluminous con-
tributor to magazines and scien-
tific journals, and has published,
among others, the following works : " Antiquity of
Caverns and Cavern Life of the Ohio Valley" (1876);
" List of Brachiopods from the Island of Anticosti "
(1865); " Question Guide to the Environs of Boston
for Beginners in Geology " (Parti., 1875); "Geologi-
cal Survey of Kentucky" (6 vols., 1876-82); ".Mem-
oirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky " (1876);
" Recent Changes of Level on the Coast of Maine "
(1874); "Thoughts on the Nature of Intellectual
Property and Its Importance to the State" (1878);
"Illustrations of the Earth's Surface: Glaciers,"
with Prof. William M. Davis (1881); "On the Fossil
Brachiopods of the Ohio Valley" (1883); "First
Book in Geology" (1884); "Kentucky" (American
Commonwealth' series, 1885); "The "Story of Our
Continent" (1892); "Sea and Land" (1894); "Do-
mesticated Animals" (1895); "Nature and Man in
America" (1895); "Aspects of the Earth" (1896);
"The Interpretation of Nature " (1893), and "The
United States of America ; a Study of the American
Commonwealth " (1893). In his "Interpretations of
Nature " Prof. Shaler makes an able application of
the theory of the reality of spiritual causes to ex-
plain the evolutionary process. He is a member of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; a
member and curator of the Boston Society of Natural
History; and a member of the Geological Society of
America, of which he was president in 1895.
316
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
uual income of :
THOMAS, Hiram Washington, clergyman,
was born in Hampshire county, W. Va., April 29,
1832, son of Joseph and Margaret (McDonald)
Thomas. He is of German and Welsh descent on
his father's side, and of Scotch and English on his
mother's. He was brought up on his father's farm,
and at the age of sixteen he walked 100 miles to
Hardy county, Va. , and entered a village academy for
a winter's schooling, working nights and mornings
to pay his tuition. He next became a private pupil
of Rev. Dr. McKesson, one of his father's neighbors,
under whom he studied for two years, preparatory
to entering an academy at Cooperstown, Pa. Sub-
sequently he entered the seminary at Berlin, Pa.,
and at the age of eighteen began to preach, though
he had not completed his edu-
cation. In 1856 lie removed to
Washington county, la., where
his father had settled the year
previous. He now returned to
farm work for one year, but
preached every Sunday, and
continued his studies. While
living in Pennsylvania he had
joined the Pittsburgh confer-
ence of the Evangelical Asso-
ciation, but in 1856 transferred
his ecclesiastical relations to
the Methodist Episcopal church,
Iowa conference, He soon left
the farm to begin the arduous
life of an itinerant preacher,
and for several years sup-
ported his family on an au-
His principal charges in Iowa
were at Marshall, Fort Madison, where he also
served for two years as chaplain of the state peniten-
tiary, Mount Pleasant and Burlington. From 1869
until 1875 he was successively pastor of the Park
Avenue and First churches of Chicago; for the next
two years was pastor of the First Church at Aurora,
111., and then was transferred to the Centenary
Church at Chicago. During all these years he had
been growing in favor as an earnest and eloquent
preacher. His "liberality" first attracted general
notice while he was pastor of the First Church, and
his affiliations with men of "liberal " opinions outside
of the denomination was not approved. He origi-
nated the Philosophical Society, which included
atheists as well as believers, and was its second presi-
dent; defended Prof. Swing; sometimes preached in
Unitarian and Universalist churches, and organized
the Round Table, an undenominational association
of ministers. There was much dissatisfaction when
he was transferred to Aurora, it being believed that
a plan was on foot to narrow his field of influence;
but he accepted the post, declining calls to large
churches both in his own and in other denomina-
tions. There, as elsewhere, Dr. Thomas attracted
large audiences, and he frequently lectured in lyceum
courses in several states of the interior. In October,
is7s. at a conference at Mt. Carrol, 111., Dr. Thomas
preached a sermon, in which he expressed his views
boldly and criticized the narrowness of some of his
detractors, which in 1879 resulted in a trial and cx-
pulsion from the ministry and the membership of
the church. He appealed to the judicial conference
which met at Terrc Haute, Ind.. Dec. 6, 1881, but
that body refused to entertain the appeal, and his
position as an independent minister was practically
fixed on that date. Early in 1880 a number of gen-
tlemen in Chicago met and pledged themselves to be
responsible for the expenses of a service in the cen-
tral part of the city, and called Dr. Thomas to the
pulpit. He accepted the invitation to the People's
Church, as it was called;- was greeted by alargeandi-
e, and continued to preach there to increasing
congregations until 1885; then for a few months in the
Chicago Opera House, and since that time in Mc-
Vicker's Theatre. Dr. Thomas is a simple, direct
and impressive speaker, fair and truthful in all his
propositions, thus winning both the hearts and sym-
pathies of his hearers. He uses no manuscript, his won-
derful memory bringing to his use at the right time,
expressed in poetry or prose, as biting sarcasm or
most tender appeal to the feelings, the phrase or turn
of thought that will be most effective. The People's
Church was incorporated in 1880, and the form of or-
ganization was enlarged in 1889. Its influence is
exerted through several similar organizations of the
same name located in different cities. For many
years Dr. Thomas entertained the idea of forming a
non-sectarian Christian organization, and his thought
culminated in the Liberal Congress of Religion, or-
ganized, largely through his instrumentality, in De-
cember, 1894. Dr. Thomas was married at Dempsey-
town, Pa., March 19, 1855, to Emeliue, daughter of
Austin and Jerusha Merrick. Seven children were
born to them, of whom but one survives, Dr. Homer
M. Thomas, a prominent physician of Chicago.
de FOREST, Robert Weeks, lawyer, was
born in New York city, April 25, 1848, son" of Henry
G. and Julia (Brasher) Weeks. His father was a
prominent citizen of New York, a direct descendant
of Jesse de Forest, a French Huguenot, who, emi-
grating from Leyden about 1623, was one of the
earliest settlers of New York, and his mother was the
eldest daughter of Robert D. Weeks, the first presi-
dent of the New York stock exchange. Robert W.
de Forest was educated in the schools of his native
city and at Williston Seminary, Easthamptou, Mass.
He was graduated at Yale College in 1870, and re-
ceived the degree of LL.B. from Columbia College
in 1872, having been admitted to the New York
bar in the previous year. After taking a brief course
of study at the University of Bonn, Germany, he be-
came a member of the law firm of Weeks, Forster &
de Forest, with which his
father had at one time been
associated, and his uncle, John
A. Weeks, was then senior
partner. Later he formed a
partnership with his younger
brother, Henry W. de Forest,
under the style of de Forest
Brothers. He is general coun-
sel of the Central Railroad
Co. of New Jersey, with
which company he has been
associated since 1874. Al-
though he never sought or
held any political office, he has
been active in philanthropic
and educational movements.
Since 1888 he has been presi-
dent of the New York Char-
ity Organization Society. He
was one of the founders of the
Provident Loan Society, the original organization in
the United States for philanthropic pawnbrokcry,
and was its first president. He has been trustee of
the Metropolitan Museum of Art since 1889. He was
his father's successor as manager in the Presbyterian
Hospital and in the American Bible Society. In busi-
ness lines, he has been president of the Hackeusack
Water Co. since 1885, and he has been director
and trustee of the Niagara Fire Insurance Co.
and the Continental Trust Co. He is a member
of the Century, University, Grolier, Seawanhaka
Yacht, St. Andrews Golf, 'Jekyl Island and other
clubs. Mr. de Forest was married. Nov. 12, 1872,
to Emily, eldest daughter of John Taylor Johnston,
of New York city.. They have four children.
iy
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY,
317
ALDRICH, Charles, editor and legislator, was
born iu Ellington, Chautauqua co., N. Y., Oct. 2,
1828, son of Stephen and Elizabeth Aldrich. Most
of his life until he was eighteen years of age was
spent on a farm and with the usual common school-
ing. He, however, had the benefit of one year
in the .!,• 'stowu Academy. In 1840 he went into
the office of the "Western Literary Mes-enger,"
published at Buffalo, to learn (he printer's I rude.
Four xears later he established a weekly paper at
Randolph, and in 1851 started the "Olean Journal,"
which he published for nearly five years. In 1857 he
settled in Webster City, Hamilton co., la., where he
soon became prominently identified with the life and
politics of the commonwealth. Here he established
a newspaper, "The Freeman," an
advocate of advanced liberalism in
the heated ante-bellum controver-
sies in the fifties. He became an
enthusiastic Republican, and helped
to win the state for that party. The
' ' Freeman " was widely circulated,
and long had a powerful influence.
It still flourishes (1899) under the
same name. On the breaking out
of the civil war Mr. Aldrich entered
the army as adjutant of the 32d Iowa
infantry, where he remained about
two years. Iu 1865 he was for a
while editor of the Dubuque "Daily
Times." The following year he pur-
chased the Marshalltnwn " Times,"
of which he was for three years edi-
tor. Four times— in 1860, 1862,
1866, and in 1870 — he was elected
chief clerk of the Iowa house of representatives, and
each time but the last by acclamation. Twice he
was appointed on the commission to investigate the
laud titles of the settlers on government lauds, who
had been ousted from their homes by the decisions
of the Federal courts. While Mr. Aldrich was rep-
resentative of Hamilton county in the Iowa general
assembly, during 1882-83. he introduced a bill to
prevent railroads issuing passes to public offi-
cers, which measure aroused national and trans-
atlantic interest. He was active and fearless in its ad-
vocacy, his speeches being widely quoted. His great
work "is the Iowa Historical Library and Memorial
Hall. From the time when he was learning the
printer's trade he has always been an enthusiastic
and indefatigable collector of autograph letters, old
documents, books, prints, records, etc. His collec-
tion soon began to attract local attention. Realizing
the necessity^ of the careful preservation of what had
grown to be of such great value to the public, iu
1884 he offered the bulk of his collection to the state
of Iowa, as a nucleus for a state collection. The
gift was accepted, and displayed in the state library;
but the legislature did nothing to increase it or to
execute his plan for a great state collection. Mr.
Aldrich, after four years, began to push the project
himself, and in 1888 the general assembly was in-
duced to appropriate $1,000. Two years later $3,000
were secured, and finally, in 1892, "an act to pro-
mote 'historical collections in the capitol of the
state " was passed, and $7,500 appropriated an-
nually for two years. After that time, it was
fixed at $6.000 per annum, at which it remains.
Three rooms in the capitol were also set apart
for it, and Mr. Aldrich was appointed curator. Under
his management, a great deal has beeu accomplished
in collecting materials illustrative of the history and
life of the people of Iowa. In 1896 the collections
began to crowd the rooms, and now they are filled
far beyond their capacity. He has begun a col-
lection iu natural history, especially pertaining to
the fauna of Iowa. In 1897 and 1898 the general as-
sembly made appropriations for the purchase of
grounds and for the erectiou of a building, to be
known as "The Historical Library i«nd Memorial
Hall," which will be ready for occupancy in 1900,
Mr. Aldrich was married, July, 1851, to Matilda
Olivia Williams, who died in IWti. Her ancestors,
like her husband's, were New Euglauders. There
are no children.
ROWSON, Susanna, author, was born in
Portsmouth, England, in 1762. Her father, Lieut,
William HaswelT.was an officer in the British navy,
\vlio, being shipwrecked on the New England coast,
settled in Nantasket, Mass., when his only daugh-
ter was seven years of age. She was a precocious
child, and early attracted attention by her extraor-
dinary talents;" but even then her character was
marked by a waywardness and variability which are
so often the unfortunate adjuncts of genius. At
the outbreak of the revolutionary war, Lieut. Has-
well remained true to the mother-laud, and his
American property being confiscated, he finally re-
turned to England with his family in 1778. Her
father's circumstances having become greatly re-
duced, Miss Haswell obtained a position as govern-
ess, and also sought to eke out her small resources
by writing. Her first novel, "Victoria," was the
means of obtaining for her an introduction to the
Prince of Wales, from whom she begged a pen-
sion for her father. It. was published iu 1786, the
year in which she was married to William Rowson,
In 1792 both she and her husband appeared on the
stage, and iu the next year accompanied other actors
to America, where they performed in a variety of
plays, some of which were written by Mrs. Rowson,
In May,1797, she presented "Americans in England,"
a comedy written by herself, and this ended her life
as an actress. For the next twenty-five years she
taught in a ladies' academy in
Newton, Mass., and subsequently
in Boston; this last venture of
hers being her most successful
one. Throughout her career as
actress and preceptress, she wrote
constantly, producing besides nov-
els, educational and dramatic
works, a number of magazines and
newspaper articles. She was a
contributor to the " Boston Week-
ly Magazine," and at one time
editor of the "Boston Journal."
Besides the works mentioned above,
she wrote: "Mary; or, the Test of
Honor"; "A Trip to Parnassus,"
a critique on authors and per-
formers; "Fille de Clmmbre"; "The Inquisitor;
or, Invisible Rambler" (1788); "Mentoria"; "The
Trials of the Human Heart " (1795); "Slaves in Al-
giers," an opera; "The Standard of Liberty," a
poetical address to the armies of the U. S. ; " Reuben
and Rachel" (1798); miscellaneous poems and a
number of other works. Her most successful work
was a novel, entitled "Charlotte Temple" (1796),
which enjoyed an immense popularity at the time
of its appearance. Mrs. Rowsou died in Boston,
March 2, 1824.
MARSH, Othniel Charles, paleontologist, was
born at Lockport, Niagara co., N. Y., Oct 29, 1831,
son of Caleb and Mary (Peabody) Marsh, and
nephew of George Peabody, the banker and philan-
thropist. He was fitted for college at Phillips Acad-
emy, Andover, Mass., where he was graduated with
the' valedictory in 1856, and then entered Yale,
where he was graduated in 1860. He next entered
the Sheffield Scientific School, where he spent two
years, preparing himself for the higher studies in
318
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
natural history. He paid particular attention to
mineralogy, which he intended to make his life
work, and to»geology ; but while on an exploring
expedition in the coal regions of Nova Scotia he hap-
pened to find an important fossil reptile. His recon-
struction and description of the eosaurus acndianus,
as it was named, no less than the discovery, gave
him positive rank among scientists, and he deter-
mined to make paleontology his specialty. In 1862-
65 he studied at the universities of Berlin, Heidel-
berg and Breslau, devoting himself to geology,
zoology and mineralogy, and, spending his vacations
in researches in different parts of Germany and
among the Alps. In 1866 a chair of paleontology,
the first of the kind ever established, was founded at
Yale, and he was invited to fill it. In that same
year he secured from his uncle, George Peabody, a
gift of $150,000, to found the museum which bears
the latter's name, intending to build up a department
of paleontology that would be a school of original
research as well as one of instruction. During the
years immediately following his return from Europe
he made a close study of the cretaceous and tertiary
fauna of New Jersey ; but it soon became apparent
to him that the fossil remains in that state were of
much less importance than those of the West. In
1868 he made his first trip to the Rocky mountains,
where (in Utah), accompanied by a guide, he made
researches which resulted in
the discovery of the first
bone of a diuosaurian found
in America. In the summer
of 1870 he headed the first
scientific expedition ever or-
ganized for the study of the
tertiary and cretaceous faunas
of that section of the West.
This expedition was followed
by others, the expenses of those
undertaken up to 1882 be-
ing defrayed by Prof. Marsh
himself. His energy and
perseverance were unbounded,
and he crossed the Rocky
mountains no less than twenty-
seven times, extending his ex-
plorations into localities never
before visited by white men,
where investigations could
be carried on only with a strong escort of U. S.
troops, as a protection against hostile Indians.
Having discovered on one of these expeditious that
some of the tribes had been defrauded by govern-
ment agents, he, in 1875, visited Washington in per-
son to obtain redress, and, in spite of opposition
from officials, wTas successful. In later years col-
lecting parties were sent annually into the western
field, under Prof. Marsh's direction, with the result
that more than 1,000 species of extinct vertebrates
were brought to light, many of them of great scien-
tific value, representing orders wholly new, as well
as others not before known in America. Descrip-
tions of more than 300 were published by Prof.
Marsh, chiefly in papers in the " American Journal
of Science." Among them are a new sub-class of
birds with teeth (odontorniihes), including the genera
Jiesperornis and icMltyornis from the cretaceous
strata of Kansas ; and the first known American
pterodactyls, including a new order (pteranodoniia),
from the same strata ; two new orders of large mam-
mals from the eocene tertiary of the Rocky mountains:
the tillodontia, related to the carnivores, ungulates
and rodents, and the dinocerata, the latter of ele-
phantine bulk, and bearing on their skulls two or
more pairs of horn-cores ; also, from the same for-
mation, in Nebraska and Wyoming, eoltippns, oro-
Tifppus and epi?iippn*. the earliest supposed ancestors
of the horse, having three and four toes; also the first
monkeys, bats and marsupials found in North
America; from the miocene of Dakota and NVbra^Ua,
the brontotheridce, a new family of great ungulates ;
from the later cretaceous, a new group of gigantic
horned dinosaurs, the ceratopsia, and many rare mam-
malian remains ; and from the Jurassic and cretaceous
of Wyoming, the first mammals of these formations
found in America, and several new families of dino-
saurs, probably the largest land animals yet discov-
ered. One of these was sixty feet in length, while
another had a series of large vertical plates along its
back and four pairs of immense spines on the tail.
The largest of dinosaurs known (atlaniosaurus) was
one of Prof. Marsh's most important discoveries.
These remarkable collections were stored in New
Haven, only a part of them being exhibited, owing to
lack of space in the incomplete Peabody Museum. The
vertebrate fossils were examined by Prof. Huxley in
1876, and were declared to be unsurpassed. Darwin,
in 1878, when less than half the material had been
acquired, expressed a strong desire to cross the At-
lantic for the sole purpose of seeing the collection.
Early in his career that great scientist had written
Prof. Marsh : "Your work on these old birds and
the many fossils and animals of North America has
offered the best support to the theory of evolution
that has appeared in the last twenty years." On
Jan. 31, 1878, Prof. Marsh presented his collections
to the university, this gift representing the outlay of
more than $250,000 and upwards of thirty years of
labor, during which period he served without a
salary. The collections include six of special im-
portance : vertebrate fossils, already described ; fos-
sil footprints, chiefly from the Connecticut valley;
invertebrate fossils, partly collected by Prof. Marsh,
including (lie largest collection of nearly entire
trilobites yet discovered and one of the rarest series
of Silurian sponges known ; skeletons of rare exist-
ing vertebrates from every part of the world, the
gorillas being represented by thirteen specimens ;
American archaeology and ethnology, especially
Central American and Mexican antiquities ; minerals,
including an interesting series of Nova Scotian zeo-
lites. Other collections of less value include fossil
plants, casts of fossils and recent zoological material.
In 1876 Prof. Marsh began the publication of a series
of monographs, containing full illustrated descrip-
tions of his discoveries. These include "Odontor-
nitlies" (1880) ; " Diuocerata " (1884); and a volume
on the "Dinosaurs of North America" (1896),
a group of extinct reptiles. These were issued by
the U. S. Geological Survey, of which he was at
one time paleontologist (1882-92). Among the posi-
tions of honor he held were these : president of the
American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, (1878); vice-president of the National Academy
of Sciences (1878-83) ; president of the National Acade-
my of Sciences, two terms, in 1883-96 , honorary
curator of vertebrate paleontology in the National
Museum (1887); foreign member of the Geological
Society of London (1898); recipient of the Bigsby
medal from the Geological Society of London in
1877 and the Cuvier prize from the Institute of
France in 1897, both awards for the highest scientific
research. He was a member of the Geological So-
ciety of Germany, Royal Irish Academy, Royal
Bavarian Academy of S'cience and the Royal acade-
mies of Denmark and Belgium. In 1897 he went to
Russia, representing the U. S. geological survey at
the international geological congress, held in St.
Petersburg in the fall of that year, and before com-
ing home visited all the important museums of
Europe. His last trip across the ocean was in 1898,
when he read two papers before the international
congress of zoology at Cambridge, England, and
two papers at the Bristol meeting of the British As-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
319
sociation for the Advancement of Science. The last
scientific meeting he attended was that of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, held at New Haven in
November, 1S1IS, nnd at that time he read four
papers before the assembly. Besides the degrees
received from Yale, the University of Heidelberg
gave him the honorary degree of Ph.D. in 1886, and
Harvard conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. iu
the same year. Prof. Marsh died, unmarried, at
New Haven, March 18, 1899.
BAXTER, Charles, soldier, was born in New
York city in 1813. His father was a soldier
before him, and five uncles and great-uncles of bis
had served in the revolution. In 1845, when war
was in prospect with England over the Oregon
boundary, and this country was stirred to its center
with the alliterative cry, " Fifty- four forty or fight,"
he helped to organize a brigade for service, and was
made colonel of one of the regiments. He was elected
to the assembly of New York soon afterwards, and
when war began with Mexico resigned his seat at
Albany iu order to participate in that conflict. His
own regiment not being called into service, he ac-
cepted the rank of lieutenant-colonel in another, the
1st regiment, New York volunteers, and partici-
pated in several notable battles with the Mexicans.
At the taking of Vera Cruz, he led a detachment
•which routed a party of Mexicans; took part in the
battles of Cerro Gordo and Contreras, and at Churu-
busco, when his colonel, Burnett, fell soon after the
engagement began, he had command of the regi-
ment. At Chapultepec Baxter again led the regi-
ment. During an assault on the castle, Sept. 18,
1847, he received two wounds from muskets, from
which he died. His regimental flag was the first
that floated over the captured Mexican fortress. As
he lay dying, Baxter sent a message to his father in
these words: " Say to him that the New York regi-
ment was there, and that I fell where I should have
fallen — at the head of it." Col. Baxter's remains,
with those of several other New York city men who
fell in Mexico, were afterwards brought to New
York, and public funeral ceremonies were held over
them from the steps of the city hall. An audience
estimated at 20,000 assembled' in the park; all the
clergymen iu the city were present, and John Van
Buren, son of the president of the United States and
a noted orator of that day, delivered an oration.
The bodies were then taken to Greenwood, where
the city had purchased a plot, and were buried.
Steps were taken to erect an appropriate monument
over them, but nothing beyond a foundation-stone
has ever been set up. The "Mexican plot" in
Greenwood is a place familiar to all frequenters of
the cemetery, and has become remembered especially
for the neglect into which it has fallen. Another
unmerited misfortune has overtaken the memory of
Col. Baxter. The city of New York, desiring to do
him further honor, changed the name of one of its
streets, then called Orange, running from Grand to
Chatham square, a residential neighborhood in those
days peopled by the upper middle class. The name
•was changed to Baxter street, but the thoroughfare
long since has become a home of squalor, ignoble
poverty and crime. An honorable name has thus
become associated with dishonor.
MOISE, Edwin Warren, jurist, was born in
Charleston, S. C., Feb. 2, 1811, son of Hyam and
Cecilia (Wolfe) Moise. His father was of French
descent, and a native of Santo Domingo; his mother
a native of Charleston, and famed for her beauty.
The early life of Edwin Moise was spent in Charles-
ton and vicinity and at Columbia. To please bis
mother, he studied medicine and began practice;
but his preference was for the law, and on removing
to New Orleans, he took up that profession. He
\vas elected to the Louisiana state legislature,
and was chosen speaker of the house. He was
appointed district attorney of the United States,
but resigned during Pres. Buchanan's adminis-
tration, and soon after was appointed attorney-
general of Louisiana. On the outbreak of the civil
war, he was appointed judge of the supreme court
of the state by Pres. Davis, and remained in office
until the conflict ended. During that period his
home in the city was closed, and his family ex-
perienced many vicissitudes, their exile continuing
until the spring of 1866. Judge Moise was twice
married: first, to Pnscilla Lopez, of Charleston, who
bore him two daughters — Cecilia (now Mrs. Wood-
wire) and Sallie; second, to Louise de St. Hubert, of
an old Creole family. By the second marriage he
has five children— Henry/Theodore Sidney, Warren
Hubert, Corinne and Alline. Judge Moise died, in
New Orleans, La., June 29, 1868.
DAVENPORT, Edgar Loomis, actor, was
born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 15, 1816. He received
an excellent education, and made his debut as an
actor at Providence, R. I., in 1836, as AVellborn in
"A New Way to Pay Old Debts," the elder Booth
enacting Sir Giles Overreach. This latter character
became at a subsequent period one of Mr. Daven-
port's most masterly impersonations. For ten years
following his entrance upon the stage Mr. Daven-
port was" a valued member of; the stock companies
playing at the different Boston
theatres. He early won rec-
ognition as an actor of extraor-
dinary talent, and made rapid
advancement. In 1847 he
accompanied Mrs. Anna Cora
Mowatt to England, and was
the principal support of that ac-
complished actress during her
engagements abroad. While in
England Mr. Davenport sup-
ported William Charles Ma-
cready for two seasons, gain-
ing much by the careful study
of the English tragedian's
methods ; and he also won
great popularity as William
in "Black Eyed Susan," in
which character he filled an
extended engagement at the
Haymarket Theatre in Lon-
don. Following his return to America, Mr. Daven-
port was for many years a successful star, being
seen in all the Shakespearean roles and in a
round of other characters remarkable for their range
and diversity. In 1859 he was the manager of the
Howard Athenaeum in Boston, and ten years later
he managed the Chestnut Street Theatre in Phila-
delphia. "Toward the close of his professional career
Mr. Davenport appeared principally as Brutus and
David Bruce, filling extended engagements in these
characters at Booth's Theatre in New York city, and
in the other leading cities of the country. His place
in the annals of the American stage is a conspicuous
and honorable one. Polished, refined and scholarly,
and always a hard and conscientious worker, no
actor of his day possessed greater versatility. He
showed excellence in all that he essayed, and in
some characters he was superb. He was the great-
est Brutus of his time, and as Sir Giles Overreach he
was long without serious rivals. His private life
was blameless. While in England, in 1850, he was
married to Fanny Vining, a member of a family
long prominent on the English stage, and the cousin
of "Mrs. John Hoey and Lester Wallack. Mrs.
Davenport appeared with her husband until his death,
and afterwards was frequently seen upon the stage.
Nearly all of the ten children who were born to
them have achieved prominence in the theatrical
320
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
world. The career of their first child, Fanny,
receives attention elsewhere. The second child,
Blanche, is au opera singer of note. Miss Lillie
Davenport died some years ago. . Miss May Daven-
port gave evidence of decided talent as an actress in
her childhood, but left the stage when she became
the wife of William Seymour, stage manager of the
Boston Museum. The eldest sou, Edgar, is a mem-
ber of the stock company playing at the Boston Mu-
seum and a young actor of promise. The youngest
sou, Henry, is a successful impersonator of juvenile
characters. Mr. Davenport died at Canton, Pa., where,
when not professionally engaged, he had resided for
several years, Sept. 1, 1877.
ANDERSON, Rasmus Bjorn, author and
diplomat, was born in the township of Albion, Dane
co., Wis., Jan. 12, 1840, sou of Bjorn and Abel
Cathrine (von Krogh) Anderson. His father, a
Quaker, came from Norway in 1836, at the head of
a large company of Norwegian emigrants, and with
his wife and family settled in Albion, where they
arrived in 1840, after having spent some time in
Rochester, N. Y., and iu La Salle county, 111. His
mother, a Norwegian lady of high birth, came of a
line long famous in the military annals of the kingdom.
Rasmus attended the com-
mon schools, and some
years after the death of
his father, in 1850, he re-
ceived private instruction
from a Norwegian Lu-
theran clergyman. After-
wards he spent several
years at a Norwegian col-
lege in Decorah, la. In
1866 he became teacher of
Greek and modern lan-
^^ guagesin Albion Academy,
pip near his home, and in 1869
P was appointed instructor
in languages in the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, where,
in 1875, he was elected
to the chair of Scandina-
vian languages and litera-
ture, especially created
for him. He visited Nor-
way in 1872, in company
with the famous Norwe-
gian violinist, Ole Bull, to extend his acqaintance with
the literature and scholars of Scandinavia. He began
early to write for the press, and has always been a
frequent contributor to American and Norwegian
periodicals, and to various cyclopedias. His in-
terest in the American common school system
has been great, and he has made himself widely
known by conducting an active controversy iu
defense of it with the Lutheran clergy in the
Northwest. In 1883 Prof. Anderson resigned his
chair in the university, to enter the insurance busi-
ness, iu which he has been highly successful; and in
1885 he was appointed minister resident and consul
general to Denmark, where he remained until the
fall of 1889. His career as a diplomat was eminently
successful — so much so that a petition, signed by all
the prominent literary men of Scandinavia was
sent, to Pres. Harrison asking his retention. Prof.
Anderson has achieved considerable reputation as
a lecturer, having frequently been invited to speak
before learned societies in this country and abroad.
In 1878 he delivered a course of four lectures on
Norse literature at the Peabody Institute, Baltimore.
His first published work was "Julegave " (1872), a
selection of Norse stories. He has also written
"•Den norske Maalsag" (1874); "America not Dis-
covered by Columbus" (1874); " Norse Mythology"
(lS7.~i), the first, systematic presentation of the subject
in English; "Viking Tales of the North " (1877), and
the "'Younger Edda " (1880). In 1884 he published
a translation of Dr. F. W. Horn's "History of tin-
Literature of the Scandinavian North, from the
earliest period to the present time." His introduc-
tion to the American edition of Kristofer Jansen's
"Spell-bound Fiddler" (1879) contains au interest-
ing sketch of Ole Bull. He has superintended the
publication of the authorized edition of Bjdrnstjerue
Bjoruson's novels (7 vols., 1881-82). lii 1886 he
published a translation of Dr. George Brandes'
" Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Century:
Literary Portraits." In 1887 he wrote the chapter
on "Ancient Scaudiuaviau Religion" in au English
symposium entitled, "Non-Biblical Systems of Re-
ligion." In 1889 he published a translation of the
Swedish scholar, Viktor Rydberg's, "Teutonic My-
thology," and in the same year he edited a new
edition of Samuel Laing's "Sea Kings of Norway,"
under the title of " Heimskriugla ; or, the Sagas of
the Norse Kiugs. " During the last few years
Mr. Auderson has written for the new edition of
"Chambers' Cyclopedia," for the revised edition of
"Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia" and was one of
the editors of the " Standard Dictionary." Iu 1895
he published a large octavo volume entitled, " The
First Chapter of Norwegian Immigration, with its
Causes and Results," a work of nearly 700 pages;
also an illustrated work, "Norge i Billeder." Since
October, 1898, Prof. Anderson has been the pub-
lisher and editor, at Madison. Wis., of "Amerika," a
widely circulated paper iu the Norwegian language.
TENCH, Thomas, president of the proprietary
council and acting-governor of Maryland (1701-03),
was fifth in line of royal governors, and succeeded
Nathaniel Blackistone. He was from Anne Arundel
county, and was connected with Miss Tench, who was
married to the Very Rev. John Francis, dean of Lis-
more and rector of St. Mary's Church, Dublin, in
1722. Their son, Tench Francis, was attorney-
general for Lord Baltimore iu Kent county (1724).
His daughter, Anna, married James Tilghmau, and
their son was Tench Tilghman. Hon. Thomas
Tench, in 1696, was one of the committee of in-
corporation for the town of Anuapolis, and located
the first governor's house, for Gov. Nicholson,
granting him a lot for planting a vineyard and sum-
mer-house. The house was a frame one, curiously
modeled in architectural design, and stood iu a circle
which exteuded to the state house. In 1689 Thomas
Tench was one of "the quorum." Iu 1G92 Lionel
Copley asked the council to raise further supplies
for the support of the government, and hoped Mary-
land would not be behind the other colonies in keep-
ing up a respectable fund iu support of the governor
and council. Thomas Tench was upon a committee
to deliver the messages from the upper to the lower
house. Acts passed by the council iu 1692 were to
provide for a record of births, marriages and burials;
to prevent importation of convicted felons; to pro-
hibit trade with the Indiaus without license; to
establish grand juries and proviucia\ courts; for the
punishment of criminals; for the publication of law.-.;
for the election of sheriffs, the limitation of officers'
fees and the collation of a code of laws for the pro-
vince. From Hi84 until 1689 Thomas Tench served
as one of the justices of Anne Arundel county,
Early in the year 1701 Gov. Blackistone solicited
Queen Anne to allow him to return to England on
account of impaired health ; the permission was
granted in June, aud Thomas Tench, president of
the council, acted as governor until Feb. 12, 1703,
old style, when John Seymour came over as the suc-
cessor. At that time the chief excitement was the
dread of Popery, and an act was passed establishing
the Church of England, thus disfranchising Roman
OF AMERICAN UK Mil: A PHY.
321
Catholics. An ecclesiastical legislature was called
at Annapolis (o outsider the law and interjirei ii.
This was the first of the kind iu America, and, not-
withstanding strong opposition by Quakers and
Roman Catholics, the council confirmed the law.
This act made the minister's salary payable in
tobacco, fixing a tax of forty pounds per poll, out of
which 1,1)01) pounds was to sustain a parish clerk.
In April. 1707, Thomas Tench entered the house nf
delegates will] a bill of attainder against Hichard
Clarke, who. with others, had been indicted for de-
stroying public property at Annapolis. He also
bore a message from the governor's council demand-
ing Clarke's trial.
WILSON, John, printer, was born in (tlasirow,
Scotland, April Hi, 1802. His parents were laboring
people, unable to give him even a common school
education, and at the age of twelve he was appren-
ticed to a printer, in which position he gave faithful
service for seven years. At the age of nineteen lie
became foreman of the printing-office. Three years
later he was invited to Belfast, Ireland, where he re-
mained twelve years, working and progressing in
his trade. After this for ten years lie tilled a re-
sponsible position in the ollice of the Manchester
"Guardian," a leading Kniflish paper. During all
these years he not only took great pride in doing the
best possible work in printing, but lie studied to til
himself for editorial work. In 1840 lie sailed wilh
his family for Boston, and, with limited means, the
following year opened a small printing -ollice of his
own. His faithfulness and knowledge of printing
soon attracted not only public notice but friends,
anil in time he became the foremost printer iu a
community distinguished for its literary lastc and
learning. The house for the first year was known by
his name; but afterward his son, John, became a part-
ner, and ever since the firm name has been .John
Wilson & Sou, although the father died in IstiS. In
1865 the firm removed to Cambridge, Mass., \\hen-
they greatly enlarged their facilities for work. Tim
establishment hail then about 150 employees, ele\cu
Adams presses and one Cottrell & Babeock stop-cylin-
der press; they now have upwards of 300 employees,
and more than fifty power presses. A large propor-
tion of their work has been upon law books. They
printed the "United Stales Digest" and "United
States Laws"; also, l.ancrol'fs " History of the United
States," published by Little, Brown & Co., of
Boston. They do a great deal of flue work for
Harvard College, and for publishing houses in
Boston and New York. The elder John Wilson was
not only a noted printer, but an author. Being a
<levout Unitarian, he devoted much of his limiled
spare time to the study of theology. Three valuable
denominational works are: "Scripture Proofs of
Unitarianism," "The Concessions of Trinitarians"
and "Unitarian Principles Confirmed by Trinitarian
Testimony." lie is widely known, however, bv an-
other work: "Treatise ou English Punctuation"
(1850; abridged ed. "Elements of Punctuation"
1856), a standard authority among printers and pub-
lishers. In 1800 Harvard College conferred upon him
the degree of M.A., an unprecedented honor for a
printer, excepting the case of Franklin. He died
at Cambridge. Mass., Aug. 3, 1808.
DUCEY, Thomas James, clergyman, was born
at Lismore, county Waterford, Ireland, Feb. 4, 1843,
son of James Ducey a landed proprietor, and Mar-
garet Walsh. When he was five years of age his
parents came to the United States, settling in New
York city; not many years later his parents died,
when the boy was adopted by James T. Brady, the
eminent lawyer. After studying at St. Francis
Xavier College, New York city, heenteredalaw office,
but soon left it, being more attracted toward the
priesthood. Although stronglv opposed by his foster
Vox,. IX.— 21.
father and other friends, who thought him betterfit-
ted for the legal profession, he refused to abandon
his purpose, and proceeded lo Troy, N. Y., to enter
St. Joseph's Theological Seminary. On Dec. 19,
INI is, he Has ordained priest by Archbishop Williams,
and was appointed to the parish of the nativity in
Second avenue. There he remained for three years,
and during that period found time to pay frequent
visits to the Tombs to give spiritual consolation toils
inmates. He was assistant to Dr. Burtsell, at the
Church of the Epiphany, in Second avenue, from
September, ls7i, until May. 1873, and then until the
end of 1*7!), labored in association with Father, now
Bishop, SpaldiiiLi, at St. Michael's in Ninth avenue.
In 1SSO Cardinal McCloskey appointed him to a new
parish; and there, chielly with money contributed by
him, the Church of Si. Leo was creeled, on Twentv-
ci^-lilli street, near Fifth avenue. The corner-stone
of the edifice was laid Aug. 15. I860; the first mass
Has said iu the chapel on Christmas day of that
year, and on May 1, 1881, ihe church was dedicated
b\ Cardinal McCloskey. On this church, and the
charities connected with it, Father Ducey has ex-
pended the bulk of the fortune he inherited. He
has been conspicuous for his participation in pub-
lic all'-iir.s. He aided in opposing the Tweed ring,
and was one of the founders ol the People's Mu-
nicipal League, and of Ihe Social Reform Club.
which was organized at his house. In the investiga-
tion, by the Lexow committee, of Ihe corruption of
the police departmenl, Father Ducey look a deep in-
terest, attending the meetings
of Ihe committee despite tin-
protest of Archbishop Corri-
gan and defending his course
in a series of letters, remark-
able for I heir independent lone,
as well as for their powerful
arguments. He is as brilliant a
Ihcologian as writer, hence
reporters Hock to his house
for his opinions, when clerical
subjects are publicly discussed.
1 'at her Ducey is highly es-
Iccmed as a pulpit orator, and
is greatly admired. In his
preaching he dwells with mas
terly learning upon the urgent
public and social questions of
the day. In 1898 he initi-
aled bi-weekly afternoon ser-
vices for the unemployed to en-
courage and engender Christian hope, as well as to
relieve their material wants. On these occasions
Father Ducey preaches to very large gatherings of
unfortunates. This is an innovation in ( 'atholic prac-
tice, and one very much admired and commended.
Archbishop Ireland, highly appreciating the under-
taking, says : " It is a truly apostolic work." Father
Ducey has, on many occasions, acted the good Sa-
maritan to European literaryand artistic geniuses, who
come here expecting to reap fabulous rewards, only
to find disappointment and despair, man}' of whom,
in all human probability, would occupy suicides'
graves but for the timely assistance of the good "Sog-
garth Aroon." In February, 1899, was completed
St. Leo's Repose for the Dead ; a building attached
to St. Leo's Church, where the bodies of strangers
who die in New York, of any creed or no creed, can
be kept until their friends are communicated with,
even though they should be iu the most distant parts
of Europe. The necessity tor such a building is ob-
vious; it is not surprising Father Ducey should be a
leader in the good work — the first of its kind in the
country. While many of his parishioners belong to
the aristocratic circles of New York society, the
larger number of those to whom he ministers are
322
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
poor and destitute; the class to whom he is particu-
larly devoted. " This most independent of men and
of priests," as he has been styled, has by his life
and works demonstrated the wisdom of the step he
took in giving up a profession in which he might
easily have gained wealth and worldly honors, to fol-
low the narrow path of ministering to the Crucified,
through the poor and afflicted.
HAMMOND, William Gardiner, lawyer and
educator, was born in Newport, R. I., May 3, 1829.
He was of English descent: on his father's side, from
a family that came to England about the time of the
Norman conquest, and to America about 1710; his
mother was a direct descendant of Henry Bull, of Eng-
land, who, with seventeen others, founded Ports-
mouth, R. I. His father was a lawyer and a man
of scholar!}' attainments, being especially devoted to
the study of languages. He personally supervised
the education of his sou, who early showed great
aptitude for intellectual pursuits, and
inherited his father's love for lan-
guages. In his later years he read
Latin, Greek, German and French
as easily as English, and less read-
ily Spanish, Italian, Anglo-Saxon
and Hebrew. AY hen seventeen years
old. he entered the sophomore class
at Amherst College, and was gradu-
ated in 1849 as salutatorian. He
then studied law in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
and was admitted to the bar in New
York city in 1851, After practis-
ing for several years, he spent three
years in Europe, where he studied
law at Heidelburg for a year. He
returned to America, and in 1860 re-
moved to Iowa, partly on account of
his health. There, in 1866, he was mar-
ried to Juliet, daughter of Dr. AVm.
Lewis Roberts, a Presbyterian clergyman. He prac-
tised law, taught and wrote until 1878, when the board
of regents of the Iowa State University established a
law department in the university, and incorporated
with it the Iowa Law School. Mr. Hammond was
made chancellor of the university law department
and university professor of law. "Chancellor Ham-
mond fashioned a school and founded a cult which
attracted students from the widest range and com-
pelled attention from abroad." " He was a profound
thinker, a most ready and entertaining writer, and
as a talker either before the court, law class or as a
lecturer upon the law. and especially its history and
science, the most interesting." He ranked among
the finest teachers of law in the country. "As a
teacher he was singularly attractive; his profound
and varied learning gained the honor and respect of
his students, and his kindly, sympathetic nature
their love and gratitude." In 1881 he resigned his
Eositiou to become dean of the St. Louis Law School,
n 1887 he was asked to take charge of the law de-
partment of the University of California. He was
also asked to return to the Iowa school. He, how-
ever, remained in St. Louis until his death. AVhile
there, he w;:s also one of the lecturers of the Iowa
Law School, the Boston University Law School and
the law school at Ann Arbor, his subject, being the
"Growth and Development of the Common Law,"
on which subject he was preeminently the authority
in the United States. The most cherished plan (if
his later years was to put these lectures into book
form, but he did not live long enough to complete
this work. He left, however, numerous notes,
which it is hoped will be eventually edited and pub-
lished. Another line of work in which he was very
deeply interested was in having the standard of
legal education made much higher. He was for
many years a prominent member of the American
Bar Association, being chairman of the committee
on legal education and admission to the bar, which
office he held from 1887. The degree of A.M. was
given to Mr. Hammoiid in 1852. In 1870 the de-
gree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Iowa
University, and in 1877 by Amhcrst College. His
works include: "A Digest'of Iowa Reports" (1866);
an edition (1875) of "Sandals' Institutes of Justinian,"
with an elaborate introduction on the nature of law
in general and of the civil law, which was after-
wards published separately, under the title of " Sys-
tem of Legal Classification of Hale and Blackstone
in its Relation to the Civil Law"; an edition of
"Lieber's Hermeneutics " (1890), and an edition of
" Blackstone's Commentaries" (1890), containing
elaborate notes. He also contributed liberally to
numerous literary and scientific periodicals and to
newspapers. In 1867 he was the originator of
' ' The Western Jurist. " and was its chief editor until
1870. From 1870-72 he was a member of a com-
mission to revise and codify the statutes of the state
of Iowa. Dr. Hammond died in St. Louis, Mo.
April 12, 1894.
COX, Walter Smith, jurist, was born in George-
town, I). C., Oct. 25, 1826, sou of Clement a~ud
Mary (Riuggold) Cox. He was graduated at George-
town College in 1843, and then studied law with
his father. He next attended the Harvard Law
School, was graduated there in January, 1847,
and was admitted to the bar in Washington on
his twenty-first birthday. In January, 1X48, he suc-
ceeded to his father's practice, and was lucratively
and actively employed in his vocation, adding luster
to his professional name, until March, 1879, when
he was appointed to the bench of the supreme court
of the District of Columbia by Pres. Hayes. In the
meantime he had served as recorder of Georgetown,
and had been president of the board of aldermen of
his native city; later he was for several years auditor
of the supreme court of the District of Columbia.
The most conspicuous event in his career was the
trial of Guiteau, the assassin of Pres. Garfield, in
issi, which lasted three months. Since 1874 he
has been professor of law in Columbian Uni-
versity, and up to the time he went on the bench
was president of the Arlington Fire Insurance Co.
and a director in the Potomac Insurance Co. of
Georgetown. Institutions of learning have not been
inwardly in bestowing upon him scholastic honors,
the degrees of B.A. and A.M. having been received
by him from the Georgetown University, of B.L.
from Harvard, and that of LL.D. from Columbian
University. Judge Cox descend- from a highly re-
spectable family of English origin, whose residence
in America antedates the revc'utionary war; John
Cox, great-great-grandfather of the judge, having
reached the country some years before the beginning
of the struggle for liberty alluded to. He was ac-
companied by bis brother, Lawrence, an officer in
the lirilish army: but that gentleman returned to
England when a disruption between the colonies and
the" mother country became inevitable, while John
remained. One of his grandchildren, named after
him, was reared in Baltimore, .Aid., but before ls(l()
removed to Georgetown, D. C., where for many years
he carried on an extensive mercantile business, and
became one of the most honored and popular citi-
zens of the city. For twenty- four years he served as
mavor, having been elected to no less than twelve
consecutive terms. He was patriotic, and in 1814 took
up arms in defense of the capital, and \\ as a colonel
of volunteer troops. Col. Cox was first married to
Matilda Smith, and of this union was born Clement
Cox, the father of Judge ( 'ox. Judge Cox was mar-
ried, in October, 1866, to Margaret, daughter of the
late James Diiulop, formerly chief-justice of the cir-
OF AMERICAN HIOciKAPIIY.
323
cuit court of the District of Columbia. Mrs Cn\
died in February, 1887, leaving two children; Mar\
anil Waller.
DEARBORN, Henry Alexander Scamwell,
lawyer, congressman anil author, was born at Exeter,
Rockingham co., N. II., March 3, 1783. Hi' was a
son of (!en. Henry Dearborn, distinguished for his
services in the revolutionary army, and subsequently
secretary of war. and was descended from Godfrey
Dearborn, nf Devon, England, one of the original
settlers nf Exeter, in Hi:;9. lie was one of the sixth
generation of Dearborns in I his country. His mother
was Dorcas Osu'nod Marble, daughter of Col. .lolin
Osgood, of Andover, Mass., and widow of Isaac
Marble; she was his father's second wife. One of
his namesakes wax (ieu. Alexander Scamwell, in
whose regiment his father had served as a major. In
1784 his parents removed to that part of I'itlstoii
now Gardiner, Me , where lie remained until he left
home for school. (Jen. I lenry Dearborn removed to
Washington in 1801. and the son entered William
and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., where lie
was graduated in 1803. He then began thestud\ of
law under William Win, who was practicing in
Virginia at that time, and continued it under . I ud Lie
Story, at Salem, Mass. He practiced at Salem for a
short time, and then, in 180(5, removed to Ports
mouth. N. II., where lie varied his profess! il life
by superintending the defences of the place. In
l*r_' he succeeded his father as collector of tin- port
of Boston, and as brigadier-general of militia com-
manded the defence's of the harbor. In 1810 he was
captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery ( to.
He held his collect orship until 1829, when he was
removed by Pros. Jackson, and then was elected to
the state house of representatives. He was a mem-
ber of the governor's council in 1830, and of (In-
state senate in 1831. In 1820 he was a member of
the state constitutional convention, lie was sent, ,
congress from the Norfolk district in 1831, ami
served from Dec. 5 until March 2, 1833. lie was
adjutant-general of Massachusetts in 1835—13, when
he was dismissed from office for having lent the state
arms, during the governor's absence, to the govern-
ment of Rhode Island, the Dorr rebellion being in
progress in that commonwealth. From 1847 until
his death Gen. Dearborn was mayor of Roxbury.
His interest in public improvements was a practical
one. He was superintendent of the state survey for
a canal from Boston to the Hudson river, and when
this was rendered unnecessary by the construction
of the Great Western railroad of Massachusetts, he
gave encouragement to that, and advocated the
tunnelling of Iloosac mountain. He was one of the
originators of the plan for building Bunker Hill
monument and for laying out Mount Auburn and
Forest Hills cemeteries, and aided in raising funds
with which to erect a monument to John Eliot; writ-
ing a life of the devoted missionary. Gen. Dearborn
was passionately fond of horticulture, published a
volume of papers dealing with that subject, and also
was deeply interested in agriculture. lie was a
voluminous writer, but most of his works remain in
manuscript, including a "Life of Jesus Christ" (2
vols.); "Life of Com. Bainbridge"; a voluminous
collection of papers, containing the life and corre-
spondence of his father; "Lifepf W. R. Lee.U. S. A.";
a treatise on "Grecian Architecture"; and a diary
in forty-five volumes. His published works include:
"Commerce of the Black Sea," with charts (3 vols.,
1819); " History of Navigation and Naval Architect-
ure" (2 vols.); "Centennial Address on the Settle-
ment of Roxbury"; "Defense of Gen. Dearborn
Against the Attacks of Gen. Hull"; "Internal Im-
provements and Commerce of the West"; " Address
Before the Berkshire Agricultural Society." and
Memories of Mount Auburn." He was an active
member of the American Academy, and in 1831 re-
ceived an honorary degree from Harvard. Gen.
Dearborn was married. May 3, 1S07, to Hannah
Swd, daughter of Col William R. Lee. of Marble-
head. Mass. She bore him t \\ o sons. Henry George
Raleigh and William, and a daughter. Julia Mar-
garet la (Mrs. Clapp). (Jen. Dearborn died at Port-
land. Me., July 29, is.'il, and was buried in Forest
Hills cemetery, Roxbury, Mass.
BANGS, John Kendrick, author, was born at
Yonkers. N. Y., May 27, 1*112. son of Francis N. and
Amelia Frances (Bull) Bangs. His father wa- a
la\\ yer, practicing in New York city, and president
of the Bar Association; his grandfather, Nathan
Banns, was president of Wesleyan I'liiveisity, Mid-
dletown, Conn., in 18)1-12. and was a prolific writer
on religious and historical subjects. The original
ancestor of the family was Edward Bangs, who
emigrated to Massachusetts, in the ship Anne, in
1(122. John Kendrick Bangs received his classical
education at. Columbia College, and while there
acquired a little experience in literary work as an
editor of the undergraduate publication, "Ada
Columbiana." lie was graduated, in 1S83, with the
degree of Ph.B., then spent a year in Columbia
Law School, and in 18S4 became a-si.ciate editor
of "Life." Ill isss lie joined I he stall' of "Harper's
Monthly " as editor of the "Drawer"; in July, 1898,
succeeded Laurence llutloiiasa writer of " Literary
Notes" in "Harper's Magazine." In January. 1899,
he became editor of " Literature." published by
Harper & Bros., New York. Mr. Bangs attri-
butes his success in life to adaptability to circum-
stances and a cheerful disposition. In addition to
hcinir a literary man, he is a reader and lecturer; is
also director of a gas company and president of the
Halsted School at Yonkers. He was Democratic
candidate for mayor of Yonkers in 18'J4; vice-presi-
dent of the board of education of
that city in 1896-97, and president
of the Amackassiu Club. He is
a vestryman of St. Paul's (P. E.)
Church, and a trustee of the Yonkers
Public Library, and is a member
of the Lotos and University clubs
ami the Century Association of New-
York city and the St. Botolph
Club, Boston; also of the Ardsley
and St. Andrew's golf clubs; and
of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. His
principal works are: "Roger Cam-
en len" (anonymous) (1887); "The
Lorgnette," with S. W. Van Schaick
(1887); "Katharine; A Travesty"
(1887); "New Waggings of Old
Tales," with Frank Dempster Sher-
man (1888); " Mephistopheles " (1888); " Tid-
dledywink Tales" (1891); "In Camp With a Tin
Soldier" (1892); "Coffee and Repartee" (1893);
"The Tiddledywink Poetry Book" (1893); "Half
Hours with jimmie Boy" (1893); " Toppleton's
Client " (1893); "The Water Ghost " (1894); ' ' Three
Weeks in Politics" (1894); "Mr. Bonaparte of Cor-
sica" (1895); "The Paradise Club" (1895); "The
Idiot" (1895); "A House-Boat on the Styx" (1895);
"A Rebellious Heroine" (1896); "The Bicyclers"
(1896); "The Pursuit of the House-Boat" (1897);
"The Mantel Piece Minstrels " (1897); " A Prophecy
and a Plea" (1897); "Paste Jewels" (1897); "Ghosts
I Have Met" (1898); "Peeps at People" (1898);
"The Enchanted Type-Writer" (1899); "The Idiot
at Home" (1899); " The Dreamers: A Club' (1899).
Mr. Bangs was married, in New York city, March
3, 1886, to Agues Lawson. daughter of Jabez B.
and Sarah Elizabeth (Bull) Hyde. They have three
children living.
324
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
KLKINS, William Lukens, financier, was
bom near Wheeling, W. Va., May 2, 1832, son of
George and Susanna (Howell) Elkins. His father,
born in Philadelphia in 1786, and baptized at Christ
Church by Bishop White, served in the war of 1812,
and was for many years engaged extensively in paper
manufacture in Pennsylvania, Maryland and West
Virginia. His paternal ancestor, Ralph Elkius, was
a planter in York county, Va., as early as 1661; his
maternal ancestor, Thomas Howell, a passenger with
William Peun on the Welcome in 1682, settled in
West New Jersey, and in 1683 and 1685 served in the
provincial assembly. Among other early American
ancestors of Mr. Elkius were: Col. John Reading,
father of John Reading, the first native governor of
the colony, and one of the council of proprietors of
West New Jersey, member of the assembly in 1697
and 1702; justice of the supreme court; member of
the governor's council, and lieutenant-colonel of a
battalion of colonial troops; Rev. Thomas Pungan, a
native of Ireland, who in 1683 removed from Rhode
Island, where lie had served in the assembly, and
founded the first Baptist church in Pennsylvania,;
Rev. John Watts, pastor of the Penuypack Baptist.
Church, near Philadelphia (1688-1702), and William
Freeboru, one of the eighteen signers of the historic
compact of March 7, 1638, which marks the begin-
ning of the colony of Rhode Island. William L.
Elkins received his education
in the schools of Philadelphia,
and on reaching majority, en-
gaged in business as a commis-
sion merchant with marked
success. In 1862 his attention
was attracted to the oil regions
of Penus3Tlvania, and after a
careful inspection of the field,
he concluded that the supply
of petroleum was practically
inexhaustible, and disposing
of his mercantile interests, in-
vested all his capital in the
industry. For nearly twenty
years lie labored ceaselessly in
organizing companies, sink-
ing wells and producing va.-l
quantities of oil. He early per-
ceived that refining oil, for il-
luminating purposes, could be
made profitable if conducted on a scale which would
warrant large purchases of the crude material and ils
manufacture under economical conditions, and to
this end he established a plant in Philadelphia,
which grew to such proportions that he was finally
enabled to secure absolute control of the oil refining
interests of that city. He conducted the refining in-
dustry in other places also, and at one time owned
the Riverside Oil Refining Works on the Allegheny
river. In 1875 he became a partner in the Standard
Oil Co., but disposed of his interests in 1881. The
work for which Mr. Elkius is most widely known,
and that which has given his name prominence
among the leading financial men of this country, is
in the construction and development of street rail-
ways. In 1X73 he invested largely in the street rail-
ways of Philadelphia, and being convinced that a
consolidation of the numerous lines of the city would
lead to better service to the public, at a reduced cost
of operating, he bent his energies to bring about this
result, until it was fully accomplished. His first
success in this direction was in tlie organization of
the Philadelphia Traction Co., which acquired pos-
session nl' the greater part of the railway system of
the1 rilv, ami the work was completed in the forma-
tion nf ihe Union Traction Co., which acquired the
entire system — ;he largest, and probably the most
efficient and best equipped in the world. His suc-
cess in this field prompted Mr. Elkius to apply the
same methods and system to other cities, with the
result that he eventually became identified with and
heavily interested in the street railways of New
York, Chicago, Baltimore, Pittsburgh and other large
centres of population. Among the companies of
these cities which he helped to organize, and in
which he is a director and extensive stockholder,
are the Metropolitan Traction Co. of New York;
the Baltimore Traction Co.; the North and West
Side and United Traction companies of Chicago, and
the Consolidated Traction Co. of Pittsburgh, and he is
connected in the same way with the North Jersey
and the Consolidated traction railways of New Jersey.
He has been a director of the Pennsylvania railroad
for twenty-one years; is also a director of the Phila-
delphia and Erie, Schuylkill Valley and Fort Pitt rail-
roads, and is an officer in the Laud Title and Trust
Co.; the Pennsylvania Manufacturing, Heat, Light
and Power Co.; the Edison Electric Light Co., and
United Gas and Improvement Co., all of Philadel-
phia, and the United Coke and Gas companies of
Boston and Pittsburgh. The United Gas and Im-
provemeut Co., which was practically organized by
Mr. Elkins, is a giant concern, controlling over sixty
plants for the manufacture of gas in different cities,
its latest acquirement being the entire gas plant of
Philadelphia, which it has leased from the munici-
pal authorities. He is also a trustee of the famous
Girard estate, managed in the interests of Philadel-
phia, chiedy for educational purposes, and is a
director and active promoter of the Pennsylvania
commercial museums and of the National ex-
port exposition of 1899. Mr. Elkius is one of the
largest lauded proprietors in Philadelphia, aud in
connection with his business associate, Mr. Peter A.
B. Wideuer, has erected several thousand houses in
that city, a work of development quite in line with
the unique system of a home for every family in
Philadelphia, which has made that city noted
throughout the laud as a "city of homes." He is
deeply interested in the development of art in the
United States, and has instituted a prize of $5,000
for the most meritorious painting exhibited by an
American artist at the Pennsylvania Academy of
Fine Arts. His own gallery is one of the finest in
Philadelphia, and contains some noted paintiugs of
the old masters and many choice selections from the
works of the leading artists of the present day. He
takes a deep interest in public affairs, but has never
souL'ht or lirlil public office, with threxreptiou of the
position of aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel on
the staff of Govs. Hartranft and Stone, of Pennsyl-
vania, and that of commissioner to represent Philadel-
phia at the Vienna international exposition in 1873.
He is a member of the Historical, Genealogical and
Colonial societies of Pennsylvania; the Union League,
Art, and Country clubs of Philadelphia; the Maryland
Club of Baltimore; Manhattan Club of New York
city, and Chicago Club of Chicago. His town house,
on Broad street, Philadelphia, is one of the largesi
and handsomest homes in the country. Mr. El-
kins was married, Jan. 21, 1857, to Maria Louisa,
daughter of .lamrs Broomall, of Delaware county,
Pa., aud has four children, George W. Elkins, Wil-
liam L. Elkins, Jr., Mrs. George Duutou Widener
anil Mrs. Sidney Frederick Tyler.
HAYWOOD, Edmund Burke, physician, was
born in Raleigh. N. C., Jan. 13, 1825, son of John
and Eliza Eagles (Williams) Hay wood. His father
was treasurer of North Carolina (1787-1827), and
first mayor of Raleigh, and in his honor the county
of Haywood, formed in isos, was named; bis mother
was a niece of Gov. Benjamin Williams. His great-
grandfather, John Haywood (died, 1758). came
from the parish of Bolton, Lancashire, and settled
,ftfl
THE
NEW YORK
PUBLIC ur:'
OK AMKKICAN ISM »( ; K A I'M V.
325
at tin ("irly date ill North Carolina. As an a^ent
of Lord (iranville , lie was enured in laying oil' and
selling 1 1 ic estate oft ha' nobleman ill Nort h Carolina;
lie was also In 'a surer of the northern counties ( IT.VJ-
5S). William Hay wood, son of John, was, in 1775,
ehairinaii of the Committee of safely of Kdneeoinbe
eonniv. anil in 177(1 a member of the provincial
congress al Halifax; of I hi' const il ulinnal eon veil lion
of 1770, anil a councillor of slate; he died in 1779.
K. liuike Haywood was educated in Hie Kaleiuh
Male Academy and al ihc University of NonhCaio
lina, although he did not complete the course there.
lie received I he decree of M.P. from the I'liiversily
of Pennsylvania in is HI. ami immediately filtered on
a successful professional career ill Raleigh. Al the
outbreak of the civil war he joined I lie Raleigh Huh I
infantry, and was elei-leil surgeon of Ilie command.
In Mav, istil, lie organi/cd the first military liospi-
tiil established in North Carolina, and soon alter
this was sent liyllov. Kllis lo inspect the miliiai \
hospitals on .Morris island , S. ( '. (In .May Hi. Isiil,
he was appoiiitcil surgeon of the North Carolina
slate troops, and on .June 15lh was made prc-idi -m
of a board of surgeons lo examine applicants for i he
position of surgeon. lie was on duly in the Sea
brook Hospital in Richmond during the seven days'
b:,ltle, and .•inaincd in the service of the slate unlil
lice I, 1SC>3, when he was appointed surgeon in Ilie
provisional army of the Confederate states. He was
placed in charge of the 1 'el I Jure w Hospital in l{alei'di.
and remained then; until the close' of the war. lie
was also president of Ihc Raleigh medical board for
granting furloughs and discharges from the Confed-
erate arnn , and wasaciini: ineiiical director for the
department of North Carolina. \Vhen I he warended
he had a number of sick and wounded soldiers in
the Pettigrew Hospital loo feeble to move. These
patients were tended with his usual care, and the
last were not discharged until July 4, IXH5. He
then resumed his civil practice, which increased in
importance and value:, his reputation as a surgeon
drawing many patients from a disiance. In Isi'.s),,
been me president of the Norlh Carolina Medical So
ciety, and two years later helped to organize the
Raleigh Academy of Medicine. He filled many
places of honor and trust in these societies; served as
delegate to numerous national and international
medical societies ; was director from IStili of the
North Carolina Insane Asylum and president of the
board (1S75-S1I). and was instrumental in securing
new buildings for the colored asylum in. Goldsboro
ami in Ihc establishment of the Western Asylum in
Morganton. He received the degree of LL.D. from
the University of North Carolina in 1SSK, being the
first North Carolina physician to he thus honored.
In 1850 he was married to Lucy A. Williams, of
Raleigh, and had six sons and one daughter. He died
in Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 18, IS'.U.
VAN ALSTYNE, Thomas J., jurist and con-
gressman, was horn at Richmondville, Schoharie co. ,
N. Y., July 25, 1827, son of Dr. Thomas B. and
Eliza (Gile) Van Alstyne. At the age of thirteen,
while visiting his brother-in-law, a Baptist minister in
Cayuga county, he conceived the purpose of acquir-
ing an advanced education, and became a student in
the academy at Moravia. After a year spent at. Mo-
ravia, and a period at a select classical school, he
entered Hartwick Seminary, where he completed his
preparation for college. He matriculated at Hamil-
ton College, where he was graduated in 1848, re-
ceiving the degree of A.B., and in 1851 »'-at of A.M.
In college his standing war Tjood, and he excelled in
mathematics. In addition to the regular college
course, Mr. Van Alstyne took a private course in
law, under the instruction of Prof. Theodore W.
Dwight, who subsequently became eminent as an in-
structor in the law department of Columbia College
of New York. In 1S4S Mr. Van Alstyne entered the
law office ol Messrs. Harris A" Van Vorst. ot Albany.
I'.y diligent attention to Ilie business of the other be
was enabled, with his know led -je of the principle- ot
law before acquired, to pass, before the close of
the year, a satisfactory and successful examination
for admission to practice in all the courts of the
state. Mr. Van AKlyne remained with Harris A:.
Van Vorst until ls.~i(), continuing study and practice.
lie then opened an olliec, and praciiced without a,
partner until 1853, when he associated with himself
Matthew McMahon. The linn did a large and di\er-
sitied liii-iness, Mr. McMahon being the confidential
adviser of the prelates of the diocese of the church
of which he was a member, and Mr. Van Alstyne
managing the le'jai details of the business and Ilie
trials of I lie causes In is.ls Mr. Van AlsUne
formed a co-part ncrship w it h \VintieldS. [levenor,
which has continued dow n to the present time, mak-
ing Ilie firm the olih-l in continuance in Albany.
The business ol tiie firm of Van Alstyne iV llevenor
was lai<jc from Ilie liiM, embracing most of Hie
branches of the law. They adopted as rules of
aciion, never to give advice unfounded on actual or
assured fact, or unwarranted in law; never to appeal
from a just verdict upon the merits, though a rever-
sal on account of error might lie had. and might ie
suit in a new trial. In politics Mr. Van Alstyne
has always been a Democrat. Prior to ihe civil war
lie was i Free -oiler on princi-
ple, but reeogni/ed the rights
of the slave-holding -tales
under the eon-l il ut ion and
approved their maintenance
under the law . U'ar supei \ en
ing, based upon the institu-
tion of slavery, he lifted its
\ i-oroiis prosecution, with the
ci Haiti abolition of slavery
as an incident. Ill 1X71 Mr.
Van Alslyne was elected lo
Ihe ollice of county judge.
( In assuming the dm ies ol his
olliee he adopted strict rules
for conducting tin- business
of the court. The court
calcndar during the twelve
\ears of his -ervice was large, the number of cases
tried before him nearly equaling the number of those
tried al Ihe Albany circuit, and were as varied and
difficult in nature. Very few verdicts were reversed
for inistrial, and very few decisions were set aside as
being against the law. In 1SS2 Mr. Van Alstyne
was elected as representative in the 48th congress,
and was appointed a member of the committees of
claims and expenditures of the department of jus-
tice. He was also on the special committee of three
to investigate charges of improper conduct of the
U. S. marshal for the southern district of Ohio at
the congressional election of 1884. In the fall of
1897 Mr. Van Alstyne was elected mayor of the city
of Albany. N. Y., and is discharging its duties at
the present time with credit to himself and satifac-
tion to the great body of the people. Mr. Van
Alstyne is a member of Emanuel Baptist Church
of Albany. He is also a member of several orders
and societies. He has a well-selected library of over
6,000 volumes of miscellaneous books. Mr. Van
Alstyne has been thrice married : first, in 1851, to
Sarah, daughter of the late Ruel Clapp, of Albany.
Of this marriage, one son survives, Thomas Butler
Van Alstyne, lawyer and fruit-grower, residing in
southern California. He was again married, in 1876,
to Louisa, daughter of the late Samuel S. Peck, of
Albany, and third, in 1886, to Laura Louisa, daugh-
ter of" W. W. Wurdemann, Esq., of Washington,
D. C. Of this latter marriage one son is living.
Zi
"*
326
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
GREEN, William Mercer, first Protestant
Episcopal bishop of the diocese of Mississippi, and
fifty-fir*! in succession in the American episcopate,
was born in Wilmington, N. C., May 2, 1798, son of
William and Mary (Bradley) Green. His father, a
wealthy rice planter, died when William was a mere
child, so that the early training of the boy devolved
entirely upon his mother, who, coming of Quaker
stock, was inclined to be a rigid disciplinarian. He
was graduated at the University of North Carolina
in 1818, and decided to take up the study of theology.
Three years later he was ordained deacon in Christ
Church, Raleigh, N. C., by Bishop R. C. Moore,
and ordained priest in St. James' Church, Wilming-
ton, N. C., by the same bishop. He had been called
to the rectorship of St. John's
Church, Williamsborough, in
1821. Four years later lie re-
moved to Hillsborough,and there
established St. Matthew'sChurch,
of which he was rector for
twelve years. In 1837 he ac-
cepted appointment as chap-
lain and professor of belles-let-
tres and rhetoric in the Univer-
sity of North Carolina. In 1849
Dr. Green was elected to be the
first bishop of the diocese of
Mississippi, and was formally
consecrated in St. Andrew's
Church, Jackson, Miss., Feb.
24, 1850. For thirty-three years
he devoted himself heart and
soul to the faithful discharge
of the arduous duties of his
office without requiring any help whatever; but after
1883 this venerable bishop, who hail then nearly
completed four score years and ten of a noble and
saintly life, naturally began to feel the infirmities of
old age, and, therefore, availed himself of the aid of
an assistant. He was one of the most active found-
ers of the University of the South, at Sewanee,
Tenn., in 1860, and in 1867 he became its chancellor.
Prominent, among his publications are: "Memoir
of the Right Reverend Bishop Ravenscroft of North
Carolina" (1830) and a "Life of the Right Reverend
Bishop Otey of Tennessee " (1886), besides two ser-
mons on "Baptismal Regeneration " and "Apostolic
Succession," and an oration on " The Influence of
Christianity upon the Welfare of Nations" (Hills-
borough, N. C., 1831). The decree c,f D.D. was
conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania
in 1845, and that of 1,L. D. by the University of
North Carolina in 1880. Bishop Green was twice
married: first, on I>ec. -,.'2. 181s, to Sarah Williams,
daughter of Stephen and Mary (Williams) Sueed,
•who died April 11, 1832, leaving five children; and
second, Dec. 10, ls:',5, to Charlotte Isabella, daugh-
ter of James and Mary (Hooper) Fleming, who bore
him eight children. He died at Sewanee, Tenu.,
Feb. 13, 18sr.
THOMPSON, Hug-h Miller, second Protestant
Kpi-copal bishop of Mississippi, and 129th in suc-
cession in the American cpi-copate. was born in
County Londonderry, Ireland, June 5, 1830. His
parents removed to the United State- in ISIii. and
being shipwrecked in the gulf of St. Lawrence, re-
sided for a few years near Calihvell, N. J. In 1*44
they settled at Cleveland, O. The future bishop
had always been set apart by his parents for the
ministry in the church of his ancestors, and after
completing his academic and classical education in a
private school, became at Ihc age of nineteen a can-
didate for orders iu the1 diocese of Wisconsin, pur-
suing his theological studies at Nashotah. He was
ordained deacon in the chapel of Nashotah. June 6,
1852, by Bishop Kemper, and immediately put in
charge of Grace Church, Madison. For one year of
his diaconate he was in charge of the Church of the
Nativity, Maysville, Ky. ; then returned to Wiscon-
sin, and took charge of St. John's Church, Portage,
where he was ordained priest, Aug. 81, 1856. While
rector at Portage he did mission work in Baraboo,
Kilbourn city and other places. In 1858 he became
rector of St. Matthew's, Kenosha; iu 1859, of Grace
Church, Galena, 111., and in 1860 was called to the
chair of history at Nashotah House. Here he re-
mained ten years, and during this period was also
rector of his former parish in Kenosha and associate
rector of St. Paul's, Milwaukee. AVhile in his charge
at Kenosha he founded Kemper Hall, the diocesan
female school. He also became editor-in-chief of
the " American Churchman " of Chicago, which was
finally merged in the "Churchman," then published
in Hartford, Conn., and for some six months Dr.
Thompson continued to write the leading articles.
On resigning his professorship at Nashotah, lie be-
came rector of St. James' Church, Chicago, which
was destroyed in the fire of 1871. He then accepted
the rectorship of Christ Church, New York city, and
the editorship of the " Church Journal," which he
held for a while after he became rector of Trinity
Church, New Orleans, in 1876. On Feb. 24, 1883, he
was consecrated iu Trinity Church assistant bishop
of Mississippi, and on the death of Bishop Green be-
came diocesan. The degree of S.T.D. was conferred
on him 1)3' Hobart College iu 1863, and LL.D. by the
University of Alabama and D.I), by the University
of the South, both in 1884. Bishop Thompson at-
tended the third Lambeth conference in 1888, and
was actively engaged upon various committees, in-
cluding that on socialism and others. In Westmins-
ter Abbey he pronounced the eulogy over the re-
mains of his close friend and predecessor in Trinity
Church, New Orleans, Bishop Harris, of Michigan.
He also attended the same conference of 1897, serv-
ing on various committees, especially that on so-
cialistic questions. By request of the English
bishops, conveyed through the archbishop of Canter-
bury, he preached the jubi-
lee sermon of the Society for
the Propagation of the Gos-
Eel iu St. Paul's Cathedral,
ondou. He also preached
the Whitsunday sermon be-
fore the University of Ox ford,
in St. Mary's and in West-
minster Abbey, for the funds
of the diocese of Rochester.
Bishop Thompson published
" Unity and its Restoration "
(1860); "Sin and Its Penal-
ty" (1862): "First Princi-
ples" (1868); "Absolution "
(1872); "Copy," a volume
of editorial papers (1872);
" Is Romanism the Best Re-
ligion for the Republic ? "
(1873); "The World and the
Logos," Bedell lecture (1855); "The World and the
Kingdom," Paddock lecture (1888); "The World
and the Man," Baldwin lecture (1890); " The World
and the Wrestlers," Bohlen lectures (1895); "More
Copy," a volume of essays (181)7). and other works,
pamphlets and single sermons. Bishop Thompson
has been married twice: first, at Madison. Wis., in
March, 1853, to Caroline, daughter of Simeon and
Mary Berry, of Sandy Hill, X! Y.; second, on Oct.
25, 1859, to Anna Weatherburne, daughter of Henry
Butler and Mary (Hatch) Hinsdale, of Kenosha, Wis.
By the first marriage he has one son, Rev. Frank
Thompson, chaplain U. S. N., and one daughter,
Annie, wife of James Pcarce, of Yonkers, N. Y.; by
the second, one sou, Hugh Graeme Thompson, of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
327
Milbrook, Miss., and one daughter, Alary Weather-
burne, widow of the Rev. Win. Tony Howe.
CHAPMAKT, Frank Michler, naturalist, was
born at Knsrlewood, N. .1.. June r_>. isiil. son of
Lebbeus and Alary (Parkhurst) Chapman. His
father was a prominent New York lawyer and
direct descendant of K..IH-H Chapman, who sailed
from England lo Saybrook, Conn., in II!;!."). After
finishing at a preparatory academy. Air. Chapman
entered the American Exchange National Bank, in
New York city, where he remained for six years,
rising to the highest position in his department. A
love of nature, however, was inherent, and dmiii'j
this period his spare lime was -iven to a continuation
of Ihe study of ornitholo-
gy, which he had bi-ssun
a - a boy at I he age of nine.
In ISSl'i he yielded lo Ihe
grow ins:1 desire to d.-\ . ite
his life lo the sludy of nat-
ural history, and resign-
ing his position, stalled
on an expedition I.. .-..I
l.-i-i and si udy the birds of
Florida. Two years later
he was offered the post ..I
assistant curator of the de
[.ailment, of ornithology
and mammalogy in the
American Museum of Nat-
ural History, in New York
city, and in the interests of
thisinsl jiulioii he has since
visited Texas, Mexico,
'p *j s Yucatan, mosl of the Wesi
Indian islands and Trini-
dad,collecting birds, mam-
mals and reptiles, and
publishing the results of his observations in the
museum "Bulletin." In isss he was elected an
active member of the American Ornithologists' Union,
"the highest honor which an American ornitholosjisi
can attain," and in 1897 was elected president
of the Limia-an Society of New York city. In is'.);',
he was appointed associate editor of the " Auk," the
leading ornithological journal of this countrv, and
in IS'.lll was invited by Columbia University', New
York city, to deliver, in conjunction with Prof.
Lloyd Morgan, of England, its third series of biologi-
cal lectures. Air. Chapman is a firm believer in the
ennobling influences of nature, and in addition to
numerous technical papers published in scientific
journals, he has contributed popular articles to the
masia/ines and delivered lectures on ornithology and
naturalists' travels with a view to awakening an in-
terest in natural history studies. His "Handbook
of Birds of Eastern North America," published in
ls:ir>, was de, is;ued to simplify the study of birds.
It reached its third edition the year of its publica-
tion, and was followed, in 1897', by " Birdlife . A
Guide to the Study of Our Common Birds. " In 1899
he established " Bird-Lore," a bi-monthly magazine
of ornithology.
BLAIR, Samuel, clergyman, was born at the
family homestead, al, Fagg's Manor. Chester CO.,
Pa., in 1741, sou of Rev. Samuel Blair (1712-51),
pastor of the Presbyterian church and principal of
the classical school at that place. An uncle. Rev.
John Blair, was professor of divinity and moral phi-
losophy in the College of New Jersey, and also vice-
president of the college. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey with honor "in 1760, and re-
mained as tutor for three years (1760-64). He was
licensed to preach by the presbytery of Newcastle
in 1764, and being an impressive speaker, as well as
a careful writer, attained an immediate popularity.
< in Nov. 27, 1766, he accepted a call to lie. -(.me the
colleague of Hev. Dr. Sewell, in the Old South
Church. Boston. On his way lo Boston he wasship-
w reeked, lost all his effects and ban h escaped with
his life. The expo-ure and the loss of his manu-
script sermons injured his health and depressed his
spirits. In 17HT lie wan chosen president of iheCo!-
lege of New Jersey as successor tn Kev. Samuel
Finley. but promptly and generously declined the
appointment in eonseipicnce of the willingness of
Dr. John Wltherspoon— then in Scotland — to accept
the place, which he ( Dr. Wilherspooii) had at first re-
jected. He resigned the pastorale <ici. 10, 1769,
partly because ol ill health, parlly because of differ-
ences of opinion between his congregation and him-
self respccling the " halfway covenant,' and took up
his residence al Germantown, now apart of Phila-
delphia. There he aided in founding the F.nglish
I'n livlcrian Church, and preached gratuitously for
a time. For two years lie scr\c.l as chaplain of con-
gress and was several times a member of the Penn-
sylvauia assembly. He \\.-is considered one of the
most accomplished ministers in the Presbyterian
church, being described as "a man of polished
manners-, of amiable and generous disposition; a
Mi] < rior scholar and well-read llieolouian." Ilis
published works, now very scarce, embrace: "An
Oration on Ihe Death..!' Kins; Georue II "i 17111);
" Discourfi Psalmody" (17Mh; "Fast-Day Dis
course " i I79S). and "A Funeral Discourse Occas-
ioned by the Deaih of l!ev. John Blair Smith,
D.D." i'l7!i»). The decree of D. D was conferred
on hin, by the University of Pennsylvania in K'.i'1.
Dr. Blair was married, in 171!!', to a daughter of Dr.
William Shippen, Sr. lie died in Gcrmantown,
Pa., Sept. 24, ISIS.
HERRMANN, Alexander, prestidigitator, was
born in Paris, France, Feb. 11, 184-1. youngest SOD
of Samuel and Anna I .Meyer) Herrmann. His father
had been a conjurer, but had abandoned that calling
for the study of medicine, and it was his inten-
tion lo have his son follow the same
profession; but he manifested such
a penchant for the si age that he
•was permitted to ace pany his
eldest brother. Carl, on various
conjuring tours of the continent.
Carl Herrmann (1816-87) was the
most famous exponent of the art
magique of his day. He engaged
a competent tutor to travel with
the company, and interested his
brother, Alexander, whom he had
appointed as his assistant, under
the stage name of " Master Alex-
ander." Six years were spent in
this way, during which they visited
Spain. France, Germany. Russia,
Brazil and the surrounding coun-
tries. The parents now claimed
Alexander, and placed him at the
University of Vienna, where he
remained until the age of sixteen. Then receiving
a proposal from his brother to make a tour of the
world, he ran away from home and studies. Their
first appearance in America was at the Academy of
Music, New York, Sept. 16. 1861. Their last joint
engagement was in 1869. On the opening night in
New York, Sept 20th, Carl introduced Alexan-
der tc the audience as his brother and successor.
After the brothers separated, Alexander Herrmann
returned to Europe, where he achieved a brilliant
success, subsequently visited South America, and
returning to England, played a remarkable engage
ment of 1,000 performances at the Egyptian Hall,
London In 1874 he returned to the United State-
ami became a naturalized citizen in Boston in 1876
328
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
He located his home on Long Islam! , X. Y., where
be had a handsome villa. In 1873 he was married
to Adelaide Acarsey by Mayor Wickham, of New
York, and it. is related that the groom produced a
roll of greenbacks from his honor's sleeve to pay the
wedding fee. His wife was an accomplished dancer,
of great beaut}', and always assisted him at his per-
formances. Herrmann was a wonderfully expert
sleight-of-hand performer, especially with cards and
coins. He dearly loved a practical joke, and when
off the stage was continually performing surprising
feats, to the bewilderment of friends and strangers.
A favorite trick of his was to be detected by a police-
man in the act of clumsily picking a stranger's
pocket, and on being arrested and taken to the
station-house the missing articles would be found on
the person of the astonished police officer, whose
own belongings not (infrequently were discovered in
the stranger's pocket. Besides being a conjurer, he
was a clever pantomimist and comedian. Foryears
he drew crowded houses and made large fortunes,
but injudicious theatrical speculations in New York
and Philadelphia, where he essayed the proprietor-
ship and management of local theatres, made sad in-
roads upon his wealth. He was a raconteur of rare
ability; a linguist, speaking French. German, Span-
ish, Russian, Portuguese, Dutch and English, and
the prince of social entertainers. His presence
was much sought after by clubs and fraternal
organizations. Various chivalric orders were con-
ferred upon him by European potentates. He
contributed a number of articles to magazines on
manic and sleight-of-hand. He died of heart failure
in his private car, Dec. 17, 189(>, while on the way
from Rochester, N. Y., to Bradford. Pa.
MOSS, Frank, lawyer and author, was born at
Cold Spring. Putnam co., N. Y., March 16, IsiiO,
son of John R. and Eliza (Wood) Moss. His father,
a native of Manchester, England, and a talented
musician, came to America in
1850, and achieved considerable
reputation both in Newburgh,
X. Y., and Xew York city. Dur-
ing the civil war lie was a second
lieutenant in the 9th New York
volunteer infantry (HawUins'
zouaves); was taken prisoner;
confined in Libby prison for six
months, and linally exchanged.
Mr. Moss' mother was a daugh-
ter of Joshua and Joanna (De
Groot) Wood, of combined Dutch
and English extraction. He re-
ceived his education in the pub-
lic schools of New York city,
whither he had removed with
his parents in 1867, and after a
partial course in the College of
the City of New York began the
stud}' of law in the office of
Joseph Petti-etch. While engaged in reading law
he also pursued the literary and scientific course of
the Chautauqua University. He was admitted to
the bar in 1881, and two years later, upon Mr. Fet-
tretch's removal, began practice in the office where
his studies had been made. lie earned a reputation
for high proficiency in real estate and testamentary
practice, and became an authority on excise and
police law. He is a successful trial lawyer, and has
served as executor and trustee of a number of large
estates, notably those of Maltby <!. Lane and John
Bisco. Mr. Moss first came into public notice in
1887, when, on behalf of certain owners of property
in Twenty-seventh street, he prosecuted the keepers
of disorderly resorts, and brought to trial before the
police board Capt. Alexander S. Williams, then in
command of the "Tenderloin" precinct, for per-
mitting the existence of the disorderly places in that
then notorious neighborhood. This action was the
beginning of a long and arduous fight for the cause
of reform in municipal government, which had its
fruit in the election of Mayor Strong in 1894. After
the trial of Capt. Williams he was appointed coun-
sel for the Society for the Prevention of Crime, and
later became a director and a member of the
executive committee of that notable organization, in
which he has exerted a potent influence and a wise
direction. In the conduct of numerous cases
throughout the city hegaiuedan experience in police
corruption and oppression which peculiarly titled
him for the position of associate counsel to the
Lexow investigating committee in 1894. In the in-
vestigation he mapped out much of the work, pre-
pared and examined many of the witnesses, partici-
pated in the shaping of the investigation and drafted
the committee's report. In the spring of 1WI7 Ma \ < >r
Strong appointed him president of the board of
police commissioners to succeed Hon. Theodore
Roosevelt, resigned. The great difficulty of the posi-
tion was recognized generally. The board was in har-
monious, and some of the highest offices in the force
had remained unfilled for over two years. He main-
tained a courteous and dignified, although uncompro-
mising, stand in entire independence of the contend-
ing interests which had arisen in the board, and soon
saw restored an efficient administration of the affairs
of the police department, turning over to the new
city administration in 1898 a completely reorganized
and a thoroughly efficient force. Outside his efforts
for good government, Mr. Moss has not figured con-
spicuously in politics, although he is, and always
has been, a firm Republican and an ardent patriot,
and has frequently addressed the public on the
issues of good government and good citizenship.
In 1898, in the disagreement between a majority of
the board of trustees of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, of
New York city, and its resident manager, George D.
S. Trask. Mr. Moss was retained to represent the
trustees in a searching investigation, in which several
thousand pages of testimony was taken. His suc-
cessful prosecution of the case resulted in Trask's
enforced resignation and a reorganization of the
management. Another notable case was the defence
of the boy murderer, Jacob Beresheim, who killed
his employer under peculiar circumstances, of
medico-legal interest, in which the boy was saved by
a disagreement of the jury. Early in 1899, when
an investigation committee of the New York legisla-
ture on official corruption in New York city was
convened. Mr. Moss was chosen its counsel, and still
further distinguished himself as a lawyer and an
upholder of municipal good government. Mr. Moss
N a director of the Society for the Prevention of
Crime; a trustee of the < 'ity Vigilance League; a mem-
ber of the Republican Club; the Harlem Republican
Club; of the Medico-Legal Society; of the Methodist
Social Union; of the Ep worth League of the Methodist
Episcopal church; of the Law Institute; the City liar
Association, and the Twilight Club. He is superin-
tendent of the Sunday-school of Trinity Methodist
Church, and professor of medical jurisprudence in
the Xew York Medical College and Hospital for
Women. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon
him by Taylor University, Indiana, in 1896. In
1898 Mr. Moss published his first extensive literary
work, "The American Metropolis" (3 vols.), a his-
tory of Xew York city from the earliest times. It
treats in a skillful and scholarly manner of the social
and historical features of New York's growth from
small beginnings to the second largest city in the
world, and of the governmental institutions from the
earliest times, not forgetting a critical review of the
rise of Tammany and its memorable defeat in Is'.U.
It is decidedly novel, and is one of the most valuable
THE
NEW YC
i iu
<>>• AM KliK'A \ I'.liM.i; \ I'll V.
329
«s^
-
t
•••'r /i i."
and thorough histories of New York that have ap-
peared in many years. Mr. Moss was married, Jan.
24, 1883, to Eva Estclle, daughter of Eli F. Bruce,
of New York oil y, and has one daughter anil one son.
HICKS, Francis Marion, financier, was Imrii
in Alabama in lN_'(i. and was edu-
cated in the public schools of his na-
tive place, lie removed to Mississip-
pi and then to Texas when a young
man, .-mil in 1S7U settled in Shre\e-
port, I .a. I bie he liecame a member
of the linn of Thurmond A: Hicks.
In 1S72 I he fii'in name was changed
to Hicks A: llowell, so continuing
illltil isss, when it liecame I-'. M.
it S. IJ. ilieks. The Hicks Co. Limi-
ted was organi/ed in is!);.', and Mr.
Hicks became president, lie was in
earlv days a Whig, but for many
years has idenlilieil himself with the
Democratic parly, lie w a- a member
of the board of di reel orsol'theShrcvc
port Charity Hospital for some
years, which was the only public
position he ever held. Me was said to be one of the
keenest financiers in Louisiana during his active busi-
ness life. He is a strict member of the Presbyterian
church, always having taken 1111 active and pKniiineiil
pail in the church affairs. He was married at I'aul
dinir, Miss., in Is.'il, to Ann, daughter of .lames Mc-
Dugald. Tliev have eight children.
THOMAS, John Rochester, architect, was
born at Rochester, N. Y.. .)i IS, IS-ls, son of .(,,hu
Williams and Kli/abelh i Kodda ) Thomas. He was
educated in the schools of his native city, but his
father's failure ill business, in ISC',', obliged him to
discontinue study and seek employment. At, the
end of the year he decided to become an aiehiieet,
and entered the office of Merwin Austin, of Roches-
ter; subsequently pursuing' a imiversiiy course under
the direction of Dr. Anderson, president of the Uni-
versity of Rochester. After spending some time study-
ing the architecture of European countries, in isns
he enteri'd professional practice in Rochester. In
1S74 (!ov. I)i.\. under a special law, appointed him
architect and sole commissioner for the erection of
the state reformatory at Elmira, this being the first
instance in New York where this method of fixing
individual responsibility had been tried. He was
retained in office by Gov. Tilden, and as a result
about $1,000,000 were saved the state and a reforma-
tory prison erected which has since been considered
a model the world over. Other notable buildings
erected from Mr. Thomas' designs between 1870
and 1SSO are: Sibley Hall of Rochester Univer-iu ;
the buildings of the Rochester Theological Seminary,
and the natural history building of the University of
Virginia. In 1882 he removed to New York city,
where he has since resided. During his thirty years of
active professional life he has designed more public
and semi-public buildings than any other architect
in this country. In the combined armories of the
71st regiment and 2d battery (1893) he accomplished
a feat never before attempted and never since re-
peated— the construction of two drill rooms, one
above the other, free from all columns, and 150
by 200 feet in area. In rebuilding the New York
stock exchange, in 1886, in order to dispense with
columns in the large board room, Mr. Thomas
used an iron plate girder 102 feet long, against
the judgment of other experts, but his position
in the matter has been confirmed by time. It "was
in this stock exchange work that the first iron
caisson construction work was used in connection
with building foundations. In the Hays building on
Maiden lane he first used the cantilever girder con-
struction for distributing the load on the f oundatii >ns
a s\sti.|M now very much in vogue. Mr. Thomas
was architect for the \Villard Asylum at Seneca
lake, one of the largest in the country (IS7->); the
armory of the st h regiment, N. G. N. V. (is.sli); Ihe
New Jersej Stale Relormalory at i !ahw ay 1 1899),
and the Eastern New Yoik Reformatory, near
Ellenville (IS'.W). .More than loll churches have
been erected from his designs. Some of his cil \
churches, notably the Second Reformed Church,
in Lenox avenue, ami the Calvary Baptist Church
in \Vcst Fifi\ -seventh street, New York city, ate
highly picturesque. In February. Islili, the 'muni-
cipal buildinu commission of New York cilv, out
of \'.Vi designs submitted to Ihem from all over
the world for a new cilv hall, involving an omiav of
XL'."), in 10. 1 Mill, awarded th<' first pri/.c to' Mr. Thomas.
which included his employment as architect for Ihe
building. The Icrms of this competition weie made
purposely attractive in order that the best an-hiiec-
tural talenl should enter the lists, and were prepared
by a selected bodv of experts, composed of the late
Richard M. Hum, U'illiam R. Ware, of Columbia
College, and Edward II. Kendall. The stale legis-
lature siihseipieiilly forbade' the city authorities to
remove Ihe old cil \ hall, thus preventing Ihe creel ion
of Ihe contemplated building, and Ibis action led to
the proposal for the creel ion of a new hall of records
in adjoining site, which is now being carried out
from Mr. Thomas' designs at a cosl of ^"..OOIMIIIII,
anil is intended in its construe lion and art details to
!»• equal to the best I hat can be produced in this
age. In November, issy, be read a paper on
"Cluirch Architecture" before a conference of
ibiUl^rtrP'If'fS'SV i M 'Y^v -.
•'-;?-'• rfiTI'1 ;' j It."" ' rifi i!i ; ''.n'lif
••'. 'Ti'ii-i jJIlLiiiiiiiMiil ;i.C
^P^®f^§te^
' "Hmlof «SorcJs
clergymen in Boston; and this was followed, in 1893,
by a "History of Prison Architecture," read before
the National Prison Association at their annual con-
gress at Pittsburgh, which has been universally
adopted as the standard. His latest paper is an
article on proposed legislation restricting the height
of buildings in Xew York city, read before the New
York chamber of commerce in 1896. Mr. Thomas
is a member of the chamber of commerce; the New
York Yacht Club; the Architectural League; the
Sculpture Society; the National Arts Club; the
Manhattan Club, and the executive committee of
the New York Prison Association. As an architec-
tural artist, his work is characterized by originality,
moderation and dignity. Judged by the artistic
quality of his work and by his achievements in
accomplishing repeatedly what others have declared
impossible, he well deserves the title of America's
leading architect. Probably his most popular work is
the very picturesque 8th regiment and squadron "A"
armory, in red brick and red terra cotta, which is
distinctly one of the ornaments of New York, and
cannot be regarded but with approbation and pleas-
ure. Seen from the intended point of view, the
granite armory of the 71st regiment piles up with
equal effectiveness, though it is scarcely so fortunate
in its site. In 1877 he was married to Julia Hortense,
daughter of James Lewis and Harriet (Page) Munson
and a descendant of the A.lleu and Baldwin families
of New England. He has four daughters and one son.
330
THE NATIOXAL CYCLOPAEDIA
"Lie BRUN, Napoleon Eugene Henry
Charles, architect, was born in Philadelphia, Pa..
Jan. 2, 1821, sou of Charles Francois Eugene and
Adelaide Louise De Monmignon (Madelaine) Le
Brun, both natives of Paris. He is of noble descent,
his grandparents on his father's side being Louise
Alexandrine De Mauduit and Sir Charles Pierre
Eugene Le Brim, and on his mother's side Marie de
Monmignon and Leonard Madelaine. The latter left
Paris in December, 1792, at the commencement of
the French revolution, arriving at New York city in
December of the same year. In the following spring
they went to Philadelphia, intending to settle in that
part of Louisiana now Alabama, where M. Made-
laine had purchased a large tract of land, but before
leaving Philadelphia M. Madelaine died of yellow
fever, Oct. 7, 1793. Mine. Madelaine survived him
until March 6, 1817, leaving two daughters, both
married. Mr. Le Brim's granduncle, Thomas Au-
toiue. Chevalier De Mauduit Plessis, first came to
America at his own expense with Lafayette, and
served in the Continental army in the double capa-
city of engineer and lieutenant-colonel of artillery.
He had charge under Col. Greene of arranging and
defending Fort Mercer, at Red Bank, N. J., near
Philadelphia, when it was attacked by Count Dunop
and 2,500 Hessians, on Oct. 22, 1777. At this en-
gagement the Hessians were defeated with great loss,
and the count was taken pris-
oner by De Mauduit. He was
also with Lafayette :vt the bat-
tle of Brandywine, Sept. 11,
1777. He spent the winter at
Valley Forge, and was at the bat-
tle of Monmouth, June 17, 1778.
When De Mauduit asked leave
to return to France, the Conti-
nental congress, on Nov. 5, 1778,
passed resolutions expressing its
"high sense of his zeal, bravery
and good conduct," and granted
his request. He subsequently
returned to America with the
French allies under Count de
Rochambeau, and commanded
the artillery at the siege of York-
town, in 1781. Later on he
went to San Domingo in com-
mand of a division of the French army, and was
there assassinated by the revolutionists at Port au
Prince, March 4, 1791. Mr. Le Brim's fattier, whose
direct ancestors for several successive generations
had been members of the old parliament of Paris,
came originally to the United Stales on a secret dip-
lomatic mission during the administration of Pres.
Jefferson. In 1808 he returned to this country, and
in 1S15 was married at Philadelphia, to Mile'. Ade-
laide Louise de Monmignou Madelaine. He died
Sept.. 0. 1844, andhiswiieou Feb. 24. 1S50, and both
are buried at North Laurel Hill. Philadelphia. He
was a distinguished linguist, and an author in several
languages, his principal work being the translation
of Pope's "Essay on Man" into French prose,
greatly extolled for its beauty of diction. He also
made a French translation of " The Anli-Anglo-
mano " of Don IVdro Kstala, and a Spanish transla-
tion of Barere's "La Libertad de los Mares." He
was also the author of "The Benefaction of a Phil-
osopher," "The Cry of Humanity Anainst Tyranny."
r.ud several other political and literary works; pub-
lished an arrangement of Pension's " Telemachus "
for schools, which has gone through more than one
hundred editions, and is still in popular use. Finding
that his son. Napoleon, evinced even at an early age a
decided aptitude for art and construction, he decided
to educate him as an architect, and placed him in
ls:;i; under the direction of the celebrated Tl.,,mn-
I". Walter. LL.D., F.A.I. A., to pursue his studies.
In 184,' Napoleon Le Brim began his professional
career, and before two decades had elapsed, a num-
ber of prominent public and private edifices in his
native city and state had been designed by him and
erected under his supervision. The most noted of
these are the Seventh, or Tabernacle Presbyterian
Church in Broad street (1842), the Cathedral of Sts.
Peter and Paul, the American Academy of Music,
Girard Estate buildings and several county buildings
and prisons. Mr. Le Bruu was married, Dec. 20,
1845, to Louise Adele, youngest daughter of Paul
La.jus, a merchant of Philadelphia, "and lias had
three sons; Pierre Paul Lajus, Charles De Mauduit
and Michel Moracin, and two daughters, Adele and
Anne Louise. The eldest and youngest sons having
inherited their father's talent in a "remarkable de-
gree, have pursued their professional career as his
partners since 1880. The second son died on his
se\enth birthday, Feb. 22, 1858. and the second
daughter, a beautiful girl, died in her nineteenth
year, Sept. 17, 1888. At The close of the civil war Mr.
Le Brim removed with his family to New York city,
where, in connection with his sons, he has erected
many private dwellings, as well as public buildings
of note. Among these are: the Masonic Temple,
several large and beautiful churches, the New York
Foundling Asylum, the Metropolitan Life Insurance
building, on Madison square, the Home Life Insur-
ance building, the ball of the board of education,
and other municipal buildings. He is a fellow of
the American Institute of Architects; served during
eight years as a member of its board of trustees; was
president of the New York chapter during two suc-
cessive terms, and was its representative on the board
of examiners of the New York department of build-
ings for eighteen years. Helms been frequently con-
sulted as an expert and adviser in many important
enterprises throughout the country, and is president
of the Willaid Architectural Commission, charged
with the duty of forming the noteworthy collection
of architectural models ami casts in the New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art selected by his eldest
son, in several European trips made for the expic-s
purpose. Of domestic tastes, Mr. Le Brun has been
singularly happy in hishome relations, and has made
strong personal friends. His wife, a woman of
rarely beautiful character, died on March 24, 1895,
shortly before the long-anticipated celebration of
their golden wedding.
STUKGIS, Russell, architect and author, was
born in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 16, 1836, son of Rus-
sell Sturgis and Margaret Dawes (Appleton) Stur-
gis. He pursued the study of architecture in an
architect's office in New York, and for a year and a
half in Europe. He practiced his art from 1865 to
1880, during which time he designed many impor-
tant buildings, ineludins: Battell Chapel, Farnam
Hall, Din-fee Hall and Lawrence Hall of Yale Col-
lege; the Homeopathic Medical College and Flower
Hospital, New York; the Mechanics' and Farmers'
Bank at Albany ; and churches, business buildings,
college buildings and residences in New York, Al-
bany, Aurora, Tarrytown and Watertown, N. Y. ;
New Haven, Farmington and Litchfield, Conn.;
Minneapolis and Louis\ille In 1878 Mr. Sturgis
spent some months in France, and on his return to
America was appointed to the chair of architect-
ure and the aits ,,t design in the College of the City
of New York. In 1880 he retired from his professor-
ship and from business, on account of weak health.
and went to Europe. He resided abroad about five
years, during which period he renewed his early
studies, and spent much time in the important archi-
tectural centres and cities rich in collections of fine
art. Since the beginning of 1885 he has devoted
himself to writing and to the interests of numerous
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
331
societies of art mid archeology. Ilr is a fellow of
tilt' American Insiiiulc of Architects; life member
of tin1 American !S umismatic and Archa'ological So-
ciety ; honorary fellow of the Brooklyn Institute nf
Arts and Sciences ; fellow in perpetuity and member
of tin1 oirpnratinn of Ilir Metropolitan Museum of
Art ; fellow of tin1 National Academy of Design:
honorary member of the National Society of Mural
Painters. lie is an active member of the New York
chapterof the American Instituteof Architects, of the
Architectural League, the Grolicr Club and the Muni-
cipal Art Snciely ; alsoof the University, the Century
and the Players' clubs, all of New York; the Archa
ological Institute of America and the National
Sculpture Society ; the Japan Society, ;md the So-
ciety for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, of Lon-
don. He has been president of the Fine Arts 1-Yd
eratioii of New York since its establishment in 1MI.Y
At the reorganization of the American Insiiiulc nf
Architects, in isiis. when from a New York society
it became an organization with chapters in the prin-
cipal cities, he was secretary of the institute, while
the elder Upjohn was president, and I!. <!. llaltield
treasurer. From the organisation of the Metropoli-
tan Museum of Art, in is7o, he was an acli\e mem-
ber of the executive committee for several years.
lie was president of the Architectural League Of New
York for four terms, from 1M88 to 1S<|',>. ' Mr. Slur
gis has written much fur periodicals, and lias deliv-
ered many public lectures as well as addresses before
the i icrous societies with which he is allilialed ;
his subjects being, in every instance, connected with
the fine arts, and especially architecture ami ihe
kindred arts of decorative design. He was editor for
decora live art and media1 val archii'ology of the"Cen
tury Dictionary"; editor for the tine arts of " \Veb-
ster's Internatioiral Dictionary," published in ISIID,
and editor for architecture and fine art of "John-
son's Universal Cyclopaedia, " edition of 1893-95. In
1808 was published his "Manual of the Jarves Col-
lection of Early Italian Pictures," with biographi-
cal and critical notes. In October, 1890, this was
followed by "European Architecture: A Historical
Study," and in 1897 by an "Annotated Bibliography
of Fine" Art" ; the first of the series of "annotated
lists" of the American Library Association. Since
January, 1897, lie has edited the "Field of Art," a
department of " Scribner's Magazine." In June,
1897, a " Dictionary of Architecture," of which Mr.
Sturgis is editor, was announced iu New York and
London, to appear in about two years. Mr. Sturgis
was married, iu 1864, to Sarah, daughter of Danford
N. Barney, of New York. He has received the
honorary decrees of M.A. from Yale College and
Ph.D. from the College of the City of New York.
KRAMER. George Washing-ton, architect,
was born in Ashland, (.)., July 9, 1847, sun of Daniel
and Susannah (Baughman) Kramer. His family is
of German-Swiss extraction, the earliest American
ancestor having been George Kraemer, who settled
in eastern Pennsylvania early in the eighteenth cen-
tury. Although the line of descent has not been
definitely traced, several of the name have attained
local celebrity. His grandfather. Peter Kraemer, of
Harrisburg, Pa., was a soldier in the war of 1813,
and at one time sheriff of Dauphin county; his father
early removed from Pennsylvania to Ashland county,
O., where he engaged in contracting and farming.
Mr. Kramer's maternal grandfather, Henry Baugh-
man, a native of Virginia, and of Swiss-German
descent, early settled in Trumbull county, O., where
he was married to Catherine, daughter of Casper
Cline. who, with his four brothers, had come to
America among the Hessian mercenaries, and joined
the Americans at the earliest opportunity. George
W. Kramer was educated iii'tlicjpublic schools of
hi-i native town until his sixteenth year, when he
di-eiiiitiinieil -rhool and began work and architec-
tural study. With a view to obtaining a thorough
practical knowledge of his profession, he engaged
in business as a contractor during 1868-73. Then,
opening an ollice in Ashland, O.. he practiced archi-
tect me on his own account until 1879 when he
formed an association with Jacob Snydi;', a widely
kii'inn designer of churches, under ihe style of J.
Sn\dei A; Co., which continued until 1885. From
that date until IS',14 he \\ as in
partnership with F. ( '. \\ 'ca i \ .
under Ihe style of Kramer it
Weary. This firm was dis-
solved upon his removal to
New York city, where he is
still (INliiii in active profe—
sional practice, licsides not-
able public buildings in many
States, Mr. Kramer ami hi,
assoeiales have designed all
the new !;::iMinus of 1 1'ierlin
( 'olleu'e. S& well as ll i'_li-
nal buildings of Ohio Ai^ii
cultural College anil the col-
lege buildings al Akron, Ash-
land, Marietta, Mount Union,
Meadville. Ko-toi ia and other
educational centres. He has also designed high and
district schools and municipal buildings iu many
cities of Ohio and adjoining slates; several of the
most prominent court houses and jails throughout
the stale; numerous hotel,, business buildings, dwell-
ings and factories, amoni; which may lie named the
immense factories ol the Ducber I lampdeu watch
«orks. the Buckeye, and others at Akron, Canton,
Massjllon ami elsewhere. Mr. Kramer's reputation,
however, lies principally in his ecclesiological achieve-
ments. An early interest in this class of work led to
his association with Mr. Snyder. who, in connection
with the late Hon. Lewis Miller, of Akron, O. (one of
the founders and president of the Chautauqua Asso-
ciation), had just begun to develop the original
plans of the modern church. A contemporary
writer, referring to this notable departure, says: "It
marked an era and an advance iu church and eccle-
siastical architecture such as has not been made for
centuries." This system originated largely in the
demand for the accommodation of the modern Sun-
day-school then beibg developed by Mr. Miller,
Bishop Vincent and others. In connection with
later developments of the "combination church"
and the "diagonal" or "pulpit-in-the-corner" plan,
originating with Mr. Kramer, this system became
known throughout Christendom as the "Akron"
plans or ideas, which constitute the fundamental
principles of all modern ecclesiological practice. In
the course of his practice, Mr. Kramer has been the
architect of over 500 churches, and consulting or
associate architect for as many more in nearly every
332
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
state in the Union, and also in foreign lands, for
all denominations and of all grades of expanse.
Among the most prominent may be mentioned Christ
Church. Pittsburg, the finest Methodist church in
the world; Union Methodist Church, Manhattan:
and the Baptist Temple, Brooklyn. In the inter-
national competition held in connection with the
Columbian exposition of 1SU3, Mr. Kramer's plans
for a model Sunday-school building; wen' awarded
first place. As an expert on heating ami ventilating
and a constructional and sanitary engineer, Mr.
Kramer is nearly as well known. He is acknowl-
edged as the first to successfully introduce a system
of mechanical ventilation in connection with warm-
air furnaces, and other successful innovations and
improvements in the heating and ventilating of
public buildings, and has also devised new systems
of constructing and securing prisons, as well as the
complete sanitary arrangements therewith. These
were commended by the Ohio state board as "the
best in existence," and are largely the basic prin-
ciples of modern construction. Mr. Kramer has
published one book, "The What, How and Why of
Church Building" (1897), a standard and the only
work on the modern church, and has published
papers and addresses on technical, scientific and
architectural subjects in periodicals or read them
before conventions. He was married, in 1870,
to Harriet Estellc, daughter of Timothy Blackmail,
of Kendallville, Ind. She is a descendant of Maj.
Elijah Blackman, of the revolutionary army, her
eldest American ancestor being John Blackman.
who came to Massachusetts between 1640 and 1650,
and married the first white girl born in the colony.
On the maternal side, the first ancestor was John
Taylor, who came to Salem, Mass., with Gov.
Winthrop. in 10:50, and was lost, with many noted
people, in the wreck of the famous "phantom ship. "
Mr. and Mrs. Kramer have two daughters, Ella
Kstella, wife of Rev. Levi Marshall, of Hannibal,
Mo., and Lora Odessa, and one son, George Lee
Kramer.
STEAD, Robert, architect, was born in New
York city, Jan. 27. 1856, son of Edward Briggs and
Matilda Laviuia (Hoagthrop) Stead, the former a na-
tive of New York city, the
latter of Baltimore, Md. His
great-grandfather, Rev. Henry
Stead, was born in England, in
1774, and came to the United
States in 1803, with his wife
and two sous. He was a mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcopal
church, and at one time was
presiding elder of the New
York conference ; died at
Greenwich, N. Y., Oct. 18,
1854. His son, Robert, grand-
father of Mr. Stead, was a
prominent merchant in New
York city. Edward Briggs
Stead was a captain in the 3d
New York regiment, afterwards
83d . during the civil war. R< >b-
ert Stead received his educat ion
in the public schools of New
York city and the College of the City of New York,
where he was graduated in 1871. After leaving col-
lege he entered the office of William Appleton Pot-
ter, to study architecture, remaining until he ac-
cepted a position as draughtsman in the supervising
architect's office of the treasury department at
\\ ashington, where he remained nine years, at the
end of that period beginning independent practice.
Among the buildings erected by him in Washington
are the chapel and mission house of Epiphany
Church, office buildings, residences and the rectory
of St. James's Church. He is treasurer of the Public
Ail. League of the United States, has been director
of the American Institute of Architects, ami has
been president, secretary and treasurer of the Wash-
ington chapter of the institute. He is chairman of the
hon>e and library committee of the American Insti-
tute of Architects. He is a member of the house
committee of the Cosmos and Chevy-Chase clubs, and
is fond of golf, tennis, hunting and other outdoor
sports. He is an amateur photographer of more
than average ability, and derives great pleasure from
this pursuit. .Mi-. Stead has traveled abroad several
times, visiting all the countries on the continent east
of Russia. He is a communicant of the Protestant
Episcopal church. He was married, in Washington,
April 5, 1882, to .Mary, daughter of William Q. and
Elizabeth A. Force, granddaughter of Peter Force,
the historian, and great-granddaughter of William
Force, of New Jersey, a soldier in the revolutionary
war. They have five children, four sons and a
daughter.
VAUX, Calvert, architect, was born in London,
England, Dec. 20, 1824, son of Dr. Calvert Bowyer
and Emily (Brickwood) Vaux. He was edu-
cated at the Merchant Tailors' School in London,
and then became an articled pupil of Lewis N. Cot-
tingham, architect, of London. Mr. Vanx came to
America, in 1850, as assistant to Andrew J. Down-
ing, the American landscape gardener, who was at
that time occupied with the Smithsonian grounds at
Washington, by appointment of the government.
At. the close of the year he became Mr. Downing'*
architectural partner, their joint office being at New-
burg, on the Hudson. This partnership continued
until Mr. Downiug's death, after which Mr. Vaux
carried on the business in Newburg for some years,
and published his book, "Villas and Cottages." In
1857 he moved to New York city, being engaged as
architect for the Bank of New York, and until his
death remained a resident of that city. In partner-
ship with Frederick Law Olmstrd. under the firm-
name of Olmsted, Vaux it Co., Mr. Vaux and Mr.
Olmsted made plans for Central park, Riverside
park and Morningside park, New York city; Pros-
pect park, Brooklyn; parks at Chicago, 111.; Bridge-
port, Conn. ; the New York state reservation at
Niagara. He also made plans for many country-
places for prominent men, among the number being
W. B. Ogden, in New York city; Samuel J. Tilden,
Yonkers; G. G. Haven, Lenox. Mr. Vaux was one
of I lie architects for the first buildings for the
Museum of Art in Central park, and the Museum of
Natural History in Manhattan square, New York
city. He also made the plans for eleven buildings
for the Children's Aid Society in New York. His
latest works were plans for down-town city parks in
New York, made in conjunction with Samuel Par-
sous. Jr. Mr. Vaux held, at the time of his death,
the following public positions; landscape architect
to the commissioners of the state reservation at
Niagara; landscape architect to the department of
public parks, New York city; member of consolida-
tion inquiry commission of the Greater New York.
He was a member of the National Sculpture Associa-
tion, Municipal Art Society, Century Club, and a
fellow of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Mr.
Vaux had the genuine creative faculty which gave
the stamp of originality to all his work, and a
severity which preserved it from anything like
eccentricity or extravagance ; and while thus fully
equipped on the artistic siilc. be had a fertility of re-
source and an unflagging industry which enabled
him to grapple successfully with all the complicated
practical problems of his profession. In 1854 Mr.
Vaux was married to Mary Swan, daughter of James
S. McEntee, of Rondout, N. Y. Two sons and two
daughters — C. Bow ver Vaux. Downing Vaux. Mr-.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
333
H. 11. Donaldson and Airs. .1. Lincoln Hendrickson —
survive him. Downing Viiux is a landscape archi-
tect in New York city, who studied two years in the
ollii-e of his falher. ' He was graduated at the Co-
lumbia College School of Mines in the class of 1878.
He has made the plans for parks at Poughkeepsie,
N. Y.; Kingston, N. Y.; Nutlcy, N. .1.; St. John,
Canada, and oilier places, and has delivered lectures
on landscape architecture, at the Tro\ I'ohiechnic
and at the New York University. In private lite,
.Mr. Yuux was a man of singular modesty, gentle-
ness and sincerity, and. while his learning and ac-
complishments gave him an assured position in the
republic of letters aud of art, his kindly and unselfish
disposition endeared him to every one with whom he
was closely associated. As a city official, he was a
model of "intelligent zeal and sturdy integrity, and
no man in public life was ever more loyal to his
duty or to his art. More than once, when some
construction affecting the design of the parks was
undertaken against his advice, he promptly resigned,
lint in every instance he was quickly reinstaled, in
obedience to a vigorous demand of the people of the
city, who felt assured that while his counsel pre-
vailed their pleasure-grounds were safe. To Cahei I
Yaux more than to any other man New York city owes
a debt of gratitude for the fact that Central Park, in
spile of attacks on every side, has been held secure
against harmful invasion, and has been developed
strictly on the lines of its original conception. Mr.
Yaux was accidentally drowned near New York,
Nov. 19, 1895.
WALTER, Thomas Ustick, architect, was
born in Philadelphia. Pa., Sept. 4, 1804, son of
Joseph S. and Deborah Walter, and was named alter
Rev. Thomas Ustick, pastor of the First Baptist
Church in bis native cily, which his parents attended.
He received a thorough education in English
branches, ami ai ihe age of fifteen entered the olliee
of William Strickland, a pupil of Benjamin W. La-
trobe, ami architect of the mint and other buildings
in Philadelphia. He acquired a general knowledge
of the profession of architecture, and then resumed
his general studies, pursuing them for seven years,
and gaining a practical knowledge of the several
branches of mechanical construction. He took an
elaborate course in mathematics, a science for which
he had a predilection, and also studied landscape
painting in water-colors under William Mason, a
celebrated teacher. Mr. Walter re-entered Mr.
Strickland's office in 1828, and spent two years in
the specific study of architecture, beginning profes-
sional practice in 1830. His first important work
was the Philadelphia county prison (Moyamensin^ i.
designed in 1831, aud constructed under his super-
vision in that year. In 1833 he submitted a design
for the Girard College for Orphans, which was
adopted, and this fact greatly increased his patron-
age after the structure was finished. In 1838 he
was sent to Europe by the board of directors to
examine "the practical workings of the various de-
vices and appointments for health, convenience and
comfort in the principal seats of learning in Great
Britain and the continent." He presented an elabor-
ate report to the directors, which became their guide
in finishing and fitting up the college. The next
important work was a design for a break-water at
LaGuayra, Venezuela. Among his works of private
practice were St. George's hall, the Preston Retreat,
the Philadelphia Savings Bank, the Debtors' Apart-
ment, several churches in Philadelphia, the Chester
County Bank and the Biddle aud Cowperthwaite
villas on the Delaware river. Many of the buildings
designed by him were in the pure classic style, and
he became known as the most strenuous advocate of
this style of architecture. A design for the exten-
sion of the national capitol was approved, aud in
1848 Pres. Fillmore appointed him to superintend
the construction of the same. This was the most
important labor of his life, and it has been said that
of all Ihe American architects of that date he was
the best tilted to undertake the work. "The bold-
ness nl ids composition evinces his skill as a de-
signer and his confidence in himself. . . . Much as
we pride oiir-eives upon the advances made in archi-
tectural design, v> ,. have nothing to show more' imblv
simple and well studied than this." Fergusson, the
historian of architecture, has said: "There are few
build ings erected in modern lime.s
which possess to a greater extent
than the capitol at Washington
appropriateness of purpose et.m
bined wilh Ihe dignity nccessarv
for the senale house ,,\ a i;real na-
tion. It has not the variety and
richness of detail of our Pallia
menl House, but it isa far slatelier
building. ... It wants but
very little to enable it to obtain
to very high rank amongst the
buildings of its class in other
parts of the world." Mr. Wal-
ter held the position for four-
teen years, anil during thai pe
rioil he planned and executed the
iron dome of the capilol, the east
and west wings of the patent of-
fice, the extension of the general
po-t < .Hire, the government IIos-
pilal torllie Insuie, the- repairs of I lie congressional
library ami the new trea-ury building. He also de-
signed the marine barracks al Hrookh n. N. Y.. ami
Pen.sacohi, Fla. Afier his return to Philadelphia he
did little professional work; but. for a short time be-
fore his death he was connected with John Mi •Arthur,
Jr.. designer and architect of the new city hall. In
l!-i'3'J Mr. Walter was elected a member of the Frank-
lin Infinite nf Pennsylvania; subsequently became
one of ils board of managers, aud in 1846 chairman
of the board. In 1S3(>, and from time to time after
that, he delhercd lectures on architecture before
that society; and in the "Journal" of the institute.
a periodical to which he frequently contributed, bis
name appearing as prof essor of architecture, although
no professorship had been established. He was one
of the founders (1837) of the American Institute of
Architects, aud as secretary signed the circular call-
ing a meeting to organize the same. On f.he rcsusci-
taiion of the organization, in 1857, he was elected a
fellow, and in 1876 was elected president, succeeding
Richard Upjohn. This office he held continuously
until bis death. He also became a member of the
American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. In
18b'0 be delivered a course of lectures on architecture
at Columbian University, Washington, D. C. ; also in
Philadelphia and vicinity. The honorary degree of
M.A. was conferred upon him by Madison Univer-
sity, N. Y..in 1849; that of Ph.D. by the University
of Lewisburg, Pa., in 1853; and that of LL.D. by
Harvard University in 1857. He was active in re-
ligious work wherever he lived; was for many
years clerk of the Spruce Street Baptist Church,
"Philadelphia, and superintendent of its Sunday-
school; in Washington, at the E Street Baptist
Church, had a large Bible class of young men; and,
on returning to Philadelphia, was deacon in the
Second Church of Germautown, and later in the
Memorial Baptist Church. He was a man of com-
manding presence, dignified manners aud great
modesty. He was twice married: first, to a daughter
of Robert Hancock, and aijain, to a daughter of Dr.
Gardiner, both of Philadelphia, Pa. He had twelve
children. Mr. Walter died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Oct. 30, 1887.
334
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
SULLY, Thomas, architect, was born at Missis-
sippi City, Miss., Nov. 24, 1855, son of George Wash-
ington and Harriet Jane (Green) Sully. His father
was a native of Norfolk, Va., and of English parent-
age, and his grandfather, Chester Sully, was a promi-
nent landholder and speculator. His mother was a
descendant of the famous Green family, so conspicu-
ous in revolutionary times. His great-uncle, Thomas
Sully, was a renowned artist, once
having been given sittings fora por-
trait by Queen Victoria. Thomas
Sully received a liberal education,
and at the age of twenty began his
architectural studies in the office of
Laimourife Wheelock, Austin, Tex.
He afterwards studied with H. R.
Marshall and .1. Morgan Slade,
noted New York architects. In
1881 he opened an office in New
Orleans, and from that time has met
witli remarkable success. He has
had various partners, always, how-
ever, remaiuiugthc head of the firm
as well as the moving spirit. Since
the beginning of his professional
career in New Orleans, he has de-
signed and erected almost every
structure of importance. Mr. Sully
is one of the few architects of mod-
ern times who combines a thorough-
ly business mind with his artistic and technical train-
ing. His public buildings are the finest in the South,
among which may be mentioned, the Henuen Build-
ing (office building), which was a great stimulant to
the city's growth; the Liverpool, London and Globe
Insurance building; the Morris building (another
office building); the New Orleans National Bank; the
Whitney National Bank; the Milliken Memorial
Hospital; the New St. Charles Hotel, built at a cost
of $1,000.000; the Tulane Medical College; the Cos-
mopolitan Hotel; the Crescent and Tulane theatres,
and many other public buildings. He also built
Lookout Inn at Lookout mountain, and the Vicks-
burg Hotel at Vicksburg, Miss. In addition to his
professional work, he has handled large sums of
money for men of wealth, in the way of building
commercial and manufacturing structures, such as
erecting and managing for four years the Caffrey
Central Sugar Refinery, near Franklin, La., which
involved $500,000. He is a director of several of
the city's financial institutions, and has large business
interests. He is an enthusiastic yachtsman, having
designed and built several well-known yacht*, and
is one of the ex-commodores of the Southern Yacht
Club. Mr. Sully was married, in 1884, to Mary
Eugenia Rocchi, of an old Louisiana family. They
have one daughter.
FREDERICK, George Aloysius, architect,
was born in Baltimore, Md., PIT. 16. 1842, son of
John M. and A. Margaret Frederick, of German de-
scent. He was educated in the school of the Chris-
tian Brothers in Baltimore, and in 1858 entered, as a
pupil, the office of Lind & Murdoch, leading archi-
tects of the period, ami favorably known throughout
that section of the country. Students in those days
had not the advantage of the admirable architec-
tural schools now so common, so he remained in
this office for four years, gaining the experience
which a large, varied and important class of work
afforded. In"l862 (before he had reached his majority)
he entered into public competition for a new city
hall, projected for his native city. His designs were
selected as the best, and the premium and the execu-
tion of the work were awarded to him. This im-
portant work, retarded considerably in its beginning
by reason of the civil war and by other local causes,
was not actively pushed until 1866, and was not com-
pleted until 1875. During all that period he was in
charge as architect. The building was considered
to be the finest and most complete municipal struc-
ture of the period in the United States, and bad an
additional celebrity as being the only public build-
ing of magnitude ever erected within the appropria-
tion. The amount assigned was $2,500,000, but of
this sum nearly $200,000 was turned back into the
city treasury as unexpended balance by the commis-
sion and the architect in charge. For many years
Mr. Frederick designed and had charge of the
various architectural embellishments of Druid hill,
Patterson, and other of the public parks of Bal-
timore. The Madison avenue and the Mount Royal
avenue gateways of the former, the principal gate-
way of Patterson park and the Lookout tower of
Federal hill park are to be specially noted; also nu-
merous other structures, such as pavilions and foun-
tains. Among the more important works in Balti-
more that have been designed by and under Mr. Fred-
erick are the U. S. Marine and the St. Joseph's hos-
pitals, Baltimore City College, Whiteford Hall, St.
Pius', St. James', St. Theresa's and Holy Cross
Roman Catholic churches, Greisenheim (a home
for aged Germans), First National Bank, the Abell
block of warehouses, the Goltschalk. Donncll and
" German Correspondent " buildings, Bible House,
Chesapeake and Potomac telephone exchange, besides
the residences on the Potomac and on Chesapeake
bay of A. S. Abell, Capt. John W. Hall, Gen. J. L.
Donaldson, Nicholas Popplein, George Bauerschmidt,
.John F. Wiessuer, Dr. Hiram Woods, Jr.; the resi-
dences of Charles Baker. Aberdeen, Md.; George
Baker, Havre de Grace; W. Headington, Walbrook.
and numerous others. In Anne Arundel county, St.
Mary's Hall and the renovated stale house (both at An-
napolis) and the Maryland house of correction testify
to his skill and taste. ' Mr. Frederick has been actively
identified with and an associate and fellow of the
American Institute of Architects since 1869, and a
director of the institute at frequent periods. He has
at various times contributed essays and papers on pro-
fessional subjects to the annual conventions of the in-
stitute, as also to magazines, newspapers and other
periodicals. Mr. Frederick was married, at Balti-
more, in 1865, to Mary E., daughter of John M.
and Mary Ann (Everist) Carr. They have one child,
a daughter.
JOHNSTON, Clarence Howard, architect,
w:is born at < Ikaman, Minn., Aug. 26, 1859, son of
Alexander Johnston, who was a prominent journal-
ist of that state. The son's early
education was obtained in the
public and high schools of his
native town. His diligence and
application made it possible for
him to carry on his studies and
at the same time earn sufficient
money to pay his expenses. It
was his ambition to become an
archil eel. a nil upon leaving school
at the aire of sixteen, he entered
the office of A. M. Radcliff, of
St. Paul, and studied under him
fur three years. In 1879 Mr.
Johnston entered the Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology in
Boston, and took a special course
in architecture with high honors.
Returning to St. Paul, he found
employment in the office of E. P. Bassford, a lead-
ing architect, where he remained one year, when lie
received a favorable offer from Herter Bros., of
New York city, which he accepted. He remained
in New York for two years, engaged on many of the
finest residences erected at that time, and then re-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
335
turned to St. Paul. While with Ilertcr Bros., he, in
connection with a few others, organized the Archi-
tectural League, which has since become one of the
leading organizations of the. kind in America. In
St. Paul he has met with remarkable success, many
of iis finest public buildings and private residences
having been designed by him. and his work is id In-
seen in other great cities of the Northwest. In 1881 he
made an architectural tour through Europe. Greece
and Asia Minor. He isoneof theorsani/.crs and char-
ter members of the Minnesota chapter of the American
Institute of Architects, and is a din-dor in Un-
American Instituted!' Architects. Mr. Johnston was
married, in 1885, to Mary L., daughter of C. B.
Thurston.
BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was
born at Henderson, Jefferson Co., N. V.. Sept. 4, IS Hi,
son of Edwin and Elizabeth Keith (Weeks) Burn-
ham, and grandson of Nathan
and Kebecca (Noble) Burnham.
He descends from Thomas lium-
ham. who lauded at Cape Cod in
11135, and settled at. Ipswich.
Mass., whence in ] 7-1 ~ John Burn-
bam, great-great-grandfather of
Daniel, removing to Connecticut,
then to Vermont, finally sell led
at Midillctown. Both he and
his son John were soldiers in
the revolutionary war and dele-
gates to the convention at Wind-
sor that formed the constitution
of the state, one of them writing
part of thai document, father
and son being lawyers. The
mother of Daniel H. Burnham
was a daughter of liev. Holland
Weeks, of Barring! on, Ma".,
and on her mother's side was
descended from Rev. .Samuel Hopkins, the original
of the chief character in Mrs. Stowe's "Minister's
Wooing." Nut hau Burnham, in 1811, removed his
family to Henderson, N. Y., and there his son Edwin
grew up, was married, and lived until 1855. when he
became a resident of Chicago. Daniel H. Burnham
attended Snow's New Church (Swedeuborgiau)
Academy, the Dearborn and Jones public schools,
ami later the Chicago High School. In 1864-66 he
attended the New Church School at Waltham, Mass.,
and during all these years studied drawing con-
stantly, giving some time and thought to architec-
ture during his last year at Waltham. He returned
to Chicago at the age of twenty-one; spent a year
in the office of Loriug & Jeuney, architects, and
later went to Nevada, where he passed a year in a
mining camp. In December, 1870, he entered the
office of Gustav Laureau, in Chicago, and subse-
quently worked under John M. Van Osdel, II. B.
Wheelock and Carter, Drake & Wight. In 1873 Mr.
Burnham formed a partnership with John W. Hoot,
who had been a fellow pupil, and this lasted for
eighteen years, during which period they built struc-
tures in all parts of the United States, the aggregate
value exceeding $40,000,000, and introduced the use
of steel frames for large office buildings. In the
autumn of 1890 Burnham & Root were made con-
sulting architects of the World's Columbian exposi-
tion in Chicago, and a few weeks later Bnrnham was
appointed chief of construction. Root, whose part
in the preliminary plans was small, died early in
January, 1891. In that month Mr. Burnham
organized the corps of architects, and in association
with Olmsted & Codman. as landscape architects,
proceeded to transform the prairie land of GOO
acres. Ground was broken in February; nearly 20,-
000 men were set to work, and in twenty-one months'
time the exposition was opened to the world. The
amount expended under Mr. Burnham was about
$20,000,000, and while the exposition lasted he had
in his organization about 6,000 men. In March,
1893, his services were formally recognized by
nearly 400 leading men, representing many coun-
tries and state-, who tendered him "a banquet at
Madison Square Garden, New York city, and pre-
sented him with a loving cup. Harvard and Yale
conferred on him the degree of M.A. in 1893, and
Northwestern University honored him with the de-
gree of D.S. in 1894. Among the buildings planned
and constructed by Burnham A: Hoot are: the Na-
tional Bank of Illinois; Chemical Bank; Montauk
block; the Rialto; Rookery; Rand A: McNally;
Phoenix; Calumet and Couuselmau buildings; the
Cliieago. Burlington and Qniucy general offices;
M ,i -onic Temple; Woman's Temple; Insurance Ex-
change, and the Calumet Club-house. Among those
designed and constructed by Mr. Burnham al • are:
the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank; Merchants'
Savings and Trust Co.; the Fidelity, the Northern and
many other build ings, besides important structures in
all the great cities of the United Slates. Mr. Burnham
ha- been president of the Illinois chapter of Un-
American Instil lite of Architects, of the Western Asso-
ciation of Archil eels and of the American Institute of
Architects. He lias been, at one time or another, a
member of the Chicago, Union League, University.
Argo. Literary, Quadrangle and Athletic clubs, all
of Chicago; ihe I'nion and Century clubs. New
York city; the (!len View. <!olf, Counlrv and Boat
clubs, of Evanston; the Kllicotl Club, .'if Buffalo,
and the Union Club, of Kansas City, Mo. He was
mairied in Chicago, Jan. 2«. 1S7I1, to Margaret Seb-
ring, only daughter of John B. and Ophelia (Graham)
Sherman. Her father organized, ami still controls,
the great stock yards and transit business of the city.
They have three sons and two daughters.
THOMPSON, William Tappan, journalist,
was born at Ravenna, ()., Aug. 31, 1812, of Irish
and American parentage. lie was the first white
child born on the Western Reserve. His early years
were spent partly in his native place and partly in
Philadelphia, Pa. Having lost his parents at an
early age, he was obliged to support himself, and
while still a boy sought employment on the Phila-
delphia '• Chronicle." He did not remain long at any
one calliug, but engaged in whatever happened to
turn up, and, meantime, his unusual cleverness and
attractive manners made him a universal favorite.
For a time he was secretary to Gov. Westcott, of
Florida, with whom he studied law. He served as
a volunteer in the Seminole war in 1835-36, and then
engaged in journalistic work at Augusta and Macon,
Ga., until 1838. Then removing to Madison, Ga.,
lie conducted the " Miscellany," in which his well-
known humorous work, " Major Jones' Courtship,"
first appeared, as a series of papers entitled "Major
Jones' Letters." In 1850 he founded the "Morning
News" at Savannah, Ga., and edited this journal
until his death, only leaving it during the period of
the civil war, when he served in the Confederate
army. After the war he took part in the political
activity of Georgia, serving as warden of the port of
Savannah; delegate to the" national Democratic con-
vention of 1868, and member of the state constitu-
tional convention of 1877. He was the author of a
number of widely-read humorous works, entitled
"Major Jones' Courtship, " "Major Jones' Chron-
icles of Pineville, " "Major Jones' Sketches of
Travel," " The Live Indian: A Farce," and "John's
Alive; or, the Bride of a Ghost, and other Sketches"
(posthumous, 1883). He also dramatized successfully
"The Vicar of Wakefield," and edited " Hotchkiss's
Codification of the Statute Laws of Georgia " (1845).
He died at Savannah, Ga., March 24, 1882.
336
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BYRNE, John, physician, was born at Kilkeel,
county Down, Ireland, Oct. 13, 1825, son of Stephen
and Elizabeth Byrne. His father, who was a well-
known merchant, gave him every available educa-
tional advantage at the Diocesan Seminary of Bel-
fast, and subsequently with private tutors. At the
aLie of sixteen he was matriculated at the Royal Bel-
fast Institution, and later entered the General Hos-
pital as a medical student. During the succeeding
five years his medical studies were pursued in the
universities of Dublin and Glasgow, and completed
at Edinburgh, where he was graduated in 1846. His
course of study all through was based on the cur-
riculum of the British navy, for which he had pros-
pects of an appointment. At that period a longer
probation and many extra branches not included in
the ordinary medical course were required of candi-
dates for such a position. During the Irish famine
in 1846—47, he received his first professional distinc-
tion in an appointment to full charge of one of the
temporary fever hospitals. Here his extensive hos-
pital practice enabled him to discharge his every
duty with marked success until the close of the epi-
demic, when he received high commendations from
the authorities. In 1848 he came to the United States,
and, although soon after his arrival he received his
longed-for appointment to the British navy, he de-
cided to remain. He, therefore, settled in Brooklyn,
N. Y., where he has since practised his profession.
In 1853, with a view to enlarging his professional
associations, he was graduated at the New York
Medical College. In 1857-58, in conjunction with
the late Dr. Daniel Ayres, Dr. Lewis Bauer,
and a few generous lay friends, he obtained a
charter for the Long Island College Hospital, which
he had helped to organize. About this period, owing
ID improved methods of investigation regarding the
diseases of women, he decided to de-
vote himself to the study and practice
of this specialty: and one of his earliest
contributions to gynecological litera-
ture on pelvic luvmalocele, read before
the New York Academy of Medicine
in 1860, was reprinted in various medi-
cal journals, both in the United States
and Europe. This was pronounced by
the medical press to be " the best essay
on the subject in the English, or, per-
haps, in any language." Since then his
original papers and clinical reports on
subjects connected with his specialty
have been numerous and of acknowl-
edged merit. In IsiiShe was appointed
sin L'< on-in-chief to St. Mary's Hospital
for Women, a position which he still
occupies. In 1882, on the completion
of the first wing of St. Mary's Hospital
on St. Mark's avenue, he was intrusted with the duty
of organizing its medical and surgical staff. In 1869
he undertook an exhaustive series of experiments in
electro physics, with the hope of being able todevise
or construct a more perfect apparatus than it was
then possible to procure for the generation of heal
by the galvanic current ; and in 1876 he forwarded
to the centennial exhibition at Philadelphia his well-
known electro-thermal ballery for surgical opera-
tions. The remarkable power of tin's little apparatus
was llieii demonstrated before a select assemblage of
scientists, including the late Emperor Dom Pedro,
Sir William Thompson and others, all of whom were
lavish in their expressions of approval. Through its
agency and by ingeniously devised instruments of
his own construction, he is SMJ,I to have operated
more frequently and with greater success in a class
of diseases otherwise incurable, viz., uterine cancer,
than any other living surgeon. His remarkable statis-
tics of nearly 400 operations for cancer, published in
1889, are now of world-wide note. By his manipu-
lation of the electric cautery and its successful ap-
plication in this important class of women's ailments,
he has obtained the fullest recognition, not only here,
but also abroad, where he is looked upon as fiir/lc
princeps in this branch of uterine surgery. When
visiting Paris in 1890, he operated in the Broca
Hospital, by invitation of Prof. Pozzi, and again in
IS'.Kj he enjoyed the rare and exceptional compli-
ment of being invited by the late Prof. Pean, Prof.
Second, Dr. Aubeau and others to demonstrate his
peculiar method of operating at the International
and Salpetriere hospitals in the presence of large and
enthusiastic audiences, comprising the. leading sur-
geons of the French capital. In 1896 the College of
St. Francis Xavier conferred on him the degree of
LL.D. He is a fellow of the New York Academy
of Medicine, of the American Medical Association,
sin •^eon-in-chief to St. Marv's Maternity, chief of
gynecological department and president of the
faculty of St. Mary's Hospital, ex-president of the
American Gynecological Society, ex-president of the
New York Obstetrical Society, corresponding mem-
ber of the Gynecological Society of Boston, ex-presi-
dent of the Brooklyn Gynecological Society and
member of the State and King's County Medical
societies. Dr. Byrne still continues actively engaged
in hospital, office and consultation practice.
BULL, Charles Stedman, physician, was born
in New York city, April 21, 1846, son of Henry
King and Eliza (Ludlow) Bull. He is descended
from the famous Capt. Thomas Bull, of the British
army, who came to this country in 1632, landing in
Boston, and was one of the original settlers of Haft-
ford, Conn. One of his descendants, Capt. Caleb
Bull, the great-great-grandfather of Dr. Bull, was
an officer in the Connecticut line in the war of the
revolution, and an original member of the Society of
the Cincinnati: while Frederick Bull, a son of Capt.
Caleb, served as major during the same war. On
the maternal side. Dr. Bull is descended from
William Ludlow, of Hill Deverill. AViltshire, Eng-
land, who settled there about the middle of the four-
teenth century. His lineal descendant was Jeremiah
Ludlow, who came to this country in 1693. landing
in New York, and subsequently seitliiig- in Essex
county, N. .1. His son. Obadiah Ludlow, (he ma-
ternal great-grandfather of Dr. Bull, was an officer
of New .Jersey troops during the war of the revolu-
tion. The parliamentary general. Sir Edmund Lud-
low, and the former Earl Ludlow, were also de-
scended from the same William Ludlow, of Hill
Deverill, Wiltshire. On the maternal side, also.
Dr. Bull is descended from the Marquis de Seguiu
de Tallerange, a French Huguenot, who tied to
this country after the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes, and who settled, in 1690. at what is now
known as Scguiue Point, Slaten Island. Dr. Bull
was educated at the French school of Prof. Elie
Charlier. and was graduated at Columbia College in
1864, and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons
in istis. He was eighteen months in Bellevue Hos-
pital, as house physician and surneon. lie then
went abroad, and spent two years in Vienna, Heidel-
berir. Berlin, Utrecht, Paris and London, and was a
pupil of Prof, von Arlt, Prof, von Oracle and Prof.
Donders. On his return, in 1S71. lie became assist-
ant surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital;
until 1873 was assistant surgeon to the New York
Eye and Ear Infirmary, and was visiting surgeon to
Charity Hospital, 1875 to 1880. He "became full
surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary in
1H76, and still holds the position. He was consult-
ing ophthalmic surgeon to ! he Nursery and Child's
Hospital from 1876 to 1888; became consulting oph-
thalmic surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital for Children
OF AMERICAN BIOKIJAHHY.
337
in 1H76, which position lie still holds (ls<M)>. Hi-
was ailjniirl professor of ophthalmology at liellevue
Hospital Medical College from isso to ]sss; was
appointed professor of ophthalmology, medical dc
partmcnt. University of New York, in isss, and
consulting ophthalmic surgeon to St. Luke's 1 lospital
tluj same vear. He is professor of ophthalmology in
the ( 'ornell rnivel'sily Medical ( 'olle^e, and consult-
ing ophthalmic surgeon lothe Presbyterian I lospital.
lie has written " Choroidil is Following Cereliro-
S]iinal Meningitis " (1N73); " Strychnia in Amauiosis
anil Amblyopia" (1873); "Retinal Hemorrhage in
Diseases dl' the llraiii, Heart and Kidneys "< Is] 1 1 ,
" Lesions of the Oplic Nerve and Pupil in Diseases
of the Spinal < 'ord " (1H?.">); " Pathology and Thera-
pel Hies of Contused Wounds of the Kveball " (1S7t!i.
" Rare Syphilitic Neuroses of the Eye " (1877); " In-
tluenee of the Filth Nerve in Iritis and ( 'horoiditis "
(1M7I1); and "Symptomatology and Pathology of
Int i.-ieranial Tumors" (!*?.">). He is one of the
authors of the "Translation of Slellwag's Treatise
on Diseases of the Kve," editor of the third and
fourth American editions of .1. Soelberg Wells'
"Treatise on Diseases of the Eye," and author of
numerous original papersondiseases.il' tin- eye in
American and foreign medical journals; is assistant
collaborator of Foster's " Encyclopaedia Medical I lie
tionary," for which lie wrote all the part relating to
the diseases of the eye and ear, and of the system
of diseases of the eye of Nonisand Oliver. In ad-
dition to hospital practice, lie lias a large private prac-
tice in his specially. He is a member of the Ameri-
can Medical Association, New York Academy of
Medicine, New York Pathological Soeiet\. New
York County Medical Society, New York Ophlhal-
mologieal Society, American Ophthalmological So
ciety. New York State Medical Association, Hugue-
not Societj' of America, Society of Colonial Wars,
Society of" the Sons of the devolution, and of the
University and Century chilis. Dr. Hull was mar
ried, in 1HS3, to Mary fcingsbury, (laughter of Hon.
Frederick.!. Kingsbuiy, of Waterbury, Conn.
PARKER, Willard, surgeon, was born at
Hillsboro, Hillsboro co., N. H., Sept. -j, isno, s,,n
of Jonathan and Haunah (Clark) Parker. The fam-
ily, on his father's side, emigrated from England to
Massachusetts in 1040, and settled at Chelmsford,
Middlesex co., as farmers. Col. Moses Parker, a
great-uncle of Willard Parker, distinguished himself
in the French war. and taking' the popular side when
the revolution broke out. was made prisoner at Hun
ker Hill, and died in Boston, July 4, 1776. The
maternal grandfather of Willard Parker, Capl. Peter
Clark, fought under Stark at Bennington, and was
at the surrender of Burgoyne. Dr. Parker's father,
who was a farmer, returned to Chelmsford when his
son was five years of aire, and the latter being the
oldest son, worked on the farm most of the time un-
til he was nineteen years of age. He then took
charge of a district school, in order to earn monc\ to
pay his way through college. He was graduated at
Harvard in 1826, and then took charge of a school
at Charlestown, Mass. Meantime he had attended
the lectures of Dr. John C. Warren, professor of
surgery at Harvard, whom he had aided in the ana-
tomical department, and in the spring of 1827 he was
appointed house-physician in the U.\S. Marine Hos-
pital at. Chelsea, Mass. In the winter of 1828-29 he
became the private pupil of Dr. Warren, and in the
latter year served as house-surgeon in the Massachu-
setts General Hospital, being the first to hold that
position. He received the degree of A.M. from Har-
vard in 1829, and the degree of M.D. in 1830 from
the same institution. In 1829-30 he delivered a
course of lectures on anatomy in the Vermont Medi-
cal School at Woodstock. In June, 1830, he was
YOT, IX.— 22.
appointed to the chair of anatomy in the Berkshire
Medical College, Pittstield, Mass., continuing to lec-
ture at Woodstock, and in 1S32 became lecturer on
surgery as -.veil as anatomy at Pittstield. In 1836 he
accepted the chair of surgery in the medical college
al Cincinnati, o. : but the climate was unfavorable
to his health, and in WV.) he removed to New York,
to take the chair of surgery in the College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons. lie held this chair until 1880,
when he was appointed professor of clinical surgery
in the same institution, and served for ten years, re
signing when he uas made professor emeritus. In
1X40 he had some interesting cases taken from the
city dispensaries to the colic Lie, then in Crosby st reel ,
where the anatomical theatre offered superior ail
vantages for making diagnoses and performing oper
alioiis bet., re the whole class, and thus established
the lirst college cliiiic in the t'niled States. In 1845
the city almshoiise was placed under a board of
governors. In 1X45 Dr. Parker was appointed on a
committee to consider the status
of the city almshoiise and present
a plea for its organization ; and
when, in 1X47, the almshoiise be-
came liellevlle Hospital, lie Was
appointed a visiting surgeon. In
ix.'pii he received a similar appoint-
ment lo the New York Hospital.
In 1SU5 he sure led Dr. Yal-
•n'ii e Moll as president of Ihe
.sew York State Inebriate Asylum.
Furthermore, he wa-. consulting
siiiL'eon at Mellevue. Mount Sinai,
Si. Luke's, Roosevelt and New
York hospitals, and was an honor-
ary member of many American and
foreign medical societies Ileaided
in or^ani/iiiLr the New Yi;rk Path-
ological Society, the Society for
Widows and Orphans of Medical
Men, the New York Academy of Medicine, of
which he was president for many years, and tin-
New York city board of health. He was active also
in religious, charitable and educational work. He
was one of the most eminent surgeons of his day.
and among his contributions to the art of surgery
were the operations of cysiolomy, for (lie relief of
chronic cystitis, and that for the cure of abscess of
the appendix vermiformis. Among his monographs
contributed to medical journals are : "Cystotomy "
(1850); "Spontaneous Fractures" (1852); " Con-
cussion of Nerves" (1856); "Ligature of the Sub-
clavian Artery" (1864), and a lecture on "Cancer"
(1873). Princeton College gave him the degree of
LL.D. in 1870, and the Willard Parker Hospital
for Contagious Diseases was erected and named in
his honor. Dr. Parker was twice married; first, in
1839, to Caroline Allen of Massachusetts; second to
Henrietta Bissell. He had one son and five daugh-
ters. Dr. Parker died in New York city, April
25, 1X84.
LUSK, William Thompson, physician and
educator, was born at Norwich, Conn., May 23,
1838, sou of Sylvester Graham and Elizabeth 'Free-
man (Adams) Lusk. His father (1805^0) was a
well-known merchant of Connecticut, and a member
of the firm of Lusk, Lathrop & Co. After receiving
the rudiments of a school education at Rev. Albert
Spooner's school in Norwich, William T. Lusk at-
tended Dr. Anthon's Grammar School, in New York
city, and Russell's Military Academy, New Haven,
Conn., and entered Yale College in the fall of 1855.
Owing to an affection of the eyes he left college at
the end of the freshman year, and after a year in
business went abroad for treatment at the bauds of
Mauuoir, of Geneva, Switzerland, one of the m. •/
celebrated oculists of his day. In 1858 he DeSaItjon
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
study of medicine in Heidelberg, and remaining
there two years went for another year's work to
Berlin. On his return to America in 1861, he en-
li-ted iu the 79th New York infantry, Highlanders,
and immediately went to the front. He served on
tin' staff of Gen. Isaac I. Stevens for a considerable
time preceding that officer's death, Sept. 1, 1863.
On Sept. 19, 1861, he was commissioned second lieu-
tenant, and on Feb. 24, 1863, captain, resigning in
February, 1863, at the request of Gov. Morgan, to
take command of a regiment then recruiting in New
York city. He, however, accepted instead, the ap-
pointment of adjutant-general, with the rank of cap-
tain, on the staif of Gen. Daniel Tyler, and served
from June to September, 1863. Capt. Lusk several
times received honorable mention for conspicuous
gallantry on the field. At the battles of Antietam
and James Island he performed the duties of aide at
the constant risk of his life, and at the first
battle of Bull Hun lie carried his captain, badly
wounded, off the field, walking backward to avoid
being shot in the back. Among other notable actions
in which he participated were, Blackburn Ford,
Port Hoyal, second Bull Run, Chantilly, South
Mountain, and Frcdcricksburg. Several times he
narrowly escaped severe wounds, yet despite that
three-fourths of his regiment were killed, he was
pre-ened unharmed. During the draft riots in
New York city in ISii:!, ('apt. Lusk commanded
two companies of troops, and rendered valuable ser-
vices in the pacification of the city. Resigning from
I lie army Sept. 17, ISli:',. when" his regiment was
placed on the inactive list, he entered Bellevue Medi-
cal College, New York city, and was duly graduated,
in the following year, valedictorian of his class. He
then went abroad for further study, spending four
months in Edinburgh under Sir James Y. Simpson;
six months in Paris, four in Vienna, under Carl
Braun, and two in Prague under Seifert. On his
return to America he settled in Bridgeport, Conn.,
where he practiced medicine during 1865-66, in as-
sociation with Dr. Robert Hubbard; then, removing
to New York city, he formed a partnership with Dr.
Fordyce Barker, which lasted for seven years. Dur-
ing 1869-71 he was profes-
sor of physiology and micro-
scopic anatomy in the Long
Island Hospital Medical Col-
lege, and in the winter of
1*70-71, at the request of Dr.
O. AV. Holmes, delivered a
ci>iir-i' of lectures on physiol-
ogy, in the Harvard Medical
School. It was expected that
he would be called to a profes-
sorship there, but owing to an
unforeseen delay in this action,
be accepted the proffered chair
of obstetrics and the diseases
of women in Bellevue Hos-
pital Medical College, as suc-
cessor to Dr. George T. Elliot,
deceased. Only a few hours
after his acceptance, the iuvita-
tionarrivedfrom Harvard ; thus
be was destined to remain in New York, holding
llii- chair until the time of his death. Dr. Lusk was
visiting physician hi the New- York Nursery and
Children's Hospital, and to the New York Charity
Hospital (1870-71), and obstetric surgeon of Bellevue
Hospital (1871-73). During the latter years he was
also co-editor, with Dr. James B. Hunter, of the
"New York Medical Journal." Among other pro-
fessional appointments, he was at various times con-
sulting physician to the Maternity Hospital and
foundling Asylum, visiting obstetrician to the
'!' Agency Hospital; gyna'cological surgeon to St.
tics
Vincent's Hospital, and consulting obstetrician to
the Lying-in Hospital. He was an honorary fellow
of the Edinburgh and London obstetrical societies;
a corresponding fellow of the Paris and Leipsic ob-
stetrical societies, and of the Paris Academy of Medi-
cine. In 1*74-75 he was a vice-president of the New
York Obstetrical Society, in l*Mi. prc-idenl of the
Ne\\ York State Medical Society; in 1890. honorary
president of the obstetrical and gynaecological sec-
tion of the tenth international medical congress in
Berlin, and in 1894 president of the American Gynae-
cological Society. From 1889 until his death, he
was president of the faculty of the Bellevue Hospi-
tal Medical College. Dr. Lusk was also a member
of the military order of the Loyal Legion. As a
surgeon and practitioner he was noted for rapidity
and precision of diagnosis, and a skill in operating
which was the perfection of science. He was the
lir-t surgeon in America to successfully perform the
( ';e-arian section, and although he repeated the
operation many times, death resulted in a very small
percentage of his cases. In 1872 he received the
honorary degree of A.M. from Yale University,
which also created him LL.D. iu 1894. His pub-
lished writings are very numerous, and widely recog-
nized as authority in professional circles. His prin-
cipal work is the " Science and Art of Midwifery"
(5th edition ls'17), which has been translated into
French. Italian, Spanish, Arabic and oilier lau-
iMia'jes. lie was also the author of: " Histological
I (net vines of M. Hohin "; " Unvmia a Common Cause
of Death in Uterine Cancer"; "Irregular Uterine
Action During Labor"; "Inquiry into the Pathol-
ogy of Uterine Cancer"; "Clinical Report of the
Lyini; in Service at Bellevue Hospital for 1873";
"Origin of Diabetes, with Some New Experiments
IJcirarding the Gl_ycogenic Function of the Liver";
" Cephalotribes and Ccphalotripsy "; " Genesis of an
Epidemic of Puerperal Fever"; " Morphia in Child-
birth"; "Nature, Causes and Prevention of Puer-
peral Fever"; "Necessity of Caution in the Em-
ployment of Chloroform During Labor," and
" Description of a New Cephalotribe AA'eighing Less
than Two Pounds." His paper on the "Nature,
('au-is and Prevention of Puerperal Fever," first
read before the international medical congress at
Philadelphia, in 1S76, was one of the first to support
the germ theory of disease, and attracted wide notice
at the time. Dr. Lusk's charming personality, affa-
bility of manner and gentle, helpful character en-
deared him to all his associates, and made him an
eminent success, both as practitioner and educator.
He was twice married, first, May 4, 1864, to Mary
Hartwell, daughter of Simeon B. Chitteudeu, of
Brooklyn. N. V. (she died Sept. 13, 1871, leaving
two sous and two daughters); and, second, June 14,
1*76, to Mrs. Matilda (Myer) Thorn of New York
citv, who died in 1892. Dr. Lusk died suddenly in
New York city. June 12. 1897.
HAMMOND, William Alexander, surgeon-
general, U. S. army, was born at Annapolis, Md.,
Aug. 28, 1828. His ancestor, Gen. John Hammond,
of the British army, acquired large grants in Anne
Arundel county. Md., from the crown and from
Lord ISaliimore , his mother was a niece of AVilliam,
Pinkncy. U S. senator and minister to England.
Hi- father. Dr. John W. Hammond removed, in
1835, to Ilarrisburg, Pa., where the son received an
academic education. He began his medical studies
early ; took the degree of M.D., in 1848. at the Uni-
versity of the City of New York, and for another
year attended the clinical classes of the Pennsyl-
vania Hospital. Entering the army as an assistant
surgeon, he served for three years in New Mexico,
and. after a visit to Europe, at West Point, at Fort
Meade in Florida, at Fort Riley in Kansas, as a medi-
cal director of the Sioux expedition, with the troops
OF AMKIMCAN ]!K >t ; K \ PI !>. .
who built a road to Uiidger's Pass in the Roek\
mountains, and at Fort Mackinac in .Michigan.
Duriii'j tin1 ele\en year- of his army experience ho
gave much at trniion to physiology and physiological
chemistry, and published numerous monographs,
some of which were reprinted in Kngland, and
lran-l:ili'il into French and German, gaining him
much repute as an original worker in medicine ; one
of Ilieni, mi " Alhiiiiien, Starch and (iiim as Food,"
received I hi.1 lirst |iri/i- of the American Medical As
soeialion. \Vliilr on the frontier, he made large
colleei ions of Ihe fauna of the newly cxploicd re-
gions, and presented them to Ihe Smilhsoiiiaii Insli-
tiition and the 1'hiladelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences. On Oct. •!!. IMiO. he resigned I'rnm Ihe
arinv, anil accepted Ihe chair of anatomy anil physi-
ology in ilir 1'nivcrsity of Maryland. ( >n the out-
break of hostilities, si\ month- later, he reiurned to
tlie army, "at tile fool of the roll of a— i-tanl-siir
geous"; was assigned to duly \vit h (Jen. I'alter-on,
anil organi/ed hospitals at I la<jer-tow-|i, Frederick
and Baltimore. He was soon transferred to Gen
l!o-ecraii- at \\ In-elin^. who made him medical in-
spector of camps and hospitals. The reforms he
initiated attracted the attention of the sanitary com-
inis-ion, whose ollii-ers, liaeked liv lien. Met 'lellan.
strenuously urged his appoinlmciil to the new post
of surgeon general. Receiving this, with the rank
of brigadier, in April. 1N02. lie found the labors in
volved herculean. The all'airs of the bureau were
in arrears, and small provision had I n made to
meel the Icn-ihlc cmcriicncy : the medical depail
nit-tit was organized for an arnn of I.'I.IIIMI, and he
had to make it equal to the requirements of I
000. In two months .his eight clerks hail been in-
creased to sixly, the machinery of I he oiliee had
been extended and -lib-bureau- rivaled. How he
rose to Ihe occasion, bronchi order out of chaos, and
rendered momentous services to the army and Ihe
country is part of Ihe national hislorv ; less appn
elated were the ditlieiilties he met and the jealousies
he inevitably aroused. To mention but two points :
he organi/.cd and founded the Army .Medical Mu-
seum, called by liie senate military committee, long
after, "an institution universally admitted to be one
of the proudest scientific monuments of anv Hire or
country"; and he originated the ambulance corps,
which was not adopted until after his displacement.
Dr. Bellows, president of the sanitary commission,
called him "the best friend the soldier has in this
country," and asserted that the "sick and wounde I
owe a hundred time's over more to the government
and the medical department than to all Ihe oiii-ide
influences and benevolence of the country combined,
including- the sanitary commission." Within a few-
months after Dr. Hammond's appointment, hospitals
had been erected, mostly after his designs, with ac-
commodations for over 70.000. But he liad to en-
counter hostility, especially from the secretary of
war. After two years of eminent service, he was
accused of irregularities in awarding contracts, tried
by court-martial, and dismissed from office in
August, 1864. He was subsequently vindicated, and
received official assurance that " a great wrong had
been done " him. Bearingthis unjust sjigma. but tin-
dismayed, he entered upon the practice of his profes-
sion in New York. For a time he was in pecuniary
straits, and compelled to eke out an income with his
pen. Besides suggesting and planning the "Medical
and Surgical History of the Rebellion," he had al-
ready published "Physiological Memoirs " (1863) ;
"A Treatise on Hygiene" (1863); " Venerea. Dis-
eases" (1864) ; edited "Military, Medical and Sur-
gical Essays" (lsii4i, and started at least one medi-
cal journal. He now wrote on " Wakefulness "
(1865); "Insanity in Its Medico-Legal Relations"
(1866), and a novel, " Robert Severue " (1867). A
ju-tice
little later he translated Me\ei's "Electricity" (1869),
ami issued a volume on -'Sleep, and It.- Derange-
ments " i iMi'.h. Fi \iicj hi- at I cut ion on the specially
in which he lias become famous, he delivered, in
l-iiii 117. in the College of Physicians and Surgeons
tlie lirsi course of lectures e\er iiiven in New York
on " Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System." In
1*ii; a chair of this branch was created for him in
Ihc liellcvne llo-pital Medical ( ollegC . Ihis he held
until 1*711, and then was iran-feired loa similar pro-
i-hip in his alma mater, Ihe l"niver-ity ol the
( 'ity of New York, w hen he lectured until 1SS2. His
I i ealise " on liis chosen lopic
i is; I i reached a nimh edilion at
home in 1*11(1, is much used as
a text book in I inland. and has
been iiaiislated into Fieneh,
Italian and Spanish, lie estab-
lished, and for some nine edit
eil. I he " (Quarterly .iournal of
P-ycholo^ical Medicine and
Medical .liirisprndencc " . was
!Ol the folllldersof the "New
\ 01 k Medical .Iournal," and in
ISO became1 a physician of the
New York State Hospital. In
ls7s, desiring no return to
arnn sen ice, norany arrears of
pa\ . he si>ii".hi. and in due time
obtained, his lomj-delayed vin-
dication. A hill authorizing;
the president to review Ihe pro
feedings of ihe coii il -martial
passed the house unanimously, and the senate, after
lies in its favor by the leadei - of both parlies,
with a single di— eiiling voice. The -ccreiary of war,
at Ihe president's direction, then made a thorough
examination of the records, and reported lliat the
sl'llleuce olliiht In be s,.| aside. < )ll All'J. 27. 1879,
Dr. Ilami 1 wa- n-lored to his ]iosiiion as sur-
Lieon -gener.d and placed on (he n-tiied list. In 1NS2
he and SOUK of his colleagues in theCity I'nivcr-ity
resigned Iheir chairs, and founded the New York
Post Graduate Mcdi'-al School, in which he as-uinec!
the professorship of his specialty. In addilion to his
labors as teacher and writer, lie has for many M-.-ns
conducted an immense private practice. To his
great professional anil literary success, his unusual
stature and physical strength have contributed, as
well as his versatile talents and enormous industry.
Among his later publications are many monographs
and several volumes on .spiritualism, nervous de-
rangement and in-anil v. One of these, "Insanity
in Its Medical Relations" (1883), has been translated
into Italian. He has also found time to write several
novels. "Lai" (1884); "Dr. Grattan" (1884);
"Mr. oldmixon " (1885) ; " A Strong-Minded Wo-
man " tlssi!]. etc., all of which have had an exten-
sive sale. He now conducts the Hammond Sanitarium,
ii large establishment in Washington, founded in
1890. His daughter, well known as the Marquise
Clara Lanza, and as an author and journalist, was
married to an Italian nobleman — the Marquis Man-
fiidi Lanza di Mercato Bianco. His son, Graeme
M. Hammond, is a practicing physician in New
York city.
HOWE, Andrew Jackson, surgeon, was born
at Paxtou, Worcester Co., Mass., April 14, 1825, son
of Samuel H. and Elizabeth (Moore) Howe. His
first American ancestor was John Howe, one of the
principal settlers of Sudbury, who was a petitioner
for the grant of Marlboro in 1057. One of his de-
scendants went to Paxton in the first part of the
eighteenth century, and bought a considerable tract
of laud, building a house upon it in 1743, where
four generations of the family have lived, and which
at the present time is in a good state of preservation.
340
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Samuel H. Howe removed, about 1829, from Paxton
to a farm in the neighboring town of Leicester,
where he continued to reside until his death. Andrew
J. Howe received his early education in the public
sc • 1 1 ools of Pax ton and Leicester and at Leicester Acade-
my, and, entering Harvard College, was graduated
A.B. in 1853. Previously, he had studied medicine in
the office of Dr. Calvin Newton, of Worcester, and
atlc-niled a course of lectures at the medical college
in that city. After leaving Harvard, he continued
study at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia;
at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and the
New York Medical College, iu New York; and was
graduated M.D. at the Worcester Institute in 1855,
accepting the position of demonstrator of anatomy
in the college, and being unani-
mously appointed by the trustees
to the chair of anatomy. Dr.
Howe was invited to take charge
of the surgical practice of Dr.
Walter Burnham, of Lowell,
during the latter's term in tin-
state senate, after which he-
opened an office in Worcester.
He had hardly established him-
self in practice when, in 1856, he-
accepted an invitation to lecture
on anatomy before the Cincin-
nati Eclectic College of Medi-
cine. Some months later he be-
came a member of its faculty,
and in 1857 removed to Cincin-
nati. The surgeon of the col-
lege not being able to lecture on
account of illness. Dr. Howe, iu
addition to his own duties, performed those of pro-
fessor of surgery. The double office he held during
the winter. Upon the merging of the College of
Medicine into the Eclectic Medical Institute, iu 1859,
Dr. Howe was appointed to the chair of anatomy,
and later was transferred to the chair of surgery— a
position he held until his death. In 1873, he brought
out a "Treatise on Fractures and Dislocations." He
was the author of a "Manual of Eye Surgery"
(1874); "Art and Science of Surgery "(1876); "Op-
erative Gynaecology" (1890); and "Conversations
on Animal Life," for young people (1897). He was a
constant contributor to and assistant-editor of the
" Eclectic Medical Journal," and contributed largely
to other journals popular essays on semi-scientific
and literary subjects. In the progress of the years
his surgical writings and editorial sketches became a
store-house of reports of operative surgery, of regis-
tered observations and notes and deductions carefully
compared and reduced to laws of health and disease.
A large proportion of the cuts iu his books and
papers were of his own design, and he also showed
great ability iu devising improved met bods and appli-
ances in surgical science. Apart from his profes-
sion, his greatest interest was c parative anatomy,
in which he received a great impetus under the in-
struction of Prof. Agassiz, and he never neglected an
opportunity to dissect and study the organic pecu-
liarities of any of the animals dying at I he Cincin-
nati Zoological Garden: once he dissected a whale.
He published autopsies on all of them, and perhaps
the most widely read and circulated was his " An
topsy of an Elephant." Frequently he would go to
great expense iu securing rare anatomical specimens
and preparations, of which he made pencil sketches
for future enlargement and reproduction in perma-
nent form. Dr. Howe was an active member of
the Cincinnati Natural History Society, contributing
to its meetings many papers. His many preparations
and diagrams were given to this society and to the
Cincinnati Eclectic Medical College. He was a mem-
ber of numerous state, county and city eclectic medi-
cal societies, and was president of the national eclec-
tic medical convention at Topeka in 1883. He was
a member of the American Association for the Ad
vaucement of Science, the Cincinnati Historical and
Philosophical Society, the Cuvier Society and many
other local societies. His generous sympathy with
mankind found expression in kindly manners and
genial and noble social intercourse. His scholarly
attainments and ability as a speaker and demonstrator
gave him eminence as a teacher, while his success in
his chosen work and his superior skill as an operator
placed him in the front rank of surgeons. Dr. Howe
was married, in 1S58, to Georgiana, daughter of
George S. and Lucy (Harrington) Lakiu. He died
iu Cincinnati, O., Jan. 16, 1S!)2.
JAMESON, Patrick Henry, physician, was
born in Monroe township, Jefferson co., Ind., April
1*, 1824, son of Thomas and Sallie (Humphreys)
Jameson, natives of Virginia. His father was a
thrifty and intelligent farmer ; his grandfather,
Thomas Jameson, was a revolutionary soldier ; and
his great-grandfather, John Jameson, a native of
Ireland, came to America when a child, and after
living a short time near York, Pa., removed to Vir-
ginia. His maternal grandfather was William
Humphreys, son of John Humphreys, sou of Louis
Duke Humphreys, who came from England about
1710 and settled 'in Virginia. While to some extent
self-taught, Dr. Jameson acquired for the times a
fairly good education. At the age of nineteen he
went to Indianapolis, then a small town of less than
3.1100 inhabitants, and there taught school for four
years ; meantime, beginning the stud}' of medicine
with the late Dr. John H. Sanders. He attended
medical lectures at the University of Louisville and
at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he
was graduated M.D. in March, 1849. Soon after-
wards he located in Indianapolis, and formed a part-
nership with his former preceptor. Dr. Sanders, who
died the following year, leaving him a considerable
practice. Although, owing to his youth and inex-
perience, for a time at least, his position se<T" d
critical and trying, he sustained
himself so well that during the sec-
ond year he alone did more busi-
ness than the firm had done for
the first. He thus early came into
a professional prominence which
he maintained for over forty years.
During the early years of his prac-
tice he encountered Asiatic chol-
era, a widespread epidemic of dys-
entery and a pernicious form of
anemia, affecting women in the
last months of pregnancy, which
latter he was among the first to ob
serve. In the treatment of these
diseases lie bore his part well, and
during his subsequent long ca
reer did perhaps a larger business
than any other physician of In-
dianapolis. Dr. Jameson is one of
the few surviving charter members of the Indiana
State Medical Society, organized in 1849. Among
his published writings are numerous reports of the
state benevolent institutions ; memoirs of eminent
physicians ; an address on scientific medicine in its
relations with quackery ; and (1858) a report on
veratrum viride in the treatment of typhoid and
puerperal fevers. He has also frequently contribu-
ted to the daily press. He was elected by the
legislature of Indiana a commissioner of the Indiana
Hospital for the Insane in isiii, and was re-elected
for a second term in 1865. In 1869 he was elected
by the legislature president of the boards of benevo-
lent institutions of the state, which severally had the
management of the Hospital for the Insane, and the
OF AMERICAN
341
schools for the deaf and cluinli and for the Ijliiul ; ami
lie wa-. -wiee re-elected to thi- iiiiporliinl ullici- I'm
terms of four years. During his eighteen years in
iitttci! lie did inucli In improve I he Hospital fur the
Insane, and il was largely due In his efforts that its
capacity was mure than quadrupled and its manage -
nieul brought to a high standard of excellence. He
served as military surgeon during the whole of the
civil war, ami continued until March, istjli ; he
organi/.ed, in 1HI51, the Mr-it post hospital at camp
Morton; he also assisted in starting the general hos-
pital; bad charge of all unassigned troops in quarters
at Indianapolis during the war, and established and
conducted the post hospitals at camp ( 'aninuion and
at. KUin barracks. He was ranking surgeon in
charm' of the Furl Donclsoii prisuners contined at
camp Morion in 1S<W, and made an exceptionally
satisfactory record. From islil to IsiiO he was
physician to the Indiana Institute for the Deaf and
iMimh. In 1863 he was elected to the city council.
of which he was a prominent member for six years,
being in ISd.'i chairman of a commillee to make a
complele revision of the city ordinances ; and from
186.") to ISflit he was chairman of the commillee of
finance, lie found the city badly in debt, without
credit, meeting its current liabilities with depreciated
city order- at a heavy discount, and needing about
$50(1,000 to help the families of soldiers and rclic\c
the citizens from a draft. Nevertheless, its credit
was speedily restored, and when, in ISli!), he volun-
tarily retired from the council there was ,$^'GO,(100 in
the treasury and but $100,000 of liabilities. In 1*66
he drafted and procured tin.' enactment, of au ordi-
nance for the establishment and maintenance of the
Indianapolis City Hospital. By act of legislature in
1873 he became ex-offieio a member of a provisional
board for the erect ion of a hospital for in -an e women,
being associated with the late Thomas A. Hendrieks,
then governor, and other state officers, and was ap-
pointed its treasurer and a member of the building
committee. In 1870 he wrote a series of letters to
the " Evening News" against extravagant expendi-
ture and taxation in the city, clearly demonstrating
the feasibility of a large saving, which led to a
material reduction in the tax rates and to the forma-
tion of a citizens' committee, of which he was chair-
man, to procure suitable legislation, to limit the
power of city councils and school boards and pre-
vent excessive taxation or expenditure. This com-
mittee secured the passage of an act limiting the
amount of debt for cities to two per cent, of their
taxables ad valorem, and the annual rate of taxation
to nine-tenths of one per cent, for city purposes, and
one-fifth of oue per cent, for the support of schools.
It is still in force, and iias been in part incorporated
in the state constitution. On the discovery of
natural gas near Indianapolis in 1X87, an attempt
was made to monopolize its sale, but Dr. Jameson,
by his timely appeals through the press, did much
toward the successful establishing of the Citizens'
Gas Trust, which has since furnished abundant and
cheap fuel. He has been for over thirty years a
director of Butler College, and was the sole agent
for the sale of its large realty holdings in Indian-
apolis and the erection of its buildings in Irviugton.
He was a prime mover in the recent organization of
the University of Indianapolis, which has in all de-
partments about 80 instructors and nearly 1,000
students. He was married, in 1850, to Maria,
daughter of Ovid Butler, a prominent lawyer and
the founder of Butler University. They have two
daughters living, Mrs. John M. Judah and Mr-.
Orville Peckham, of Chicago, and one son, Ovid
Butler Jameson, a well-known attorney of Indian-
apolis.
POST, Wrig-ht, physician and surgeon, was
born at North Hempstead, Queens co., N. Y., Feb.
19, 1766. He was educate! at home by a private
tutor, David Beatty, and at the age of fifteen, being
advanced far beyond his years, besran medical studies
with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Richard Bailey,
then chief of staff of |he New York Hospital.
Alter four years of hard work, he went to London,
to continue pieparation under Dr. Sheldon, a cele-
brated teacher of anatomy and surgery, and, residing
with him for the next I wo years, al fended lectures
and worked in the London hospitals. In 17S7 be
delivered his first course of lectures on anatomy, in
spare rooms of the New York Hospital, where Dr.
Bailey was leachini; classes in surgery ; 1ml this be-
ginning of a medical school was rudely interrupted
by the '• doelor'-s mob," which, excited by some
scandalous report, broke into the building, and de-
stroyed a valuable collection of anatomical and
pathological specimens. In 170(1 he was married to
Dr. Bailey s daughter, and in the following year be-
came liis associate in practice. Dr. Bailey was then
professor of anatomy and surgery in the Columbia
Medical Scl I. and. Ihioii^h his intluence, I'ost
was, in 170'J, appointed to the newly founded chair
of -111 nery ; I h us dividing 1 he work into I wo depart-
ments. Meanlime. Dr. I'o-t had made a -eeond visit
to K u rope, where lie col led ed materials fur a museum
lo aid him in his instruction, and for half a century
this remained the largcsl anatomical cabinet in
America. While abroad he
also studied with the famous
Dr. < 'ruikshank, of London.
Says Dr. Valentine Mott, com-
menting on I'o-t's proticicney
as a surgeon: "Long before
Sir Astley Cooper proved the
safety of tying the carotid
artery for aneurism, we have
heard Dr. Post a—ert. in his
lectures that not only might
one be lied for aneurism, but
that both niiuhl be interrupted
by ligature, and the patient
recover, lie operated twice
on Sir Asllcy's plan, and saved
both patients." Dr. Post per-
formed the first operation in
America for false aneurism
of the femoral artery, and
the second operation on rec-
ord of tying the external iliac artery for inguinal
aneurism, Dr. Dorsey, of Philadelphia, having per-
formed the first: Post's was, however, by far the
most difficult. Dr. Post's greatest performance was
the first successful tying of the subclaviau artery
above the clavicle, on the scapular side of the scalene
muscles, for a brachial aneurism situated so high as
to make it expedient to tie this artery. This opera-
tion had been previously attempted by Cooper, Aber-
nethy and Ramsdeu. Dr. Mott also claimed that
Post was "entitled to credit for employing opiates
in large doses in inflammatory disorders long before
Dr. Armstrong published his treatise on fevers." In
1793 Dr. Bailey exchanged chairs with Dr. Post, who
continued professor of anatomy until 1813, when, the
school haying been consolidated with the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, he became professor of
anatomy and physiology in the resultant Medical
School of New York. Dr. Post received an honorary
M.D. from the University of the State of New York
in April, 1814. He published few papers of impor-
tance, and his title to fame lies almost entirely in his
surgical achievements. From 1816 until his death he
was a trustee of Columbia College. He was a char-
ter member of the Literary and Philosophical Society
of New York ; a member of the New York Histori-
cal Society ; for thirty-five years surgeon or consult-
ing surgeon to the New York Hospital, and an acti\ e
342
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
officer of the New York County Medical Society. He
became president of the College of Physicians and
Siliceous on Dr. Bard's death, in 1821, aud held the
office until 1820. He died at his country home at
Throgg's Neck, near New York, June 14," 1828.
POST, Alfred Charles, physician and surgeon,
•was born in New York city, Jan. 18, 1806, sou of
Joel and Elizabeth (Browne) Post. His earliest
American ancestor was Richard Post, who went
from England to Massachusetts, and subsequently
seltled on Long Island, and founded the town of
Southampton. His father, a native of Long Island
and a brother of the celebrated Dr. Wright Post,
was an eminent merchant of the old firm of J. & J.
Post, New York, and owned a fine- country-seat at
Fairmont, now incorporated in Riverside park, and
embracing the site of Gen. Grant's tomb. Educated
at Nelson's Grammar School, he completed his pre-
paratory course at the age of twelve, and entering
Columbia College two years later, was graduated in
1822. He began medical study in the office of his
uncle, Dr. Wright Post, and later entered the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, where he was
graduated M.D. in 1837. He then spent two years
in Europe, completing his medical education by
study aud hospital work in Paris, Berlin and Edin-
burgh. In 1829 he began active professional prac-
tice in New York, and continued it to within a week
of his death, devoting himself
chiefly to surgery. During
1831-35 he was demonstrator
of anatomy at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New
York, and in 1836 was made
one of the attending surgeons
of the New York Hospital,
with which he was continuous-
ly connected for fifty years,
holding the post of consulting
surgeon at the time of his
death. He was also connected
with the medical staffs of St.
Luke's aud the Presbyterian
hospitals for many 3Tears, aud
was consulting surgeon of the
Women's Hospital. In 1*47
he became professor of oph-
thalmic surgery at Castle-
ton Medical College, Vermont,
and next year assumed the chair of the principles
and practice of surgery. He was one of the found-
ers of the medical department of the University of
tin' City of New York in 1851, and held the chair of
surgery and pathological anatomy for many years, be-
coming president of the medical facility in 1873, and
emeritus professor of clinical surgery in 1875. As an in-
structor, he was very successful ; his lectures and ex-
positions, which were full, perspicuous and illustrated
with a wealth of anecdote and apposite illustrations,
were always prepared with great care, and read by
him from manuscript. His aim was to impress the
student mind indelibly with the principles of ana-
tomical and surgical sciences, and few instructors
have better trained the classes under their charge.
Dr. Post was a member of the New York Academy
of Medicine, its vice-president in 1861-66, and its
president in 1867-68 ; wasalso president of the Patho-
logical Society, aud a member of the county and
state medical societies of New York, the Boston
Gynaecological Society, several professional organiza-
tions in Europe, and various benevolent and religious
societies. In his practice he devoted especial atten-
tion to ophthalmic, aural, orthopaedic and plastic
surgery, unlike many surgeons, preferring to avoid
a grave operation whenever possible, and also was
quite successful in the surgical treatment of cicatri-
cal contractions aud deformities from burns and
CULJL C
i
analagous injuries. For many years he conducted a
weekly clinic at the University Medical College,
and his marvelous ability to quickly and accurately
perform the most delicate operations attracted large
audiences of medical students, who listened atten-
tively to his lucid comments and explanations. He
was the first man in the United States to operate for
stammering, and he also devised a new method of
performing bi lateral lithotomy. Possessing great me-
chanical ingenuity and inventive skill, he devised
several valuable surgical instruments aud appliances,
notably one for performing his operations in lithoto-
my— a cauula, sliding on a roci, and armed with
knives on either side for dividing aud making an
eutrauce through the prostate. Dr. Post prepared
complete and detailed reports of many of his more
important operations, and contributed constautly to
the translations of various societies and to such pro-
fessional periodicals as "The New York Medical
Journal," The Medical Record " and "The Archives
of Clinical Surgery. " Among his most brilliant ar-
ticles are his " Club Foot," "Treatment of Stone in
the Bladder, " " Cicatrical Contractions," " Contrac-
tions of Palmar Fascia " and "Reports on Stricture
of the Urethra." In 1840 he published his book,
" Strabismus," with an "Appendix on Stammering/'
•which is still referred to by surgical authorities. In
1872 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni-
versity of the Cit3r of New York. He held positions
in a number of religious and charitable organiza-
tions, and was a life-long member of the Presby-
terian church and an elder in the Church of the
Covenant. He was also president of the New York
Medical Missionary Association, and one of the di-
rectors of the Union Theological Seminary. In 1832
Dr. Post was married to Harriet, daughter of Cyrenius
Beers, whom he survived nearly uine years. Of
their eleven children, three sons and four daughters
survived him. One of his sons, George E. Post, of
the Presbyterian mission at Bey rout, Syria, became
a distinguished surgeon. Dr. Post died in New
York, Feb. 7, 1886.
DA COSTA, Jacob M. , physician and author,
was born in the island of St. Thomas, W. I., Feb. 7,
1833, son of John M. Da Costa. He was educated
partly in America and partly in Europe; his prepa-
ration for a professional course having been made
in the Gymnasium at Dresden, Germany, where he
attained particular proficiency in modern languages
and the classics. In 1852 he was graduated at
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and then,
going to Europe, spent one year at the University of
Vienna and another in Paris, making a special study
of pathology and internal medicine. He began the
practice of medicine in Philadelphia in 1854, and at
first devoted particular attention to diseases of the
heart and lungs, a department to which he made
many valuable contributions through his depth of
research. In general medicine also he has always
occupied a prominent position, as is evidenced by his
many and long-continued connections with hospitals,
public institutions aud medical colleges. lu 1859
lie became visiting physician to the Philadelphia
Hospital, so continuing for six years; in 18(54 he
was appointed lecturer on clinical medicine in Jeffer-
son Medical College; in 1872 he succeeded Prof.
Samuel Dirkson as professor of the practice of
medicine and of clinical medicine, resigning and be-
coming emeritus professor in 1891. During the civil
war he was actively connected with military hospi-
tals, chietly with the one at Turner's Lane, near
Philadelphia; was fur a time attending physician of
the Kpiscopal Hospital, and for over thirty years
has been physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital.
Dr. Da Costa is a member of numerous medical and
other learned societies, both in America aud abroad;
notably of the Association of American Physicians,
OK AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
343
the American Philosophical Society, the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American
Academy of Arts ami Sciences of Boston, I lie New
England llistovico Genealogical Society, the Ameri-
can Academy of Political and Social Sciences, and
the Medical Society of London. Knglaiid. He was
president of the College of Ph \ siciaiis of Philadel-
phia (ISS.t-S.-,, 1895-98), and also president of the
Association of American Physicians. lie has lieen
a constant contributor to " The American Journal of
the Medical Sciences." "The Philadelphia Medical
Times," "The Philadelphia .Medical Journal. I In
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal," ami the
" Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital." Hi- pub-
lished writings include: "An Kmpiiry into the
Pathological Anatonivof Acule Pneumonia" ( IN.'M i;
"The Physicians of the Last Century " (Is'iT); "On
Cancer of the Pancreas ' (1S5S); "Medical DM-
nosis. with Special Reference to Practical Medicine
(1*IH); " Inhalation in the Treatment of Diseases of
the Respiratory Passages" (1867); "(in Membranous
Enteritis" (1STI); " Internal Coin plica lions ,,!' Acule
Erysipelas" i I«7T); " Biography of Harvey" (1879);
"NervOUS Symptom- of Lilha'inia " (lss]i; :nid
•'The Albiiniiniiria and Brian's Disease of Uric
Acid and of Oxaluria" (189:5). The last-named essay
was instrumental in calling attention to a little
appreciated form of disease, which, in recognition of
his careful investigations, is now known as " Mor-
bus Da Costie." His brilliant observations on the
disorder he named "irritable heart," which term
has been adopted by authorities, caused the com-
plaint to become known as the "irritable heart of
Da Costa." Dr. Da, Costa's "Medical Diagno-is,"
now in its eighth American edition, lias been trans-
lated into Russian, Italian and Herman, ami has seen
several editions in the latter language. I- addition
to a brilliant record in the field of literature. Dr. Da
Co-la has repeatedly lectured with great acceptance'
before learned bodies throughout the country. In
1874 he read a paper on " Strain and Overaction of
the Heart " before the Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C.; in 188S, one on the "Relation of
Diseases of the Kidneys, especially Bright's Disease,
to Diseases of the Heart." before the New York
Pathological Society; aad in June, 1897, one on
"The Scholar in Medicine," before the Harvard
Medical Alumni Association. The degree of LL.D.
was conferred on Dr. Da Costa by the University of
Pennsylvania in 1891, and by Harvard University in
1897. He enjoys the respect and confidence of
both the profession and the general public, while his
intellectual gifts and social graces have won him a
well-deserved popularity. In I860 he was mar-
ried to Sarah, daughter of George Brinlou, of
Philadelphia. He has one son, Charles F. Da Costa,
a member of the Philadelphia bar. His brother,
Charles M. Da Costa, was one of the most eminent
lawyers of New York city and a prominent trustee
of Columbia University.
EEYES, Edward Lawrence, phvsician, was
born at Fort Moultrie, Sullivan's island^ Charleston
harbor, S. C., Aug. 28, 1843, son of Erasmus Dar-
win and Caroline M. (Clarke) Keyes. The Keyes
family is of New England origin. Two brothers
emigrated from England early in the seventeenth
century; the first, by the name of Robert Keyes,
is known to have been living at Watertown, Mass.,
in 1633. The present member of the family is a
lineal descendant of Solomon Keyes, also of Massa-
chusetts, whose relationship to Robert Keyes is
not definitely known. Erasmus Darwin Keyes, a
well known general of the Federal army during the
civil war, had an army life, covering a period of
over thirty years, which was brilliant and varied.
It included active service against the Indians ; a
period nt four years during which he was instructor
at West point ; service in the position of lieutenaut-
col •] and military secretary on the stalf of Gen.
YVintield Sc'ott, and a notable career during the
civil war, in which he rose to the rank of major
general and commanded the 4th army corps. Hi-
wife was the daughter of James I!. Clarke, of
New York Kdward I.. Keyes entered \.ale Col-
lege in l>;.V.i and \\ a- eradiated there in ISli:',, with
the degree of M. A. Two of his grandfathers and a
great-grandfather were physicians and surgeons of
acknowledged ability and position, li -eems, Iliere-
tore. that lie must have inherited his taste for medi-
cal studies and bis capacity for medical and surgical
practice. Having concluded hi- course at Yali be
\\cnl to New York city, and received the degree "I
M.I). I'r the 1'iiiversity of the City of New York
in IStili. He ihen spent eighteen months in medical
sluilv abroad, attending the ho-piials in Paris, and
devoting bis attention particularly to cutaneous dis-
ca-es and a course of study which had previousjy
been mapped out by his New Y'oik preceptor. 1'ml
William II. Van Buren. M D., with w 1mm. on hi- re-
turn in the autumn of 1MI7, he became associated in
practice. Subsequently they became professional
partners, and the relationship continued unbroken
until thedeathof Dr. Van llmei, in ]ss;; F,,,m i,sc,s
to !•<;•,; I),- Keyes gave his services gratuitously 'and
worked hard as an attendant
in tin' liellcvue dispensary,
and in 1*71 was appointed sur-
feon to the ( 'harity Hospital.
u 1870 lie was consulting
-ur'.'con to that institution and
a visiting- surgeon to Bclle-
\ 'ii Hospital. In iss.'i he be-
came one of the siliceous of
the New York Skin anil Can
cer Hospital anil of St F.li/.a-
belh's Hospital. In ISIi'.l and
1870 he was professor of dcr-
malo!i.Li\ ami instructor of
surgery in Bellevue Medical
College, and continued in that
chair thereafter. In 1S75 he
was appointed ad junct - pro-
fessnr of surgery in the same'
college, under Prof. Van
Bnren, serving in that posi-
tion until 1881. There is no doubt that the association
of Dr. Keyes with Dr. Van Buren. so long and inli-
inale, had much influence over his career. At the
same time he has always been noted for his interest
in his work and for his sense of responsibility. In
hi- specialty, which is that of surgery, more espe-
cially connected with the genito-urinary system of
the male, his success has been exceptional, and he has
been considered for years a recognized authority, as
v\a- Dr. Van Buren, his preceptor, before him, and
a peer of such men as Sir Henry Thompson, Guyon,
Civiale, Mercier and Hnltzmaii. After having de-
voted the larger part of his life to general practice,
Dr. Keyes ga~ve up his time entirely to his specialty,
in which he became easily eminent. He was a mem-
ber of the New York Surgical Society, New York
Academy of Medicine, of which he was at one time
vice-president, and the American Association of
Genito- Urinary Surgeons, which he founded. Besides
the time which lie devoted to active and constantly in-
creasing practice, he found leisure to write a number
of mosfiuiportaut works on the subject with which
he was best acquainted, besides special articles in en-
cyclopaedias of medicine and surgery. His principal
publications are a number of text-books, mono-
graphs and essays upon dermatology, but more
especially upon the surgical maladies of the genito-
urinary system in the male. Dr. Keyes was married,
344
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
April 26, 1870, to Sarah Maria, daughter of Hamil-
ton Loughhorough, of Georgetown, D. C. They
have had four children, three of whom survive ;
namely, Edward L. , Eleanor and Agnes Franklin.
BARBER, Isaac Henry, physician and surgeon,
was born at Florida, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1829, of Welsh ex-
tract inn. His great-great-grandfather and first Ameri-
can ancestor was James Barber, who, with four broth-
ers, went from Wales to New England. His father,
William Barber, moved from Milford, Mass., to
New York state. He was educated in the academy
of Amsterdam, N. Y.. and in 1847 began the study
of medicine with Dr. Jacob G. Sneil, of Port Jack-
son, N. Y., later going to New York and studying
under Dr. R. K. Hoffman. In 1849 he entered
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, now medi-
cal department of Columbia College, and was
graduated there in 1851. Soon after graduation he
became surgeon on the Vanderbilt line of steamers
running to the Chagres river, and was made harbor
surgeon for Chagres. Later he
received an appointment on
the Pacific Mail Steamship line,
*ei Ainu on the steamer Uncle
Sam. " In 1856 he settled in
Brooklyn, N. Y., where, in
1861, he became a member of
the Medical Society of Kings
County, and, in 1889, its vice-
president. In 1862, when the
call for volunteers to the sur-
gical staff of the arm}- was made,
Dr. Barber responded, and served
throughout the war. In 1865
he was appointed surgeon to
AitK •• -"• "ie Brooklyn Central Dispen-
.'"*' sary, and served in that capac-
ity for thirty years as attend-
ing surgeon, consulting sur-
geon, trustee and president of
I mill the medical staff and
the board of trustees, and was also attending sur-
geon to the county hospital. He was a member of
the Physicians' Mutual Aid Association and other
medical organizations. In 1857 he was married to
Jane Fremyer, of Amsterdam, N. Y., and had one
sou, Dr. Calvin F. Barber, who survives him. He
died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 5, 1896.
LEVICK, James Jones, physician, was born
in Philadelphia. Pa., July 28, 1824, son of Ebenezer
and Elizabeth Wetherill (Jones) Levick. TheLevicks,
originally from France, lived for many years in
Derbyshire, England, whence in 1680 one Richard
Levick, with his wife, Mary, emigrated to Delaware.
-.('tiling in what is now Ken) county. Their descend-
ants figure somewhat conspicuously in the early
history of Kent. One was r, justice of the peace,
two were members of the assembly, and one a cap-
tain in the Continental army. Dr. Levick's paternal
great-grandfathers were farmers and men of wealth,
owning large tracts of land in Kent county. It is
on record that "Richard Levick and his wife, Mary,
in 1684, in open court, donated lands on which to
build the town of Dover." Ebenezer Levick, at the
age of sixteen, removed to Philadelphia, and there
was engaged in mercantile business for many years.
His wife, Elizabeth Jones, was of Welsh descent, and
among her ancestors nuinben-d some of the earliest
settlers of Merion, Pa. Her father, Isaac Jones, son
nf Richard and Mary (Noble) Jones, wedded Mary
Wetherill ; both Marys being of English descent.
These ancestors were Friends, associates of \Vil-
liam Penn, and influential in religious and civic
matters in the early days of the colony. The
Wetherills for three generations succeeded one
another in the council of proprietors of New Jersey.
James Jones Levick was filled for college by a
private tutor, and then entered Haverford, where
lie was graduated in 1842. He at once took up
the study of medicine, under the direction of Proi'.
George B. Wood, and in 1847 was graduated at
the University of Pennsylvania. After a trip to
Europe, he returned to Philadelphia to become as-
sistant physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital for the
Insane; next becoming resident physician to the
Pennsylvania Hospital, where he remained until
1851. He then began private practice in Philadelphia
with signal success, and in the same year began giv-
ing private instruction to the summer pupils of Dr.
Wood. Subsequently, associated with Drs. H.
Hartshorne, Hunt, Lassiter and Peurose, he was
engaged in office and other medical teaching. He
was a member of what in olden time was known as
a "quiz," and as a teacher therein was unsurpassed.
Whether in the amphitheatre or at the bedside of a
patient, Dr. Levick was a skilled instructor. He
was elected a member of the medical staff of the
Philadelphia Hospital in 1856, and served over
twelve years, resigning in 1868. He was elected a
fellow of the College of Physicians in April, 1851;
for forty-one years was physician to the Magdalen
Asylum, and from 1853 until 1865, physician to the
Wills Eye Hospital. In 1868 he was appointed lec-
turer on auscultation and percussion, etc., in the
summer school of the University of Pennsylvania.
During the civil war he had charge of a hospital in
Philadelphia. After the battle of South Mountain, he
organized, as volunteer surgeon, a military hospital
at Hagerstown, Mil. He became a member of the
Philadelphia County Medical Society in 1853; of the
American Medical Association in 1864; of the Acade-
my of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1865;
and of the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania in 1865. Historical
subjects had a deep interest for
him, especially everything relat-
ing to the settlers of the state. His
last literary work, entitled "The
Early Welsh Quakers and their
Emigration to America," was
read at a session of the Historical
Society. He was early identified
with the Welsh Society, and was
one of its most prominent mem-
bers, as his grandfather was be-
fore him. The Welsh mottoes that
ornament Bryu Mawr Hotel were
devised by Dr. Levick, who twice
visited Wales for the purpose of
collecting historical data. At the
request of the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital, he wrote his papers, • ' Early
Physicians of Pennsylvania," which are replete with
instructive and entertaining matter. His practice « as
large, for he was widely known as a prudent and
conservative physician, and bis genial, kindly na-
ture attached every one to him. His literary attain-
ments were considerable, and in some of his his
torical papers a vein of poetical feeling is noticeable.
His contributions to medical journals attracted much
attention in Europe as well as in this country, One
of the most important treatises from his pen was
published in 1861. and was entitled "Epidemic
Influenza and its Treatment." Among other arti-
cles are the following: "Spotted Fever without
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis" ("American Journal of
Medical Sciences," Vol. L.); "Sunstroke Treated by
the Use of Large Pieces of Ice" (ibid. Vol. LIIL);
"The Prolonged Use of Hypodermic Injections of
Morphia" (ibid. Vol. XLV.') ; "Miasmatic Typhoid
Fever" ("Medical and Surgical Reporter," June,
1862); and "Remarks on Chorea and Allied Dis-
eases" ("American Medical Journal." Vol. XLIIL).
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
345
In an address before the Baltimore meeting of the
\inerican Medical Association, in IStili, Dr. Le\ ick
read a paper, entitled "Spotted Fever, So called,"
maintaining that the disease was identical with epi-
demic cercbro spinal meningitis, so-called, anil was
a fever rather than a phlegmasia. He proposal for
it the name "eerebro-spinal fever." During his
connection with tlie Pennsylvania Hospital he intro-
duced the use of ice in the treat nienl of sunstroke.
In IsiOl, in an article contributed to the " American
Medical Journal," he called attention to the re-
semblance of many of the symptoms of sunstroke to
those of idiopalhie fever, and sii^ested that these
phenomena may be due to a modification in Ihe
nerve centres from Ihe elevation of temperature, by
which the conservative or regulating inlluence of
nervous power is lost, in part or in whole. Among
his historical articles and addresses were: "Three
Kpoclis in the Life of William I'enu" (1*8S) and
"The Olden Times in llaverford" (IS'.lO). Dr.
I.e\ick maintained the traditions of his fainih b\
adhering to Ihe Society of Friends, whose views
were his bv conviction as well as inheritance. He
died unmarried, in Philadelphia, June »'ti, Is'.r.',.
BULL, William Tilling-hast, physician and
surgeon, was horn in Newport, R. I., May 1s, !sl!i,
son of Henry and Henrietta iMchille) Bull. His
mother was the daughter of David Melville, of
Newport. His first American ancestor was Henry
Bull, one of the nine original settlers of Aqiiid
neck (Newport), R. I., and twice created governor of
the colony. The tract of land allotted to him in Bull
Mred, Newport, is Still in the possession of the de-
scendants in the direct line. Dr. Bull's father was
the seventh of that name, and lived in the family
homestead in Newport until
his death. After preparation
in the best schools of tlie time,
William Tillingh.-isl Bull en-
tered Harvard, where- he was
graduated in 1SO!I. Hetheliat-
tended the medical department
of Columbia College, and was
graduated M. D. in 1*72 with
honors. During his course and
later, he was a student under
"*-'' •• '•ifflPP^*' M ""''''' surgeon in New
/••!\Y\jjf*'\ York. He won, by merit, an
* :''l appointment to the staff of
Bellevue Hospital, where he re-
mained for about two years. He
went to Europe in 1875, and
studied in the hospitals for two
years ; and on his return, en-
tered upon the practice of his
profession in New York. Dr. Bull was in charge of
the New York Dispensary for two years, and for
eleven years, from 1877, had charge of Chambers
Street Hospital, with a staff of several assistants
under him, and made the hospital famous for its
successful operations in a great number of accident
and emergency cases. By an improved method
of laparotomy, he helped to revolutionize the
treatment of gunshot \\oiinds of the abdomen, which
had formerly been fatal in S7 per cent, of the cases.
The treatment of these serious injuries by operation
greatly reduced the mortality. 'This was but one
of the surgical advances which made for him a
fame that brought patients from everv state in the
Union, and made him the universally acknowl-
edged head of surgery in America while still a young
man. In 1888 he gave up charge of the Chambers
Mreet Hospital, and became attending, and later
consulting-surgeon to St. Luke's Hospital, as well as
attending-surgeon to the New York Hospital. He is
also consulting-surgeon to the Manhattan Hospital ;
to the Orthopaedic Hospital :ui<l Dispensary: surgeon-
iu-cliargo of the Hospital for the Ruptured and
Crippled, and other institutions ciiually well known.
After an inlriiscly competitive contest, he won
an appointment as pro lessor of surgery ill the ( 'oil cue
of Physician^- and Surgeons ol' Columbia. He- is a
member of the Harvard, I'nivrr-ily, Century. Zeta
1'si. Racquet and other New York clubs, in all of
\\ liidi lie lias held high ollice. In IS'.)!! he w as mar
lied to Mary Nevins. formcrU Ihe wile of James G.
I'.laine, .Jr. Dr. Bull is a member of the American
Surgical Association, the Academy of Medicine, the
Piactiiioner.s1 Society an<l the New York County
Medical Suciety.
JACOBI, Abraham, physician, \\as born at
Ilartum, Westphalia. Germany, May 0, IKfo. lie
completed his preparatory c'diication at Ihe (!\in-
nasium ol Miinlen ami, making his universilv
studies at Crcifs \\ald (1841 18), Gftttingi n • 1848 lit)
and liiinn < ls4'.i-5l i, received the degree of M.I), in
1851. At his graduation he
presented a thesis, entitled
"!)<• Vita Heruin Naturaliuni."
Like many other young C,i i
mans ol the time, he imbibed
the revolutionary sent iments
then prevalent throughout Ku-
rope, and on account of his
outspoken enthusiasm in their
behall was, soon after leaving
the university, arrested for
liin'h treason and li.ii nniji*t'.
hem;;- contined in ]irison at
Berlin, Cologne, Minden and
Bielefeld until 1853. After
his discharge, he went to Man
chextcr, England, but a few
months later rcmo\ed to New
York city, where he has since
coiil iniied In reside. Although
he has been continuously en-
gaged in general practice,
Dr. .lacobi has devoted eon-
considerable study and attention to the diseases ,,f
children. and is ranked among the foremost American
authorities in this specialty. lie was professor of
the diseases of children in the New York Medical
College ( lsiiil-li-1 1; was clinical professor of chil-
dren's diseases in the New York Universily Medical
College (1*05-70), and held the same chair in the
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York,
since 1870. He has also been visiting physician to
a number of public hospitals in Xew York, notably
the German, .since 1857; Mount Sinai (1860-83),
Bellevue sjnee 1S74, and Randall's Island hospitals.
He has been consulting physician to the Hebrew
Orphan Asylum since 1868, and also to the Babies',
Orthopaedic. Skin and Cancer, Scarlatina and Diph-
theria, Mount Sinai and other hospitals. During
1868-71, he was associate editor of the ••American
Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and
Children," and has contributed numerous articles
covering a wide range of subjects relating to the
congenital and acquired diseases of infants to this
periodical, and also to "The American Medical Rec-
ord," "The American Medic;.! Times." "The New
York Medical Journal " and others. Several of his
articles have been published in Europe; others were
translated and reprinted in the medical publications
of Europe, particularly his •• Congenital Sarcoma of
the Tongue" (1809) and "Congenital Sarcoma of the
Kidneys," in the "Transactions of the International
Medical Congress," Copenhagen. lie has published
several works of value: "Contributions to Midwifery
and Diseases of Women and Children," in conjunc-
tion with Emil Noeggerath (1859); " Dentition and
its Derangements" (1802); "The Raising and Edu-
346
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
cation of Abandoned Children in Europe" (1870);
"Infant Diet" (1874); "Treatise on Diphtheria"
(1880); "Intestinal Diseases of Infancy and Child-
hood" (1887); "Therapeutics of Infancy and Child-
hood " (1896 and 1898, translated in Germany, Italy
and France); and has also contributed chapters to
several medical cyclopa?dias and kindred compila-
tions. Dr. Jacobi is a member of the New York
Academy of Medicine, being president in 1885-89;
of the New York Obstetrical Society, being presi-
dent in 1868; of the New York Pathological Society,
being president in 1866; of the New York County
Medical Society, being i|s president in 1870 and 1871;
of the New York State Medical Society (president in
1882); of the German Medical Society; of the Asso-
ciation of American Physicians (president in is'.iili;
of the American Pediatric Society (president in 1888);
etc. In 1873 he was married to Mary C., daughter
of George P. Putnam, publisher, of New York, her-
self a physician of ability and reputation, and the
first woman graduated at the Ecole de Medeciue,
Paris.
MITCHELL, John Kearsley, physician and
surgeon, was born at Shephcrdstown, \V. Va. , May
12, 1798. son of Alexander Mitchell, M.D., a Scotch-
man, who emigrated to the United Stales in 17sii.
His mother was related to John Kearsley, M. I).,
founder of Christ Church Hospital, Philadelphia,
vestryman of Christ Church and one
of its designers, and one of the de-
signers of the plans for Independ-
ence Hall. He was beloved by the
citizens for his defense of the rights
of the people while a member of
the assembly. On the death of his
father, which occurred when he was
eight years of age, John Kearsley
Mitchell was sent to Scotland to hi's
paternal relatives, and remained
there for about ten years, acquiring
a general education at Ayr and Edin-
burgh. He studied medicine un-
der Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, of Phil-
adelphia, and in the medical de-
partment of the University of Penn-
sylvania, where he was graduated
in 1819. His health having be-
come impaired, he took a position
as ship surgeon, and made three voyages to China
and the East Indies. In 1822 he began practice of
a general character in Philadelphia; in 1M24 was
appointed lecturer on the institutes of medicine and
physiology at the Philadelphia Medical Institute,
and two years later became professor of chemistry
in that institution. He was appointed to the chair
of chemistry at the Franklin Institute in 1833, and in
1833-38 delivered annual courses of lectures on
chemistry applied to medicine and the arts. In 1841
he was chosen professor of the practice of medicine
in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and held
that position until his death. He was visiting
physician to the Pennsylvania and Cily hospitals,
and during two epidemics in the city his services
were so important that they were acknowledged by
gifts from the municipality. In addition to contri-
butions to medical journals. Dr. Mitchell published
"Saint Helena: A Poem by a Yankee" (1821);
"Indecision: A Tale of the Far West, and other
Poems" (1s3y); "On the Wisdom, Goodness and
Power of God, as Illustrated in the Properties of
AVater" ( 1*34); "On the Cryptogamous Origin of
Malarious and Epidemic Fevers" (1849); and " Five
Essays on Various Chemical and Medical Subjects "
(1858). The last-named was edited and published
after his death, by his sou, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. His
longest poem, " Indecision," is of a didactic charac-
ter, anil was described by his friend, Joseph C.
Neal, as "a story of romantic incident, somewhat
unequal and hasty at times in its construction, but,
on the whole, marked with power, and calculated
deeply to interest the reader." Dr. Mitchell v>as
married, in Philadelphia, in 1828, to Sarah Matilda,
daughter of Alexander Henry, who bore him eight
children. He died in Philadelphia. Pa., April
4, 1858.
MITCHELL, Silas Weir, physician and author,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Fe'b. 15, 1829, son of
Dr. John Kearsley Mitchell, physician and author,
and Sarah Matilda Henry, his wife. He acquired
a classical education at the University of Pennsyl-
vania, but was obliged to leave in the senior year, on
account of illness. His health restored, he entered
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia ; in 1850
was graduated there, and began private practice.
During the civil war he had charge of Turner's Lane
Hospital, Philadelphia, the first hospital established
for the special treatment of cases of nervous injury
caused by wounds, and was thus enabled to broaden
a field of research in which he had been making in-
vestigations for a number of years. During that
period he collaborated with Drs. George R. More-
house and William W. Keen, Jr., in writing circular
No. 6, of the surgeon-general's office: "Reflex Pa-
ralysis"; a volume, entitled "Gunshot Wounds and
Other Injuries of Nerves," and a paper printed in
the " American Journal of the Medical Scieuces,"en-
titled "On Malingering, Especially in Regard to
Simulation of Diseases of the Nervous System," all
in 1864. Subsequently, and in addition to a large
number of magazine articles on this special subject,
Dr. Mitchell published alone : "Wear and Tear'; or,
Hints for the Overworked " (1871); "Injuries of the
Nerves and Their Consequences" (1872; new edi-
tion, 1881), and " Diseases of the Nervous System,
Especially of Women " (1881). " Fat and Blood " (7th
edition, 1897); clinical lessons, "Nurse and Patient,
and Camp Cure," both published in 1877, have high
rank as professional literature. " Fat and Blood " has
been translated into French, German, Spanish, Italian
and Russian, and the value oft lie methods of treatment
there described has been thoroughly recognized by
the physicians of all civilized countries. "Doctor
and Patient : A Series of Essays " (1887) is of particu-
lar interest to laymen. The subject of toxicology
early became a favorite one, and a number of highly
important i iributions to periodicals was the re-
sult. These include: "Experimental Researches
Relative to Corroval and Vao, Two New Varieties
of Woorara, the South American Arrow Poison."
published in the "American Journal of the Medical
Sciences "(April, 1859), Dr. William A. Hammond
having assisted him ; " Researches upon the Venom
of the Rattlesnake," published as one of the "Smilh-
srnian Contributions to Knowledge" (1860); "On
the Insusceptibility of Pigeons to the Toxic Action of
Opium, "in the "American Journal of the Medical
Sciences " (October, 1869), and "On the Effect of
Opium and Its Derivative Alkaloids" (ibid., 18710.
Other papers relate to the toxic action of chloral,
chloroform and ether hypodermically applied.
His observations with regard to the venom of ser
pents extended over a period of twenty years. In
1863, with George R. Storehouse, M. D., he wrote
" Researches on the Anatomy and Physiology of
Respiration in the Chelonia," published by the
Smithsonian Institution. His contributions to medi-
cal literature are more than one hundred in num-
ber. Not the least important part of Dr. Mitchell's
professional labors has been in connection with his
suggestion of that combination of measures which
has come to be known as the " rest cure, " and has
acquired a fame that may be called international.
At the same time he has had a large practice.
He has twice been president of the Philadelphia Col-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
347
ami Other Poems
lege of Physicians, and once headed a delegation sent
by that body to call the mayor's attention to an im-
minent sanitary need ; the visit resulting in an appro
priation, by the common council, of >;4ol),000. lie is
a member of numerous societies, includim:- the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, to uhieh he was elected
in 1*1)5. and the British Medical Association. In
1881! the decree of I, L.I), uas conferred upon him
by Harvard, and later by Edinburgh and Prince-
ton. Dr. Mitchell began writing fiction during
the civil war. publishing a little work entitled
" The Children's Hour, "the sales of which were in
aid ol the sanitary commission fair held in Phila-
delphia. This was followed by another juvenile:
" The \Vondei ful Stories of
\'n/ I'.n/, the Fl\ , and Mother
Grahem, the sjiider" (1867)
About i his time he benaii to con-
tribute to the " Atlantic .Monih-
ly," and as the inclination to
ward literary work strengthened
decidedly, he consulted Oliver
\\'endell Holme-, who advised
him to wail until he was scenic
as lo his medical position before
entering serioush into literature.
The advice appears to have been
tak.-ii, and in ISSil, u lien he uas
HIM one years of ;iM-(. there ap-
peared a \oli line, contain! mil href
stories; "Hephzihali (Juimiess, "
" Thee and You " and "A Draft
on the Bank of Spain." This uas
followed by "The Hill of Sli .ties.
1,1883); " iii \Var Time," a novel
(1885); " Kolallll Blake." a novel < ISSIli : "AMasque.
and Other Poems" (1887) ; "Prince I,ittlebo\ , and
Other Tales Out of Fairvland" <!.***); " Far'm the
Forest," a story (1889); "The Cup of Youth," drama
in verse (1*8(1) : " Francois Villon," dramatic poem
(1890); "The I'sabn of Death" ( i*'.»i |; "Characteris-
tics," dialogues in the style of Helps' "Friends in
Council" (1893); "Francis Drake." dramatic poem
( 1*9;!); "When All the Woods Are (liven, "descriptive
of forest life (1894); "Philip Vernon." dramatic poem
(1895); "Collected Poems '( 1*96); "Hindi Wynne,
Free Quaker " (1897) ; "The Adventures of Fian
9ois" (1899). "Hugh Wynne" treats of life and
manners in Philadelphia at the time of the revolu-
tion, and has been called one of the meal novels re-
lating to that period. Of it the critic, Talcott Wil
liams, wrote: "The intimate knowledge of the
nature of men and women ; the personal acquaint-
ance with the revolution, local, traditional, by resi-
dence, by descent, by kin and by marriage , the
sense of the American ideal of gentlehood, loftier
and more uncompromising than the European, and
breathing a freer air, higher and more secure- the
serene confidence in the national movement, based
on even-footed acquaintance with the Old World
and the New; the constancy of character and prin-
ciple— these all met and mingled in this romance,
just as the nation itself had unawares reached a new
resolve to take its place on the world's stage and
play its fit part in the responsibilities, the rewards
and the sacrifice of empire — no like work in our let-
ters has had such swift reward, or better met the
national movement." The same writer places the
"Collected Poems'* on a level with the higher
achievements of American verse in 1885-98, when
most of them were written; declares that "in certain
genre of dramatic narration, ' Dominique de Gour-
gues' and 'The Huguenot' have no equal"; and
calls "The Magnolia" the final and satisfying
achievement of philosophic poetry — "a poem which
holds even place with the few best of either land."
His drama in verse. "The Masque," was presented
on the stage by Wilson Barrett ; while readings from
"Francis Drake" were Driven in public by Dr.
Mitchell himself, the proceeds i;oiug in buy and pre-
serve the site of Kaleigh's early colony, relieved by
Drake, Foil lialeigh, on Roanoke island. Dr.
Mitchell's family spend their summers on the coasl
of Maine, but his favorite place of recreation is ihc
I'e-li^oiiehe region iii Canada, where condition'- are
more |irimiti\e. lie was married, in 1858, to Mary
Middleton, daughter of Alfred FJwvn and Mary
(Milldlelon i Mease She bore him two sons , f
u I mm. John K. .Mitchell, is a physician, and am Inn
of a work on the icniole elicit of nerve lesions, etc.
Ilis uiledied in 1*(!4, and he uas married auain, in
1SI5, lo Mai \ i la 1 1 'j hi ei of Thomas and Maria ( 'ad-
walader, and' had b\ her one daughter.
PRUDDEN, Theophil Mitchell, physician
and teacher, was born at Middlebun, Conn., July
7, 1*4!). son ol Ceoi'je Peter and Kii/a Ann (John-
son i Pr in I den. His father, a Cougregationalisl clergy-
man and active abolitionist, was a dinel descendant
of llev. Peler Priidden. an as-ociale ol John Daven-
port in planting the New I lavcn colony, and leader
of the colonists and first minister of Milford. Conn.;
his mother was a daughter of Kbene/.er Johnson, of
Soul him ry .( 'mm. Aflei n cei\ inu a L:OOI| elementary
education in public and piivale schools, Theophil
M Priidden was employed in a furniture manufac-
tory and store for alnnii two years. He then com-
pleled his preparatory t raining at Wilhraham Acade-
my, entered the Shellield Scientific School, Yale
I nivcrsiiy. and pursuing the biological course, was
graduated Ph.B. in 1*7,'. During the two succeed-
ing years he was insi nietor in chemistry at Shellield,
and meantime studied medicine in the Yale Medii al
School and the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York, beiipj •jradiialed II. D. at Yale in 1>75.
After one year as interne at the New Haven Hos-
pital, he pursued advanced studies for two years,
especially in pathology, at Heidelberg, \icnna and
Berlin universities. I'pon his
return to America, in 1*79, he
was appointed assjslanl in nor-
mal histology and pathology
in the ( lollege of Physiciaii-
and Surgeons, New York, be-
coming, in 1**3, director of the
laboratory of the Alumni As-
sociation. For three years he
also delivered lectures on nor-
mal histolouv in the Yale Medi-
cal School. In 1*S5, he a^ain
visited (Jennany, to acquire
the new methods of research
in baeierioloux and to siiuly
the newly discovered choleia
microbe with Dr. Koch at
Berlin. On his return, he re-
sumed his educational du-
ties, and in 18113 was ap-
pointed lo the newly created
chair of pathology iii the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Columbia University. New York, which
he slill (1899) occupies. Dr. Prudden has published
five volumes: "Manual of Normal Histology"
(1881); "Story of the Bacteria "(1889); "Dust, and
Its Dangers" (1891); "Drinking Water and Ice
Supplies'" (1891); and. with Francis Delafield,
"Hand-book of Pathological Anatomy and Histolo-
gy." Among his monographs and reports of experi-
mental researches are: "Contributions to the Struc-
ture and Clinical History of the Multiple Neuroma "
(1880): " On the Action of Carbolic Acid upon Ciliated
Cells and White Blood Cells " (1881); "Experimental
Studies mi the Transplantation of Cartilage" (18*1 i;
"An Experimental Study of the Action of Salicylic
DM1- JTwJ JoLw--
348
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Acid upon Blood Cells anil upon Amoeboid Move-
ments and Emigration" (1882), "Cell Life anil
Animal Life" (1882); " Rhabclomyoma of I lie Paro-
tid Gland" (1883); "On the Occurrence of the
Bacillus Tuberculosis in Tubercular Lesions" (1883);
"On the Occurrence of Tuberculosis in which the
Bacillus Tuberculosis is not. Demonstrable by the
Ordinary Methods of Staining" (1883); " Myxo-
Sarcoma of the Optic Nerve with Hyalin Degenera-
tion" (1885); "Cystic Kidneys with Large Bilateral
Perinephritic Cysts" (1885); "On Koch's Methods of
Studying the Bacteria" (1885); "Tin- Description of
an Adenoma of the Caruncle" (1880); " An Experi-
mental Study of Mycotic or Malignant Ulcerative
Endocarditis "(1887); "On Bacteria in Ice and Their
Relations to Disease — with Special Reference to the
Ice Supply of New York City" (1887); "Myxcr-
dema," with Henry Hun, M.D. (1888); "On the
Etiology of Diphtheria" (1889); "Studies on the
Etiology of the Pneumonia Complicating Diphtheria
in Children" (1889); "On the Germicidal Action of
Blood Serum and Other Body Fluids" (1890);
"Bacterial Studies on Influenza and Its Compli-
cating Pneumonia" (1890); "Studies on the Etiology
of Diphtheria," second series (1891); "Studies on
the Action of Dead Bacteria in the Living Body,"
with E. Hodenpyl, M.D. (1891); "A Study of
Experimental Pneumonitis in the Rabbit" (1891);
"The Element of Contagion in Tuberculosis" (1892);
"Cholera and Our Quarantine" (1892); "Some
Hygienic Aspects of Asiatic Cholera" (1892); "On
the Poisonous Products of the Tubercle Bacillus "
(1892); "The Public Health" (1893); "A Study on
the ^Etiology of Exudative Pleuritis" (1893); "Con-
current Infections and the Formation of Cavities in
Acute Pulmonary Tuberculosis" (1894). His scien-
tific articles of a popular character are : "Glimpses
of the Bacteria" (1891); "Ice and Ice Making"
(1892); ''Some Records of the Ice Age about New
York" (1894); "Tuberculosis and Its Prevention"
(1894), and "New Outlooks in the Science and
Art of Medicine" (1896). He has also contribu-
ted, mostty to "Harper's Monthly," several popular
articles on travels and explorations in the great
West: "A Summer among Cliff Dwellings" (1896);
"An Elder Brother to the Cliff Dwellers" (1897),
and " Under the Spell of the Grand Canon" (1898).
Dr. Prudden received the honorary degree of LL.D.
from Yale University in 1897. He is a member of
the New York Pathological Society, the New York
Academy of Medicine, the Association of American
Physicians, New York Academy of Sciences, New
York Historical and Geographical sucicties. the
Century Association and the University and New
York Athletic clubs.
WILDER, Alexander, physician and author,
was born at Verona, Oneida co. , N. Y. , May 14,
1823, sixth sou of Abel and Aseuath (Smith) Wilder.
His father (1783-1869), a native of Petersham, Mass.,
was a farmer, first at St. Albans, Yt., and later at
Verona, N. Y. ; his mother was a daughter of Wil-
liam Smith, a farmer and millwright of Barre,
Mass., and a soldier in the revolution. The Wilder
genealogy may be traced in England as far back as
1490, beginning with Nicholas Wilder, supposedly
of German origin, and still has seats at Purley Hall
and Sidham Manor, Berkshire. The original Ameri-
can representative was Thomas Wilder, who. with
his mother, Martha, and brother, Edward Wilder,
came from Lancaster, in England, in Massachusetts
Bay colony in 1638. He settled tirst at Charlestown.
where he took the freeman's oatli in 1640 ; and in
1652 at Lancaster (formerly Nashua), where he
was a farmer and manufacturer of potash. From
him the descent runs throuuli his son, Nathaniel
Wilder, a founder of Leominster. who was killed by
the Indians in 1704 ; through his son. Nathaniel, a
farmer of Sterling and an early settler of Peters-
ham ; through his son, Jerahmeel, also a farmer of
Petersham ; through his son, Abel, a farmer and
drover of Barre, Mass. , and grandfather of Dr.
Wilder. Through his mother, he is descended from
Robert Smith, of Londonderry, an Irish Presbyterian,
who set tied in Massachusetts shortly before the revolu-
tion ; and from William AVilliams, of Yarmouth,
England, who settled at Salem in 1638; and is col-
laterally related to the Brecks, Fullers, Boardmans,
and other noted Massachusetts families. Alexander
Wilder attended the common schools until his
fifteenth year, when he began teaching school and
educating himself in the higher branches of mathe-
matics and the classics, to which he added the study
of French and Hebrew and political science. The
circumstances of the deaths of several of his father's
family demolished his confidence in current medical
methods, and he accordingly began studies in medi-
cine, in order to render himself as far as possible in-
dependent of physicians. Meantime, he worked at
farming and type-setting, reading medicine with
local physicians, and in 1850 was awarded a diploma
by the Syracuse Medical College. He then became
a general practitioner, and for two years lectured on
anatomy and chemistry in the college. In 1852 he
was employed as assistant editor of the Syracuse
" Star," and in 1853 of the " Jour-
nal " ; and when, next year, the
department of public instruction
was created by the legislature, he
was appointed clerk. In 1856 he
became editor, first of the New
York "Teacher," afterward of the
"College Review " ; and sojourn-
ing in Springfield, 111., in the win-
ter of 1857, displayed his activity
in education by preparing the char-
ter, still in force, of the Illinois
Normal University. He located in
New York city in 1857, and be-
came, in 1858, a member of the edi-
torial staff of the "Evening Post,"
with which he was conned ed
for thirteen years, establishing a
reputation as an expert on political
and financial matters. In 1871 he
was elected alderman on the "anti-
Tweed " ticket by a majority exceeding 26.000. It.
was his last political experience ; and, on account of
failing health, lie, in 1873, removed to Roseville, then
a suburb of Newark, N. J., where he has since con-
tinued to reside, engaged in educational and literary
pursuits. He was president of the Eclectic Medical
Society of New York (1870-71) ; professor of physi-
ology in the Eclectic Medical College (1873-77), and
professor of psychology in the U. S. Medical College
(1878-83), until it went out of existence by a decision
of the courts. Dr. Wilder became, in 1876, secre-
tary of the National Eclectic Medical Association,
and held the office until 1895, by annual re-election,
meantime editing and publishing nineteen volumes
of its "Transactions," besides contributing exten-
sively to its literature. Loving knowledge for itsown
sake, he has always been a diligent student and an
almost omnivorous reader. In 1882 he attended
the School of Philosophy at Concord, Mass., and a
year later took part in the organization of the Ameri-
can Akademe, a philosophic society, holding meet-
ings at Jacksonville, 111. He edited its journal for
four years, contributing monographs, entitled :
"The Soul," " Philosophy of theZoroasters," "Life
Eternal," "Creation and Evolution," and others.
He also made a translation from the Greek of the
"Dissertation nf laniblichus on the Mysteries of the
Egyptians," etc., which was printed in " The
OK AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
349
I'hiionist." Among his pamphlets and hooks are:
" Later Platouists," " Paul and Plato," "The Resur-
rection," "New Plutouism and Alchemy," "Mind,
Thought and Cerebral ion," " Plea for the Collegiate
Kducatioii of Women," "Tin- Ganglionic Nervous
S\sii-m," "Vaccination, a Medieal Fallacy," " Pro-
phetic Intuition, or the Dtcmon of Socrates," "His-
tory of Medicine," and "Ancient Symbolism and
Serpent Worship."
ROOSA, Daniel Bennett St. John, physician,
was born in Bethel, Sullivan co., IS. Y.. April 4,
INKS, son of Charles B.,Roo.sa, and great -grandson
of Isaac A. Roosa, \vlio was a lieutenant in Hie New
Yolk line of the Conlinenlal army. I Ms mother was
Amelia E., daughter of Jesse M. Foster. On Hie
paternal side he is ol Dulch and Huguenot extrac-
tion, his grandmother being Dolly Duryea (Durier):
on the maternal side he is of English origin ( Foster-
Heard)— Gen. Heard, of the Continental army, being
one of his ancestors. He wras educated al the district
sehool of his native village, at the aeadcmies of
Monticello, X. Y., and Honesdale, Pa., and in 1856
he entered the class of ISliO of Yale ( 'ollege. He was
obliged to leave college, on account of his health, in a
few months. His studies were continued under the care
of a tut or until the autumn session, in ls.">7, of the medi-
cal department of the University of the < 'ity of New
York, when he was matriculated al that institution
lie also took special courses in the laboratorv of
Prof. John W. Draper. He received the degree of
M. I), from the university in ISIJO, and was made an
assistant to the house surgeon of the New York Hos-
pital by a competitive examination inlhat year. In
April, "1861, he volunteered, under the call of the
president for 75,000 men. and was ordered lo the 5th
regiment, \. <;. S. N. Y., as assistant surgeon, and
served with the regiment for its term of enlistment.
three months. He completed his service in the N'c«
York Hospital as house surgeon in April, 1H(J3, and
then spent a year in Europe in study at the ophthal-
mic clinics in Berlin and Vienna; returning to New-
York in May, 1803. In June of that year, he went
with the 12th regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., to Pennsyl-
vania, and was mustered into the United States ser-
vice as surgeon for thirty days. In the autumn of
that year he engaged in private practice, chiefly in
ophthalmology and otology, in New York city. He
has been aural surgeon To the New York Eye and
Ear Infirmary, professor of diseases of the eye and
ear in the University of the City of New York and
in the University of Vermont, professor of diseases
of the eye and ear in the New York Post-graduate
Medical School and president of the faculty. Dr.
Roosa was president of the New York State Medical
Society in 1879, of the International Otological
Society in 1876, of the American Otological So-
ciety, and honorary vice-president of the Interna-
tional Ophthalmological Society, meeting in Edin-
burgh, in 1894. He was president of the New York
Academy of Medicine in lS!i:i and 1894. He is one
of the surgeons and founders of the Manhattan Eye
and Ear Hospital. He lias translated "Troltsch on
the Ear" from the German; also, in conjunction
with Dr. C. E. Hackley and Dr. C. S. Bull, " Stell-
wag on the Eye." He is the author of " Vest Pocket
Medical Lexicon," " Treatise on the Ear," "The Old
Hospital," and other papers, and a " Clinical Manual
of Diseases of the Eye." He has been an occasional
contributor to the popular magazines, besides nu-
merous contributions to medical journals. Dr. Roosa
has always taken a lively interest in public affairs,
and for a long time was a member of the committee
on political reform of the Union League Club. He
is a member of the Society of the Sons of the
Revolution, of the St. Nicholas and Holland societies,
and was president of the latter-named society iu 1896.
He received the honorary degree of M.A. from Yale,
and LL.D. from the University of Vermont. He
has been twice married: first to Mary Hoyt. daugh-
ter of Stephen M. Blake, of New York' city, who
died in 1878; second to Mrs. Sarah E. 'Howe,
daughter of Eder V. Ilaughwout, also of New-
York citv.
HAMILTON, Allan McLane, physician,
was born in Brooklyn, X. Y.. Oct. 6, 1848, son of
Philip and Rebecca (McLane) Hamilton. His father
was a son of Alexander Hamilton, and his mother a
daughter of Louis McLane, secretary of state in
Ties. Jackson's cabinet. On his graduation at
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1870,
Allan .McLane Hamilton received the llarsen prize
medal and the first faculty
prize for a pa per en tit led "Gal-
vano Puncture," and in 1N71I
the first prize of the American
Medical Association for an es
say upon diseases of the spinal
cord. Almost from the be-
ginning of his practice he made
a specially of nervous dis-
' ' es, in which he has lonu
been one of the foremost
American authorities, lie \\a-
the tirst to use and recom-
mend nitroglycerine in ner-
vous and vascular diseases. and
was among the tirst in America
to use the galvano cautery and
electrolysis in medicine and
surgery. In 1S9II he read
a paper before the' Medical So-
ciety of London upon intestinal
autocoxisasa cause of insanity, which has, in Europe
and America, led to a radical change in the treat-
ment of mental diseases. In 1872-7'S he was physi-
cian in charge of the New York State Hospital for
Diseases of the Nervous System, and for several years
was visiting surgeon to the Epileptic and Parahlic
Hospital on Black\\cl]'s Island; attending physician
to tin' New Y'ork Hospital for Nervous Diseases;
consulting physician to the New York city insane
and idiot asylums, and consulting physician to the
Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane, and the
New York Institution for the Ruptured and Crippled,
lie is now professor of mental diseases at Cornell
University Medical College. In the trial of Gui-
teau, Dr. Hamilton tesiilied as an expert in behalf
of the government. In 1873 he published bis well-
known work, "Clinical Electro-Therapeutics,"
which has been translated into Japanese , in 1878
"Nervous Diseases "; and in 1895 " Medical Juris-
prudence," which is a text-book and work of refer-
ence in Europe and the United States. For several
years he was editor of the "American Psychological
Journal." Dr. Hamilton was a fellow of the New
York Academy of Medicine, of which he was sta-
tistical secretary (1874) ; a member of the Society of
Neurology, of which he was secretaiy in 1875 ; a
member of the New York County Medical Society ;
a corresponding fellow of the Medical Society of
London, and in 1899 was elected a fellow of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was the insanity
ex iiert for the prosecution, testifying in Hie Maria Bar-
beri, Carlyle Harris and Whittaker celebrated murder
trials in New Y'ork city, and has been prominently
identified with most of the important criminal and
civil cases iu New York city and in other parts of
the country.
BATTEY, Robert, physician, was born near
Augusta, Ga.. Nov. 26, 1828, son of Cephas and
Mary A. (Magruder) Battey, and grandson of
Robert Battey. of Peru, Clinton co., N. Y. His
mother was the daughter of George Magruder, of
350
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Richmoiul county, Ga. His paternal ancestors, who
were English, settled at Providence, R. I. Dr. Battey
was educated at Augusts!, Ga., and at Phillips Acade-
my, Andover, Mass. He studied medicine at
Booth's Laboratory, Philadelphia, and at the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, where he was gradu-
ated in 1856. He continued his studies at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania and the Jefferson Medical
College, graduating at the latter in 1857. He at.
once settled in Rome, Ga. , where he has ever since
resided. He originated and successfully performed,
in August, 1872, an operation, since known as
Battey 's o|irration, for the removal
of the ovaries, with a view to effect-
ing t lie change of life in women, and
thereby remedy certain otherwise
incurable maladies. It is to-day
an established operation ID surgery,
and has been the means of saving
t hcsiisauds of valuable lives. Besides
other notable discoveries and addi-
tions to the means of curing disease,
he introduced to the medical world,
in 1877. a new uterine escharotic and
alterative, which he named iodized
phenol — a remedy which has gone
into general use in the treatment of
diseases of women in every civilized
nation upon the globe. He is an
ex-president of the Georgia Medical
Association and the American Gy-
necological Society; a fellow of the
British Gynecological Society; a" member of the
American Medical Association of the Congress of
American Physicians and Surgeons; an honorary
fellow of the Obstetrical Society of Edinburgh, of
the Medical Society of Virginia, etc. In July.
18lil, he was commissioned surgeon in the Con-
federate army, and served in Held and hospital
throughout the war. He was professor of obstetrics
in the Atlanta Medical College from 1873 until 1S75,
and from 1875 until 1870 was editor of the Atlanta
"Medical and Surgical Journal." He was married,
Dec. 20, 1849, to Martha B. Smith, of Rome, Ga.
DEARBORN, Henry Martin, physician, wax
born at Epsom, Merrimack co., N. II., Nov. lit. is Hi.
son of Edwin and Lettice C. (Stanyan) Dcarli.n n.
His family in America begins with" Godfrey Dear-
born, who settled in the Massachusetts bay colony,
and in 1639, in company with Kev. John Wliccl-
\\riglit and others, was banished, and became one
of the founders of Exeter. N. II. He removed to
Hampton, N. H., in 1648-50, and there spent the
remainder of his days. Although his descendants
have been few in number, coinparativelv, some in
every generation have been conspicuous, and no less
than thirty-eight have been physicians, several of these
having more than a local reputation. Simon, great-
grandfather of Henry Martin Dearborn, was a brother
of the famous Maj.-Gen. Henry Dearborn, seei'ctarv
of war in 1807-09. Dr. Dearborn was prepared fo'r
college at Blanchard Academy, Pembroke, N. H. ;
spent two years at Harvard Medical School, and
then entered the medical department of Bowdoin
College, and was graduated in 1869. He practiced
at. Ilopkiutou, N. H., in 1869-73, and during that
period was superintendent of public schools for one
year. In 1874 he removed to Boston, Mass. , a ml
bought Dr. Thaxter's practice, continuing until 1880,
when, owing to ill health, he was compelled to give
up a large and lucrative practice and remove to New
York city, abandoning allopathy for homeopathy at
that time. He soon acquired an enviable reputation,
and was called to rill a number of prominent posi-
tions. He was appointed visiting physician to the
Metropolitan Hospital (formerly Ward's Island
Homeopathic Hospital, issl); state examiner in
lunacy (1882); assisted in organizing the first
medical staff of the Laura Franklin Free Hospital
for Children (1885), and became visiting physician
for diseases of the skin to that institution ; he was
appointed professor of theory and practice of medi-
cine to the New York Medical College and Hospital
for Women (1886); professor of dermatology in the
same institution (1889); consulting physician to the
Women's Hospital (connected with the college,
1887); professor of dermatology in the New York
Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital (1893);
professor of dermatology in the Metropolitan Post-
Graduate School of Medicine (1895) ; consulting
dermatologist to the Flower Hospital (1896); and
consulting physician to the Memorial Hospital for
Women and Children, Brooklyn, (1897). He was
elected president of the New York County Home-
opathic Medical Society (1889); was associate
editor of the "North American Journal of Home-
opathy" (1885-91); and has been a frequent con-
tributor to periodicals, many of his papers relat-
ing to diseases of the skin, which he has made a
specialty. He is a member of the Colonial Club;
New York Medical Club; Jahr Club; American
Institute of Homeopathy; New York Materia Medica
Society; New York Psedological Society; Academy
of Pathological Science; New York State and County
Homeopathic Medical societies; National Society of
Electro-Therapeutics; honorary member of the New
Hampshire State Medical Society, and a member of
the medical council, University of the State of New
York. Dr. Dearborn was married in Salem, Mass.,
Jan. 1, 1873, to Sarah, daughter of the late Edward
Henry Smith, of London, and Sarah (Butterly)
Smith. They have a daughter and a son.
BECK, Theoderic Romeyn, physician and
author, was born in Schenectadj', N. Y., April 11,
1791. His father was Caleb Beck, and he was of
mingled English and Dutch descent. At an early
age he was left by the death of his father in the care
of a widowed mother who had four other sons. He
attended the common schools of Schenectady, and
in 1803 entered Union College, where he was gradu-
ated at the age of sixteen years. He then went to
Albany where he commenced the study of medicine
which he completed in New York city, under the
eminent Dr. David Ilosack. He received the degree of
M.D. in 1811, ami returned to Albany, where he began
the practice of medicine and surgery. In the same
year he was appointed physician to the alms-house.
1 laving become a member of the Society for the Pro-
motion of Useful Arts, in 1812 he began to interest
himself in agriculture and manufactures and con-
tinued to promote the useful arts during his entire
life; in 1813 he read before the society an important
report on the mineral wealth of the state of New
York. In lsi."> Dr. Beck was appointed prof essor of
the institutes of medicine and also lecturer on medi-
cal jurisprudence in a new college of physicians and
surgeons which had been established at Fairfield, in
Herkimer county. He also became principal of the
Albany Academy and withdrew from the practice of
medicine in 1817, being led to this action by a sensi-
tive organization; revolting at the suffering he was
compelled to witness. In 1823 Dr. Beck was elected
vice-president of the Albany Lyceum of Natural
History, and the same year published with his
brother, J. B. Beck, their important work on "The
Elements of Medical Jurisprudence." This gave the
authors world-wide fame. It was translated into
several European languages and became the standard
authority on that subject. In 1829 Dr. Beck wax
elected president of the Medical Society of the State
of New York. In 1840 he was elected' professor of
materia medica in the Albany Medical College, and
OF AMERICAN F.KKiRAPHY.
351
coiitiiiiicil In till Ihe chair until ls~>4. when lie re-
signed on arcounl of impaired health. He also
tilled, from 1'Sll until his death, the important posi-
tion of secretary of Ihe Koaril of re^enls of the state
of Xe\v York. Dr. Beck was an expert on in-aiiii\ ;
published an inaugural dissertation on the sulijcet in
I si i, ami from isi'.i to isr,3 ediied " The American
Journal of Insanity." He contributed to a number
of journals of general science, and the papers from
his pen which were read before the general societies
were valuable contributions to American literature.
He died at Utica, N. Y., Nov. Ill, IS.VL
BATCHELDEB, John Putnam, surgeon, was
born at Wilton, X. II.. Aug. 0. 1784. From early
youth he showed a strong interest in medical science
and considerable aptitude in discovering and apply-
ing remedies, and. after a good education in the local
SCUooU. became' a siudcnt in the ollice of ])rs. Sam-
uel Filch and Matthias Spaulding. at Greeiitield,
N. H. In .June. 1SD7, hi; was licenced l.o praeiice. al-
though he did not receive the degree of M.D. until
1815, when he completed tlie course of Ihc Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Mass. On his ^radual.ion at
this lime lie presented a thesis on aneurism, which is
noiable for its profound reasoning and many remark-
able anticipations of improvements in medical sci-
ence. In 1817 he became professor of anatomy in
the Casiletoii Medical College. Ven il.and. later.
in the Pittslield .Medical College. Massachusetts, and
afterwards practiced at Utica. N. Y., whence lie re
moved to New York city in 1X4IJ. lie performed his
flrst operation for calculus as early as 1S|S, and dur-
ing his long and successful career treated a wide
range of surgical eases, although devoting part ieular
attention to diseases of the eye and to tumor-, and
fungous growths. His extensive experience in the
latter class of affections led him to make many im-
provements and simplifications in surgical instru-
ments. In 1S4I) he invented the first crauiotome to
be worked with one hand, th'.is avoiding the serious
accidents frequently occurring with the earlier forms
of the instrument. As has been well said, his
method of operating was characterized by an accu-
racy almost mathematical, and his delicacy of touch
was of immense utility, especially in ophthalmic op-
erations. He performed the rhinoplastic operation
and the plastic treatment for producing anew under
lip. both for the first time in America ; frequently
tied the greater arteries in the attempt to cut off the
bl 1 supply from tumors, and was the first Ameri-
can surgeon to remove the head of the femur. He
was a member of several professional and learned
associations, was president of the New York Acade-
my of .Medicine and the New York Medical Asso-
ciation. His writings consist mainly of lectures,
monographs and magazine articles, mostly reports
on important operations performed by him "and sug-
gestions on the treatment of a wide range of disor-
ders. He also published a book, "Thoughts on the
Connection of Life, Mind and Matter " (1845), which
created considerable interest among thoughtful peo-
ple. An immense amount of his manuscript was lost
to the world through an early-acquired habit of using
shorthand, whioh, after the lapse of years, became
utterly unintelligible to him. Dr. Batchelder died in
New York city, April 8, 18(38.
SAJOUS, Charles Eucharist de Medicis, phy-
sician and editor, was born at sea, Dec, 13, 1853," sou
of Count Charles Houstan de Mcdicis-Jodoisrne and
Marie Pierrette Curt, his wife. His father wasthe head
of the Franco-Flemish branch of the de Medici family
of Florence, Italy, to which rank the son succeeded
by decree in 1893, under the title of Count de Medi-
cis Jodoigne-Sajous. The surname by which he is
known was derived from his step-father, James
Sajous, and was assumed in order to comply with
the terms of the inheritance law of California. His
mother, who died iii 1889, was a native of Cluse,
Savoy, and a daughter of Pierre Curl, whose family
has for many generations been aiyong the most
prominent in thai country. Spcm,:.r>g his early years
in France, I>r. Sajous attended schools for four years
in Paris, and after his arrival in America, in 18(!1,
continued study under private tutors. He began Ihe
study of medicine at the University of California,
and m 1S7S received the degree of M.D. from Jef-
ferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Subsequently,
in recognition of his attainments in several branches,
he received I he equivalent of bachelor in arts and
sciences troin the University of France. In 1879 he
held the chair of anatomy and physiology at the
Wagner Institute of Science; in 1SSII \\.as professor
nl laryngology at the Pennsylvania School of
Anatomy, and in 1884-90 clinical leilurer on
laryngology at the Jefferson Medical College. His
latest connection witli an educational institution was
as professor of laryngology and dean of the faculty
of I lie Medico-Chirurgical College for a few months
in ]s'.i;-'.is. his n sjorialion being occasioned by the
pressure of his editorial duties. Meantime lie had
condueiod an extensive and profitable practice, and
won a great reputation from several devices and in-
slnimenls of his invention, now widely used in oper-
ating for diseases of t he throat. Since 1888 he has been
editor of the publication originally known as "Annual
of the Universal Medical Sciences," but which, in
recognition of his able services in bringing it to a
successful i.s.sue, has since 1897 been entitled "Sa-
jous' Annual and Analyticnl Cyclopa-dia of Practi-
cal Medicine." In the conduct of this work he is
assisted by a staff of over 100 physicians of recog-
nized ability, as well as by correspondents in all
parts of the world, and is thus able to collect and
publish the latesl information on medical progress in
every land. It enjoys a universal reputation, and
during the last ten \ear> has had a total circulation
ol nearly 500,000 volumes in the United Statesalone.
Among other expressions of praise that have come to
Dr. Sajous for his work in this publication are the
following: the " Internationale Klinische Rund-
schau," of Vienna, says: "What
have we in German literature thai
can be compared to this work '.' "
the Albany "Medical Annals"
says: " This vast work deserves
to rank among the improvements
of modern times"; the " Ameri-
can Practitioner" says: "This
work shows an ability for organ-
izing on the part of the editor that,
shown in war, would make one
of history's greatest generals or
admirals." Dr. Sajous has con-
tributed articles to other medical
periodicals ; has written several
books, notably: " Curative Treat-
ment of Hay Fever " (1885), and
"Diseases of the Nose and Throat "
(1886), and was editor of the medi-
cal department of "The People's
Cveloptedia of Universal Knowl-
edge." He is a member of the
French Society of Scientific Men; of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences; of the American
Laryngological Association, being its vice-president
in 1888; of the Astronomical Society of France; a
fellow of the American Philosophical Society, and a
fellow, associate or honorary member of a number of
other learned bodies in America and Europe. Among
honorable recognitions of his genius and attainments
may be mentioned one of the honorary presidencies
of the international medical congress in Rome (1894);
the U. S. commissionership to the book and litera-
ture exposition, Paris ( 1894); the cross of the Legion
352
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of Honor of France; the knighthood of Leopold of
Belgium; the title of officer of the Academy of
France; the rank of knight-commander of the Order
of the Liberator of Venezuela; the rank of knight-
commander of the Order of St. John of Spain, and
the cross of the Life Savers of Belgium for humani-
tarian work among the poor. In 1884 he was mar-
ried to Emma Christine, daughter of the late Theo-
dore Berguer, a civil engineer of Philadelphia,
The_y have one son, Louis Theodore de Medicis-
Sajous.
HARRIS, Elisha, physician and sanitarian, was
born at Westminster, Vt., Mar. 5, 1824. He was,
in bis early years, of feeble constitution, and while
pursuing his education suffered severely from an
attack of tuberculosis. On recovering, he turned his
attention to medical and sanitary studies, and mak-
ing his professional preparation at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, was graduated in 1849.
He began practice in New York, and in 1855
received appointment as superintending physician
of the hospitals at Quarantine, Staten Island, where
he served for several years. In 1859 the commis-
sioners for the removal of the quarantine station
committed to Dr. Harris' superintendence the prep-
aration and direction of the experiment of a floating
hospital; and most of the great sanitary reforms
which have given to the port of New York its pres-
ent model system of quarantine de-
fenses were, in the beginning or
ganized, if not originated, by him.
He was the first to suggest, at the
beginning of the civil war, a national
sanitary commission, the result be-
ing that for nearly five years he
was himself wholly given up to
duty as a sanitary commissioner,
devoted to advising and working
out the sanitary problems of the
armies. The railway ambulance
was exclusively hisdevice and for it
he received a silver medal at the
Paris exposition of 1867. He also de-
vised and prepared the remarkable
system of national records of death
and burial of soldiers and the col-
lectine, arrangement and analysis
of information which was pub-
lished in several volumes, known as
the " Sanitary Memoirs of the War." Later, having
been appointed sanitary inspector of New York city,
he did an important work in a survey of the city,
especially of the tenement districts, making a report
on its condition and bringing about a vigorous en-
forcement of health laws, especially as regards venti-
lation. After the close of the war, Dr. "Harris was
U. S. register of vital statistics and sanitary superin-
tendent, at the same time being secretary of the
American Public Health Association and finally its
president. In 1880 the New York legislature created
a state board of health, of which Dr. Harris became
one of the commissioners, ami was elected by Iris
colleagues secretary and state superintendent of vital
statistics. He made most important contributions to
sanitary and reformatory literature, writing with
vigor, earnestness and perspicuit}'. Among such
works are : " Four Reports on Quarantine Hospitals,
Yellow Fever and Cholera "; "An Essay on the Pes-
tilential Diseases"- " On the Ventilation "of American
Dwellings"; "Review of the Sanitary Experience of
the Crimean Campaign "; " History of the Work and
Purposes ( if the United States Sanitary Commission ";
"Practical Manual on Infectious and Contagious
Diseases in Camps, Hospitals and Ships"; 'rThe
Citizens' Report of the Sanitary Condition and
Wants of New York"; "Report on the Sanitary
Government and Vital Statistics of the American
Cities"; "Report and Transactions of the State
Board of Health "; " Report on a Uniform System of
Vital Statistics in the United Stales," and many
other equally important monographs. Dr. Harris
was noted not only for exact scientific and general
knowlege on medical and sanitary matters, but for
physical powers and habits of unusual endurance in
severe labor. He was perhaps the best authority on
sanitary science in this country. He died in Albany,
N. Y.,",lan. 31, 1884.
McKNIGHT, Charles, surgeon, was born at
Craubury. X. .1. , Oct. 10. 1750, son of Charles and
Elizabeth (Stevens) McKnight. His father was a
noted Presbyterian minister of New Jersey, a trustee
of Nassau Hall (now Princeton University) and a
leading patriot in the revolution, who was thrown
into prison by the British in 1777, and died there;
his mother was a daughter of Richard Stevens, also
of New Jersey. He was graduated at Princeton
with the title "candidatus primus," in the famous
class of 1771, which counted among others Pres.
James Madison, and then began the study of medi-
cine under Dr. William Shippen, of Philadelphia.
On the outbreak of the revolutionary war he enlisted
as surgeon in the American army, and, his abilities
soon attaining recognition, he was appointed April
11 , 1777, senior surgeon of the flying hospital, middle
department, serving in this capacity three and a half
years. In the discharge of the arduous duties of his
profession among the cantonments on the Hudson
river, his talents and indefatigable zeal were alike
i -picuous. And although surrounded by the most
discouraging circumstances and exposed to all the
hardships necessarily connected with his department
of the American army, he proved himself worthy of
every trust. For about two months in 1780 he served
a> -in vr. ni '21-in i al. MM| 1 1 oi 1 1 (let. 1 . 1 7 Ml. to .Ian. 1.
1782, as chief physician to the entire army (not to the
middle department only, as stated by several authori-
ties), as is proved by an official certificate, dated
from the office of accounts, hospital department, New
York, May 20, 1788, and still in the possession of his
descendants. At the close of the war, Dr. McKnight
heeame a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.
He settled in New York city, where he continued in
practice until his death. He was elected a regent of
the University of the State of New York, and in
1785 was appointed professor of surgery and anato-
my in the medical department of Columbia College.
His genius gained for him wide approbation. May
12, 1781, he was appointed port physician of New-
York. Dr. McKuight, although eminent as a phy-
sician, was particularly distinguished as a practical
surgeon, and at the time of his death had few rivals.
He is said to have performed the first successful Ca3-
sarian section in this country. On April 22, 1778, he
was married to Mrs. Mary Litchfield (1753-96),
widow of Col. John Litchfield, of His Majesty's 16th
foot, and only daughter of Gen. John Morin Scott,
a prominent lawyer of New York city, a leading
member of the Sons of Liberty, a delegate to the
Continental congress and for many years secretary of
the state of New York. Shewasalady of great beauty
and accomplishment, and a very interesting account
of her is given in Mrs. Lamb's " History of the City
of New York" (vol. ii., p. 285). They h.id five
daughters and one son, John Moriu Scott Mc-
Kuight (1784-1848), who was also a well-known
physician. Dr. McKuight died in New York city,
Nov. 16, 1791.
TALMAGE, John Frelinghuysen, physician,
was born near Somerville, Somerset co., N. .1., March
11. 1833, son of Thomas Talmage. The family,
originally known as Tollemache, is an ancient one
in Scotland, where one branch is represented by the
earls of Dysart. The original American representa-
tive of the family settled "at Charlestowu, Mass., in
OF AMKIMt'AX I!I< iiiKAPHY.
353
1630. His maternal grandfather was a Van Ycchtcii. a
Hollander of high ranU, whose wife was a daughter
(if ('mint. Lagrange, of France, (if Huguenot descent
and friend of Lafayette. John F. Tal mage was named
after Urn. John Frelinghuysen. who was his uncie
hv marriage. His boyhood \\as passed on liis father's
fann, and his education, lietrun at the village1 aoade
niv. was completed under Ilie luilion of his paslor,
Kev. T. W. Ciianiliers. In Is 111 hr entered the
so|illol;io|-r class of Rutgers College, New Bruns-
wick. X. J.. wlierehe was graduated in 1*5:.'. Alter
leaving college hr was a|ipointrd professor of an-
cient languages in a college in Alabama, which has
since hecome extinct, and while thu- employ n| i>e-
(Mine inierestcd iii homeopathy with the result that
lie attended lectures on nii-ilicine ill Huntsvillc, Ala..
for six months. Then coming North he entered
the nirilira! department of the \ew York I'uiver-
silv. at the satin- time studying in I lie oltice of the
late l>r. A Cm ike Hull, of Brookhii, and in the
spri ng of 1 S.Y.I received the decree ol M.I). A short
lime after this he was taken into partnership by Dr.
Hull, and the rclalion between them continued unlil
the hitler's death, in l*i>*. when I >r. Talma ire suc-
ceeded to the full practice. By 1*;o his Inisiness
had so increased that he was obliged to associate his
brother, Dr. Samuel Talma^e, and even then his
work was so exact in- that it was impossible for bim to
make much act ivc ell'orl in regard to the public chari-
ties and benevolent enterprises of the city, lie wa-.
bow-ever, for a time physician to the Brooklyn Orphan
Asylum, and also for a lime in I be department for
diseases of women in the Brooklyn Homeopathic
Dispensary; consulting physician to the Brooklyn
Nurserv; victim; physician to the Brooklyn Homeo-
palnic Hospital, ami surireon of the 1 It'll brigade.
N. G. X. Y. hi 186(3, during the visitation of' Asi
atic cholera in this country, Dr. Ta Image issued
a circular of hints and suggestions for the use of
those stricken with the disease, which was exten-
sively reprinted, but for lack of time he never mail;
frequent or large contributions to medical litera-
ture. He was a member of the American Institute
of Homeopathy and several other medical socie-
ties, as well as of the Crescent, Brooklyn and Ham
ilton clubs and the Philharmonic Society, all of
Brooklyn, being a director of the last-named, and
of theZeta Psi Club of New York. Dr. Talmas
was married, in 1863, to Maggie A., daughter of
Thomas Hunt, a prominent Xew York merchant.
He .lied in Brooklyn, X. Y.. July 7, issi.
THEBAUD, Julius Stephen, surgeon, was
born in Morristo*u, N. J., Oct. 2*, H-.'T. After a
thorough preparatory education, he entered on the
study of medicine with Drs Sabine and Lewis A.
Say re in New York city, later matriculating at the
College of Physicians and Sursreons. where he was
graduated M.D. in 1849. The years 1849-51 he spent
in travel and study in Europe, attending medical
and scientific lectures and examining into the hospi-
tals of England, Germany and Italy. Even at this
early age, his mechanical talent was so developed
that he was able to contrive several great improve
ments in surgical instruments, which are still recog-
nized as useful. Shortly after his return home, in
October, 1851, he was appointed surgeon to the New
York Dispensary and to the French Benevolent So-
ciety, anil in March, 1853, also to the Demilt Dis-
pensary, holding all three positions for many years.
Among other connections with public institutions, he
was attending surgeon to the Colored Home Hospital
from January, 1854 ; to St. Vincent's Hospital from
April, 1857 ; to the St. Vincent de Paul Asvlum from
July, 1858, and to the Betlume Orphan Asylum from
October, 1858. For many years he made a specialty
of urelhral and venereal diseases, and among other
great improvements in practice contrived an'iustru-
VOL. IX.— 23.
incnl for forcible rupture of the urethra in cases of
chronic- stricture. Dr. Thebaud was one of the few
surgeons of bis day to successfully perform the hip-
joint operation ; he tied the carotid of a *i\-moiitlis'-
old child as a cure for aneurism : he performed in
1*57 a heroic and delicate operation for circocclc, the
patient recovering, and had iireat success in operat-
ing for tumors of various kinds and for aneurism.
He was a member of the New York Pathological
Society; a fellow of the New York Academy of
Medicine, and a member of the Medical and Surgical
Society. lie. lied ill Ne W York cil \ . < let 20,1876.
TAYLOR, Isaac Ebenezer, physician, was
bom in Philadelphia, Pa.. April 25. 'l*12. son of
William and Marv Ta\lor. natives of Cambridge,
England, who settled in Philadelphia in 1797. He
wa- educated at KuliM-i's College, where he was
graduated in 1*3(1. During his college course he
was suspended for playing billiards and during that
time attended lectures on anatomy, cheinistiy and
midwifery. lie read law for two years, then en-
tered the medical dcpai ImcM of the t'niversily of
Pennsylvania and was graduated in 1*34. In 1*35
he removed to New York to engage in business w it h
his falher ill-law . Muarl Mullan. of that city, hut in
ls;;;i i,,ok up the practice of medicine. The year
IS|H H was spent in Knrope, studying in hospitals
and in the cilice ot |'io| Ca/eaiix in Paris. On his
return to New York city be became attending phy-
sician to the City. Easlcrn. North
et ti and Deniill dispensaries, having
charge ill each of the diseases of
women for seven \ears. In IS51 he
was elected physician to Bellevue
Hospital and was instrumental in
bringing about many reforms and
uniting the different depart mcnls un-
der our government. In l*<io he -ii-
^rstrd the . •-! a I il Mi menl of a medical
college in connection with llje bos
pital, and when in isiil the institution
was opened lie was appointed its
president and treasurer. An out-door
department was added at his suu-
i:esiion in 1*<>3. In 1*07 he was
elected emeritus professor, having re-
signed his professorship of obstetrics,
and was continued in the presidency.
He was president of the medical board of the hos-
pital (lsi!S-7lii; was attending physician to the
Charity Hospital ( islio- -7 -1); president of its medical
board '(1860-62). For a number of years beginning
with 1876 he was obstetrical physician to the Mater-
nity Hospital. He was a permanent member of the
American Medical Association and of the New York
State Medical Society; member of the New York
County Medical Society, its president in 1865 and
its vice-president (1864-77); vice-president of the
New York Academy of Medicine (1867-68) and
trustee (1S72-82); president of the obstetrical sec-
tion of the Academy of Medicine in 1856, 1876 and
1877, and of the New York "Medical Journal," of
which he was also the founder (1868-69); vice-presi-
dent of the American Gynecological Society, and
corresponding member of many obstetrical societies,
including that of Berlin. He contributed many arti-
cles on obstetrics and women's diseases to the New
York "Journal of Medicine and Surgery," the
"American Journal of Medical Sciences," the New
York "Medical Times," and other periodicals. He
was the first American physician to introduce uterine
auscultation and in 1843 edited Dr. Evory Kennedy's
work on that, method. In 1839. with Dr. James A.
Washington, he introduced the hypodermic method
of treatment by morphia and strychnia. He was the
first American physician to use the speculum in
diseases of women and children, publishing a paper
3.14
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
on that subject in 1*41. Dr. Taylor was held iu
the highest regard by his pupils and patients and
by his medical associates. He died iu New York
city, Oct. 30, 1889.
HOSACK, David, physician and scientist, was
born in New York city, Aug. 31, 1709, son of Alex-
ander Hosack, a Scotch artillery officer, who dis-
tiuguished himself at the capture of Louisburg in
1758. After a thorough school
education in New York eity and
Newark, N. J., he entered Colum-
bia College, about the same time
beginning medical study under Dr.
Richard Bayley, ;iu eminent sur-
geon of New York. In 1788 he
transferred his allegiance to the
College of New Jersey (Prince-
ton), aud having been graduated
in 1789, continued professional
preparation, first iu New York,
under Dis. Romayne, Post and
Bard, and then at the Medical Col-
lege of Philadelphia, where he re-
ceived the degree of M.D. in
1791. He began practice in Alex-
andria, Va., then believed by many
to be the future site of the na-
tional capital, but at the end of oue
year removed his family to New York city and went
abroad for two years of advanced medical, -anatomi-
cal and general study at the University of Edin-
burgh and under several noted specialists of Lon-
don. He also studied botany under William Curtis
and James Dickson, the celebrated cryptogamist;
their instruction proving the foundation of his sub-
sequent valuable researches and contributions to the
science. In the autumn of 1794 he returned to the
United States in the ship Mohawk, and on the voy-
age seized an opportunity to demonstrate his pro-
fessional skill in the treatment of an outbreak of
typhus fever among the steerage passengers. His
success was complete, not a life being lost, and the
flattering testimonials published in several New
York newspapers on his arrival laid the foundation
of his extensive and successful practice. Among
his earliest regular patients were the families of
Alexander Hamilton aud Aaron Burr aud other
prominent New Yorkers. During the first year
after his return he added to his income by instruct-
ing private pupils in natural history aud medicine',
aud iu 1795 he received appointment as professor of
botany at Columbia College. In that year a par-
ticularly malignant epidemic of yellow fever broke
out iu New York, and Dr. Hosack by his activity
in relief of the sufferers and his skill iu treating that
distressing disease gained new reputation. The cele-
brated Dr. Samuel Bard invited him to a professional
connection preparatory to making him successor to
his extensive practice on his retirement four years
later, and this fact, coupled with his extraordinary
success with yellow fever during eight separate epi-
demics previous to 1823, made him oue of the fore-
most physicians in New York. His theory of the
origin and nature of yellow fever was confirmed by
his experience in an immense number of cases — he
himself was attacked by the disease in 1798— and
the "sudorific treatment," first employed by him,
proved altogether the most efficient ever devised,
effectually supplanting the " indiscriminate use of
the lancet, and mercury in this epidemic form of
fever." In 1797 he was appointed professor of
materia medica at the Columbia Medical School, as
successor to Dr. William Pitt Smith, deceased, and
continued to hold the chair in connection with that
of botany until the school was consolidated with
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1807. He
then became professor of midwifery aud surgery,
aud later of the theory and practice of physic and
clinical medicine iu the reorganized institution; the
latter chair giving the widest possible scope to his
genius and learning, dealing, as it must, with al-
most every disease known to medical science. In
addition to his eminent intellectual qualifications and
broad scholarship he was, according to universal
testimony, most remarkable as a lecturer; his man-
ner was magnetic, his method of statement lucid
aud his eloquence convincing. The balance of his
mind was eminently shown in his thoroughly scien-
tific treatment of pathological conditions, without
regard to the sophistical theories current in his day.
To quote oue of his published lectures: "Hoffman
gave his whole attention to the nervous system, as
also Cullen, who attempted to explain all the phe-
nomena of disease by the same cause; he overlooked
the fluids entirely, except in diabetes, typhus and
scorbutus. Before the time of Hoffman all was
humoral pathology. Darwin resolved all by the
absorbent and nervous systems; Sydenham and
Boerhaave by the fluids I attend
to the whole circle — to the nerves, fluids and solids;
in fine, to every part of the system, for every part
may become the seat of disease." A large number
of the views originated by him have since been
adopted as recognized principles of medicine; the
most valuable and permanent being his methods of
treatment for croup, tetanus, scarlatina and fever.
He was also one of the earliest physicians iu
America to recommend the use of the stethoscope,
now so important a factor in medicine. His skill in
diagnosis was remarkable, almost intuitive, aud has
been explained by the fact that he "always acted
on first impressions," believing that the mind is
then most free from bias. In surgery he was
equally skilled and successful, having profited by
the instruction of several of the foremost surgeons
of the time, and some of his ablest papers dealt
with topics under this head: "Surgery of the An-
cients" (1807), delivered as a lecture on the opening
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons; "Obser-
vations on Hemorrhage, and the Removal of Scirr-
lious Tumors from the Breast," and others. He was
the first surgeon in America to successfully per-
form the operation of tying the femoral artery at
the upper third of the thigh, according to the
method of Prof. Scarpa, repeating the feat several
times for cure of aneurism; he devised a treatment
for hydrocele by injection, and was among the
earliest to set forth the advantages of exposing a
wound to the air to check hemorrhage after opera-
tions. The credit for the last-named method was
later claimed by Sir Astley Cooper, of London, and
Prof. Dupuytren, of Paris. Dr. Hosack became an
enthusiastic advocate of vaccination shortly after
its discovery and promulgation by Jenuer, and it
was largely 'due to his efforts that its popularity was
extcnde*d in America. The founding, in 1822, of
what eventually became known asBellevue Hospital
was chiefly due to Dr. Hosack 's efforts, the origi-
nal need being for a suitable fever hospital at a
point distant from the city. In 1826 he aided in
oreanizing the medical department of Rutgers Col-
lege, with which he was connected until it was
closed in 1830. At various periods he was physician
to the New York Hospital and the Bloomingdale
Asylum for the Insane; was also president of the
New York Historical Society during 1820-28 and of
the Literary and Philosophical societies of New
York. He "rendered notable service to science by
bringing from England the first collection of min-
erals that had been introduced into this country, and
a duplicate collection of plants from the herbarium
of Linnaeus. His lifelong enthusiasm was, however,
botany, which, next to his profession, occupied his
time. In 1801 he established the Elgiu Botanical
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Garden, the second in America, at a point then three
and a half miles from the city, between Fifth and
Sixth avenues and Forty-seventh and Fifty-first
streets. It consisted of about twenty acres and con-
tained a large collection of rare specimens of Ameri-
can and foreign trees and shrubs. Dr. Hosack's
" Hortus Elgiuensis," a catalogue of this colled ion.
is a valuable contribution to botany. He was for a
time president of the Horticultural Society. From
1810 to 1S15 he edited in connection with iiis pupil.
Dr. John W. Francis, the " American .Medical and
Philosophical Monthly." His publications include:
" Essays on Various Subjects of Medical Science"
(1824-30); "System of Practical Nosology " (ls2!ii;
and " Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Medi-
cine," edited by Henry \V. Ducaclicl iis;;s>. lie was
an authority on the subject of contagious diseases,
and one of his papers, "The Laws of Contagion."
was republished by the Royal Society of London
in 1794, and was rated one of llie must suggestive
medical works of the day. He was a leader in
every philanthropic and patriotic movement, was a
collector of works of art, and entertained at his
home the most distinguished people who visited New
York. He was distinguished in appearance and
most affable in manner. lie enjoyed the close
friendship of many of the foremost men uf the time.
notably, of Alexander Hamillon, whom lie accom
panied to the scene of his fatal duel with Aaron
Burr, and I)e\Vill Clinton, whose " Memoir" < L829.J
he prepared bv request, lie also wrote " Memoir of
Hugh Williamson. M.D." (1820). I>r. Hosack was
twice married; first, to Elizabeth Warner, of Prince-
ton, N. J. ; second, to the widow ol Henry A.
Costar, of New York. He died in New York city,
Dec. 22, 1835.
HOSACK, Alexander Eddy, surgeon, was
born in New York city, April 6, Ib05, son of Dr. David
and Elizabeth (Warner) Hosack. He was educated
at select private schools in New York city, but was
prevented by ill health from pursuing a college
course. An interest in medicine bad early been in-
stilled into his mind under his father's influence,
and on the partial recovery of his strength he en-
tered on preparation for his professional career at
the University of Pennsylvania; being graduated
M.D. in 1824. The three following years \veresprnt
in Paris studying under Dupuytren and Aimissat,
meantime serving as exterue for eighteen months
and interne for one year at the Hotel Dieu. With
this experience he established himself in practice in
New York city, where he quickly attained distinc-
tion for profound acquaintance with medical science
and a remarkable aptitude for diagnosing and treat-
ing unusual eases. He was also a tireless investiga-
tor, desirous to examine and test every reasonable
improvement in practice, and to this trail he owes
his title to fame as the first physician in New Y'ork
to administer sulphurous ether as an anaesthetic;
exhibiting its effects in the presence of a number of
practitioners in operations for calculus and amputa-
tion. By a strange coincidence he was called to
examine the body of Dr. Horace Wells, co-discov-
erer of anaesthesia, who had just, committed suicide
during a fit of derangement. For many years Dr.
Hosack conducted experiments to determine the
most humane method of executing criminals, and
finally rendered the decision on a large range of facts
collected in executions witnessed by him or derived
from other sources, that in hanging no pain is suf-
fered, the gradual asphyxiation resulting in loss of
will and sensation long before death intervenes.
Absurdly enough, some instances quoted by him
show that there is at first a decidedly pleasing
effect. In surgery he introduced several improve-
ments; he was the first in this country to perform
Syme's operation of exsection of the elbow, and in-
troduced from Germany the practice of performing
lithotomy without dividing the prostate gland. On
one occasion, by this method, he removed seventeen
calculi from one patient who so completely recov-
ered as to outlive all of the nine physicians witness-
ing the feat. Notable among his inventions was an
instrument for more completely performing the
operation of staphyloraphy, which in its compleie
success formed a permanent contribution to surgi-
cal appliances. He operated twenty-three times for
calculus; tied both carotids for enccphaloid tumor,
and in one instance cut, the porlio dura. Dr. Hosack
wasthe first physician to examine the body of Colt,
the murderer, after his suicide, and constantly at-
tended Aaron Burr dining his declining years. He
was long attending physician lo the Marine Hospital,
and one of the most aclive in founding the Ward's
Island institutions. II is writings are numerous and
of high merit, consisting principally of communica-
tions to medical societies and articles in the periodi-
cal-, and include " Description of an Instrument for
the Tying of Deep-seated Arteries" (ls-,M); "Ob-
servations on the Use and Advantages of the Actual
Cautery" I !*:!!); "A Memoir on Staphyloraphy"
( is:!:!); ' ' Case of Popliteal Aneurism Cured by Com-
pression with a New Insirumenl "(184S); "Pamphlet
on Anaesthesia"; "Pustule Maligne and its Treat-
ment,"ami "History of the Case of the Late John
Kearney Rodgers, 'M.D." (1851). Dr. Ilosaek's
widow 'left $70,000 to the New York Academy of
Medicine to found a memorial of him. He died in
Newport, H. I., March 2, 1871.
STEVENS, Alexander Hodgden, surgeon,
was born in New Y'ork city, Sept. 4, 17S'.i. His lather,
Ebenezer Stevens, a native of Boston, and one of the
paily that destroyed the cargo of taxed tea, was an
artillery officer in the revolutionary army, partici-
pated in the expeditions auainst Quebec anil Ticon-
deroga and commanded the American artillery in
the siege ol Yorktown ; his mother was a daughter
of Col. William Ledyard (1750-81), who commanded
the American forces ai the battle of Groton, Conn.,
w here he was foully murdered in the act of surren-
dering, and was a cousin of Ledyard., Hie traveler.
Prepared for college in a select school at Plaintidd,
N. J., Alexander H. Stevens made his academic
studies in Yale University, and was graduated A.B.
in 1807. He entered on the study of medicine in the
office of Dr. Edward Miller, of" New York city, at-
tended one course of lectures in
the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, and completing his
professional training at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania re-
ceived the degree of M.D. in
1811. On this" occasion he pre-
sented a thesis on the " Proxi-
mate Cause of Inflammation,"
which won high praise from
Dr. Rush and other noted
physicians. Dr. Stevens then
sailed for England in search
of additional advantages in
his studies, spending a year
under the lectures of Dr.
John Abernethy and Sir Ast-
ley Cooper, and early in 1812
going to Paris for further
instruction under Boyer and
Baron Larrey. On the homeward voyage he
was made prisoner by a British cruiser, and re-
turned to Plymouth, being allowed to resume his
voyage only after a vexatious delay for the necessary
papers. Arriving in New York, he was appointed a
surgeon in the army, and after a brief experience en-
tered on private professional practice. In 1814 he
was called to the chair of surgery in the New York
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Medical Institution, and in 1818 became surgeon to
I lir New York Hos|»ital, where, for the benefit of his
students, he introduced the European method of
clinical instruction aud demonstration, previously
unknown in America. It is said that in his opera-
tions lie often purposely avoided the neatness deemed
so essential by other surgeons, in order to show his
students that it was not essential to the recovery of a
patient ; howbeit, his skill and rapidity of manipu-
lation were very "Teat. He was transferred to the
chair of the principles and practice of surgery in thr
College of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1825, aud
when tailing health determined his resignation in
ls;is, IK- was made professor emeritus by the re
gents of the Slate University. In 1841 he was ap-
pointed president of the college, an office tilled by
him for many years. Dr. Stevens was a leading
member of several important medical societies, par-
ticularly of the American Medical Association, of
which he was vice-president in 1847 and president in
1848. He was the author of many of its important
public and professional acts, particularly those regard-
ing the cure of paupers and the insane. In 1849 he
received the decree of LL.D. from the regents of
the University of the State of New York. Dr. Stev
CDS' contributions to literature were many and vari-
ous, consisting principally of articles in the medical
periodicals and short, monographs mi surgical topics;
lie also prepared an edition of Sir Astley Cooper's
"First Lines of Surgery ' '< 1 *','•,! I. lie died in New
York city. March 30, 1869.
BRUCE, Archibald, physician, was born in
New York city in February, 1777. His father was
William Bruce, chief ot the medical department of
the British army in New York ; his mother was a
daughter of Nicholas Bayard and widow of Jeremiah
Van Reiisselaer. He entered Columbia College and
was graduated in 1797. Having become interested
in some medical lectures he attended, he decided
to devote himself to that profession, and conse-
quently began study under the celebrated Dr. Ho
sack. In 1798 he went to Europe and continued his
professional preparation :it the University of Edin-
burgh, where he obtained
the degree of M.D. in
1800. He then spent two
years more in travel on the
Continent, meantime de-
voting himself to the collec-
tion of a cabinet of min-
cni logical specimens, which
pro\ed to be of great value.
He was married while
in London, and in 1803 re-
turned to New York and
began practice. Four ; ears
later he was appointed
professor of materia med-
ica and mineralogy ill the
College of Physicians and
Surgeons, ami in 1812
to the same chair in Rut-
srer s College, New Jersey,
at that time known as Queen's College. In 1810-
14 Dr. Bruce edited and published !he "Jour-
mil of American Mineralogy." the precursor of " Sil-
liman's Journal," which afterwards became cele-
brated, lie published a chemical analysis of the
native magnesia of Xew Jersey, which first brought
to the knowledge of the scientific world the mineral
which was named after him, " Hrucite." He also
published an important paper entitled "On the ( Ires
of Titanium Occurring within the United Slates."
Dr. Bruce was a member of most of the leading
scientific societies of America and Europe and an
original member of the New York Historical Society.
He died in New York city, Feb. 22, 1818.
TYSON, James, physician, was born in Phila-
delphia. Pa., Oct. 2(1 1S41, son of Dr. Henry aud Ger-
trude (Haviland) Tyson. He is fifth in descent from
Cornelius Tyson (or Teissen). who emigrated from
Crefield on the lower Rhine to Germantowu, Pa.,
between 1683 and 1703. He died in the year 1716,
and over his grave in Axe's cemetery, Germautown,
is a well-preserved tombstone, said to be the oldest
existing monument erected to the memory of a Ger-
man in Pennsylvania. Dr. Tyson received his early
education in Reading, Pa., and in the Friends' Central
Sd I iii Philadelphia, and was graduated A.B. at
llaverford College, Pennsylvania, in 1860, receiving
the degree of A.M. in 1864. The degree of M.D
was awarded him by the University of Pennsylvania
in 1863. He was an acting military cadet in the
U. S. military hospital at Broad and Cherry streets,
Philadelphia, during the last yearof his student life,
and soon after his graduation was made acliim as-
sistant surgeon in the U S. army. From July. 1863.
to April, i864, he was a resident physician' in Ihe
Pennsylvania Hospital, after which he was again in
the service of the government until the close ot the
civil war in 1865. In 1804 lie entered on the pun-lice of
medicine in Philadelphia, where lie hassince resided,
and also began teaching medicine to private classes
of students in the University of Pennsylvania with
the session of lsi>4-(>5. lie has been lecturer on
microscopy, urinary chemistry and on pathological
anatomy in the university, anil professor of physiology
and microscopy in the Pennsylvania Dental College.
He was professor of general pathology and morbid
anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania dur-
ing lsTli-79. then being transferred to the chair of
clinical medicine. He was secretary of the faculty
of medicine during 1877-88 and then dean of the
faculty until 1892. He was connected with St.
Joseph's Hospital, Philadelphia, as visiting physi-
cian (ls71-7'.'i; was appointed microscopist to the
Philadelphia Hospital in IStiG and pathologist in
1s7o: was visiting physician (1S72-90) and again
since 1S!I3, and was president of the medical board
of the hospital i issii-90). He is also, ex-officio. one
of the physicians to the Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania, was out of its hoard of managers
from 1874-7S, and again became a manager in 1891.
He was one of the incorporators and is now a trustee
and chairman of the executive committee of the
Rush Hospital for Consumption and Allied Diseases,
incorporated in Philadelphia in 1890, aud was
also consulting physician in 1890-92. In 1891 he
\\.-is appointed consulting physician to the Kensing-
ton Hospital for Women, and in 1K97 consulting
physician to St. Mary's Hospital. During 1871-72
Dr. Tyson assisted in editing the "Philadelphia
Medical Times." and besides numerous papers on
histology and pathology and clinical lectures on
general medicine he has published a treatise on
"The Practice of Medicine"; "The Cell Doctrine:
Its History and Present State"; "Practical Exam-
ination of Urine" (9th ed., 1896); "A Treatise on
I'M "hl's Diseaseand I lialicles," and other works. He
was made a fellow of the College of Physicians of
Philadelphia in 1866; is a member of the Philo-
sophical Society; has been vice-president and presi-
dent of the Philadelphia County Medical Society;
and was one of the founders of the Association of
American Physicians organized in 1886, besides
being a member of, or holding important positions
in, many other prominent societies. Dr. Tyson was
married, in is(;r>, to Frances Bosdevex, and has a
son, Dr. T. Mellor Tyson, and a daughter.
HALLOCK, Lewis, physician, was horn in New
York city, June 30, 181)3. son of Jacob and Sarah
(Mather) Hallock. His father, a native of Southold,
L. I., was a prominent merchant of New York until
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
his death in 1813. The family descends from Peter
Hallock, loader of a colony; the first white settlers on
the eastern end of Long Island, where they pur-
chased a large tract of land from the Indians and
founded the town of Sont hold. After tin- death of
his father, Lewis Ilallock went to live with his
LII. -ii id mother at Mallituck, L. I., and completed his
preparatory education at Clinton Academy, East
Hampton, the second inci>rp<.;.ilcil school in the
state. lie began the study of medicine with his
uncle. Dr. Elisha Ilallock, of Soulliold, and at the
end of the year returned to New York city to con-
tinue his preparation under Dr.
James W. Francis and at the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons,
where he was graduated M.I), in
1825. After fifteen years of suc-
cessful practice, Ills attention was
called to the homeopathic, system
of medicine, then rapidly gaining
strength in America, and after care-
fully investigating its claims, lie an
nounced himself a convert. The:
same course was pursued by a
- goodlv portion of his class-mates.
In 1*16 he joined the Homeo-
pathic Institute of America, and
later also I hecounty and statesocie-
ties ; being president of city and
county societies for one year cadi.
For many years he was one of the
hoard of ceusorsof I he Homeopathic
Medical College, in which he was twice offered and
declined a professorship, and in 1870 received from
its faculty and trustees the honorary decree of M.I).
This honor was conferred on the occasion of the fifti-
eth anniversary of his graduation, when a dinner
was given him at. theFiftli Avenue Hotel. lie li\cd
to see the seventieth anniversary of the same event,
and then received another complimentary dinner at
the Savoy Hotel from the New York Medical Cluh.
at which several highly congratulatory speeches and
a poem by Dr. William Tod Helmuth were delivered
on his nearly unparalleled record as an active prac-
titioner. Although living to the advanced age of nine-
ty-rive, he continued in active practice until within
a few days of his death. Throughout life he was an
earnest advocate of temperance, having as a young
man founded the Young Men's Total Abstinence
Society, which in 1836 published a weekly paper ad-
vocating the cause. To his principles in this regard
he attributed his longevity, and indeed his unusual
quickness of comprehension and rapidity of judg-
ment was an excellent evidence of faculties well
used. His contributions to homeopathic periodicals
were numerous and representative, and to his influ-
ence is attributed much of the popularization the
system has achieved. At the annual meeting of the
American Institute of Homeopathy, held in New-
port, B. I., in June, 1895, he was greeted with the
greatest enthusiasm and made a few appropriate and
pleasing remarks. Personally, Dr. Hallock was an ex-
emplar of the most charming, old-fashioned, courtly
manners and bearing, and although justly popular
with a wide circle of friends and professional associ-
ates, was preeminently domestic in his tastes, belong-
ing to but one club. Dr. Hallock was twice mar-
ried : first to Sarah Mack, of New York, and second,
in 1835, to Emily Louisa, daughter of Frederick L.
Seely, of the same city. He had three sons, all de-
ceased, and three daughters, who survive. He died
in New York city. March 3, 1897.
WOOD, James Rushmore, surgeon, was born
in New York city, Sept. 14, 1816. His father was a
merchant and a member of the Society of Friends,
and James R. Wood began his education at the
Friends' Seminary, New York. He took his first
course of medical lectures at tiie College of Physi-
cians and Surgeons, and continued his studies under
Dr. William Tully. of New Haven, Conn., Dr. David
L. Rogers, of New York cit\, and at the Ccstleton
Medical College. Yeiniont. now extinct. He was
graduated in ls:!4 and appointed demonstrator in
anatomy, but soon afterwards returned to New York
to practice his profession, and in IN I ; \\as appointed
a member of the medical hoard of Bellevue Hospi-
tal. At that time lunatics ami criminals were ad-
mitted as patients, the nursing was inefficient, and
but little regard was paid to the laws of hygiene.
Aided by Dr. Drake, of the- board, and by M..IM-,
FianUlin, president of the board of aldermen, Dr.
Wooil began a reform action that resulted in reduc-
ing the annual death rate by 600. During the time
that I>r. \Vilson was resident physician of liellevue,
Dr. Wood made all the post-mortem examinations,
amounting to several hundred. He also established
Saturday surgical clinics and founded the Wood
pri/.e for the best anatomical dissection. In 1S61 he
aided in founding Hdlevue Hospital Medical Col-
lege, and in the same year w as appointed to the chair
of operative surirery and sniuieal pathology in that
iiisiiiulioii. which he held until his death, being
made professor emeritus in INIIS. He was also sur-
geon tu St. Vincent's Hospital and the New York
Opth.'ilmie Dispensary and consulting surucon of the
Now York Aoadeniv •.!' Medicine. He was a mem
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine; the
New York Pathological Institute, of which he was
twice president; tl • American Medical Association;
the New York Mi-i.ical and Surgical SodeH; tin-
New York Society for the Kelief of Widows and
Orphaiisof Medical Men; the New York Physicians'
Mutual Aid Association; the Medical Journal As-
sociation; honorary member of the New York and
Massachusetts state medical societies; and of other
organizations. In 1847 he began to collect material
fora museum, whidi. greatly a igmentcd. was pre-
sented to the commissioncts of charities and correc-
tion in 1856, and is known as the Wood Museum.
Dr. Wood established the fact of the second growth
of bone by separating the periosteum from necrosed
bone and carefully enucleating it. He tied both
carotids in one patient for malig-
nant disease of the autrnm, placed
the ligature on the siibclavian on
several occasions and tied the exter-
nal iliac several times. He excised
the entire lower jaw-bone for phos-
phor necrosis, and the patient sub-
sequently developed a new and com-
plete jaw, and died years after of an
entirely different affection; hisskull is
now preserved in the Wood anatomical
collection. With Drs.Willard Parker,
Martyn Paine and others. Dr. Wood
was instrumental in securing the pas-
sage of the dissecting bill, in 1*.">7,
providing that "all vagrants dying un-
claimed, and known by the public
authorities to be such, and without
friends, are to be given to the institu-
tions in which medicine and surgery
are taught for dissection." This bill, although once de-
featedinthestate senate, was finally successful through
the saving clause: "Any unknown person found dead
shall be buried." Dr. Wood was the author of sev-
eral papers and pamphlets, indudhii!; " Strangulated
Hernia " (1845); "Spontaneous Dislocation of the
Head of the Femur into the Ischiatic Notch, occur-
ring in MorbusCoxarius" (1847); "Medical Educa-
tion "(1848); and "Ligature of the External Iliac
Artery " (1856). In 1853 he was married to a dr, ligh-
ter of James Rowe, of New York. He died in New
York city, May 4, 1882.
358
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
HAMILTON, Frank Hastings, surgeon, was
born at Wilmington. Vt., Sept. 13, 1813. He was
graduated at Union College in 1830, and entering on
medical study iu the office of Dr. John G. Morgan
and at the Western College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, Fairfield, N. Y., was licensed l<> practice by
the Cayuga County Medical Society iu 1833. The
degree of M.D. was conferred on him by the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania in 1835, and thereafter, until
1838, he continued practice at Auburn, N. Y., also
giving courses of lectures in anatomy and surgery.
In 1839 he was appointed professor of surgery at the
Western College of Physicians and Surgeons, and in
1840 at the Medical College of Geneva" N. Y. He
located in practice in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1844, be-
coming professor of surgery in Buffalo Medical Col-
lege in 1846; subsequently dean of the faculty and
surgeon to the Charity Hospital. In 1859 he re-
moved to New York city to accept the chair of
principles and practice of surgery and the post of
surgeon -in -chief at the newly
founded Long Island College
Hospital. During 1861-65 he
occupied the chair of military
surgery, fractures and disloca-
tions at the Bellevue Hospital
Medical College, that chair be-
ing the first of its kind in the
world. Meantime, during the
civil war, he, served as surgeon
of the 31st New York infan-
try, which he accompanied to
the front, being made brigade
surgeon after the battle of "Bull
Run, and later U. S. medical di-
rector. He organized the U. S.
General Hospital, New York
city, in 1862, and in February,
1863, was made medical inspec-
tor, U. S. army, with the rank of
lieutenant-colonel. He resigned his military connec-
tions in September, 1863, and resumed his private
practice and instruction. The subject of the prin-
ciples of surgery being added to his chair iu 1865,
he continued lectures in both departments until 1868,
and from then until 1875 was professor of the practice
of surgery. Dr. Hamilton was visiting surgeon to
Bellevue Hospital (1861-82) and consulting surgeon
(1SS4-86); he was also consulting surgeon to the In-
stitution for Ruptured and Crippled Children, St.
Elizabeth's and <>l her city hospitals and dispensaries.
He was a member of the New York State Medical
Society (president iu 1855); of the New York Patho-
logical Society (president in 1866); of the Medico-
Legal Society (president in 1875-76); of the American
Academy of Medicine (president in 1878), and of the
New York Society of Medical Jurisprudence (presi-
dent in 1878 and 1885), and an honorary member
and officer of various other professional and learned
bodies. Throughout his career he was recognized
as one of the most skillful surgeons of the metropo-
lis. He originated a safe method of cutting ihe
sternal portion of the steruo-cleido mastoid; was the
tirsi to operate for simple talipes where there is no
disease of tin- joint; was the first to excise the
central portion of the thyroid gland; originated the
now accepted theories in relation to resection in com-
pound dislocations of the long bones; was one of the
earliest to operate for closing old ulcers by the
transplantation of new skin; was the first to use
gutta-percha for interdental splints; was largely in-
strumental in introducing gutta-percha splints for
support of irregular joint surfaces, and devoted con-
siderable attention to plastic surgery, having per-
formed rhinoplasty more than twenty times. Among
his most valuable inventions and contrivances are: a
bone drill, appliances for treating fracture of the
jaw and of the long bones, an improved Neiaton
probe, a modified Liston artery forceps, an improved
Owen tousillotome, a serrated giant bone-cutter and
other instruments equally valuable. His method of
manipulating the body in asphyxia from drowning
and his system of "keys" and "guides" for secur-
ing precision in amputation through the joints give
him a title to enduring fame. Besides originating
several new and radical operations, he was the first
to work from the palm of the hand, a method now
widely adopted. He was rated one of the foremost
American authorities on military surgery and gun-
shot wounds, and on the assassination of Pres. Gar-
field was called in consultation, remaining connected
with the case until the close. Dr. Hamilton was a
constant and lucid writer on surgical topics. His
larger works are: "A Practical Treatise on Fractures
and Dislocations" (1860, 5th ed. 1880); "A Treatise
on Military Surgery and Hygiene" (1865); "Con-
tributions Relating to the Surgery of War" (1870);
"The Principles and Practice of Surgery" (1872. 3d
ed. 1879); a series of papers on "Prognosis in Frac-
tures " (1855-56-57); one on "The Effect of a Sud-
den Loss of Consciousness on the Memory ot Pre-
ceding Events" (1876), and numerous other articles,
addresses and lectures. He was twice married: first,
in 1834, to Mary Virginia McMurran, of Virginia;
second, to Mary, daughter of Judge Oliver Hart, of
Oswego, N. Y. His only daughter, Mary, is the
wife of Daniel N. Davis, a business man of New
York. Dr. Hamilton died in New York city, Aug.
11, 1886.
BUCK, Albert Henry, surgeon, was born in
Xew York city, I let. 'JO. !S4i, son of Gurdon and
Henrietta E. (Wolff) Buck, the latter a native of
Geneva, Switzerland. His paternal grandparents,
Gurdou and Susannah (Manwariug) Buck, were
first cousins, and grandchildren of Gov. Gurdon
Saltonstall, of Connecticut. Inheriting a predilec-
tion for surgery from his father, who was distin-
guished in his profession, Albert Buck, after gradu-
ation at Yule in!864, entered the College of Physicians
ami Surgeons. New York city, and was graduated
with the degree of M.D. in 1867. In 1867-69 he was
junior walker and house physician at the New York
Hospital, at that time on Broadway, opposite Pearl
street. In 1870 he was appointed an aural
surgeon in the New York Eje and Ear Infirmary,
and held this position until 1883, when he was
appointed a consulting aural surgeon to the
same institution; iu 1889 he w;;s made clinical
professor of diseases of the ear at the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, medical department of
Columbia University; in 1X93 he received the ap-
pointment of consulting aural surgeon to the Presby-
terian Hospital, and still holds all three positions.
Dr. Buck is the author of a "Treatise on the Dis-
eases of the Ear" (3d ed. 1898), and has published a
large number of articles on subjects relating to this
special field of work. At the same time he has
served as editor for the American edition of Ziems-
sen's " Cyclopaedia of Medicine" (20 vols.); for the
"Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences'1 (9
vols.), and for the American edition of Ziegler's
"General Pathology." He is a member of the Cen-
tury Association. 'Dr. Buck was married at Fair
.Haven, Conn., to a daughter of John S. C. Abbott,
the historian. They have a sou and daughter.
STILLE. Alfred, physician, was born iu Phila-
delphia, Pa., Oct. 30, 18'l3, son of John and Maria
Stille. His father, a leading merchant of Phila-
delphia (1790-1812). was descended from one of
the first Swedish colonists on the Delaware river.
His mother was a descendant of Tobias Wag-
ner, chancellor of the University of Tubingen in
1658, and of one of his descendants who was a Luth
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
359
eran missionary in Pennsylvania about the middle of
the eighteenth century. Dr. Stille was educated iu
the classical school of Wylic «V Emrles, Philadel-
phia, from which he entered Yale in 1828. In 1830
lie vras transferred to the University of Pennsyl-
vania, where he took the degree of A. B. iu 1832.
The following j*ear he began the study of medicine,
matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania and
was graduated M.I), in 1830. Immediately after-
wards he served as a dispensary physician, and then
as a resident physician of the Philadelphia Hospital
for a period of six months, after which he spent two
years in Europe, chiefly in medical study under
some of the most eminent teachers of London, Edin-
burgh, Dublin and Paris. On
his ictiirn he w a< a resident pin si-
cian of the Pennsylvania Hospi-
tal for two \ eais, and then, in
1841, begau private practice.
From 1844 to 1851 he lectured
for the Philadelphia Association
for Medical Instruction. In 1851
he revisited Europe, spending the
greater part of his lime in Vienna,
u heie he attended the lectures
of Oppol/er, Skoda and Ilebra.
He held the chair of theory and
ptactice of medicine at the
I'ennsx Ivania Medical College
from 1854 to 18.V.I, and in
the University of Pennsylvania
for twenty years, and, on re-
signing it in 18*4. was made pro-
fessor emeritus. On the organi-
zation of St. Joseph's Hospital
he was elected one of its physicians, aud served it
for upwards of twenty years. During the civil
war he was one of the physicians of Sattcrlce
Hospital, Philadelphia; for a time he held a
similar appointment in the University Hos-
pital, and for six years (1865-71) was a" visiting
physician and clinical lecturer in the Philadelphia
Hospital. Although for nearly fifty years engaged
in the practice of his profession, Dr. Stille devoted
himself assiduously to teaching and writing. In
ixtt, in collaboration with Dr. J. Forsyth Meigs, he
translated Audral's "Pathological Haematology."
In 1848 his treatise on "General Pathology" ap-
peared. In 1860 he made numerous additions to the
second edition of Wharton and Stille's "Medical
Jurisprudence," the medical part of which in the
first, edition had been prepared by his brother, Dr.
Moretou Stille. In the same year appeared the first
edition of his " Therapeutics and Materia Medica,"
of which the fourth edition was published in ls7v'.
In 1367 his monograph on "Epidemic Meningitis"
was published. In 1879 was issued the first edition
of the " National Dispensatory," prepared by Dr.
Stille in collaboration with Prof. John M. Maisch. Of
this work the fifth edition was issued in 1894. In
1885 his work on "Cholera" appeared. It was an
enlarged edition of a lecture that was published in
1873. Besides the degrees in course received b_y Dr.
Stille, he was made honorary A.M. by Yale in'l849;
LL.D. by Pennsylvania College (Gettysburg) in 1859,
and by the University of Pennsylvania in 1889. He
was a member of the Philadelphia Medical Society
(1x^4); La Societe Medicale d'Observation, Paris
(1836); fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadel-
phia. (1842), and subsequently chairman of its library
committee, secretary, vice-president, censor and presi-
dent; he was an original member and secretary of
the American Medical Association (1847); member of
the Philadelphia County Medical Society (1849), and
its president (1863); member and president of the
Pathological Society of Philadelphia (1859-63); mem-
ber of the U. S. "sanitary commission (1863-65);
member1 and vice-president of the U. S. centen-
nial commission, and chairman of the section of
medicine (1876); corresponding member of the New
York Academy of Medicine; of the New York
Neurological Society; of the state societies of New
York, Rhode Island and California; honorary mem-
ber of the Association of American Physicians and
of the American Climatological Association; presi-
dent of the Society of the Alumni of the Medical De-
partment, University of Pennsylvania; president of
the Association of ex-Resident" Physicians of Phila-
delphia Hospital, and member of the Historical So-
ciety of Pennsylvania.
ALLEN, Harrison, physician and scientist, was
born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1841, of (Quaker
ancestry, being descended from Samuel Allen, who
came from dm Magna, England, with William
Penu. His family was variously connected with
Nicholas Wain and with the Kevell, Elton, Stacey,
Justice and Merrill families, all of which were
among the early Quaker settlers of Pennsylvania.
His parents wen- Samuel Allen, sheriff of Philadel-
phia, anil Eli/.abeth Justice (Thomas) Allen. He
was educated in Philadelphia at the public schools,
the Central Hiii'li School and the University of
Pennsylvania, where he studied medicine, and was
graduated with the decree of M.D. in 1861. He
then spent some months as resident physician in the
Philadelphia Hospital, and in July. INii'J. became an
assistant surgeon in the regular army. He was on
duty successively at CliH'liunic General Hospital,
Washington, I). C.. with the artillery of the 3d army
corps in the army of the Potomac, again in Wash-
ington hospitals, and in Alexandria, Va., Mount
Pleasant General Hospital and Washington. His
resignation was accepted in December, 1865, when he
held rank as brevet-major. He had immediately
before been appointed to the chair
of comparative anatomy and zodl-
ogy iu the auxiliary department
of medicine in Pennsylvania Uui-
veisiiy, just established by Dr.
George Wood. This position he
held until 1878, when he was
appointed to the chair of physi-
ology in the medical department.
In 1883 he resigned from his pro-
fessorial duties to confine his at-
tention to his medical practice,
and he then became emeritus
professor of physiology, which
position he held 'until 1892. He
had also acted during this pe-
riod as professor of anatomy and
surgery in the Philadelphia Den-
tal College, assistant surgeon
iu the Will's Eye Hospital and iu St. Joseph's Hos-
pital, and surgeon in the Philadelphia Hospital, and
bad, besides these labors and those of a large general
practice as a surgeon, frequently published impor-
tant papers on scientific subjects. The most impor-
tant of these were contributed to the "Proceedings"
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Smithsonian
Institution and other learned bodies. They iuclude
a " Monograph on North American Cheiroptera,"
im>4; "Outlines of Comparative Anatomy and
Medical Zoology," 1869, now a standard text-book,
and " Studies in the Facial Region "; "On the Life
Form in Art"; "System of Human Anatomy";
" The Stage of Development, of the Bat "; " Clinical
Study of the Skull." At the Columbian exposition
Dr. Allen was a judge on anthropology. He was a
member of the Academy of Natural 'Sciences; the
Natural History Society of Boston; the Philadelphia
Pathological Society; Washington Biological So-
ciety; Philadelphia County Medical Society; Ameri-
360
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
can Laryngological Association; Philadelphia Neu-
'•ology Society; Texas Historical Society and Ameri-
can Association •>! Anatomy, and correspondent of
the Society of Nal.uriil Scieuce of Chili; correspond-
ing secretary of the Academy of Natural Science in
isiis; vice president of the Pathological Society in
l^iT; president of the American Laryngological
Association in 1886; of the American Association of
Anatomy in 1891-1)3; uf the Contemporary Chili of
Philadelphia in IS'.U and isiin, and in 1897 president
iif the Anthropomorphic Society. In 1891, upon
the death of Dr. Joseph Leidy, Dr. Allen took
charge in the University of Pennsylvania of two
chairs in the medical and auxiliary department, and
in 1891-92 he was rector of Dr. Wistar's Institute of
Anatomy. He became noted in Pennsylvania for
his unusual skill as an anatomist. He was married,
in Philadelphia, Dec. 29, 1S69, to Julia A.,
daughter of S. W. C'olton, of Long-meadow, Mass.,
and Susan Beaumont, of New York. Among her
paternal ancestors are George Colton, a Puritan
settler in Massachusetts in 1640; Charles Chauucy,
the second president of Harvard College; Rev.
Peter Bulkely; Henry Wolcott; John Ingersoll;
the Boardmans; Maj. Jonathan Presrot.t, and Na-
thaniel Foote. On her mother's side, she is of Scotch
and English ancestry. Dr. A'leu died in Philadel-
phia. Pa., Nov. 1-1, 1897.
MOTT, Alexander Brown, surgeon, was born
in New York city. March 31, ]S2li. son of Dr. Val-
entine and Louisa D. (Mums) Mott, and grandson of
Dr. Henry Mott, a descendant from an English
Quaker, who in 16liO settled on Long Island. He
was educated privately by Prof. William Darling,
M.D., of the University Medical College of New
York, and at the Columbia College Grammar
School, there remaining until 1836, when lie went
to Europe with his parents. He remained abroad
live years, and received a good classi-
cal educalion. In spite of his Quaker
blood he had a great fondness for a
military life, and on his return to New
York he entered West Point, but aban-
doned this in deference to his father's
wishes. He then passed a year in
France and Germany about 1842, and
occupied a position in die naval agency
in Marseilles. Two years after Mr.
Mott became the private secretary of
Com. Morris, of the I . S. navy, who
was then in charge of the Mediter-
ranean squadron. He afterwards made
a journey to Spain, and was present at
the sjege and surrender of Barcelona,
and took part in the fighting in com-
mand of a battery On his return to
Marseilles he « as offered and accepted a
position with a linn in thai cilv, and during 1845 he
was sent by them to Turkey, Greece, Piedmont,
Italv anil Austria. W'th his father's successful and
brilliant career before him, it was not strange that he
began !<• seriously consider entering the medical pro-
fession. He commenced his Studies in medicine at
Havre, and on his return loNew York resumed their,
in his father's office. He was graduated at the New
York Medical College in 1849; at the University of
Pennsylvania in ls,"iii, and at the Castleton Medical
College in 1849, and besides he attended a course of
lectures at the University .Medical ( olleire. In 1849
he assisted in founding St. Vincent's Hospital, and
in 1853 became visiiinir surgeon. Dr. Alexander
.Moll \\asappoinled surgeon to the New York Dis-
pensary in ls5ii. From 1855 in 1S63 he was attend-
ing surgeon to the Jewish Hospital, and for fourteen
years lie was surgeon to the Charity Hospital. At
the University Medical Clinic he performed many
dillicult surgical operations, where he acted as his
father s prosector for a number of years. He was
one of the founders of the Bellevue Medical College,
where he at one time held the chair of surgical
anatomy, and .was urofessor of clinical and operative
surgery from 1872 until his death. He was consult
ing surgeon to the bureau of medicine and surgical
relief to the out-door poor, and in 1859-84 he held
the appointment of attending surgeon at. Bellevue
Hospital. On the outbreak of the civil war he was
uiven two hours' notice to proceed to Washington
with the tirst regiments of militia on April 18, 1861.
After organizing the medical coips of those regi
ments tinder his charge, he inspected all the recruits
for thirty-eight regiments of New York volunteers.
As medical director of New York, more than 70,000
men passed under his supervision. He also inspected
all the New York regiments around forts Monroe
and Washington. Aided bv some patriotic boom-
ers of prominence in New York, in 18(i2 he founded
the U. S. Army General Hospital, of which the sur-
geon general placed him at the head He was ap-
poiuled surgeon U. S. volunteers, and was one of
the medical examining board for admission to the
medical corps of the army for surgeons of volunteers.
In 1864-65 he was inspector of "the department of
Virginia, with headquarters with the army of the
James, under Maj-Gen. Old, and served under him
until the war was at an end Dr. Mott was present
at the interview lielwc en Gens. Lee and Grant on the
occasion of the signing of the agreement of surren-
der at Appomattox Court House, Va. After being
on duty in Richmond Va., he was mustered out of
the U. S. service Aug. 1. 1866, and made brevet-
colonel of tiie U. S. volunteers. His father, Valen-
tine Mott, possessed the qualities that made him
famous for his operations; he was almost as dexter-
ous with one hand as with I he other, and to a great
extent the son inherited his skill. His most dith'cult
operations were amputations at hip joint and exsec-
tion of ulna twice; tying the common carotid fifteen
times; internal carotid twice; iimominata once; sub-
<-la\ ian four times; common iliac twice; internal iliac
twice, and external iliac five times; resection of the
femur three times; perfoiniini: lithotomy twenty-
one times; femoral eighteen times; and removal of the
entire lower jaw for phosphor- necrosis twice. There
have been published reports of other cases of interest
treated by him. He was fellow of the American
Geographical Society; member of the New York
Acadcnn ot Sciences; of the New York Medico-
Legal Society; of the New York Society for the Re-
lief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men; of the
New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Association; a
permanent member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, and honorary memberof the Hudson County
Pathological Sociely. In 18.11 he was married to
Arabella Upsom, youngest daughter of Thaddeus
Phelps, of New York, 1>3' whom he had one son,
Valentine Mott, who became a physician of promi-
nence in New York, and the fourth oi the family in
a direct line to follow the medical profession. Dr.
.Molt died in Yonkers, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1889.
FLINT, Austin, physician, was born in North
ainplon. Mass., March 28, 1836, son of Austin and
Annie (Skillings) Flint, lie comes of good coloniai
stock, and several of his family have been noiable iu
the history of Massachusetts. His father was a verv
eminent physician and a voluminous writer oil medi-
cal topics. Austin Flint was educated in private
schools in Buffalo, N. Y.. and in 1852 entered the
freshman class of Harvard College. At the end of
the year, however, he left college, at his father's re-
quest, and obtaining employment in the engineering
department of the Louisville and Nashville railroad
at Bowling Green, Ky., remained there one year. In
I he slimmer of ]S.->4 lie entered the olh'ce of the city
surveyor at Buffalo, N. Y. In the following autumn
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
301
he began the stud}' of medicine in the office of
Dr. Frank H. Hamilton, and continued it, in the
medical department of the University of Louis-
ville (Kv. (during the next two years. Meantime, in
the suinmer of 1855, he served as assistant to Dr.
John C. Dalton, professor of physiology in the
Woodstock (Vt. ) Medical ( 'ollcgc, anil completing his
professional study at the .Jefferson Medical College,
Philadelphia, Pa.'(18r>6-57), was there graduated M.I).
Dunn;; 1857-60 he uaseditor of the Buffalo " Medical
Journal," and, meantime (1858-59), was professor of
physiology in the medical departmenl of the Uni-
versity pf Buffalo, and (1S5S) visiting surgeon to the
Buffalo General Hospital. He removed to New
York city in 185SI, to become professor of physiology
at the Ne\v Yolk Medical College, anil in 1860 ac-
cepted i he same chair in the New Orleans School of
Medicine. In isiu he spent several months in Paris,
studving physiology with I'rof. Claude Bernard and
histology with Proi. Charles Robin, lie was acting
assistant surgeon, U. S. army, at the U. S. General
Hospital, New York city (1863-66), and was one of
the founders of, and professor of phvsio]o^\ at
the liellevue Hospital Medical College trom isiil to
18118. In 1898 he was elected professor of physiology
in tin' Cornell University Medical College. During
1802-liS he tilled the s.-une chair at the Long Island
Hospital Medical College, limoklyn. Among other
imporiant official positions, he has been visiting phy-
sician of Bellevue Hospital (1869), consulting physi-
cian (I Mini I, visiting physician of the insane pavilion
(18!Hi). and consulting physician on nervous diseases
in the Bellevue Hospital DispeuSiirj since l^i'ul. lie
was examining physician to ihe New York olliee of
the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. (1871-
861, surgeon-general of the state of New York (1874-
78), consuhing physician of the Manhattan Stale
Hospital for the Insane (IS'tli), and a member of the
executive committee of the New Yuri; Prison Associa-
tion (18'.H>). Dr. Flint, is a member of the American
Medical Association; a fellow of the New York Stale
Medical Assi.eialion. editor of its "Transactions"
(1885), and its president (1895); correspondent of the
Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia, and
member of the American Philosophical Society. He
has been decorated with the Order of the Bust of the
Liberator by the republic of Venezuela (1891). Ho
has contributed many articles to medical literature,
principally on physiological subjects, and lias pub-
lished a number of books: " Physiology of Man"
(5 vols., 1806-74); "Manual of Chemical Examina-
tion of the Trine in Disease "(1870); "Physiological
Effects of Severe and Prolonged Muscular Exercise "
(1871); "Text-Hook of Human Physiology " (1875),
and " Source of Muscular Power " (1878). He has
made a number of important investigations and dis-
coveries in physiology. Experiments on alligators,
while in New Orleans, developed some important
points iu reference to the influence of the pneuino-
gastric nerves on the heart. He has also operated
on the spinal cord and nerves in various animals
with important results, and has published various
monographs. Dr. Flint was married, Dec. 23, 1862,
to Eli/abelh. daughter of Robert P. MeMaster, of
Ballston, N. Y., and has three sons and one daughl er.
BEDFORD, GunningS., author and physician,
was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1806. He was a
great-nephew of the revolutionary patriot, Gunning
Bedford, of Delaware, a representative in congress
(1783-86), and attorney-general and governor of his
state. Gunning S. 1 Jed ford was graduated A.B. at
Mount St. Mary's College, Emmetsburg, Md., iu
1825, with high honors and as valedictorian of the
class. The degree of A.M. was conferred on him in
course at the end of three years. Among his class-
mates were Archbishops Purcell, of Cincinnati;
Hughes, of Baltimore, and McCloskey (iater cardi-
nal), of New York; Kev. Charles C. Pise and other
noted men. He had planned to study law with
Daniel Webster, but having accidentally heard a
lecture on blood circulation by Dr. John I). Godman,
he determined to devote himself to medicine. Dr.
Godman took a great interest in his young convert,
becoming his friend, counsellor and preceptor, and
greatly aiding him in acquiring the skill and fame
thai marked his life. Alter bis graduation at the
Rutgers Medical College, New lirnnswick, N. J., he
spent two years in the best hospitals of Europe,
where he \\orkcd incessantly. Returning to America
in 1832, he in 1833 accepted a professorship at the
Medical College of Charleston (S. C. ), where he re-
mained about one year, then going to the Albany
Medical College, New York, In 1831! he removed
to New York city, where lie rapidly built up an ex-
tensive practice, particularly in obstetrics and the
diseases of women, lie was a skillful surgeon, and
repeatedly perl'm med the ( 'a'sarian section with suc-
cess. Dr. Bedford oii^inaled tin- idea of founding
the New York University Medical College, which he
carried lo a .successful issue through the assistance
of Dr. Valentin" Moll. The first faculty contained,
besides these t \M i. I >i s. Draper, Paine, Revere and
Patterson, Dr. Bedford being professor of obstetrics
until 18I)'.'. Ii was a success from the start, although
solely supported by the fees of the students. He also
founded the New York obstetrical clinic, the first
held in the country, to afford the poor skilled
advice and ser\ ice. Sessions were held Mondays,
and so successful was the enterprise that probably
10, 000 yearly received its aid. Dr. Bedford v>as a
prolific \\ liter. His two elaborate ; realises: "Dis-
eases of Women and ( 'hildren " and " Principles and
Practice of Obstetrics" — the former passed through
lifleen editions and the latter five — have been
adopted as lex! books both in America and abroad,
and have been translated into German and French,
lie wrote and delivered eulogies upon Drs. Francis
and Molt before the New York County Medical
,-iieicty. Dr. Bedford was noted tot his eloquence
and broad intelligence. In person he was unusu-
ally short, but correspondingly light in his move-
ments and gentle in bis manners. His consideration
for suffering was well illustrated by his admoni-
tion to his students to particularly avoid afflict-
ing their patients with squeaking shoes and angular
movements. His professional reputation and in-
fluence was equaled only by bis personal popularity
both with physicians and the public generally.
In religious faith be was a devout Roman Catholic.
and enjoyed close relations with many priests
and prelates of the church. He was survived by a
widow and three sons, one of whom, Gunning S. Bed-
ford, Jr., was at one time assistant district attorney
of New York, and later a judge of the citv court.
Dr. Bedford died in New York city, Sept. 5" 1870.
SANDS, Henry Berton, surgeon, was born in
New York city, Sept. 27, 1880. After passing
through a high school in his native city. Henry
Sands entered the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, and was graduated iu 1854. He then began
a general practice, giving special attention to sur-
gery, and from ISliO until 1870 was in partnership
with Dr. Willard Parker. He was house physician
and in 1854-55 house surgeon to Bellevue Hospital,
and then visited Europe, returningin 1856. He then
became demonstrator of anatomy in the College of
Physicians and Surgeons and held the position
for ten years. He was professor of anatomy in the
same institution (1867-79), and professor of the
practice of -surgery (1879-88). He was visiting sur-
geon, Bellevue 'Hospital (1862-77); Charity Hospital.
(1865-66); Mount Sinai Hospital, later; St. Luke's
Hospital (1862-70); consulting surgeon, (1870-84);
362
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
visiting surgeon, New York Hospital (1864-81), con-
sul ting surgeon (1881-84); visiting surgeon. Strangers'
Hospital (18? I -72); Roosevelt Hospital (1873-88). He
was a member ot the New York Medical and Surgi-
cal Society and of the New York County Medical
and Pathological societies, was president of the second
named in 1874-76 and of the last named in 1866-67.
The degree of A.M honoris causa was conferred
upon him by \iile iu 1883. Among his contribu-
tions to periodical literature, many of which were
reports of operations performed by him are: "Case
of Cancer of the Larynx Successfully Removed by
Laryngotomy" ( " New York Medical Journal," May,
186J); "Aneurism of the Sub-Clavian, Treated by
Galvano-Puncture " (1869); •• Notes on Perityphlitis"
("Annals of Anatomical and Surgical Society,"
Brooklyn, 1880, Vol. II., No 7); "The Question of
Trephining in Injuries of the Head" ("Medical
News," Philadelphia, April 28, 1883), and "On the
Use and the Abuse of Passive Motion " ( " New York
Medical Journal, " Jan. 22, 1887). Dr. Sands was twice
married : first, in 1859, to Sarah M. Curtis, and,
second, in 1875. to Mrs. J. Reamey. Dr. Sands died
suddenly in New York city, Nov. 17, 1888, leaving a
son, Dr. Robert A. Sands, iu the same profession.
TAYLOR, Charles Fayette, physician and
surgeon, was born at Willistou, Vt., April 25, 1827,
son of Brimage and Miriam (Taplin) Taylor. His
original American ancestor was
Rev. Edward Taylor (1642-
1729), who early settled at
Westfk'ld, Mass. From him
descent is traced through his
son, Eldad Taylor (1708-77),
of Westtield, Mass; hisson, El-
dad Taylor (1733-96), of Wil-
liston.Vt.; hisson, John Tay-
lor (1760-1847), and his son,
Brimage Taylor (1797-1867).
Charles P. Taylor was edu-
cated in the public schools,
and was graduated M.D. at
the University of Vermont in
1856. He settled in New York
city, and having become in-
terested iu the ' ' Swedish move-
ment " system, spent several
months (1856) in studying it
under Dr. Roth in London. He
•was one of the first, if not the
first, to use the system in this
country. He early devoted
much attention to the treatment of the crippled and
deformed, and met with such success in practice that
he readily interested a number of well known people
in founding the New York Orthopedic Dispensary. He
was head surgeon of this institution for many years,
and it is iu connection with his work in orthopedic
surgery that he is most widely known. Dr. Taylor in-
vented several important surgical appliances, notably
the Taylor splint for treatment of spinal diseases and
the long extension hip splint. He wrote several
books and over fort}" articles, mostly on his special i v.
his best known works being: "The Theory and
Practice of the Movement Cure," "Spinal Irrita-
tion," "The Mechanical Treatment of Pott's Disease
of the Spine" and "Mechanical Treatment of Hip
Joint Disease." His work was recognized by diplo-
mas and medals at the expositions in Paris (1867),
Vienna (1873) and Philadelphia (1876). Dr. Taylor
was a member of the New York County Med'ical
Society; a fellow of the New York Academv of
Medicine; a corresponding member of the Imperial
Medical Society of Vienna; a charter member of the
American Orthopedic Association; a fellow of the
American Geographical Society and of other socie-
ties. He had the true physician's kindness and
affection for the suffering, and was always foremost
and untiring in giving the best practical help to any
person iu trouble. "He was married, in 1850, to
Martha, and iu 1854 to Mary Sauna, both daughters of
Zeuas Skinner, of Williston, Vt. By his second wife
he had three daughters — Mrs. Harold P. Brown,
Moutclair, N. J. ; Mrs. John McCarthy, Plainfield,
N. J., and Charlotte Taylor, New York — and one
son. Dr. Henry Ling Taylor, a practicing physician
of New York city. Dr. Taylor died at Los Angeles,
Cal , Jan. 25, 1899.
CARNOCHAN, John Murray, surgeon, was
born in Savannah. Ga. . July 4, 1817, only son of
John and Harriet Frances (Putnam) Carnochan.
His father, a native of Scotland, removed at the be-
ginning of the nineteenth century to Nassau and the
West Indies, and afterwards to Savannah, Ga.,
where he became a wealthy planter and merchant;
his mother was a grandniece of Gen. Israel Put-
nam, a granddaughter of Henry Putnam, killed in
the battle of Lexington, and, through her mother,
a granddaughter of Dr. Fraser, a distinguished sur-
geon of the British army. The ancestral home of
the Carnochaus in Scotland was Gate House, of
Fleet Kirkcudbright, iu the district of Galloway,
bordering on Ayrshire. To this homestead John
Murray Carnochan, being in feeble health, was taken
by his father and mother to sojourn for a year with
his two maiden aunts, who had the place in their
keeping. These two old ladies became so attached
to him, however, that they kept him with them
until he was eleven years of age. He was sent to
school at Edinburgh, where he passed through the
high school with honor, and afterwards entering the
university, completed the course and took his degree
at the age of seventeen. While a student, he was
thrown into association with Prof. Wilson, in phi-
losophy; Hope, iu chemistry, and Knox, in anatomy;
and their influence doubtless guided him towards his
profession, as immediately after graduation he
entered on a course of instruction at the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons. Being called back to America, he
spent a short time at his home in Georgia, and then
going to New York city, began the study of surgery,
under the celebrated Dr. Valentine Mott, who soon
grew to refer to him as his "most distinguished
pupil " ; he also passed through the usual course of in-
siruetion at the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
receivina; the degree of M.D. in 1836. He afterwards
studied at the Ecole de Medicine, Paris, and for six
years " walked " the hospitals and attended the
clinical lectures of Civiale, Lisfranc, Roux, Velpeau
and others. From Paris he went to London, and
studied under such eminent surgeons as Sir
Benjamin C. Brodie and Sir Astley Cooper,
and while there was offered a partnership
by the great Liston, which he declined. In
1847 he came to America, thoroughly equipped and
trained for the career which he was destined to pur-
sue, ami fixing his residence in New York, began
his labors as a "regular practitioner. On the organi-
zation of the board of immigration commissioners in
1S50 Dr. Carnochan was placed iu charge of the hos-
pital for immigrants on Ward's Island, and was
surgeon-in chief for twenty-five years. In 1851 he
«:,.. chosen professor of the princi|ile- and operations
of surgery in the New York Medical College, and
for twelve years taught large classes of students with
brilliimcy and effectiveness. During the civil war
this institution was discontinued on account of the
loss of Southern patronage. In 1870 Dr. Carnochan
was appointed health officer of the port of New York,
in which position his administrative alent enabled
him to establish prompt and efficient quarantine
without greatly embarrassing commerce. As an
operator, "Dr. Caruochan received the highest com-
mendation of the leading surgeons of Europe who had
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
363
studied liis cases: such as ligature of the femoral and
carotid arteries for elephantiasis; amputation of the
entire Inwer jaw, with disiirticulation of both con-
d vies at cine time, and removal of the ulna and radius
while saving the arm with its functions unimpaired.
In a ease of chronic facial neuralgia, lie performed
exsection of the entire trunk of (lie second branch
of thi! fifth pair of cranial nerves from the infra-
orbilal foramen, through the foramen rotundum to
the base of the, skull, which resulted in giving a
new pathology to the disease, and, while several
times successfully repeated by himself, is a feat
never attempted before or since. He also performed
the operation of amputation at the hip joint with
entire sun-ess five limes, one instance being on May
1«. isr,4, at the battle of Spottsylvania, where he
acted under order* of tlie surgeon-general of the
U. S. army. In the practice of ovariotomy he was
unusually skillful, and almost always successful.
He performed all the more difficult operations known
in surgery, and originated no less than six, as, for
example, the tying of both common carotid arteries
in a case of elephantiasis of the head, face and neck,
and the tying of the common carotid me side and
of the external carotid on the other in hypertrophy
of the tongue. He tied the femoral artery in a num-
ber of cave* of varicose enlargement of the veins of
the leg and thigh, and also for elephantiasis of the
leg, where amputation had formerly been the only
resort. He was noted as one of the most rapid
operators of his lime, his skill being efficient in sav-
ing much suffering to his patients. The extreme
delicacy of his touch was shown in his elaborate
dissection of the human foot, in which he laid bare
the almost microscopic ramifications ,,f nerve fibres,
and prepared the specimen for preservation. Dr.
Carnochan was a voluminous writer, and published
a number of important works in practical surgery,
all contributions of exceptional value to the literature
of his profession. They include papers on partial
amputation of the foot, " Lithotomy and Lithot-
rity '•'; " Treatise on Congenital Dislocations " (1850);
"Contributions to Operative Surgery " mine parts,
1877-86), and translations of Sedillot's " Traite de
Medecine Operatoire, Bandages et Appareils " and
Karl Rotiransky's " Handbuch cler pathologischen
Anatomic." A number of his original papers were
brilliantly illustrated, after drawings by his wife,
who was a skillful artist and an enthusiastic aid to
her eminent husband in his professional career. He
was married, in 1856, to Estelle, daughter of Maj.-
Gen. William Walton Morris, U. S. A., and a great-
granddaughter of Lewis Morris, a signer of the" Dec-
laration of Independence. Dr. Carnochan died in
New York city, from au apoplectic stroke, Oct. 28,
1 ^s\ ,
BICKSON, James Henderson, physician, was
born in Wilmington, X. C., in December, 1806, son
of James Dicksou, a commission merchant. He was
graduated at the University of North Carolina in
1823, and entered upon the study of medicine in the
office of Dr. Armand J. DeRossett, where he also
mastered the practice of pharmacy, then usually an
adjunct to medical learning. Being graduated at the
College of Physicians and" Surgeons, New York, in
1827, he began practice in South Washington, N. C.,
but soon removed to Fayetteville, N. C., where
he remained ten years. While here he cultivated
surgery in particular, in 1833 performing the direct
transfusion of blood, and in 1835 a tenotomy for
club-foot. These operations put Dr. Dickson among
the very first surgeons to perform this class of work
He removed to New York in 1837, but returned to
Wilmington in 1841, and soon secured a large prac-
tice. While devoting himself closely to his'general
practice, he was also a student of literature, as was
shown by his address before the University of North
Carolina in 1853. He was also one of the founders
of the Wilmington Library Association in 1860, but
the war not only put a period to its accumulations,
but scattered what had been already gathered. His
own extensive library, which he had sent to Laurin-
burg, N. C., for preservation, was captured there,
and when last heard of had been loaded on a Federal
gunboat, and was being carried down the river, no
doubt for "safe-keeping." Dr. Dickson was early in-
terested in the organization of the North Carolina
Medical Society, and was its president in 1852 and
1S54. In May, IS.iti, lie delivered an address before
it on "Respiration." In 1859 he was instrumental
in the organization of the North Carolina state hoard
of medical examiners, and became its first president.
His most important contribution to the history of
medicine was his "Report on the Medical Topogra-
phy and Epidemics of North Carolina," printed in
the " Transactions" of the American Medical ASMI
ciation in 1860. This article is based on his own ob-
servations and on the reports of other physicians; it
treats of the geographical distribution of disease in the
various sections with a somewhat detailed account
and yet remains the fullest description extant of the
endemic and epidemic diseasesof the state. During
September, 1862, yellow fever appeared ill Wilming-
ton, introduced probably by blockade runners from
the West Indies. As there had been no epidemic of
the kind in half a century, no physician then in
practice had ever had a case. Under these circum-
stances, and when as many of the inhabitants as
could find it possible had already left the city, Dr.
Dicksoii remained faithful to bis
professional duties, now larger
than ever, and fell a sacrifice to
his constancy. In 1X4."> he was
married to Margaret, daughter
of Gen. James Owen, a congress-
man in 1S17 and first president
of i lie Wilmington and Raleigh
(now Wilmington and Weldon)
railroad. He died at Wilming-
ton. N. ('.. Sept. 23, 1862.
BROWER, DanielRoberts,
physician, was born at Mauayiink,
Pa., Oct. 13, 1839, son of Daniel
Rife and Ann Billop (Farmer)
Brower. He is descended from
the old Brower family who set-
tled in Montgomery county, Pa.
His early education began in
Phoenixville, whence his family
had removed shortly after his
birth. When he was thirteen years
of age, the family removed to Norristown,
where he entered the Tremont Seminary, and pre-
pared for the Polytechnic College of Philadelphia,
where he was graduated in 1859. His inaugural ad-
dress on the ventilation and drainage of mines was
published in full, and favorably noticed in the Lon-
don (England) "Mining Engineer," the leading en-
gineering publication of the world. For about one
year he continued mining engineering in western Vir-
ginia, and then, following out the wish of his life, be-
gan the study of medicine, being graduated in 1864
in the medical department of the Georgetown Univer-
sity. Shortly before this he passed the army medical
board of examination, then sitting in Washington,
D. C., and was appointed assistant surgeon of U. S.
volunteers. After a brief service in the U. S. Gen-
eral Hospital at Portsmouth, Va. , he was sent to the
General Hospital at Fortress Monroe, Va., then the
largest hospital in the United States. Here he dis-
tinguished himself by his active and extensive ser-
vice until he was ordered to Norfolk, Va., as chief
medical officer of the military district of eastern Vir-
ginia. In 1866 he organized the first hospital for
364
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
insane freedmen at Richmond, Ya. , under the freed-
men's bureau. From 1868 unti' 1S75 he served as
meilical superintendent of the Eastern Lunatic Asy-
lum of Virginia at Williamsburg. AVhile he did
much in reforms, in. improvement of the buildings,
and in the care and treatment of the insane, he
started schools and shops for various industries, and
an endless variety of amusements, and bought a farm
for the supply of farm products and for the occupa-
tion of the patients. In 1875 he removed to Chicago,
and entered immediately upon active professional
work, making a specialty of mental and nervous dis-
eases. He is now professor of mental diseases,
materia medica and therapeutics at Rush Medical
College, the oldest and largest college in the North-
west ; professor of mental and nervous diseases in
the Woman's College of the Northwestern Univer-
sity and professor of mental and nervous diseases in
the Post-Gradual e .Meilical School, Chicago. He is
the neurologist of the St. Joseph's, Wesley and Cook
Count v hospitals of Chicago, as well as consulting
physician to the Presbyterian Hospital, Woman's
Hospital, State of Illinois Women's and Children's
Hospital and the Washington Home, all of Chicago.
He is conspicuous as a lecturer and writer, having
contributed ^manv valuable papers to science, and
was for many years editor of the Chicago "Medical
Journal." The degree of LL.D. was conferred urjou
him by Kenyon College, Ohio, and St. Ignatius
College, Chicago, 111. He was married, May 15,
1*">7, to Eliza Ann, daughter of Col. A. W. Shearer.
They have two children.
McCREADY, Benjamin William, physician,
was born in New York city, Oct. 28, 1813, son of
Thomas and Margaret (Miller) McCready. He was
educated in the public schools of New York. Hefirst
studied medicine under Dr. John Brodhead Beck, pro-
fessor of materia medica in the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, and became a favorite with him.
Through the hitter's advice. Dr. McCreadyuudertook
the course there, and was gradual ed in high standing
in the class of 1S35. His skill as a stu-
dent vviis sufficiently marked to win for
him an appointment as house physi-
cian to the Xew York Hospital, « hue
he served a full term to the eminent
satisfaction of the authorities. He
was later appointed physician at the
Tombs, and after a short term there
became one of the most sought and
valuable of the dispensary physicians
in New York. This brought him to
the notice of the Bellevue authorities,
who invited him to that hospital as
visiting physician, a position he held
for twenty-five years (1848-73)', a
length of service rarely equaled. In
1*74. being advanced in years and the
demand on his time and service very
great from without, he became con-
sulting physician, in which capacity
he served until- his death. His earliest efforts as a
teacher were made at the College of Pharmacy,
which he helped largely to develop. In 1861 he
helped to found the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col-
lege, becoming its first professor of materia medica
and therapeutics. This chair he filled for eleven
years, until 1872, when he was created emeritus pro-
fessor. He was chief medical examiner for the
Washington Life Insurance Co., of New York, for
twenty years. He helped to found the Xew York
Medical and Surgical Association, and was une of its
charter members. Dr. McCready was an acknowl-
edged expert in medico-legal science, and was often
eailed to testify in disputed will and insanity cases.
During the cholera and typhus fever epidemics he
manifested his zeal in the service. He was also a mem-
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine and of the
Century Club, and belonged to a number of scientific
and philanthropic societies. He took an active inter-
est in the politics of his era, and was an ardent friend
of the slaves before the war. He was sent to Canada
in the interest of the New York "Tribune" to in-
quire into the conditions of the fugitive slaves there,
and wrote for that newspaper the results of his ob-
servations in a series of interesting and widely read
articles on the subject. Taking a fancy to Halifax,
N. S., he spent a part of each year there from 1886 to
1892. Dr. McCready was married, first, to Margaret
Doyle, of New York, who died in 18fiO; second, to
Jane Gall. He had one son and three daughters.
He died in New York city. Aug. 9, 1892.
MACNEVEN, William James, physician, was
born at Ballynahowne. county Galway, Ireland,
March 21. 1763. The family name is spelled Mac-
Neviu. His ancestors originally held extensive es-
tates in the north of Ireland, but were deprived of
them by Cromwell, who compelled them to remove
to the wilds of Conuaught. Several of his family
allained distinction, notably his uncle, Baron Wil-
liam O'Kelly MacNevin, court physician to Empress
Maria Teresa of Austria. William J. Macncven be-
gan his education in Ireland, and at the age of ten
was sent by his uncle to a school in Prague, where
he received a good classical education and entered
on his medical studies. He was graduated M.D. at
the University of Vienna in 1783, and about a year
later began practice in Dublin. Early in his career
he became actively associated with the Catholic Com-
mittee, and attained his first public prominence in
1791 by his eloquent speech in opposition to the pro-
posed remonstrance to the government, on the ground
that its tone was " too submissive and slavish." By
this action he succeeded in preventing its unanimous
adoption, and it received only sixty-two signatures,
mostly of the loyal and aristocratic Catholics. This
action brought him great popularity, and occasioned
his election's representative to the Catholic confer-
ence of 1792 by both Galway and Cavan: he made
choice of the latter county. His constant and out-
spoken sympathy for his oppressed countrymen
made him a leading spirit in the order of United
Irishmen, and lie became prominently involved in
the revolution of 1797-98, as associate of Lord Ed-
ward Fitzgerald. Arthur O'Connor and Thomas Ad-
dis Emmet. On March 12, 1798, he was arrested,
and confined, first in Kilmainbam jail and later in
Fort St. George, for nearly four years. According
to current report, he occupied his period of imprison-
ment in translating fragments of Ossian from the
original Gaelic and' instructing Emmet and other cap-
tives in the French language "with a grammar of his
own compilation. After his release in 1802, he made
a pedestrian trip through Switzerland, which he de-
scribed in liis " Rambles through Switzerland in the
Summer and Autumn of 1802" (1803); and then
making a brief visit to relatives in Germany, in 1803
he went to Paris, and in either 1803 or 1804 enlisted
in the French army. In this course he was prompted
by the hope that Napoleon was planning an invasion
of Ireland, and having accepted a captain's commis-
sion in the Irish brigade, entered heartily into what
he believed to be preparations to that end. An in-
tcniew with the emperor and Talleyrand, however,
convinced him that his hopes were vain, and forth-
with be resigned from the service and sailed from
Bordeaux for the I'liited States. Arriving in New
York city, July 4. 1805, he entered on professional
practice,' and rapidly attained a successful promi-
nence. In 1808 he was appointed to the chair of oh-
stetrics and midwifery in the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, which,' three years later, he exchanged
for that of chemistry in the' same institution. On the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
365
departure fur Europe of Dr. John W. Francis in
18111, ilic subject of niateria medica was added lo Ids
dcpailmenl. and he continued to give instructions in
lnil 1 1 Mill 1 1 IS'.'U. \\ lii-n H icy \\ ere ai:ain separated, lie
resigned hi-, professorship in Is-.'i;. and, \\illi Drs.
Moll, Francis, llosack and < Joodiiiiin, organized the
DuaneStreel Medical School, where he held the cliair
of inalcria medica ami I licrapculics until the dissolu-
tion of the school by legislative enactment in ls:j().
lu INK; l)r Macne\en I ieca me associal e physician of
the N'e\v York aliiishouse u nil e]- Dr. David IIosack;oii
tin' mi I break of the cholera epidemic in is:!'.' he \\ as ap-
pointed lo the municipal medical council, and as-
signed to 1 1 ic supervision of hospitals, and in IH KJ he
was appointed liy (Jov. Sewaril residenl phvsieian of
New York city. Dr. Macnevcn was lo Ihe end of
his life an ardent Irish palriot and devnied Catho-
lic. He was a member of nearly every Irish so-
ciety in New York, and long presjdeiii of the
Fric;uds of Ireland. For the guidance of immi-
grants, he prepared a pamphlet ol direelions, and
founded an agency lo obtain emi)loyment for Irish
girls. In addition to i he books alreadv inenl ioneil,
lie published "Pieces ol Irish History'" (isii7). de-
picting the careers of several of the patriots of Ids
time; "('liemieal Examination of tiie \Valer of
Schooley's Moiinlain " ilsil.'i], lending lo sbow its
value ill calculus and nephritic diseases, and " Ex-
posiiion o!' the Atomic Theory " ( IHl'.ll. lie also pie
pared an edition of " Brand e's ( 'heinisi r\ "( IS'.'l ). He
was for Iliree years editor ol the " Medical and I'hilo
sophieal .Journal '; with David Ilosack and Hugh
Williamson, promoted the organisation of Ihe Lit-
erary and Philosophical Society of New York, and
was a fellow of the American Philosophical Society.
Dr. Macneven died in New York citv. July 1'J. 18-li.
WHITING, Charles Goodrich, journalist and
author, was born in St. Albans, Yl., .Ian. :•!(>, 1s42,
son of ('ah in and Mary Richards (G I rich) Whit in if.
The Whiting anil Goodrich families both came |'i
England to A rica between 1030 and l(i."il): anil tin-
Van Dater family, with which he \\as ci,nneeied
through his mother, came from Holland about lli:)0.
Mr. Whiting, owing to delicate health, did not at-
tend schools, but studied at home and by reading.
In his youth hi- worked on a farm, in a country
store and in paper mills before he finally, at the age
of twenty-six, began his journalistic career, as re-
porter under the celebrated Samuel Bowie's, on "The
Republican," of Springfield, .Mass. With ibis news-
paper lie continued lo In- associated in \aiious de-
partments, and in 1SSIT held the position ol associate
and literary editor. In it appeared his more strictly
literary elfoits in prose and verse He collected
some of these writings from "Tile Republican" in
issti. and published Ihem in book form, with the
title of " The Saiinterer. " This volume found many
lovers, and the "Spectator" wrote of it: "As a
whole. " TheSaunteier"is a nature-book, a record of
natural sights and sounds, and of the reflections
naturally suggested by them to a sympathetic mind,
li is not, perhaps, abook for everybody; but thoseto
whom it, makes any appeal will" find' it one of the
most delightful companions of their solitude." Mr.
Whiting In* edited several books of various sorts,
and in issri he delivered an ode at the dedication of
the soldiers' monument in Springfield. Brief notices
of his life are found in the year-book of the Authors'
Club, Ihe "Magazine of Poetry," and the Stedman
and Hutchinson " Library of American Literature ";
and selections from Ids writings are to be found in
several anthologies. Mr. Whiting is a member of the
Authors' and Twilight clubs, of New York, and the
Connecticut Valley Historical Society. He was
married at Adams, Mass., June 12, 18(39, to Eliza
Rose, daughter of Isaiah J. and Eliza (Rose) Gray,
both of whom were descendants of early English
- .
'
'
setilersiu New England. They have two children.
Agnes Mary, a graduate of Bryn Mawr College, and
Ed\\ard Klwell, educated at "Harvard University,
both of them journalists. Mrs. Whiting is secretary
of III'1 1'nion Relief Association, Ihe ChariU Or-ani-
/.alion Society of New York citv, and is also con-
nected with journalism.
STROTHER, David Hunter, soldier, author
and artist, known by Ihe pen name of " Porte
Crayon," was bom at Martinsburg, Va. (now W.
Va.'), Sept. 2li, ISHi, s f Col. Jolm and Eli/abelh
Pendlcton (Hunter) Slrollier. He received a a I
academic education; later became a student of art
under Prof. Samuel F. I!. Morse, the famous inven-
tor of leleirraphy. and then spent I v\ o \ears as an
ai I siudenl in Rome, lie made his
appearance as aiil hor and artist in
l~Cllt in i. ne of I lie earliest num-
bers of " Harper's Ma^a/ine, " uu
der Ihe nom de plume of " Porte
Crayon." The charming style
and deli'_dil fill illiisi rations of the
" l!lack\\aler < 'hronicles " and
"Virginia Illuslraled" extended
his reputation IOCMTV pail oflhc
u oi M reached by " I iai per'- \heja
7iue and gave him a si ronu place
in the affections of the public. His
illustrations, reproduced by the
crude wood engraviii'j of those
days, give little idea of his talent;
bul certain of them. \\ hich have
been reproduceil by modern pro-
cesses, show him to have pos-
sessed great abilily as an illus-
Irator. Both his father and himself held strong
opinions on the subject of slaverv; and. in view of
the probable conllicl between Ihe sections, he raised
and equipped a company of cavalry. On Ihe out-
break of the \\ar, lio\'.e\er. his company joined the
southern forces, and Strolher was obliged to enter
the I'nion lines alone. Appointed assistant ad jutant-
gencral on McClellan's stall', he subsequently saw
service on Ihe stall' of (Jen. Pope during the cam-
paign in Virginia, and later with Banks in New Or-
leans and in the Red river expedition. He was re-
called from New Orleans to be made colonel of the
i'.d West Virginia cavalry. Later on he was made
chief of si a If to his cousin, Gen. David Hunter, who
commanded the army in the valley, and retired at
the close of the war with Ihe rank of brigadier gen-
eral. On the return of peace, Gen. Si rot her relired
to his collage al I'erkeley Springs, and again en-
gaged in literary pursuits. During the war he had
can led with him note-books, and the night after
every battle had seen him busy fi.xini; on paper the
strong impressions of the day's evenls. Ills "Per-
sonal Recollections of the War," which ran for three
years in "Harper's Magazine." is ranked among the
ablest contributions to the personal history of battle-
fields. In 1879 Pres. Hayes appointed him consul-
general lo Mexico, which post he held until 1S85.
He numbered among his friends many of the most
distinguished men in arlistic, literary, army and po-
litical life. Honest in his own convictions, he con-
ceded a like honesty to his opponents and ne\e
spoke ill of them. His action in siding with the Fed-
eral government created a sharp antagonism between
liimand many of his relalivesand friends in Virginia
and the South, but before his death this had entirely
disappeared. He was twice married: first, to Ann
Doyne Wolfe, by whom he had one daughter, who
became the wife "of John Brisben Walker. His sec-
i ml wife was Mary Elliott Hunter, by whom he had
two sons. His daughter and his sou, John Strothei,
survive him. GeiiT Strolher died at his home in
Jefferson county, W. Va., March 8, 1898,
366
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
FATJGERES, Marg-aretta V. (Bleecker),
author, was born in the city of New York, in 1771,
daughter of John ,1. and Ann Eliza (Schuyler)
Bleecker. Her mother was noted as a graceful and
popular poet. Her early youth was spent at Toin-
hanick, near Albany, N. Y., where her parents set-
tled in 1771, and after the death of her mother, in
1784, she and her father removed to New York.
There she made the acquaintance of Dr. Peter Fau-
geres, an infidel physician, and was married to him in
spite of her father's wishes. Her married life was very
unhappy, and part of the time she lived in the direst
poverty ; for, although she inherited a large fortune
from her father, her husband soon squandered it.
and treated her with extreme cruelty as well. He
died of yellow fever in 1795, and after that Mrs.
Fangeres supported herself by teaching in schools
in New Brunswick, N. J., anil Brooklyn, N. Y.
She inherited her mother's taste for poetry, and
from her early years was in the habit of occasionally
giving expression to her moods in verse. In 1793
she published her mother's " Posthumous Works,"
appending to them a number of poems and essay,
by herself. In the year of her husband's death siu;
offered her five-act tragedy, entitled " Belisarius. "
to the John Street Theatre," but it was refused. It
has since been published in Griswold's "Female
Poets of America." where the following description
of it is given : "Though uusnited to the stage, this
tragedy has considerable merit, and is much superior
to the earlier compositions of the author. The style
is generally dignified anil correct, and free from the
e\tra\ai;anl declamation into which the subject
would have seduced a writer of less taste and judg-
ment." Mrs. Faugeres died in New York city, Jan.
9, 1X01.
RINDGE, Frederick Hastings, philanthropist
and author, was born in Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 21,
1857, son of Samuel Baker and Clarissa (Harring-
ton) Kludge, both of Cambridge.
He is descended from Puritan
ancestors, who settled at Rox-
bury in IIJHS, and Ipswich in
1649. His father was a mer-
chant and bank president, and
was enabled to give his son every
advantage in the way of edu-
cation, in the best schools of
Cambridge, and at Harvard Uni-
versity. After his graduation
there, in 1879, Mr. Rindge en-
gaged in commercial pursuits
for two years, and then spent
two years traveling in America
and Europe. In 1890, he pur-
chased the Malihu ranch, con-
sisling of 13,000 acres, a few
/f miles above Santa Monica, CaL.
" and engaged in fruit-growing,
and in raising cattle and Angora goats. Mr. Rindge's
tastes are scholar!)', and lie has become known in
various branches of intellectual activity. He is de-
voted to the study of archaeology and numis-
matics, and in the course of his travels has made
valuable collections, of which the archaeological col-
lection isat present loaned to Harvard University, and
his nuiiiisniatic.al collection to the Boston Museum
of Fine Arts. In further aid of the educational inter-
ests of his native city, lie founded and long supported
the Cambridge Manual Training school for Boys; pre-
sented to Cambridge its public librarv building and
grounds, and also its city hall, which cost $200,000.
He has made donations to the American University,
Washington, D. C., and to the University of Southern
California, Los Angeles. He has written "Thoughts
of a Truth Seeker"; " Meditations of Many Matters" ;
"Concerning Ourselves and Our Interests," and
"Happy Days in Southern California." Mr. Rindge
presented Lowell Island, in Boston harbor, with an
hotel, for the benefit of sick children, in 1885, and
has since aided in the support of the institution. In
Cambridge lie helped erect a Methodist church, and
built one in Santa Monica, and in the South he has
expended large sums in founding Sunday -schm ils
among untutored settlements on the frontier. He
is a member of the state board of the California
Y. M. C. A. He was married, at Trenton. Midi., to
Rlioda May Knight, May 17, 1887, and has three
children.
MARCHANT, Henry, jurist, was born on
Martha's Vineyard. Mass., in April, 1741, son of
Capt. Hex ford Marcliant )>y his first wife. He was
educated in the schools of Newport, whither his
father removed, and at Philadelphia College, now
the University of Pennsylvania, where he was gradu-
ated in 1762. He then studied law in the office of
Judge Edmund Trowbridge, at Cambridge, Muss.,
and live yeai's later was admitted to the bar. Re-
turning to Newport to practice, he entered with ardor
into the patriotic movements preceding the revolu-
tion, and served as chairman of the committee to
prepare instructions to the delegates in congress.
He was elected attorney-general of Rhode Island in
October, 1770, and remained in office until May,
1777. He went lo England, in 1771, on matters con-
nected with his office, and remained a year. Sunn
after this, foreseeing that in case war broke out the
British would seize Newport, lie bought an estate in
Narragansett, and removed thither. From 1777 un-
til 1780 he \vas a delegate to the Continental con-
gress, and again in 1783-84, taking an important
part in the debates. He was one of the signers of
the Articles of Confederation, to which he and his
associates altixcd their signatures, "while," as he
expressed it "the guns of the battle of Brandywine
were roaring in our ears." After the war 'he re-
turned to Newport and was elected to the general
assembly, where he exerted nil liis influence to secure
the adoption of the federal Constitution. In 1790
lie was nominated by Prcs. Washington judge of the
U. S. district court of Rhode Island, and the nomi-
nation was unanimously confirmed. Yale gave him
the degree of LL.D. in 17H2. Judge Marcliant re-
mained in office until bis death, which occurred in
Newport, Aug. 30, 1796.
PHELPS, Austin, clergyman and author, was
born at West Brook field, Worcester en., Mass., Jan.
7, 1820, son of Rev. Eliakim and Sarah (Adams)
Phelps. His paternal grandfather was a farmer of
some local importance, and among his ancestors
were magistrates, deacons, members of the legisla-
ture and" other officials. Dr. Eliakim Phelps left
\vest Brookfield to become principal of the Young
Ladies' High School at Pittsfield, Mass.; four years
later moved to Geneva, N. Y., where he ministered
to the First Presbyterian church, and subsequently
was pastor of the Congregational church at Ilunt-
ington, Conn. By nature a conservative, he again
and again took the radical side: for instance, sup-
porting the movements to establish Sunday-schools
and temperance societies in the days when public
opinion favored neither. His wife was admired for
her beauty and revered for her spirituality; was fond
of retirement and books, and never known— such
was her husband's testimony — to do one unkind or
unwise thing. Austin Phelps was precocious above
the average, being able to read the Bible at the age
of four, and to do any sum in cube root and ex-
plain the process, at the age of eight. The religious
instinct in him was developed early by his father's
preaching and his mother's hymn-singing. At Pitts-
field his mind was first awakened to ambition for
distinguished achievement, and he began to cherish
the hope of beconiinga public orator. At Geneva he
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
367
was fitted for college, and at the age of thirteen en-
tered Hobart, where he stood high in his classes —
usually at the head. Near the close of his second
year he was removed to Amherst College, and in
December, 1835, he was again removed to the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, his father having gone to
Philadelphia to reside. Here the young nian had as
his instructor in English literature Prof. Henry [teed,
and from him learned to appreciate Wordsworth
ami the type of literature represented by his poetrv.
Rev. Albert Barnes was pastor of the church he
attended; between him ami young Phelps there was
remarkable intellectual and moral sympathy, and
the latter united with the church at. that time. He
was graduated at the university in 1837, taking high
honors in the classics, and the vulc.iictory, and thru
spent a year of historical and literary reading under
Prof. Keed. After several months of study of
Hebrew under Dr. Nordheimer, at Union Theologi-
cal Seminary, New York city, lie in isiiii entered the
theological seminary at New Haven, inlending to
take a full theological course. I'nwiselv urged by
friends to begin preaching, he in 1840 applied for
a license, and in thai year delivered his lirsl sermon,
in the Arch Street Presbyterian Church. Phila-
delphia. Calls to prominent city churches came,
but feeling himself until to assume the religious
guidance of others, he declined them, until 1S4:>.
when he received a second invitation totlie pastorale
of the Pine Street Congregational Church in Boston.
He was installed in April, and remained until Ma\.
1848, when he removed to Andovcr toltikc the chair of
homiletics and sacred rhetoric in the theological semi-
nary. He was inllueiieed to make the chaiine by
considerations of duty and health; for the ministry
was his preference, his work in it had been greatly
blessed, and he was deeply beloved liv his people;
it was the great sacrilice of his life, and'lo him it was
ever a matterof regret, but to the hundreds of young
men who came under his instruction it was a mat-
ter of self-congratulation. Prof. Phelps remained
at Andover for forty years, declining calls to
other theological seminaries and to city churches.
In 1809 he became chairman of the faculty
as senior professor, and held both positions until
1879, when he was forced by ill-health— the re-
sult of overwork — to resign. His latter years
were years of physical suffering, and were sad-
dened by a theological controversy that agitated
his beloved seminary and the denomination that
supported it — a conservatism which had irrown
upon him with age, separating him from most of his
younger fellow-workers in the institution. He bore
his sufferings heroically; he continued his studies and
his writing, and during that period of retirement and
pain prepared several of his best books. Elizabeth
Stuart i Phelps) Ward, in her printed recollections
of her father, says : "He had the tastes and the gifts
of a type of culture which one is more accustomed to
find in the 'world' than in the church. . . .
His true position in the American pulpit was as a
spiritual orator. . . . The attentive soul that
listened to him went away saying less ' that was a
great preacher ' than ' that was' a great truth. ' " His
manner was intense, but his self-possession was per-
fect. His voice had a wonderful quality, and it
" was probably the most powerful element in his
pulpit manner." Said one of his students: "He
used fairly to take possession of his audience by the
lucidity, the directness, the elegance of his style, and
his thought would linger in the memory as the tone
of a rich bell will linger in the ear." He was as
catholic in his religious as he was in his intellectual
sympathies, and could have worked zealously in
almost any one of the great denominations. As a
teacher he impressed upon his pupils what one of
them has called " his imperial personality." "Never
did more felicitous relations of instructor and pupil
exist than were illustrated there" (his lecture-room),
adds another, "Never were instructions more quick-
ening, more sympathetic, more generally adapted
to rind out and fetch out the best of which a
pupil was capable. The courses of lectures always
served to glow with the heat of recent thinking."
But Prof. Phelps was more than an inspiring instruc-
tor; he was the personal friend of every one of the
young men who listened to his lectures. Doubts,
and perplexities not spiritual, were taken to him as
to a tathei-; and by a rare power of intuition and a
sympathy which, in the words of his daughter, "was
with him an extra sense," lie entered into their experi-
ences as thoroughly as though they were his own.
Few of his sermons have liecn preserved in continu-
ous form, but one of these— on prayer — was so accept-
able that it was expanded into a small bonk "The
Still Hour" (1859). This "gem
of devotional and contempla-
tive literature," as it has been
called, was republisiied in Lon-
don and Edinburgh, round him
dreds of thousands of readers.
Idlers from
and brought him
strangers in even part of the
world. Of his' other works
the most important are: "The
New Birth ' . 1867) , "The
Solitude of Christ " (1868);
" Sabbath Hours " (1STO) ;
" Studies in the Old Testa-
ment " (1879): "Theory and
Practice of Preaching: Lec-
tures on Homildics" (1881);
"Men and Books; or. Stud-
ies in Homiletics" (iss-.ii; " My
Portfolio," a collection of
essays iiss2); " Kn-lish Style
in Public Discourse" (1883);
"My Studies and oilier Essays " ( I ssd)
Noli/- Book : Fragmenlarv Studies in
and Subjects Adjacent 'Thereto" MSN'.II. With
Prof. Edwards A. Park and Dr. Lowell Mason, he
edited ibe "Sabbath Hymu-Book " (1859). He was
a frequent contributor to the religious weeklies,
especially the " Cougregatioualist, " and published a
number of addresses. He was long chaplain of both
houses of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1861
preached the "election sermon." The degree of D.D.
was conferred upon him by Amherst College in 1861.
Dr. Phelps was married at Andover, in September,
1842. to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Rev. Moses Stu-
art, D.D. Her character and her career as an author
are described in an accompanying article. She bore
him three children — the eldest, who took her name,
still better known as an author; the second, Moses
Stuart, became professor of metaphysics in Smith Col-
lege, and died in 1883 ; the third, Amos Lawrence, en-
tered the Congregational ministry. Mrs. Phelps died
in November, 1852. In April, 1854, her sister Mary
became the wife of Dr. Phelps, but lived only two
years. In June, 1858, Dr. Phelps was married to
Mary A., daughter of Samuel and Charlotte John-
son, of Boston. She bore him two sons, Francis,
now resident in Baltimore, and Edward, who is a
journalist in Chicago. Dr. Phelps died at Bar Har-
bor, Me., Oct. 13, 1890. and was buried at Andover.
A memoir written by his daughter, Mrs. Ward, was
published in 1891, and frequent references to him
are made in her " Chapters from a Life."
PHELPS, Elizabeth (Stuart), author, was
born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1815, daughter of
Rev. Moses and Abigail (Ctark) Stuart. She was
descended from Robert Stuart, who emigrated to
Massachusetts in 1650, residing in Boston for a short
time, thence removing to Milford, Conn., and about
and "My
Theology1
368
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1060 to Norwalk. Gov. Winthrop of Massachusetts
was another ancestor. Her father has been described
as "a man of moods anil variable power, but of ex-
ceptional fascination and brilliancy." A broad-
minded and enthusiastic scholar, he brought to the
attention of English readers the works of the most
enlightened and unprejudiced theologians of Ger-
many, and published a Hebrew grammar and a
Hebrew " Chrestomathy " that were honored by be-
ing published at Oxford University. Miss Stuart
inherited her father's alert, mind and in large measure
his- intellectual gifts. Royal in her carriage, viva-
cious with all her dignity, she commanded the chiv-
alric admiration of men, and in particular of Rev.
Austin Phelps, whose wife she became in September,
1X42. After a residence of four years iu Boston,
where her husband was pastor of a Congregational
church, she returned with him to her native town to
spend the rest of her too short existence, and, in the
words of her daughter, "to achieve the difficult rec-
onciliation between genius and domestic life." The
latter, Elizateth Stuart (Phelps) Ward, in her memoir
ef her father and in herown autobiography, " Chap-
ters from a Life," has drawn a most attractive and
touching picture of this richly endowed woman.
"She was a homemaker horn," says Mrs. Ward, in
speaking of the early years of her mother's married
life. "She poured the opulence of her deep nature
right royally and gladly into that one channel of
womanly tenderness. The keen intellect which
could intelligently criticise the young preacher's ser-
mon on Saturd ty night was quite able to discern
ways of amusing and resting him on Monday. . . .
Her nature was rich in expedients, iu courage, in
imiginalion ami in that womanly common sense
whose absence or presence make the creative intel-
lect either a torment or a blessing to live with.
. . . Genius was in her and would out. She
wrote because she could uot help it, and her public
read because it could uot help it, ami asked for more
anil got it. A wife, a housekeeper, a hostess, in deli-
cate health; on an academic salan*, undertakes a
deadly load when she starts upon a literary career.
She lifted it to her frail shoulders and she fell be-
neath it. " Among the works of Mrs. Phelps were
the "Kitty Brown" series (1850); "Sunuyside"
(Andover. 1S.">] ; republished iu Edinburgh); "A
Peep at Number Five " (ISol ); "The Angel over
the Right Shoulder " i lsr>i >; and, posthumously pub-
lished, "The Tell-Tale" (1853); "Little Mary"
(18-">3); and " Last Leaf from Simnyside," with a
memoir by her husband (1853). Her books bore on
their title-page " By H. Trusta," an anagram of her
maiden name, ami the scenes were mostly laid in
New England. They were vivacious in style and
abounded in delicate humor; they were praised by
the best critics; they led one to expect far stronger
work from her, and had she lived and been less ham-
pered by her conditions, these expectations might
have been satisfied. "Sunnyside," a story descrip-
tive of life in a country parsonage, was for many
years highly popular, — more than 100,000 copies be-
inn sold. — and led to the publication of " Shaclv-
side" by -mother clergyman's wife, Mrs. Martha
Stone Hubbell. Mrs. Phelps bore her husband a
daughter and two sons. After a brave tin-lit against
disease, following the birth of her last child, she died
in Boston, Mass.", Nov. 30, 1852.
WARD, Elizabeth Stuart (Phelps), author,
was born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 31, 1844, eldest
child and only daughter of Rev. Austin and Eliza-
beth (Stuart) Phelps. She was baptized Mary
Gray, but was given her mother's name, on the lat-
ter's death, eight years after. Heredity and environ-
ment conspired to make her a woman of letters.
and she has somewhere said, in speaking of her
parents: "It would be impossible to be their daugh-
ter and not have something to say, and a pen to say
it." Her father was eminent as u. theologian and
author, and at the time of her birth was pastor of
the Pine Street Congregational Church, in Boston.
In 1848 he was called to the professorship of homi-
leticsaud sacred rhetoric in thethenlogical seminary
at Andover, Mass., and brought additional culture
to the circle of plain livers and high thinkers whose
interests centered iu that institution. Mrs. Phelps
was the eldest daughter of Uev. Moses Stuart, an-
other noted Congregational divine, for many years
professor of sacred literature in Andover Seminary,
and a prolific writer on theo-
logical subjects. She inherited
her father's intellectuality ; dis-
played marked social gifts and
artistic tastes, and before she
died had made her name known
on both sides of the ocean as a
writer of simple stories of home
life, that took strong bold
upon the hearts of their read-
ers. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
grew up under the elms of An-
dover, in "a community engaged
iu studying thought," as she
has expressed it — precocious
in her religious as iu her intel-
lectual development. The most
important portion of what is
called education she received
from her father, discussion
of theological questions alternating with discussion
of the British classics, according to the mood of the
juvenile listener, and her distinct awakening to the
intellectual life she connects with his reading to her
the writings of DeQiiincey and Wordsworth. From
the private schools of the village she passed to the
seminary of Mrs. Prof. Edwards, where the course
of study — Greek and trigonometry exceptcd — was
equal to that of the boys' colleges of the day. Men-
tal philosophy, English literatim-, and astronomy
were favorite studies; but to mat hematics and chem-
istry she had a decided aveisinn. At the age of
nineteen she left school, and for s-eveial years gave
herself, with all the ardor of her nature, to mission
work at AblioH village, a factory settlement a mile
or two from her home. Then began an acqmrnt-
ance with the lives and needs of -working people that
deepened with the years, and icsultid in such books
as "Hedged In" (1870); ".lack, the Fishcinian"
(1887), "one of the most effective temperance si -mums
ever published "; " The Madonna of the Tubs "Us>li),
and "A Singular Life." In the same year ( 1S(13) .she
took up serious literary woik. her first effort (a
"pious little tale," she calls it) having been pub-
lished in the " Youth's Companion " when she was
only thirteen." With a war siory, "A Sacrifice Con-
sumed," printed in "Harper's Magazine" in Janu-
ary, 1864, she earned her right to the title "author,"
and became :; regular contributor to that periodical.
She also began to write for denominational \\ecklies
and to produce Sunday-school books to order, not
from preference, including the "Tiny Series" ar.d
the "Gypsy Series." A little later, a story, based
on the burning of the Pemberton mills at Lawrence,
and entitled "The Tenth of January.' appealed in
the "Atlantic," and brought her the first recognition
she had received from literary people. The book
that was to give her fame, "The Gates Ajar," was
begun about the year 1862, and had for its primal
aim the comforting of the many women in the laud
whose hearts had been crushed by the loss of hus-
bands, brothers and lovers. "In story form," says
one who recalls it, "and by suggestion, it attempts
to show that the heavenly life must provide for the
satisfaction of the whole nature, as well as for the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
369
technically religious side, the one department which
seeks God directly in personal affection and wor-
ship." Again, "It boldly attacked," says another,
"problems that the pulpits and theological chairs
feared or ignored, anil, while il did not say the last
word on any of them, it did, in many cases, say
what was to most people the lirsl word liiey.had ever
heard." The author devoted two years to wnlinn
the bonk; the publishers kepi it for two years more;
and, finally, wilhoiit especial enthusiasm mi their
part, and with lillle expectation on Miss 1'hclps1,
it was issued in 1SI1M. ••Opinion hauled about that
poor little tale." says the author, "as if it h"ld the'
power to overthrow church and Mate and family."
It was made the subject of pulpit discourse* and of
newspaper wrangles. It was enthusiastically praised
as comforting and inspiring; it was savagely de-
nounced as irreverent, fantastic and dangerous.
Partly because such a book was needed, partly be-
cause it was " talked about," il went through Iwcntv
editions in one year. Eventually, nearly Inn. ooo
copies were sold in the I'niled Slates, and more than
that number in Great Britain: and it was translated
into a number of continental languages, with no
pecuniary benefit to the author. Many \cars Inter.
Miss 1'helps returned to Ibis theme. In ISSHshe
published " Beyond the Gates," and in 18ST the
"Gales Between "— the latter being, as one crilic
asserts, "a reversal of 'The Gales Ajar, '" sho wing,
as it does, "how truly heaven is a spiritual i li
lion." In 18(i!) Miss Phelps published a hook of
short stories, "Men. Women and Ghosts," and in
1S71. "The Silent Partner," a revelation of the hard
lot of mill operatives; then ill-health forced her to
rest, almost entirely, for several years. In 1877 she
delivered, with meat effort and in spile of constitu-
tional timidily, a course of lectures on " Representa-
tive Modern. Fiction," before the Boston I'linei'sity.
Ill that year, also, she published the " Storv of
Avis," in which, as said a reviewer in " The .Nation "
at the time, " there are bursis of inn h. ami of rarely
expressed truth, which lift the book far above the
mere record of conjugal infelicity. The slorv, al-
though a painful one, rests on Ihe solid ground of
fact." This, in the opinion of most of her critical
readers is her strongest work, and. together \\ilh
" Old Maids' Paradise" (18T!l): "Friends; A Duet. "
(1881), and "Dr. Zay " (1884). forms a group in
which arc set lorlh her opinions regarding woman's
" sphere." Among other works — she has published
many — are: "Poetic' Studies," verse (1875); "My
Cousin and I "ami " Sealed Orders " (1879) ; "Sonus
of the Silent World" (1885); "The Struggle for
Immortality," essays (188SI); "Fourteen to One,"
short stories (1891); "Austin Plielps: A Memoir"
(18itl), "Chapters from a Life," autobiography
(1896), and the "Story of Jesus Christ " (1897),
her last ami most important book. In 1888 Miss
Phelps was married to Herbert D. Ward, and
soon after collaborated with him in writing two
romances based on scriptural characters, scenery
and history, "The Master of the Magicians." which
was chiefly the work of Mr. Ward (1890), and
"Come Forth," written chiefly by herself (IS'.H);
and in a story which took a first prize offered by
the "Youth's Companion." Of Mrs. Ward's work
in general, Vedder, the critic, says: "Her plots are
fairly good, though never complicated, and she
peoples her books with persons whom it is good to
know. . . . The conscience of the woman de-
scended from the Puritans, sensitive and introspec-
tive to morbidness, is incarnate in her books, lu
them all one reads the conviction that she has a
message to souls diseased or disquieted — a message
of peace and comfort; and this message she has man-
aged to convey through her fiction not less plainly
and perhaps more effectively to many than in her
VOL. IX. -24. '
avowedly didactic books. It is to her praise that
she has done this without any sacrifice of artistic
purpose and method. Her style is original, refined,
reflecting thought and study without pedantry,
occasionally sparkling with wit, oftencr glowing
with gentle humor, brilliant and vivacious at lime-
well bred and urbane always. . . . Of all our
American women of letters, she impresses us as Ihe
niosi intense, the most high-purposed, the most con-
scientious in her art. . . . The substance of her
verse is so solid, so conscientious always, and SO 6X-
ipiisiie frequently, that she should lie heller known
as a poet." For many years Mrs. Ward has spent
h'-r MI miners ai Gloucester, Mass. , the scene of heroic
work on her part among victims of intemperance,
and of ministrations lo the poor. Her winters, since
her marriage, have been spcnl in the South and at
Newton Centre, near Boston.
ROBERTS, Jonathan William, merchant,
was born in Hartford co'inly. Conn., Sept. 1. Is-Jl,
son of William Martin and Maria ( McMillan) Roberts.
The name was originally Mat-Roberts. His family
on both sides is of Scotch Irish extraction, and uas
settled in America in colonial limes. Ills father, a
nali\ e ol Vermont, and the son of .lonalhan I Sobers,
a "Green Mountain Boy" in the revolution, was by
profession a 1 kseller ; his mother \\ as a daughter
ot .lolm McMillan. Kducaled in the schools of New
Haven, whither he rally removed. Mr. Roberts
entered on his active career in New York city in
Is!'.'. and in 1*45 became a clerk in the wholesale
div i; oi ids establishment of Amos R. Eno. When,
in 1*47, the business was rcoriraniy.cd under the style
ol Kno, Main my «V Co., he was admitted to partner-
ship, and steadily rose to higher positions in the con-
in n. which, in isfi;!, became Kim, Roberts i\- ('o.,
and later .1. W. Roberts it Co. During this last
term the business wa.% mainly ill the line of package
commission. Nol\\ itlHanding the heavy losses sus-
tained iu conseipicnc. of Ihe civil war, Mr. Roberts,
by well directed eiforls. close application and re-
markable executive ability, acquired a competence
which has. since l*ii?, enabled him to live retired,
unharasscd by the cares of an arduous business.
Ill that year he purchased his beautiful country
residence, " Glenbrook," Morris
Plains, N. ,1., where hestill resides.
Connecting himself with the South
Street Presbyterian Church of
Morristown, he was soon after
made an elder, ami later superin-
tendent of I he Sunday' school, presi-
dent of the board of trustees and
chairman of the building commit-
tee for the erection of the beauti-
ful new church, which was com-
pleted and furnished largely from
his designs, and, in accordance
with his objections to church
debts, without a dollar of encum-
brance. Mr. Roberts was also one
of Ihe founders of the Young Men's
Christian Association of Morris-
town, and three times its presi-
dent. As chairman of its building
committee, he projected and superintended the erec-
tion of the handsome new building on South street,
which was also completed entirely free of debt. Mr.
Roberts was president for some years of the Morris-
town Institution for Savings, accepting the office at
a critical period of its history, and saving it from
great loss, if not failure, by his energy and business
methods. In 1884 he was elected a trustee and made
chairman of the executive committee of the Wash-
ington Association of New Jersey, and in 1887 was
elected to the presidency, an office he still (1899)
holds. By his untiring efforts he has increased the
370
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
membership f-owrfokl , has more t-ban doubled its
domain ; paid off its large debt, and personally
secured a large part of its valuable collection of
relics. He has also been vice-president, chairman of
the executive committee, and is now a member of
the board of trustees of the New Jersey Historical
Society, to which he has freely given of his time and
means. In politics an earnest Republican, hehasbeen
a member cf the state committee, and often a dele-
gate to the conventions, although steadily refusing
all offers of nomination for public office. Mr.
Roberts \vas married, in 1850, to Mary, daughter of
Hezeldah King, of Bristol, Pa. She was one of the
three honorary members of the Washington Associa-
tion, and was the donor of the autograph letters at
the Washington headquarters, Morristown, known
as the " Roberts Collection."
JAMES, Edward Christopher, lawyer, was
born in Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. , May
1, 1841, son of Amaziah Bailey and Lucia Williams
(Ripley) James. His ancestor in the eighth genera-
tion, Dr. Thomas James, a native of Wales, settled
in Rhode Island, where he was one of the twelve
original companions of Roger Williams. Through
his mother, he is connected with Samuel Hunting-
ton, signer of the Declaration of Independence ; the
two governors, William Bradford, junior and senior,
of Plymouth colony; Roswell S.
Ripley, historian of the Mexican
war and major-general in the
Confederate army; and Gen.
James W. Ripley, who gained
fame in the war of 1812, was
commandant of the armory at
Springfield, Mass. , and Chief
of Ordnance on the staff of
PR'S. Lincoln. His great grand-
fathers, Private Amos James,
Cornet Ralph Ripley and Pri-
vate Roswell Caulkins, and his
great • great - grandfathers, Maj.
Hezekiah Huntington and Pri-
vate Hezekiah Hine, served in
the revolution with troops of
the Rhode Island and Connecti-
cut line. His maternal grand-
father. Christopher Ripley, was
captain in the 37th U. S. infan-
try in the war of 1812; his fa-
ther, his grandfather, Samuel B.
James, and his great-grandfather, Amos James, were
prominent lawyers. His father (1812-83), a native of
Stephentown, Rensselaer co., N. Y., was admitted to
the bar in 1838, and, after fifteen years of practice at
Ogdensburg, was elected a justice of the slate
supreme court. He filled this honorable position
for twenty-three years (1853-76), and then resigned
to become a representative in congress from the 22d
district, serving through the 45th and 46th con-
gresses. Edward C. James was educated in the
common schools and the academy at Ogdensburg,
and at Dr. Reed's Walnut Hill School at Geneva,
N. Y., and began the study of law in his father's
office He enlisted in the civil war, and went to the
front in August, 1861, as adjutant of the 50th New
York volunteer engineers. During the winter of
1861-62 he served as acting-assistant adjutant-general
of the engineer brigade, and during the Peninsular
campaign (1865) was aide-de-camp" on the staff of
Gen. Daniel P. Woodbury, commanding the engi-
neer brigade in the army of the Potomac. His
soldierly qualities were quickly manifested, and he
was successively promoted to be major of the 60th
regiment New York infantry volunteers and lieuten-
ant-colonel and colonel of the 106th regiment New
York infantry, and was several times in command
of his brigade. In Aiinuxt, 1863, he was honorably
discharged on a certificate of physical disability.
Returning to Ogdenslmrg, he was, in October, 1863,
admitted to the liar, and on Jan. 1, 1864, formed a
partnership with Stillman Foole, surrogate of St.
Lawrence county, under the firm-name of Foote &
James. This association continued until Mr. Foote's
retirement in lb<~4, and thereafter, for seven years,
Col. James conducted a large practice alone. In
November, 1881, he formed a partnership with Alric
R. Herriman, whom he left in charge of his Ogdeus-
burg office, and removed to New York city. Here
he soon secured wide recognition, and rapidly built
up an extensive practice. Among the most promi-
nent cases he has handled in New York is the
" Freight-handlers' Strike " case (People ». New York
Central and Hudson River Railroad Co.), in which,
as counsel for the state, he, in 1882, successfully
brought mandamus proceedings to compel the New
York Central and Erie companies to the perform-
ance of their duties to the public ; thus establishing
the right of the state to compel the operation of
railways. Hon. Roscoe Conkling was leading coun-
sel for the corporations. Since January. 1885, he
has been special counsel for the Manhattan Elevated
Railway Co., and has defended many of the im-
portant cases involving the rights of property owners
in the streets abutting the lines of the roads. He was
counsel for Russell Sage in the famous case of Laid-
law r. Sage, in which the plaintiff sought to recover
$50,000 damages for injuries from the explosion of
a dynamite bomb, thrown by the assassin Norcross iu
Mr. Sage's office; the opposing counsel being Joseph
H. Cboate. He also successfully defended ('apt.
William S. Devery and Inspector McLaughlin, of the
New York police force, upon the several trials
growing out of the " Parkburst crusade." He was
counsel for Russell Sage and the executors of Jay
Gould in the action brought to recover $11,000,000
by the bondholders of the Kansas Pacific Railway
Co. The complaint iu the latter suit was withdrawn
after a year's litigation. Col. James has been, since
June 1, 1897, associated in practice with Edward P.
Schell, Abram I. Elkus and Edward J. McGuire,
under the style of James, Schell, Elkus and McGuire,
one of the prominent law firms of New York. His
own practice is confined exclusively to court work,
and he is recognized as one of the foremost coun-
selors in America. His reputation as a pleader and
jury lawyer is second to none. Col. James was
married, "Nov. 16, 1864, to Sarah Welles, daughter
of Edward H. Perkins, of Athens, Pa., who died
Dec. 3, 1879, leaving two daughters, Lucia, wife of
Dr. Grant C. Madill, of Ogdensburg, N. Y., and
Sarah Welles, wife of Pauldiiig Farnham, of Tiffany
A: Co.. N. Y.
VINTON, John Rogers, soldier, was born in
Providence, R. I., June 16, 1801, second son of
David and Mary(Atwell) Vinton. His father was a
goldsmith: his mother was a woman of great force
of character, and to her is attributed the rise of the
children to important positions in life, despite the
lack of family influence and of means. In 1815 he
entered the Military Academy at West. Point, and in
two years and a half completed the prescribed f onl-
y-ears' course, receiving a commission as third lieu-
tenant in the artillery, July 19, 1817. He was ap-
pointed second lieutenant 'Oct. 31, 1817, and first
lieutenant. Sept. 30, 1819. The army was re-organ-
i/.ed June 1, 1821, and he was retained as first lieu-
tenant of the 4th artillery. He was engaged in topo-
graphical work for several years on the Atlantic
coast and the Canada line, and in 1824-25 was ad-
jutant of the artillery of practice at Fort Monroe.
He was aide-decamp to Maj. -Gen. Brown, general-
in chief of the army, from March 1, 1825, until May
24, 1828. residing iii Washington, and was employed
by the government in several duties of a special
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
371
nature. Some papers prepared by him were praised
iu a speech delivered in congress in favor of West
Point Academy, ami lie was instanced as "the kind
of men the system of that institution can produce."
On Sept. 30, 1829, he was appointed brevet-captain
"for faithful service ten years in one grade," and
received a commission as captain in Hie lid artillery,
Dec. 2H, is;ir>. He served in Florida, in 1837, dur-
ing the Semiuole war, anil while there decided to
resign as soon as possible and enter the Episcopal
ministry, following Ihe example of his brothers,
Franci- and Alexander Hamilton. Hut Ihe right
opportunity to leave the army did not come, and he
Dually determined to remain. He was considered
one of the most talented, accomplished and effective
ollicers iu the service, and at the battle of Monten \ ,
Sept. 21-23, 1840, displayed remarkable gallantry,
being iu five engagement- and under heavy tire in
each, and was rewarded by being brevclleii major,
his commission being dated Sept. 23d. In the attack
OnVeraCruz he was on duty as Held and command
ing officer iu the trenches, and was killed by the
•windage of a cannon-ball, March 22, ls)7. Maj.
Vinton was married, in Boston. Mass., Sept. 2!t,
1S2!», to Lucretia Stilton, only daughter of Kbene/er
Parker, merchant. She died in Providence, Sept.
12,1838. Their children were: Helena Lucrdia.
who died iu infancy; Louise flare, who became the
wife of Dr. Augustus Hoppin, of Providence, and
Francis Laurens, brigadier-general iu the U. S. armv
during the civil war.
SQUIRE, Andrew, lawyer, was born in Man-
tau, Portage CO., <>., (let. 21. 1>C>(J, son of Andrew
Jackson anil Martha (Wilmot) Squire. The Squires
were au old New England family, living at the be-
ginning of the century in the heart of the Berkshire
hills ; and thence Andrew Squire's ^rand father. Dr.
Ezekiel Squire, went over the mountains, on horse-
back, and settled in Portage county, O. Dr. An-
drew Jackson Squire, son of this pioneer, wa- for
more than half a century one of the prominent men in
his part of Ohio. At the beginning of the civil war,
wheu his friend and neighbor, James A. Gartield.
was state senator, he was a member of the house.
He died in 18117, having been an invalid for many
years. Andrew Squire, 2d, was early put into a pre-
paratory school at Hiram, O., and in 1807 attended
lectures iu the Western Reserve Medical College ;
but al the end of the year returned to Hiram, deter-
mined to become a lawyer. He entered Hiram Col-
lege, and was graduated with the degree A.B. in
1872. During his last two years at college he both
tutored and commenced the study of law ; and in the
autumn of 1872 he entered the law office of Caldwell
& Marvin in Cleveland, O., being admitted to the bar
at Columbus, in December, 1873. In February,
1874, \>y Mr. Caldwell's elevation to the bench, the
firm became Marvin & Squire, and in 1870 was Mar-
vin, Hart & Squire. In 1878 Mr. Squire retired, to
form a partnership with E. J. Estep, a prominent
Cleveland attorney, and iu 1882 Judge M. H. Dickey
retired from the bench at Mansfield, to form with
them the firm of Estep, Dickey & Squire, which
soon became one of the most prominent in northern
Ohio. This connection continued until Jan. 1, 1890,
wheu Mr. Squire, with .lames H. Dempsey, a junior
partner, retired ; and, with Judge William B'. San-
ders, then lately resigned from the Cleveland bench,
formed the well-known firm of Squire, Sanders &
Dempsey. This firm still (1899) continues in general
practice, dealing particularly, however, with cor-
porations and commercial enterprises, its business
extending throughout this country, and occasionally
taking members of the firm to England and the Con-
tinent. While not a politician, Mr. Squire has al-
ways taken au active interest in the Republican
party ; and, although repeatedly refusing party
nominations, he has frequently been sent as delegate
to county and state conventions. In 1890 he was a
delegate to the Republican national convention at
St. Louis, which nominated William McKinley for
president of the United state- Mr. Squire has al-
ways been particularly active in all enterprises for
the building-up of Cleveland and vicinity. He is a
director in many enterprises, and was elected to fill
Rutherford 15. Have-' place as trustee of the Gar-
lield monument, and II. I!. Pavnc's place on the
sinking-fund commission of the' city of ( 'leveland.
Hi- i- a Ma-on of thc3:',d decree, and belongs to the
Masonic, I'liion, Tavern, Count r\, Roadside, (Jolt'
and Yacht clubs of Cleveland ; to the Ottawa and
.Middle- Bass Fishing clubs, and to the Univei-itv
and New York clubs in New Yoik city. The di'uree
of A.M. was conferred on him by Hiram College in
lx?5, and LL.D. in is'.is. Mr. Squire ha- been twice
married : first, in June. 1S73, to Ella, daughter of
Eber Mott, of Hiram — she died, leaving one son,
Carl Andrew, who .-till survivi s ; and, second, on
.lime 21, ls!»i. to Mrs. Kleanor Seymour Sea. of
Cambridge. Mass., Ihe widow of Sidney Guy Sea.
of Chicago, ami Ihe daughter ,;)' !!eldcn Seymour, of
Cleveland. They live in their beautiful colonial
home, the Terraces, standing at the end of a double
row of tall poplars on Kuclid avenue, where they are
recoiiui/.ed as among the entertainers of Cleveland.
THATCHER, Joseph Adison, banker, was
born in Shelby counts, Ky, .Inly 31, 1 SI'S, son of
John IVmherloii and Palsy (Ilickman) Thatcher.
His father was born in \Ve-l
moreland county, Va.. in 17'.i>.
and died in ls.~>:!. He moved
to Kentucky about the year
isoo, studied law, and after-
wards was engaged in farm-
ing; and upon the outbreak
of Ihe war of 1812 he enlisted
asa private, and was made cap-
tain in a Kentucky reuiinent.
The son attended the district
schools of his native count}'
until the age of twelve, when
his parents removed to Jack-
son county, Mo. He there
continued his studies in public
schools until isr>7, when he
entered Jones Commercial Col-
lege a I St. Louis, graduating
a few months later. In 1858"
he was elected assistant-secre-
tary of the senate of the Missouri legislature, and
held his position for two terms; and in the spring of
1800 he removed to Central City. Col., where he en-
gaged in mercantile business and mining. In 1803,
lie was appointed cashier and manager of Warren
Hussey & Co. 's banking-house, of Central City,
which he conducted until 1870, when he purchased
the business, in connection with Joseph Standley,
and formed the firm of Thatcher, Standley it Co.,
with a capital of $50,000, being shortly after made
its president. On Jan. 1, 1874, he organized the
First National Bank of Central City, and was made
its president, and in 1880 he resigned the presidency
and removed to Denver, aud in 1884 organized the
Denver National Bank, and became its president.
The greater part of 1883-84 he spent in Europe,
making a leisurely tour of Great Britain aud the
Continent. He has been largely interested in stock-
growing, with Messrs. Dennis Sullivan and H. S.
Holly. He aided iu establishing the Union Stock-
yards in one of the northern suburbs of Denver, the
Colorado Packing Co., the Denver Electric Light,
Heat and Power Co., and is a director in the Omaha
and Grant Smelting Co. Mr. Thatcher is one of the
372
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
t?«A»v**u. «L
oldest bunkers in Colorado. lu 1865, he was mar-
ried to Frances, daughter <>f Capt. St. (.'lain- Kirllcy,
of St. Louis.
GAINES, Edmund Pendleton, soldier, was
horn in Oulpeper county, Va., March 20, 1777. His
father, an officer in the revolutionary war, was a
member of the North Carolina legislature, as well
as of tlie state convention which ratified the federal
Constitution. He removed to East Tennessee, where
Edmund engaged in Indian warfare, reaching the
rank of lieutenant at the age of eighteen. He was
active in procuring the arrest of Aaron Burr, in
1*117. anil the same year was promoted captain. In
1811, he resigned from the army to study law, but,
owimr to the outbreak of the war with 'Great Brit-
ain, he returned to the service, in which he was ap-
pointed major, March 24, 1811, and colonel the fol-
lowing year. Joining the northern troops he accom-
panied Gens. Brown and McComb in the expedition
down the St. Lawrence, which resulted. Nov. 11, 1813,
in the battle of Chrysler's field, in which lie com-
manded the 25th regiment of infantry, and covered
the American retreat. He was made adjutant-gen-
eral, anil on March 9, 1814, was promoted to brigadier-
general. After the capture of Fort Erie by Gens. Scott
and Kipley, Gaines was put in command of that post,
which, in August. 1814, the British determined on
recapturing, sent a brigade to besiege, beginning to
bombard it on the 5th day of the month. The British
having been reinforced in the meantime, this bom-
bardment continued, almost without cessation, until
the nin'lit of the 14th, when an attack, made by
about 2,0110 British infantry, was repulsed, with a loss
to them of 5*2. Their total loss, up to this time, was
about 1,000, while that of the Americans was only
seventeen killed, fifty six wounded, and eleven taken
prisoners. The bombardment continued, with vary-
ing severity, until Sept. 17th, but on Aug. 2Mb
Gen. Gaines had been so badly wounded by the ex-
plosion of a shell that it was
•-:--., • ; . ., necessary to send him to Buf-
\, falo. For his heroic defense.he
" '-".(,• '. \\as brevetted major general,
and received the thanks of con-
gress, together with a gold
medal, in commemoration of
the occasion, while both New
York andTeiiiiesseevoted him
a sword. In 1817 Gen Gaines
wasorderedtotheSouth, where
he was engaged in the cam-
paign against, the Seminoles
and Creeks, having been pre-
viously one of the commission-
ers to treat with thelatter tribe.
He was afterwards aided by
(Jen. Jackson in the campaign
which practically resulted in
the accession of Florida to the
UnitedStat.es. In 1832, Gaines
attacked the celebrated chief,
Black Hawk.wiih success. and
in 1835, when the Florida war broke out, he organized
a force of 1,200 men, with which he arrived at Fort
Crooke, on Tampa bav. in January, 1836. Pushing
forward into ihe country, he defeated a large body of
Indians, though losing in the encounter thirty-two
men killed and wounded, and being himself shot in
the mouth. Shortly after this lie was superseded by
Gen. Scott, and retired from Florida. Early in the
Me\ic:m war, while Gen. Taylor's positions were be-
ing sharply invested by the .Mexicans, Gen.'Gaiues
summoned a large volunteer force for the relief of
his brother officer. For this act. however, lie was
severely criticised by the government, deprived of
his command by the president, and summoned to
Fortress Monroe for trial by court-martial u here he
defended himself with great skill, displaying an ac
curate knowledge of the civil and military law of this
country. The court decided that, while lie had no
authority for mustering the volunteers, he was ex-
cusable on account of his display of patriotism and
the apparent, necessity ol the case, and recommended
that proceedings should be stopped. lie was after-
wards intrusted with the command of the eastern
department. In ly39 he was married to Mrs. Myra
(Clark) Whitney, whose suit against the city of New
Orleans for the recovery of vast estates is famous in
lesral annals. Gen. Gaiues died at New Orleans,
La., June 15, 1849.
PARKHILL, Charles Breckinridge, lawyer,
was born at Tuscawilla, Leon co., Fla., the planta-
tion home of his parents, June
23, 1859, only son of Capt.
George W.and Elizabeth (Bel-
lamy) Parkhill, the latter a na-
tive of Jefferson count}', Fla.
His grandfather, John Park-
hill, removed from Ireland to
Virginia in the early .part of
the nineteenth century, and
there wedded a Miss Cop-
laud ; also served in the war of
1812, and in 1828 removed to
Florida. His youngest child,
George Washington, was born
in Richmond, Va., in 1822; was .
educated at various northern
academies and at the New
York Medical College; settled
in Leon county to practice
his profession; was elected
to the legislature in 1857:
was a member of the state %
secession convention which
met at Tallahassee in 18(50 lie was elected one of
the two major generals of the state troops in I860,
but resigned his commission when Florida seceded,
and raised and equipped at his own expense com-
pany M, 2d Florida infantry, which he led with gal-
lantry until he was killed at the battle of Gaines'
Mills, June 27, 1862. Upon the death of Gen. Park-
liill. his widow, with her son and daughter, returned
to her childhood home at Monticello, Jefferson co.,
Fla. Here Charles Parkhill was educated in the
public schools until he was sent to Randolph-Macon
College, Ashland, Va. ; later he studied law at the
University of Virginia. At college he was a mem-
ber of the BetaThela Pi fraternity, and editor of the
"Virginia University Magazine." In January, 1883,
he moved to Pensacola, Fla., where he has since
practiced his profession. He is the attorney of the
Pilots' State Association of Florida, and was attor-
ney of Escambia comity, until appointed by Gov.
liloxham. May 9. ls!i7. prosecuting attorney for the
criminal court of record for a term of four years.
Mr. Parkhill is a Democrat, and before he attained
his majority made speeches for his parly. In 1888
he was elected state senator from the second senatorial
district. In the senate he served upon the judiciary
and other important committees. He assisted in
drawing up the bill creating the state board of
health, and advocated municipal home rule, leading
the opposition to the movement to abolish the city
government of Jacksonville and to authorize the
governor to appoint a board to govern that city. He
lias frequently represented his county in the state
and congressional conventions, and in 1890 he was
secretary of the Democrative executive committee
of the first congressional district. He has attained
distinction in the practice of criminal law, and is
recognized as a popular orator of unusual eloquence
and ability. In 1890 he was elected grand chancel-
lor of the Kuishts of Pythias of Florida
OF AMKKIOAX RIOli HA I'll V.
373
STOCKWELL, John Nelson, astronomer, w;is
born April 10, 1832, in Northampton, Hampshireco.,
Mass., tit'tli sen i of William iiml Clarissa (Whittemore)
Stockwell. His father's ancestors settled in Connecti-
cut, early in tin- IKlli ceiilury ; bis mother was one of
tlic Massachusetts Whitiemores. and :\ niece of Amos
WliilleiiKire, the inventor of a machine for making
wool and cotton cauls. His parents removed to
Ohio in 1833. and Mr. Stockwell first attended scl 1
in the town of Charlesiown, Portage co. Alter
his eighth year he lived with an aunt whose husband
was a farmer in Brccksville, Cuyalio^-a co. , (I., ami
Ihcie lie allcniled dislricl schools
when not ciiL'aued in farm work,
but mailc little pio^ress in his
studies until bis thirteenth year.
Happening then to be awakened
from intellectual indilTerence by
I he exciting events of the lime,
he became an ardent, student of
passing histon ;tlieiiof history in
general, and i if science and mathe-
matics. An eclipse of I lie moon di-
rected his Attention to astronomi-
eal research, and after studying
carefullv La Place's " .Mccaiiii|iie
Celeste," lie indiisl riously pre-
pared a "Western lieservc Al-
manac for 1833," which brought
hi in I ie fore I he not ii -cot s, imeofhis
fellow scientists Inl h< •following-
year lie Ii lined an acquaintance
with Or. B. A. Gould, edi'orof the " Astronomical
Journal," und through him obtained a position as com-
puter in the longitude de| arlment of the I". S. coasi
survey, of which Dr. Gould w as director, llcspent
ci^ht months in ( 'ambridLie. Mass., fulfilling hisdulics
in this connect ion. Subsequently devoting himsell to
thesluilyof astronomy, he compiili'd the orbits of
two cornels which appeared in IS5S. and the orbit,
perturbations and epliemerisof Virginia, the lifieenth
asteroid for the opposition of IS59. publishing the
results of these investigations in the " Astronomical
Journal" before tlie end of 1S5K. ]n May. Islio, he
computed aud published another ephemcris of Vir-
ginia, for the opposition of that year, anil in July,
ISlif), he published a new method of solving a set of
symmetrical equations having indeterminate coeffi-
cients, and he had begun a very elaborate compiila-
tion of the secular variations of the planetary orbits,
arising from their mutual attractions on each other,
when lie was interrupted in his labors by the outbreak
of the civil war. From 1861 to 1864 he held a.
position in the I'. S. Xaval Observatory at Washing-
ton, aud for the. following three years he was engaged
in statistical work for the U. S. sanitary commission.
Since 1867 lie has been engaged at his home in Ohio,
in various astronomical calculations, and particu-
larly in a general discussion of the mathematical
theory of the moon's motion. He has published in
the "Astronomical Journal" and elsewhere, papers
on "Inequalities of the Moon's Motion produced by
the Oblateness of the Earth"; "Long Period Inequali-
ties of the Moon's Motion produced by the action of
Venus"; "Secular and Long Period 'inequalities of
the Moon's Motion, containing a discussion of several
ancient eclipses"; "On the Rectification of Chro-
nology by Ancient Eclipses." In recent years, Mr.
Stockwell lias turned his attention to researches con-
cerning ancient eclipses for chronological purposes,
and has discovered records of one visible in India
B. c. 3784, Oct. 20lh; another visible in China
Oct. 10th, B. c. 2136, the only one seen in China
during that century, and of other interesting scien-
tific facts. He has in course of preparation a popu-
lar work on " The Skies of Past and Future Ages," to
contain the places of the principal fixed stars during
a period of 32,000 years. In his chosen department
he is acknowledged by American and foreign scien-
tists as an authority. He was married, Dec. 6, 1855,
to Sarah Ilealy, of Brecksville, O.
CADY, Sarah Louise (Ensign), educator,
was born at Northampton, Il.impshire co., Mass ,
Sept.. 13, IS'^'.I, daughter of Salmon and Mclmda
(Cohh) Ensign. Her father was the largest manu-
facturer of carriages in western Massachusetts.
MIC is descended from James Fusion, who re-
moved from Newtown (Cambridge), Mass., in ]ii;ni
with I he company under Kev. Thomas Hooker, and
thus became one ol the founders of llailloid,
Conn., where In' died in 11170 or 1671. Her 1:11 al-
grandfalhcr, Dalus Knsiirii, was married to Lu-
crelia Seymour, w hose aic-eslor, Kichard Seymour,
came to Ibis country from Kerry Pomeroy. Devon-
shire, England, in 1635, and, selllim; at llai I ford,
became prominent and founded a family which still
llourishes and has produced mam statesmen and
jurists. Her mother's <j ra'idlal her. Samuel Cobb,
came, in 1743, to Tolland, Conn., where he pur-
chased rj.~> acres of land. He was a distinguished
physician; was eiuhl limes a member of the general
as-emhly, and attendant at two extra sessions; was
justice of the peace, thirteen years, and aclin<j ma^is
Hale all that time. The inscription on his monu-
ment in Tolland cemetery describes HIM as "a
•jcnllcniaii of public education and distinguished
abilities who lorn:' served his generation as a ptiysi-
cian and minister of justice to iMval acceptance, and
in his life and death was an example of sobriety and
virtue, and evidenced the influence and consolation
of religion; lived much esteemed and died, univer-
sally lamented. April (i, 17*1." Mrs. Cady was a
victim of the infant school cra/e created m Europe
at the lime of her inlancy by Peslalo//.i, [lie picde
cessor of Fioebel. She was an altc ndanl at school
before she reached the age of two years, anil con-
tinued to the age of three aril one half, when she
bewail to allend the district school of Wesilield,
Mass., whither her family had removed. She next
attended the hiuh scl i, Wesitield Academy, and
1 1 ie normal school, w here she was prepared to leach.
After leaving the normal school she innght in pub-
lie schools until her marriage, in 1850, to Henry
Stearns Cady of Springlield. Mass
After the death of her husband in
l*l>4, she accepted the position of as
sociate principal in I hat famous board-
ing-school, the Maplewood Institute
for Young Ladies, at Piilsrield,
Mass.; here her two elder daugh-
ters received their education. In
1870 Mrs. Cady removed to New
Haven, Conn., and established the
school known as the West End Insli
tute, now called Mrs. Cady's School
for Girls. Beginning with twenty-
nine pupils, the school has increased
steadily in numbers, until it has now
(1899) 100 names on its annual roll,
and graduates residing in every part
of the United States, and in 1891 it
was removed to its present location
at the head of Hillhonse avenue, the
most beautiful resilience avenue iu New Haven.
For the annual commencement exercises the speak-
ers have been chosen from the most distinguished
educators or litterateurs in the country, among them
Prof. G. H. Palmer, Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer,
George W. Cable and Hamilton W. Mabie. From
choice, Mrs. Cady devotes several hours daily to the
work of teaching, making it a point to supervise the
youngest and oldest pupils thus learning the abili
tics and capabilities of each, and bringing to bear
374
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
upon their characters an influence which is as im-
portant as the knowledge derived from direct in
structiou. In addition to the regular course of
study pursued, there are special courses for pupils
desiring to enter the various colleges for women,
and certificates from this institution admit young
ladies without further examination to any of those
colleges. Mrs. Cady lias had four children: Carrie
Louise, married, in 1874, to C. G. Cooper, of Mount
VIM non, O. ; Cornelia Ensign, now associate principal
in the school; Charles Henry, who died in 1864, and
Marie Emily, who is the wife of Charles A. Terry,
of New York city.
GILFERT, or GEILFERT, Charles, conduc-
tor, was born in Germany in 1787, of German par-
entage. He was brought to New York at a very
early age by his father, who appears to have been a
popular organist and music teacher, and at one time
leader of an orchestra in a New York theatre
Charles Gilfert became a teacher of singing and of
the violin and pianoforte. Later he roscTto be mana-
ger of concerts and oratorios, and for several years
was leader of the Park Theatre orchestra, and con-
ductor of the Musical Fund Society. He composed
music for several plays, and adapted and arranged
the work of other composers with considerable ta-le
and skill. In 1815 he was married to Agnes Holman,
an English actress, daughter of the tragedian, Joseph
George Holman, and from that time on gave his at-
tention to theatrical performances, although he never
lost his interest in musical affairs. He leased a
theatre in Charleston, S. C., but did not meet with
success, and after one season removed to Albany,
N. Y. , and for several years managed the theatre in
that city, his wife being the star of the company.
In 1826 the first Bowery Theatre was built, and he
became its manager. Operas and spectacular plays,
superior to anything yet produced, were put on the
stage by him; but his " happy-go-lucky " and over-
sanguine temperament involved him constantly in
financial difficulties, and frequently he was "im-
prisoned for debt. He died in poverty in New York
city, July 30, 1829, and his wife ended her days, a
few years later (1833), in Philadelphia, obscure and
neglected.
GUSHING, William Barker, naval officer,
was born at Delatield, \Vauskesha CO., Wis., Nov.
34, 1843, a descendant of Matthew dishing, who emi-
grated to Hiugham, Plvm-
outh co.. Mass., in 1638.
He received an ordinary
country school education in
New York city. whither his
parents had removed, and
on Sept. 25, 1857, was ap-
pointed to the naval acade-
my from the stale of New
York. He remained there
four years, without dis-
tinguishing himself in his
studies, and resigned on
March 23, 1861. The actual
1 outbreak of the civil war
showed that whatever may
have dictated this action
on his part, it was no lack
of patriotism nor anything
approximating to coward-
ice, for in May of the same year he applied to the
secretary of the navy for service, and was appointed
master's mate, attached to the North Atlantic
blockading squadron. On the day of his arrival at
Hampton roads, he captured and brought into port
the first prize of the war, a tobacco schooner. In
October, 1862, Gushing, who had been appointed on
July 16th, a lieutenant, was placed by Lee, acting
rear-admiral, in command of the gunboat Ellis,
which was ordered to enter New river inlet, capture
the town of Jacksonville, Fla., intercept the Wil-
mington mail, take possession of any vessels found
in the river, and destroy the salt-works along its
hanks. On Nov. 23d, he undertook this expedition.
He captured Jacksonville and three vessels, but
while returning his steamer got aground. Knowing
that the enemy would soon come'upon him in over-
whelming force, he took everything out of her but
her pivot-gun, her coal and ammunition and sent a
crew to accompany what was unloaded on board one
of his prize schooners; then calling for six volunteers,
which he at once obtained, be remained to fieht to
the last. Earl}' next, morning, as he anticipated, the
enemy opened on the little band, delivering at them
a terrific cross-fire from four different points. They
soon found it was going to be destructive work for
them to handle their single gun, which had to be
turned in every direction while encountering a fiery
tempest from the batteries on shore, and Gushing de-
termined to abandon his vessel. He trained his gun
on the enemy, to go off when the flames readied it,
and firing the steamer in five places left her, and
with his companions started down the river in a row
boat. They succeeded in reaching the schooner a
mile and a half away, and at once made sail for
Beaufort, which was reached in safety. During the
same year dishing distinguished himself in the
waters of North Carolina, and early the following
January, with three cutters and twenty-five men set
out to capture the pilots at a station thirty miles be-
low Fort Caswell. He succeeded in getting posses-
sion of an earthwork, which had been hurriedly de-
serted by a company of iufanfy, and carried off cr
destroyed all their stores, clothing, ammunition and
part of their arms. In the spring of 1863 he was
ordered with a gunboat to assist Gen. Peck, who
was stationed at Norfolk and against whom Gen.
Lougstreet was marching with a heavy force. Gush-
ing had a severe engagement, on April 14th, with a
Confederate battery, which he silenced; he also pre-
vented the enemy from crossing the river and attack-
ing Gen. Peck. For his services in this instance he
received a letter of congratulation from the secretary
of the navy, in which the latter said: " Your con-
duct adds lustre to the character you had already
established for valor in the face of the enemy."
Later, when Gen. Peck needed information with re-
gard to the state of the enemy, Gushing volunteered
to furnish it. lie accordingly organized a party
with which he surprised and captured a small force
of the enemy and forwarded his prisoners to Gen.
Peck with his compliments, and the remark that he
sent him some "information." Gushing was then
placed in command of the U. S. steamer " Shoko-
kon," and in August, finding a Confederate steamer,
the Hebe, ashore a short distance from fort Fisher,
be threw shells into her until he set her on fire and
left her a wreck. Shortly afterwards he destroyed
another blockade runner, exhibiting in this exploit
a degree of vigilance and energy which again brought
him the highest commendations from his superior
officers. But Cushing's transcendent feat of dar-
ing was the destruction of the powerful ironclad
ram Albemarle, on the night of Oct. 27, 1864.
The Albemarle had come out of the Roanoke
river in the spring, and attacked the Union naval
force near Plymouth, sinking the Southfield and dis-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
375
abliug the Miami: killing tin- gallant commander
of tlie latter. A hundred-pound rifleshot made no
impression on the mailed sides of this vessel, and she
threatened to regain control of the waters of Alhe-
marle soim.l. Altogether she was a great obstacle,
as she r<'i|iiiri'il thr presence of a large naval force
in those \\alers. On May 5tli, in Albemarle sound,
('apt. Mclanolhon Smith liad attacked her with
SCM-II vessels; a tight \viihoul avail, so far as the
Albemaile was concerned, although the desperate
aiiempl to sink her by the Sassacus, under Comr.
Hoe. added anollier brilliant pa .ire to the annals
of I he Federal navy. F.lforls to blow her up with
torpedoes, later made, were without success. Gush-
ing Mien sn^irestcd that the olfensive force be con-
veyed in two io\v -pressure and very small steamers,
each armed with a torpedo and howil/.er. lie was.
ordered to Washington to confer with the scerclaiv
of the navy, and by him sent to New York to pur
chase suitable vessels. Two open launches building
for picket duly were secured, and to each was at-
tached a 1 in. raised or lowered at will, with a tor-
pedo titled into an iron slide at the end. The best
of the boats was lost on the voyage to Norfolk, but
with the other, and a crew of fifteen, he ascended the
Hoanoke river on the night of the 'JTlh, lowing a
small cutter with a few men, and intending it pos-
sible to surprise and board the Albemarle. Al-
though tin- river was lined with pickets, he passed
the wreck of the Federal steamer Soutlitield. sunk
by the Albemarle in the previous spring, and now-
used as a picket station, and arrived within a
short distance of the Albemarle, before he was dis-
covered. He then cast the cutter loose, ordering her
crew to board the Soiithtield, and capture its picket
guard while he attacked the Albemarle— a more
difficult thing to do than he had anticipated, for she
was protected by a circle of logs arranged to prevent
the action of torpedoes. The enemy opened tire with
muskets and howitzers from the Albemarle and
from the shore, but the launch returned tire, and
putting on a full head of steam Gushing forced the
launch acrossthe logs and then still nearer, while the
bullets tore the coat from his back, until he had
lowered the boom, and the torpedo was under the
ram's overhang. He now stood in front of the
muzzle of a one-hundred pound ritie, with four lines
attached to his body, each one of which it was neces-
sary to pull with precision in order to place and fire
the torpedo, but with utmost coolness and exactness
he carried out his plan, and the torpedo exploded
under the Albemarle's hull. She sank at her moor-
in us and was never raised. Just as the torpedo ex-
ploded, however, 100 pounds of grape at ten feet
range crashed into the torpedo-boat, and Cushinir,
who had twice refused to surrender, ordered his men
to save themselves. The launch was hit and sunk
at the same time, and out of the entire party only
two, including the intrepid lieutenant, escaped, the
rest being either captured or drowned. Gushing
swam down the stream to a point about half a mile
from the town and gained the shelter of a swamp,
learning from the conversation of some officers who
passed his hiding-place of the destruction of the ram.
He at last reached a creek where he found a row-
boat belonging to a picket party of soldiers, and in
this he made his way to the mouth of the Roanoke,
and into Albemarle sound, where before midnight
on the 28th he was picked up by a vessel belonging
to the Federal fleet. For this" exploit, one of the
most daring in naval history, Lieut. Gushing received
the thanks of congress, and promotion to Heutenant-
commander, his commission to date from Oct. 27,
1864. In the attack on Fort Fisher, during the fol-
lowing winter, which resulted in taking Wilmington,
N. C., the last seaport open to the Confederacy, he
undertook to place buoys to indicate the channel of
the river, ;,nd successfully performed the task in a
small skill', although for several hours he was under
a constant and heavy fire. In the second assault
upon Fml Fisher lie assisted the troops in landing,
and took part in the shelling of Hie fort until the
final assault, when he lauded with a force of forty
from his vessel, the Moniieello, and led the
storming parly. When Lieut. Porter fell, Gushing
rallied his men and placed them in the trenches,
thus relieving regiments needed at the front, and has
tening the surrender of the fort. With the fall of
Fort Fisher Cushing's active career ended. For his
Services he five lime- received commendalory tellers
from the secretary of Ihe navy. In isiili and IM',7
he served on the Lancaster, the Hair-ship of the I'a
citic squadron, and in Islis and isii'.l commanded the
Maiimce. of the Asiatic sipiadron. On 'an. 31, 1872,
he was advanced to the rank of commander, and
owing to failing health was granted a le.-nc of
absence. At the time of his death he was the
youngest officer of his rank in the navv. (Seethe
article by Gen. J. G. AVilson. in the ••Cosmopolitan
Maira/ine" for July, IH'H; Cushing's own account.
••Century Magazine," July, 1SSH, and a letter by
Adm. D. D. Porter, in the •'North American He-
view " for September, ls!M. ) lie died of brain fever
at Washington. I). ('., Dee. 17. 1*74.
BINGHAM, John Arende, jurist and legisla-
tor, was born at Mercer, Pa., Jan. 21, 1815. His early
cilnealion was acquired in the district school of lii's
n.-ilive town and the vil-
lage academy. He then
wenl inlo the village print-
ing-office, and learned the
business from "devil" to
assistant editor. Here he
remained for two years,
and then entered Franklin
( 'ollc_re. ( >hio; but obliged
by failing health to re-
limpiish the regular col-
leire course, he applied
himself to the study of
law. and was admitted to
the ( mio bar in 1840. In
1846he was elected district-
attorney for Tuscatauas
county, O., serving three
years. In 1854, he was
elected a represent:! i i\ e
from Ohio to the lilth
congress, and was thrice
successively returned by his district to the 35th, 36th
and :',7th congresses. During his first term he pre-
pared the report on the contested Illinois election.
This gave him prominence and secured for him
recognition as an able jurist. In the thirty-seventh
congress he was chairman of the managers of the
house in the impeachment trial of West W. Hum-
phrey, U. S. district judge of Tennessee, who was
impeached for high treason on the charge of having
advocated secession in a public speech at Nashville,
Tenu., Dec. 29, 1860, "for giving aid to armed re-
bellion; for conspiracy with Jefferson Davis, and for
imprisoning W. G. Browiilow." In 1802 lie failed
of re-election to congress, and Pres. Lincoln ap-
pointed him judge-advocate in the army, with the
rank of major, and shortly afterwards solicitor of
the court of claims. Mr. Bingham made a full
argument before the general court-martial held in
Washington, D. C., for the trial of Brig.-Gen.
William A. Hammond, surgeon-general of the U. S.
army, in reply to the several arguments of the coun-
sel of Gen. Hammond upon this trial before this
court in 1864. He also made an argument in reply to
the counsel of the several parties accused and tried
before a military commission on the charge of con-
376
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
spiracy for the assassination of Pres. Lincoln, which
argument was delivered by him before the com-
mission on the 27th and 28th of June, 1805. Mr.
Bingham while in congress wrote and introduced
the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the
United States of America, which is now embodied
therein by the action of congress and the several
states of the LTuion. During this long service of
sixteen years in congress, he introduced various acts
of congress in support of the government, for
the prosecution of the war in suppression of the re-
bellion, and for the reconstruction of the Union by
the restoration and read mission into the Union of
the seceded states. Mr. Bingham was a delegate to
the conventions at Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Pa.,
for the inauguration of the Republican party.
In 1804 he was elected to the 39th congress as
representative for his district, and re-elected to the
401 h, 41st and 42d congresses. In the impeachment
trial of Pres. Johnson he was chairman of the mana-
gers of the house of representatives, and on Wednes-
day. March 5. 1808, read the article of impeachment
before the U S. senate, sitting as a court to determine
the issue. While in congress Judge Bingham served
on the committees on military affairs, frecdmen,
and reconstruction, ami as chairman of the com-
mittee on claims and judiciary. Pres. Grant ap-
pointed him U. S. minister to Japan, which position
lie held until April 2, 1885, having served therein,
twelve years, when he was succeeded by Richard B.
Hubbard, appointed by Pres. Cleveland.
ENGLISH, William Hayden, statesman,
financier and historian, was born at Lexington, Scott
Co., Ind., Aug. 27, 1822, son of Elisha G". and Ma-
hala (Eastin) English. His paternal grandparents
were Elisha and Sarah
(Wharton) English, natives
of Sussex county, Del.,
who. in 1790, "removed
to Kentucky, where their
son. Elislia G., was born.
His maternal grandparents
were Philip and Sarah
(Smith) Eastin, who were
married, in 1782, at Win-
chester, Va. , Sarah Eas-
tin being a descendant
of the Hite family, found-
ers of the first settlement
in the Shenandoah valley.
Philip Eastin, who had
been a lieutenant in the
4lh Virginia regiment dur-
ing the revolutionary war,
emigrated to Kentucky
and thence to Indiana,
where he died, in 1817,
leaving a v\idow and the
survivees of seventeen children. William H. Eng-
lish was educated in a district school and studied
three years in Hanover College, Indiana. He then
studied law, and at the age of eighteen was admitted
to the bar. Soon after be was admitted tolhesupreme
court, aud in the twenty-third year of his age to the
supreme court of the United States. For a short time he
was associated in practice with Joseph G. Marshall ;
but he drifted into politics, and soon into a government
office at Washington, where he1 remained four years,
never returning lothe law. Before hearrived at his
majority be had been active in the Democratic party,
and had been chosen a delegate from Scott county
to the Democratic state convention at, Indianapolis,
and during the Harrison ami Tyler campaign had
done effective stump-speaking. When Tyler be-
came president, Mr. English was appointed post-
master of Lexington, his native village. In 1843 he
was chosen principal clerk of the state house of rep
resentatives over several other worthy competitors. I n
the great campaign of 1844 he again took the stump
in behalf of Pulk against Henry Clay, and after the
election of the former he was given a position in the
treasury department. As delegate from Indiana to
the Democratic convention of 1848, he voted for Lewis
t 'ass, and on the da}' preceding the inauguration of
Gen. Taylor sent Pres. Polk a letter of resignation that
was extensively copied by the Democratic press, with
favorable comments on his independence. He was
clerk of the claims committee in the U. S. senate in
1850, and in the sameyear was secretary of the conven-
tion called to revise the state constitution of Indiana,
also supervising the publication of the constitution,
the journals and addresses. In 1851 he was elected
to represent Scott county in the state legislature, of
which lie became speaker, and proved so able in
the duties of that office that, in 1852, he was
nominated for congress by the Democrats in his dis-
trict and was elected. He entered congress under
Franklin Pierce, and was always a warm supporter
of the hitter's political measures. He was a member
of the committee on territories to which the famous
Kansas-Nebraska bill was leferred, and formulated
a minority report advocating some important amend-
ments, which were not, however, adopted, although
they undoubtedly led to modifications of the bill in
the senate, which, as an amendment to the house
bill, became a law. He was one of the three repre-
sentatives from a free state who were able to secure
a re-election in spiteof their opposition tothe Kansas-
Nebraska bill. During his second term he was bold
in his denunciations of Know-nothiugism, and con
tribiited as much as any other man to the downfall
of the party upholding it. For eight years he was a
regent of the Smithsonian Institution, and in a speech
before congress made tin able defense of its manage-
ment that was warmly commended by Prof. Henry.
He was elected to congress a third lime by an in-
creased majority. He was appointed chairman of
the committee on post-offices and post-road*, and
performed the duties of this arduous position with
great acceptance. The attempt made during this
session to secure the admission of Kansas under the
Lecompton constitution, which did not prohibit
slavery, was steadily opposed by him, because the
people had not voted upon the question, and he
finally submitted a proposition, afterward called the
"English bill," providing for such an election and
ending the loiiu-statiding difficulty. He wasofferc.l
an executive office by Pres. Buchanan, but declined
it. and at the end of his term was re-elected (1858),
for the fourth time, by a larger majority than ever.
In the spring of 1860 the national Democratic con-
vention met at Charleston, S. C., and although not
a delegate Mr. English attended the sessions in the
interests of peace, but found it too late to exert any
influence. lie denounced secession from the be-
ginning, in the halls of congress, and did his best to
persuade southern members to abandon it. When
his fourth session was ended he refused rcnomina-
tion. He declined the command of a regiment, but
throughout the Avar zealously supported the Federal
cause. In 1803 he founded the First National Bank
of Indianapolis, removing to that city, and later be-
came president of the Indianapolis Clearing-house
Association and the Indiana Bnnkinir Association.
He remained president of the First National Hank
for fourteen years, during which the capital stock
was increased from $150,000 to $1 .01111 Oiiii. He
made the bank one of the leading institutions of the
United States, and his able management of it during
the panic of 1873 increased his reputation as a safe
leadi'i in emergencies. On his retirement from the
presidency be was presented by the stockboldersand
directors with a magnificent gold medal. His con-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
377
nection \viili all corporations ceased about dial time.
In l*tH Mr. Knglish was a delegate to the stati; con-
vention, ami in 1*1)2 was aLrain offered a renomina-
tion to congress, but declined. Ill 187'.) lie was
rli •! ted chairman of tin- Democratic state cenlral
committee of Indiana, and in the national Democratic
convention at C'incinnali, in June, 1880, he was unan-
imously nominated for vice-president of the United
States on the ticket with \Vintield S. Hancock in
the unsuccessful campaign against (larlicld and
Arthur. From that time on he devoted his time in
siaie and local interests. He was a memlier of the
Indiana soldiers' and sailors' monument commission,
a inrmber of the Society of the Sons of the Ameri-
can Revolution, member of Center Lodge, F. and A.
M., and president of the Indiana Historical Sociely.
Historical study was one of his favorite pursuits,
and his published works that give him a high
place in the li-t nf American historians are:
"Coni|ursl of the Northwest," "History of Indi-
ana' (1887), and "Life of George Rogers Clark."
Mr. Knii'lish was marrii'd, at Baltimore. .Mil., Nov.
IT, 1*17. to Kmma Mardulia, daughter of John
F. ami Kli/.abeih (Grigsby) Jackson, of Virginia.
She died Nov. 14. 1877. There are two surviuni:
children: Hon. William Iv English, ex-congressman
from Indiana, and captain on the statf of Gen.
Wheeler during the Santiago campaign, Spanish-
Amrrican war. and Rosalind.wifeof Dr.Willoughby
Walling, of Chicago. Mr. English ilieil in Indian-
apolis. Fell. 7. 1*%.
WARREN, Samuel Prowse, urirani-l, was
horn in Montreal, Canada, Feb. 18, 1841, son of
Samuel Ku— el \Varrcn. His father, a nati\e of
Rhode Island, removed to Canada in 1*37, and there
conducted the manufacture of organs until his drat li
in 1882. The son, born and reared in an atmosphrrr
of music and musicians, early developed marked
talent and made rapid progress on both the piano
and organ. Moreover, his early acquaintance with
the details of construction gave him an unusual ad-
vantage in the production of tone effects anil an
ease in handling his instrument which enabled him
to become a brilliant performer while still very
youiii:. His first essay at public playing was in St.
Stephen's Chapel, Montreal, and from 1853 to 1861
lie was orn-ani-t at Hie American Presbyterian
Church. In 1861 he went abroad to complete his
general and "insical studies. He spent three years
in Berlin, studying the organ and theory of music
under llaupt . the piano under Gustav Schumann,
and instrumentation under Wieprecht. After his
return to America in 1865, he located in New York
city. For two years he was organist in All SouN'
Unitarian Church, and later in Grace Church (isus.
74) and in Church of the Holy Trinity (1874-70). In
1876 he returned to Grace Church, where he remained
until 1894. Mr. Warren has also achieved reputation
and success as a teacher of instrumental music and
theory. For eight years (1880-87) he was conductor of
the New York Vocal Union. Mr. Warren's activity
is particularly in the direction of organ solo work. He
has given many organ concerts and recitals — over 300
in New York city alone. Their object has been edu-
cational and they have covered the whole range of
organ literature. He is a master of technique and
a thoroughly scholarly musician, familiar with the
works of all the great composers, and has produced
some original material. His compositions, some of
which have been published, consist of church music
— anthems, tunes, etc.; part songs; secular songs;
transcriptions and original pieces for the organ.
DAHLGREN, JohnAdolph, naval officer and
inventor, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., Nov. 13,
1809, eldest son of Bernard Ulric and Martha
(Rowan) Dahlgreu. The Dahlgreu family is of
Swedish origin ; both his father (1784-1824) and his
grandfather, Julian Adolf Dahlgreu (1744-97), being
uraduatesuf the University of I'psala. The latter
was a noted physician and a voluminous writer oi<
professional subjects, whose 1 ks are still held in
high esteem, and at the time of his death was chief
physician of the province of Finland. The former,
having imbibed at the university the then prevailing
sentiments in favor of republican in-tiluti ins, was
banished from the country in 1SII4. and lost his prop-
erly by confiscation for an attempt to disseminate his
\ie\\s. Later, the discriminations against him were
withdrawn, and he was appointed consul of Sweden
and Norway, first at Oporto, Portugal, and later at
Philadelphia. Pa., where he died I li- wife was a
daughter of .lame- Rowan, who served as commis-
sar v in Gen. John Lucy's brigade, Pennsylvania line,
in tin- revolution, and participated in the battles of
Pi in' 'el on and Gcrmantown. llv
the death of his father, in 1*21,
John A. Dahlgren was com
pelled to seek a means of liveli-
hood, and tried for two years,
apparenllv in vain, to secure a
midshipman's commission in the
navy. Finally, on Feb. 1,
l*2li, he recehed hi- warrant,
and made his first cruise on the
frigate Macedonian, Com. Bid-
die, of the Bra/ilian squadron,
which had been captured from
tin- British during the war of
1*12. After two years' service
on her, he was assigned to the
-loop of-\v!ir Ontario, of the
Mediterranean squadron, and in
1*32 was successfully examined
for the warrant of passed mid-
shipman. His remarkable proficiency in mathemat-
ics, demonstrated on this occasion, caused him, in
1X34, to be detached from regular naval duly and
ih tailed to the U. S, coa-l survey under Ferdinand
H. Hassler, who was then ju-t re-umim: the great
work first inaugurated in 1*15. Dahlgren was se-
leeied to serve iii t he t riangulation of the survey, and
assist in the astronomical observations and the meas-
urement of the base on Lmiir Island, which was the
first base-line ever scientifically computed in this
country — the Mason and Di\on line being merely a
chain and compa-s measurement. So high was Hass-
ler's opinion of his ability. Ihal he chose him to make
counter-calculations of the base to verify his own
work. In 1836 Dahlgren assisted in the observa-
tions on the solar eclipse of that year, and dmingthe
next year was made second assistant of I he survey,
with direction of a parly of triangulal ion About the
-ame time he was promoted tothe rank of lieutenant.
The long-continued and exacting duties of this ser-
vice finally resulted in such an impairment of his
unusually good eyesight, that he was reluctantly
obliged to relinquish active work for over four years.
In 1838 he went to Paris for treatment by the" cele-
brated oculist, Sichel, and while there investigated
the rocket-firing system of Maj. Henri Joseph Paix-
hans. of the French army, whose pamphlet on the
subject he translated and had printed at his own ex-
pense for distribution in the U. S. navy. This was his
first contribution to the literature of naval ordnance
— a department in which he was destined, by force of
his own inventive genius, to peculiar and enduring
fame. On his return, in 1839, Lieut. Dahlgren was
married, and for two years thereafter lived on a
farm in Bucks county, Pa., to the ultimate salvation
of his eyesight. In J842, he resumed active service,
his first assignment being to the receiving ship at the
Philadelphia navy yard, and in 1843 he was de-
tailed as flag-lieutenant to the frigate Cumberland,
378
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of the Mediterranean squadron, commanded by
Com. Joseph Smith. The cruise lasted l\v<> years,
but was cut short by the impending war with Mex-
ico ; and Daiilgreu. although applying for active
service, was assigned to ordnance duly. In 1847
he was made superintendent of the rocket depart-
ment of the bureau, and immediately set himself
heartily to the task of supplying the large orders
given out by the navy department. The greatness
of his task, and the industry needed to meet it, are
evident when it is remembered that his first ord-
nance workshop was arranged at the end of a lum-
ber shed, which lie occupied continuously for seven
years before suitable quarters were provided . Meagre
though his opportunities were, his genius enabled
him to use them to revolutionize the system of naval
ordnance then in vogue, and introduce methods com-
pletely new, and very greatly in advance. By recom-
mendation of a special committee, in 1845, a uni-
form system of guns had been adopted for the navy,
and, in imitation of the English, the 32-poimder had
been adopted as the unit. Dahlgren, however, by
long and laborious experimentation, described in his
"Thirty-two Pounder Practice for Ranges " (1850)
reached a precise formulation of power and trajec-
tory for these guns, and set forth the conclusion that
the system was a disadvantageous one, robbing the
service of some of its best guns, since " the power-
ful guns of the 32-pounder class lacked accuracy,
and the accurate ones lacked power." Accordingly,
he started upon his revolutionary quest after suita-
ble armaments of both light and heavy ordnance.
The first problem to which he applied himself was
the devising of a serviceable boat-gun for landing
parties — "a sort of naval light artillery" — and the
result was a form of light howitzer, which proved so
serviceable as to be adopted by the navy department
in 1850. A complete account of the system and the
piece itself was set forth by Dahlgren in iiis now fa-
mous work, "Boat Armament of the United States
Navy "(1852). The introduction of a new system
of heavy ordnance was a much more tedious and
discouraging undertaking, involving a long fight
against established theories on the subject, coupled
with the delays usual to official business. In 1850
he drafted his ix-inch shell-gun, which, proving a
success in every respect, prepared the way for an-
other of xi-inch cali-
bre. At this junc-
ture, the death of his
friend and supporter,
Com. Lewis War-
rington, chief of the
ordnance depart-
ment, interfered with
the promising pros-
pects of his innova-
tions, and delayed his
triumph for several
years. Neverthe-
less, with a courage
worthy of his convic-
tions, and the great object he had in view, he took ad-
vantage of every opportunity, and when, asa member
of the investigating commission on coast defen-i •«.
appointed by Uie secretary of war in 1851, he filed a
report on his observations, he submitted therewith
his plans of a screw frigate, armed with ix-inch guns
on the gun-deck, and xi-inch pivot-mounted shell
guns on the spar deck, a complete departure from
recognized systems of armament. The suggestion
met with the approval of several prominent persons,
and was eloquently recommended to congress by
Representative Stauton, in 1852, but the opposition
of the navy department interfered with the appro-
Tiation for its practical realization. However, the
''•••it of his guns, whose principal feature was a
great thickness at the breach, with the barrel rapidly
tapering from the trunnions to the muzzle — "soda-
water bottles " they were called — adjusted to meet
the varying pressure of the explosive force, was
soon recognized, and when the first two steam frig-
ates were constructed for the navy, one, the Merri-
mac, was provided with his ix-iuch main-deck bat
tery, and the other, the Niagara, with a spar-deck
battery of twelve si-inch guns. This was a par-
tial concession, but the department was still skepti-
cal of the practicability of handling batteries of
heavy guns at sea, and would not sanction any more
complete trial of his system. In the autumn of 1855
he was promoted commander, and in the following
spring failed of appointment as chief of the bureau
of ordnance only in obedience to the law requiring
that official to be at least a captain in rank. In the
meantime he had published several additional works
of great value, setting forth his views and observa-
tions on ordnance matters: "Naval Percussion
Locks and Primers" (1852); "Ordnance Memo-
randa " (1858), and "Shells and Shell-Guus," an ex-
ponent of his own system and improvements (1856).
lie had also brought the construction depart meat of
the ordnance bureau to great system and perfection,
and was able to meet all demands for arming the
new frigates then rapidly being added to the navy.
Finally, in 1857, after considerable opposition from
the conservative element in the department, he was
appointed to command the sloop-of-war Plymouth,
with full permission to alter and arm her as he
thought best. Despite the verdict of naval experts
that his xi-inch guns were too large for even a
frigate of 3,000 tons, he boldly mounted one on this
vessel, whose tonnage was not equal to half that
limit; and this, with a battery of four of his ix-iuch
guns, made her the most formidable craft afloat. In
the course of this voyage Comr. Dahlgren rendered
several notable services to his country ; such as ad-
justing the passing misunderstanding with Great
Britain regarding the right of our merchant marine,
settling tire difficulties over the guano island of Ne-
\ :is>-a, and in vestigatingthe outrages on American citi-
zens in Tampico, Mexico. On hisreturn he announced,
with his usual fullness of detail and categorical ac-
curacy, that the experiment had proved a complete
success in everyway, thus effectually disarming the
last vestige of opposition to his system. Within a
year he had the satisfaction of seeing his xi-inch
guns ordered for the new war-ships in progress of
construction, and a suitable foundry — designed by
himself— already authorized. Immediately resum-
ing work in the ordnance department, Dahlgren con-
ducted an elaborate series of experiments on rifled
raunon ; and, to meet the improvements in this re-
spect, strenuously urged on the navy department the
crying need of iron-clad war vessels. His recom-
mendations were, as usual, unheeded, when they de-
served immediate attention ; and, meantime, the civil
war broke out and found the navy in many respects
unprepared. One of Dahlgren 's first acts, after the
firing on Sumter, was to fortify the Washington
navy yard — all of its officers had seceded, except
himself and another — against the hourly expected at-
tacks of Confederate sympathizers or of the armies
then rapidly pushing toward the capital. On April
22, 1861, he was niade commandant of the navy
yard, to succeed Capt. Franklin Buchanan, later so
prominent in Hie Confederate navy as commander of
the ram Virginia (Merrimac) in her attacks on the
Federal shipping in Hampton lioads, and immedi-
ately pushed forward the work of equipping ships
to guard the approaches to the yard, and capture all
suspicious-looking vessels. He personally, on board
the Pawnee, co-operated with several vessels in the
movement on Alexandria, Va., on May 24th ; after
the battle of Bull Run, dispatched a gunboat to cover
OK AMERICAN BIOURAPHV.
379
the retreat of Mansfield's forces ; furnished a battery
of h"avy guns and how it/,ers, under command of liis
son, Ulric, tohelp re[iel Jackson's assault, on Harper's
Ferry; and, in lad, was continually kept busy on
sucb a multiplicity of diverse duties as to allow him-
self liltk1 lime for eillier rest or refreshment. Ou
July Hi, 1M(>2, he was appointed cliief of tbe bureau
of ordnance, and in August was promoted captain,
with commission dating fnun July 10th. Among
ntlier ini[io]lant duties in the next few month* was
the arming and equipping of the ironclads on the
western naval ports, lie was commissioned rear
admiral Feb. 7, INIi:i, receiving at the same time
"the thanks of congress" and the extraordinary
compliment of a ten year extension to his term of
active service. In July he was ordered to relieve
Adm. Dupont in Hie command "I the South Atlan-
tic squadron, the way being left open by the un-
timely death of Adm. Andrew II. Foole, whom he
had consented loassisi, as commander of the iron-
clads of his tleet. Then began a ledious and vexa-
tious series of assaults u| the defenses of ( 'liarles-
ton, iu co operation with (len. (Jnincy A. Gillinore,
whose conlinual changes of plan and ill-dire, •!,•,!
movements greatly harassed him. Adm. Dahlgren,
however, succeeded in silencing the guns of Ion,
Sumter and \Vagner, and the balleries ,,f Morris
Island, and in rendering the blockade of the port
complete; but his failure lo reduce Charleston cre-
ated a widespread dissatisfaction, which, as ii seems,
Gillmore utilized to conceal his ,,\\ n inellicicne\ and
dilatory policy. The mailer beiiiLi linally referred
to a council of war. ihe decision was, "'that there
would be extreme risk, without adequate results, by
entering the harbor of Charleston with seven inoni
tors, ihe object being to penetrate to Charleston."
Geu.W. T. Sherman also wrote him, declaring, "that
it would be unwise to subject his ships to the heavy
artillery of the enemy, and his sunken torpedoes."
In Dahlgren's gallant efforts before Charleston, In-
had lost several of his vessels, among them his llau
ship, ami was further crippled by the disablement
of several others. On more than one occasion, he
fearlessly exposed himself in the discharge of bis
duty, and repeatedly escaped, almost by a miraele.
from instant death. Thus, after the occupation of
Charleston harbor, while cruising in Winyaw bay,
S. C., a torpedo exploded under his flag-ship, send-
ing her to the bottom within two minutes, and re-
sulting in the loss of many lives. In view of the
fact that his duties included the patrol of 300 miles
of coast, and the direction of a Heel of seventy ves-
sels, the results achieved seem to have eminently
warranted the navy department in upholding him
against all adverse criticism. In November, 1863,
he organized a fleet brigade of 500 men and a squad-
ron of light-draft steamers; and, moving up the Broad
river, struck inland to assist Gen. John G. Foster in
his diversion in favor of Sherman. In this expedi-
tion, as also in the one on the St. John's river, Florida,
in February, 1S64, he demonstrated his ability as a
commander of men on land, as well as on shipboard.
On Dec. 14, 1864, he received Gen. Sherman, who
had just completed his " march to the sea," on board
the temporary flag-ship Harvest Moon. Finally, on
Feb. 18, 1865, he "entered the harbor of Charleston,
which he thereafter held in conjunction with the
forces of Gen. Schiminelpfeuning. Adm. Dahl-
greu resigned command of theSouth Atlantic squad-
ron, June 17, 1865, and in the following year was
appointed to the south Pacific squadron, where he
continued to command for two years. During
1868-70, he was again chief of the ordnance bureau,
and, for a few months before his death, received
again, at his own request, the command of the
Washington navy yard. Adm. Dahlgren's skill and
precision as a commander and disciplinarian was
equaled r.nly by his marvel 01 isly accurate insight into
mechanical and mathematical sublet ies. and the rapid
and masterly manner in which he worked out prob-
lems whose solution meant the revolutionizing of
established methods and ideas. The Dahlsrren nuns,
for whose recognition lie worked vainly for years,
are historic, not only in the fact that il.ey furnished
the1 model and impetus for model naval armaments,
but also for their wonderful part in saving the integ-
rity of the Federal I'nion. Thev were many strides
in advance of anything that preceded them, in scien-
tific principles of const met ion, accuracy, power, and
endurance; they necessitated iron-clad ships, and
also set a period to the old theories of land fortifica-
tion. In an able paper on the Dahlgren guns, the
admiral's son,
Charles Bunker
Dahlgren, enu-
merates nine im-
portant eli'ja^e-
mentsin thecivil
war in which
they turned the
tide of success:
at I'orl Royal,
s. C., Nov. I!,
l^i!l. where the
frigate Wabasli,
with her forty
Dahlgren guns,
silenced I he forts
and secured a
harbor for the
Federal tleet ; at the attacks on Forts Jackson and
St. Philip, April 24, 1SI>2. when Ihe tleet under
Farragul and Porter destroyed the Con federate
rams and earthworks; at the battle between
the I". S. monitor, \Veehawken, and the Confeder-
ate iron-clad. Atlanta, June IT, lsn:i. when Ihe two
Dahlgren guns of Ihe former crushed in Ihe sides of
the enemy in twenty-six minutes : al the blockade of
Charleston harbor, when Dahlgren guns not only
silenced Ihe torts, but pill an effectual stop to block-
ade running ; during Ihe siege of VicUsbursr, May-
July , isi'ilj, when tlie heavy Dahlgrens, loaned by
Adm. Porter, accomplished Ihe silencing of the forts
in four days; at the bailie between the Kearsarge
and Alabama, July l!l. 1SI14, when the two xi-ineh
Dahlgreiis of the Federal ship sunk the enemy in
tit'u nine minutes ; at Fan-aunt's attack on Mobile,
in August, lsi;4 when Ihe formidable ram Tennes-
see, a terror to ships of every class, was destroyed by
the steady lire of the nionit ors Manhattan and Chick -
a saw ; at Fort Fisher, Jan. 15,1865, "where the
roar from the crescent of Dahlgren guns of Adm.
Porter's fleet resembled Niagara, and their precision
of fire was wonderful, knocking the Confederate
guns quickly out of existence, as well as the gun-
ners." The most memorable occasion of their use,
however, was at the battle of Hampton Roads, between
the Monitor and Virginia (Merrimac), when the two
xi-iuch Dahlgrens of the former gained the day, and
saved tlie Federal fleet from destruction. Comment-
ing on this engagement, Adm. David D. Porter
writes: " I was the first, person who ever fired the
xi-inch Dahlgren with thirty pounds of powder, and
am of the opinion that, had the Monitor used that
charge, the Merrimac would have been captured."
In addition to the works already mentioned. Adm,
Dahlgren was the author of numerous articles, re-
ports and shorter monographs, as well as of " Memoir
of Col. Ulric Dahlgren " (1872), and " Notes on Mari-
time Law" (1877), which was left unfinished by him,
and edited by Charles Cowley, with a preface by his
widow. He was twice married ; first, in 1839, to
Mary, daughter of Nathan Bunker, of Philadelphia;
and, second, Aug. 2, 1865, to Mrs. Madeleine (Vin-
380
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ton) Goddard, daughter of Hon. Samuel Finlay Vin-
ton, of Ohio. By his first wife he had five sons :
Col. Ulric Dahlgren, U.S.A., who rendered distin-
guished services at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
Beverly Ford, Gettysburg, and1 Hagerstown, where
he lost a leg, and who, iu an attempt to liberate the
prisoners at Libby prison and Belle Isle, was killed
March 4, 18(54; Capt. Charles Bunker Dahlgren,
U.S.N., who served with distinction under Adm.
Porter, and also with his father in the South Atlan-
tic blocking squadron ; and Lieut. Paul Dahlgren,
who, on bis resignation from the army, in ls73."wfis
appointed U. S. consul-general at Home, Italy, where
he died in 1874. By Tiis second wife he bad two
sons: John Vinton. a brilliant young lawyer of New
York city, and Eric, a successful business man of
St. Paul. Adm. Dahlgren died suddenly from heart
disease iu Washington, D. C.. July 12. 1870, and
was buried in Laurel Hill cemetery, Philadelphia.
DAHLGREN, Ulric, soldier, was born in Bucks
cou ity, PH., in 1842, son of John Adolph and Mary
Clement (Bunker) Dahlgren. He received his educa-
tion in Washington, and at the
earliest age showed that steadiness
and earnestness of character which
shone out so prominently in after
years. At the outbreak of the
civil war he was reading law in
Philadelphia with an uncle, but
at once left his desk to uphold the
flag. He was appointed captain by
Pres. Lincoln, and reported to Gen'.
Sigel at Harper's Ferry, where he
placed some of his father's guns
in battery in a very difficult posi-
tion. He dashed into Fredericks-
burg with one company of the 3d
Indiana cavalry and surprised a
l.-n ".e force of the enemy's cavalry,
holding the town several hoursand
returning with thirty-one prison-
ers. This daring feat has been
painted by Felix (I. C. Darley, and
with its reproductions in oil and photography serves
as an object lesson to the youth of our land. He
served as an aide to Gen. Sigel, and later to Gens.
Burnside, Fremont, Hooker and Pope, greatly dis-
tinguishing himself by repealed acts of exceptional
bravery. He was among the lirst to cross the river
rd the fatal Fredericksburg. At Chancellorsville he
stayed the Confederate advance by a desperate
charge. At second Bull Run, as chief of artillery
under Gen. Sigel, be contested " Stonewall's " ad-
vance, step by step, and enabled the disorganized Fed-
eral forces to throw up iutrenchmcnts, from which
they could not be driven. At Gettysburg he rcndeied
signal service to the cause; with a small force be
wrought havoc with Lee's trains, destroying 179 wag-
ons, and on their retreat lie harried them sothal they
turned at bay. Here he lost his leg in a dash on I heir
front, and had to retire for some months. The
struggle for life was long and intense, but he passed
the trying ordeal of three amputations, and was
promoted over the grades of major and lieutenant-
colonel to a colonelcy for gallant and meritorious
service, the commission bc'ng brought by Sec.
Slanton's own hand to the sulTerer; a most unusual
depailure from the ordinary course of procedure,
but intended to give greater importance to the honor
conferred. As soon as he could move, and after a
visit to his father at Charleston, he was again found
at the head of his men, and lost his life in a daring
al tempt to liberate the Federal prisoners confined
in Libby prison and Belle Isle. A blundering guide
misled iiiiu, still, with a handful of men he carried
the first line of infantry, only to be hurled back from
the second and strongly reinforced one. In trying
to lead out his few survivors he was shot from
ambush and instantly killed at I be head of his men,
March 4, 1864. Young Dahlgicn's brilliant record
bad gained him a national reputation, and naturally
excited the envy and enmity of man}' small minds.
Either this motive, or a desire to contribute to the
growing disaffection in some quarters at IMK father's
conduct of the naval operations against Charleston,
led to the desecratfon of bis body on the battle-field.
The Confederate authorities circulated the leport,
that a paper bad been found in his pocket containing
diieciions to his men to indiscriminately destroy life
and property in Richmond upon its capture. This
instrument was proved a torgery, both because the
handwriting was not his. and because the signature
" U. Dalhgren " was contrary to bis habit and mis-
spelled. No credence was attached to il at the North,
at any time.
DAHLGREN, Charles Bunker, engineer and
late captain, U. S. navy, was born near Philadelphia,
Pa., Oct.. 23, 1839. the eldest son of Rear-Adm.
John A. Dahlgren and Mary Clement (Bunker)
Dahlgren, his first wife, and is the last surviving
child of that marriage, lie was educated at the
Rittenbnuse Academy in Washington, and brought
up in a naval and military atmosphere at the capital
of the nation, lie was graduated in 1857, and for
the next three years be studied ordnance and steam
engineering at the West Point foundry, and entering
the engineer corps, U. S. navy, was graduated nt
the head of a large class at the beginning of the war,
and was transferred to the line from the engineer
corps. He was with Capt. Wilkes on the San
Jaeinto when he captured the Confederate eommis
sioners Mason and Slidell, and
with Com. D. D. Porter from
New Orleans to Vicksbur".-.
In 1863 he participated in all
the actions, from the capture,
by assault, of Arkansas Post
lo the surrender of Vicks-
burir. After the passage of the
batteries on April 16th, Capt.
W.-iIke said: " Ensign Dahl-
gren was present everywhere,
actively receiving and trans-
mitting orders during that ter-
rible lire of infantry and artil-
lery." For his service at this
time he received promotion
and a command. In his
official report Com. D. I).
Porler said: "Lieut. Dahl
gren was assigned for duty by
Hen. Mel'heison to the man-
agement of the naval battery of two ix-inch Dabl-
grcn shell - guns, which was well served." Con-
tinued and arduous service and severe injuries sent
him lo the hospital for three months, after which he
.-main undertook active duty, this time in the East,
si i \ing in front of Charleston under his father, and
on the James river (U.S.S. (tnonda^a, atwo-turreled
monitor) protecting the right of* Gen. Grant's army.
Later he served as fleet ordnance officer of tin
N.A.B. squadrmi, as executive officer of the Gettys-
burg, and in the bloody assault on Fort Fisher,
where he narrowly escaped death, being one of the
two officers who were not killed or wounded. After
the surrender of Lee in 18(55, Capt. Dahlgren ten-
dered his resin-nation, although urged by the navy
department to remain in the service. For the next
twenty-live years be followed, in the far West, his
chosen profession of engineering, and wrote several
war papers and a standard technical work on the
"Historic Mines of Mexico," which has become
the authority on the subject, and "The Dahlgren
Gun." He belongs to the Masonic fraternity and the
OF AMERICAN BIO(i ItAI'H V.
381
G. A.R., and is a member of the Loyal Legion, the
Naval Order, the American Engineers' Sen ie-ty anil
several historical associations. He resides in Tren-
Lon, N. J. As commander nf the naval reserve of New
Jeisev, he look part in the Spanish war on the U. S.
Steamer Kesolute, which was present al the battle of
Santiago harbor anil the de-struction of Cervera's
lle-i-l, July 3. 1898, and at Manzanillo, on Hie- liilh.
He- was ina.-rii-il, in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1867,
to Augusta, daughter of William A. Smith, ami a
ilesccnclaiit of Henry Wisncr (1720-90), a delegate te
the first three Continental congresses. Two of his
sons are- John A. ami Ulric Dahlgren.
DAHLGREN, JohnVinton, lawyer, was born
in Valparaiso, Chili. April 22, 18(58, son of John
Adeilph and Madeleine (Viuton) Dahlgren. His
father was, at that time, in command of the South
Paeilie1 squadron. The- mother of Mr. Dahlgren, a
woman of rare intellectual and literary ability, ami
a ilaughler of Samuel Fiiiellay Vinton, long distin-
guished as lawyer, statesman and congressman — Yin
ton count v ( *. . v\ as named for him — was his father's
scconel \\ife-. Her mother was Komaine Made-lei ne- Bu-
reau, whose- I'alln-r, I'icrre Bureau, emigrale-d le,()bi,
in 1792, ar.d was one- of H: .-earliest si ale- senators ; .Mr.
Vin ton's giant I fat her, Abiathar Vim on, was a soldier
in Ihe revolutionary war. John Vintein Dalduri'ii
receivcel his early education in Washington. I). ('..
and, entering Georgetown University, \\asgiaduale-d
valeilictorian of his class in ISS'.I. ||e then began
preparation for the bar in the law school of the same
university, and after his graduation, in IS!!',', was ad-
mitted to practice in Hie supreme court, of the Dis-
trict of Columbia. In the same year he removed lo
New York city, where he was admitted te the- bar
in lsi)4, and began professional prat-lice. < »ne of Ids
earliest clients was Slephenson Constable, who, ii|
his appointment by Mayor Strong as superintendent
of the department of buildings, in March, ls!i5,
named Mr. Dahlgren first assistant attorney. Upon
the resignation of Gen. Thomas Ewing as attorney
of the department, in December, 1S9.~>, .Mr. Dald^rei,
was appointed his successor, anil filled the office w itb
credit, and acceptance for one year, when, as hail
once been the case- with his distinguished father, fail-
ing eyesight, induced by overwork, compelled his
resignation. Amid Ih; arduous duties of his office,
Mr. Dahlgren found time to
systematize the work by Ihe
preparation of his book, " Dahl-
'jren's Building Law Manual"
(1897), which is a complete
collation of all laws relating
to his department, and has
(1899) passed through three
editions. Neillie-r his native
activity of mind, imr his ex-
e-e-lle-nt public record, would
allow of his continuing in
retirement; anel early in 1898
Gov. Black nominated him a
commissioner of the state board
of charities for the full term
of eight years ; his appoint-
ment being confirmed by the
senate on March 25, 1898. Mr.
Dahlgren was married, June
29. 1889, to Elizabeth, third
daughter of Joseph W. Drexel, the well-known
banker and philanthropist, the Most Rev. Michael
A. Corrigan, archbishop of New York, performing
the ceremony. Mr. Dahlgren's brother, Eric, was
later married to Lucy Drexel, second daughter of
Mr. Drexel, thus doubly uniting these two promi-
nent families. The mother of Mrs. Dahlgren. Lucy
Wharton Drexel, is a lineal descendant of Thomas
V
Wharton, revolutionary and first slate governor cf
Pennsylvania. Mr. and .Mrs Dahliiicn resided in
New York City, where their home was a centre of
generous hospital iiv. They had one child. Mr. Dahl-
gren died at Colorado Springs, Col., Aug. 11, 1899.
HEAD, James Marshall, lawyer, was born in
Sumner county, Tenn., July 2.~>, ls,V>, son of James
Marshall and Barthenia I Is ran ham) Head, His lather
was a prominent physician,
u hose piactice in Sunnier
county extended over a period
of fifty years. His moihei
was Hie daughter of John
Branham, of Simmer county,
an extensive miller and
manufacturer. His paternal
jTandfalher anil grandmol her,
Ihe lalier a relative of the
.Marshall family of Virginia,
removed to Sumner county,
early in the- nineteenth cen-
tury, and there engaged in
farming. James M . 1 lead at-
tended schools al (lallalin.
Teim., I hen read law for two
years under Hon. John J. Ve-r-
trces. preparatory to enter-
in- the law dcparlnienl of
I larvard University. I le w as
jiadiiated at that institution
in 187<>. and began practice, at Gallatin. In 1SSO, he
uas elected a member of Ihe general assembly as
a low-tax Democrat, and in 1SS2 was re elected.
While serving in Ihe legislature he was considered
to be one of its most useful members. He1 served
as chairman of the judiciary committee, and \\asa
member of the special committee appointed to draft
•he bill, which suhse<|iiei]tly became a law, for the
adjustment of the stale debt. Though not seeking
political preferment, .Mr. Head has ever been an ar-
dent Democrat, and has yielded to the' demands,,!'
his associates to take part in the parly organizations.
For ten years he was a member of the stale Demo-
cratic executive committee, and in IS'.Hi w as elected
to the Democratic national executive committee- for
Tennessee, still being a member (18!t'.ti. In 18S3,
he re-moved his residence to Nasln ill,-, and rapidly
accpiiii'd a large and lucrative' practice He became
a member of the firm of Champion A: Head, now
Champion. He-ad vv. Brown, one of the: best known
law firms in Tennessee, with an extensive practice,
especially ill the chancery courts, lie is president
of the board of directors of the Tennessee industrial
school, an institution founded by a private citizen,
but adopte-d by the state. Its success, in a great
measure, has been due to the intelligent and zealous
guidance of Mr. Head. In 1894, he beanie chief
eelitorof the Nashville ' 'American,'' a leading Demo-
cratic journal, in which he had long eiwneel a con-
trolling interest, and directed its policy in favor of
the free coinage e>f silver and a tariff for revenue
only. In 188o7he called a convention of the Demo-
crats of the state and effected an organization in fa-
vor of free coinage. The influence of the newspa-
per was exerted to promote the holding of a centen-
nial exposition, and Mr. Head was made one of the
board of directors, his firm having charge of all law
matters connected with the exposition. The extent
of Mr. Head's culture, and his pronounced literary
tastes, are shown both by his conversation and by
his library, which is one of the largest and best se-
lected in the state. Mr. Head was married, at Nash-
ville, June 30, 1885, to Minnie, daughter of William
H. Cherry, a well-known capitalist and manufac-
turer, of Nashville. They have three children —
Annie Cherry, James Marshall, Jr., and Mary Cor-
nelia.
382
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
HART, William Henry Harrison, attorney-
general of California, was burn in Yorkshire, Eng-
land, Jan. 25, 1S48, son of John and Mary (Hugill)
Hart. His father was a wealthy farmer of York-
shire, and a descendant of that sturdy stock which
has given to England her men of thought and action
and made her what she is. In 1852 his parenis
came to the United Slates and settled at Little Rock,
Kendall Co., 111., where, in April, 1856, he was stolen
by a party of Blackhawk Indians, and only recov-
ered from them in the following October. In 1857
the family moved to Clinton county, la., where his
mother died in 1858 and his father in
1859. Young Hart was then only
eleven years of age, so the struggle
of life commenced for him while a
mere boy. He went to live with a
qiiasi-guardian, whose treatment was
so uufatherly that in 18(il he ran
away, and through the kindness of
a friend of his father made his way
to Cairo, 111. Here he joined Hinek
ley, an old school companion, fifteen
years his senior, who. on account of
important services rendered to Gen.
Grant, had been commissioned to
organi/.c.1 a company of scouts. Hart
enlisted; was sworn in Jan. '23, 1802,
anil a few days later left for Pn-
ducah. With them he took part in
the campaigns of Douelson, Shiloh,
Vicksburgand Chattanooga. In com-
mand of the company he performed important ser-
vices at the battle of Missionary Ridge, and was
wounded three times while carrying dispatches, from
Grant to Sherman's command, across a portion of
the field (between Citico Creek and Sherman's right)
occupied by the Confederate forces. After partial
recovery he returned home in March, 1864, but in
May he enlisted as a private in the 44th Iowa, and
was mustered out in September. In February, 1865,
he re-enlisted in the 147th Illinois, and was finally
inusiercil out of the service in February, l*iiil. ml
ollVrrd a colonel's commission, which he declined.
He was wounded five limes, at Shiloh, Pullums
Ferry and Cilico Creek. In I lie summer of lS('>."i,
while doing provost duty- at Dawsou, Terrell co.,
Ga., Judge Russell of that place suggested to Hart
the study of law and presented him with a copy of
Blackstone. The young man followed the advice,
and during two years after leaving the army he
attended ihe public schools during the daj' and
studied law at night. In September, 1868, lie was
admitted to practice in the county courts, in isii'.t in
the district courts and in 1870 in the supreme courts
of Iowa. Success attended his practice. He won
reputation as a superior criminal lawyer, and was
elected attorney of the city of De Will. Desir-
ing a wider Held he removed in 1S73 to California,
and I he same year was admitted to practice in
the supreme court of the state. In 1874 he was
admitted to the U. S. supreme court and the U. S.
court of claims. In California, Gen. Hart devoted
himself to the civil law in all its branches with
marked success. He is one of the best mining law-
yers in I he -talc; a reputation lie gained in the Cop-
per Queen cases in Arizona and sustained in num-
berless other important cases. The Blythe case,
involving over $5,000,000 and 1,600,000 acres of
land, out of which he got a fee of over $000,000 and
200,000 acres of land, the largest fee ever obtained
by any lawyer of the United Slates, in its long
course, gave opportunity for the display of Gen.
Hart's legal knowledge and ability. Pitied against
many of the ablest lawyers of the coast, lie carried
the case to a successful finish for the claimant, Flor-
ence Blythe, and at the end of the long trial was
admitted even by his opponents to have shown com-
plete mastery of the case in all its various details
and evidence, as well in reference to the collateral
claimants and the alleged widows, as to his own
client. The necessary preparation for Ihis case, the
longest and bitterest legal contest ever fought in the
state, was intricate, arduous and enormous, involv-
ing the gathering and selecting of evidence in Great
Britain, France and Australia. In the trial 208
witnesses teslilied orally, 139 depositions were intro-
duced, ami the pleadings drawn by him personally
tilled 2,200 primed pages. The trial lasted 228 days
and was followed by twenty lour appeals to the
supreme court of the state, but in every case llie
judgment of the lower court was affirmed in favor
of his client. Of the 5.025 claimants, 188 appeared
and joined issue, one as daughter, his client, two
claiming to lie wives of Blythe, and nineteen men
claim ing that they had been born of as many different
mothers. Through all the trial and in the various
appeals of the case Gen. Hart exhibited a wonderful
power of analysis; keen appreciation of the weak
and stroni: points of the case; a ready judgment to
select the right means to meet difficulties; a great
constructive ability, profound acquaintance with the
principles of law; and oratorical ability of the first
quality. Perhaps the most remarkable thing is the
fact that in all this ciioi moils and intricate work, he
committed not one mistake in the introduction of
evidence or the drawing of pleadings. "The law,"
says Blackslonc, "is the pcrledion of common
sense," and it is that even-balanced common sense,
rarer even than genius, which has marked Gen.
Hart's career throughout and brought him the hon-
ors he now enjoys. In the Swift campaign, in 1886,
Gen. Hart was the Republican candidate for attorney-
general of the state, and although the party was de-
feated, ran ahead of his ticket more than 7,000 votes.
In 1889 he was the originator and chief promoter
and agent in passing the belt railway bill for San
Francisco, which gave the city a railway around the
maigin of the bay. to lie controlled by the state
board of harbor commissioners, and to be free to all
shippers of freight and all railways coming into San
Francisco. The following campaign, in 1890, he
was elected altorney-uciicral of the slate by a plur-
ality of 17,140, and signalized his tenure of office by
many able and courageous measures, notably the
securing judgment, and recovery of $1,000,000 of
back taxes from the Southern Pacific railroad sys-
tem, which was affirmed by the U. S. supreme court,
and the inauguration of suits to recover for the state
the ownership of the Oakland water front, a matter
involving at least $25,000,000. Gen. Hart has de-
voted years of study to international law, in which
he ranks without a peer in the West. He is a student
of art, literature and science, and a profound thinker
on political science and economy. From his boy-
hood Gen. Hart has made mineralogy, geology and
chemistry a subject of close study and investigation.
During one of his many researches he found a min-
eral, known as osnium, that could not be burnt or
deployed. He took it to an electrician who, after
experimenting, pronounced it. to be capable of
storing electricity. Further investigation on Gen
Hart's part disclosed the fact that he had discovered
the only mine in the world in which osnium is found
in metal form, with a new metal, in large quantities.
By uniting this metal with other products, electric
candles, controllers and electric storage batteries are
made, which far exceed anything heretofore discov-
ered or invented. Although not affiliated with any
religious denomination, he is a strong believer that
God rules men and the destiny of nations, and his
contributions to worthy charitable causes are liberal,
unostentatious, and limited by no sect or creed. His
personal magnetism is strong, and his reasoning log-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
383
ical and sure, and by reason of his unassuming char-
acter, unfailing courtesy and easy approachability,
he enjo\ s mvat social popularity, anil wields a vast,
influence in political and professional circles. He is
a member of the (J. A. I!., of the Order of Odd-
fellows. .Masons, and of the Golden Gate Command-
ery, Knights Templars. Gen. Hart was married
Sept. Id, 1*74, to Loretta B.. daughter of .lames
lledden, of De Witt, la., a lady of many acconi-
pli-limeiits. They liave one son, Lowell .1. Hart,
horn Aug. 11, 1888.
IRVING, William, merchant and author, was
born in New York city, Aug. 15, 17(>f>. His father
was William Ii vim;, a Scotchman, who settled ill
New York in ITiil!. where he engaged in business,
associated himself intimately with his church, and
brought up in the fear of the Lord eight children,
of whom Washington Irving was the youngest,
and William the eldest. They were a gifted family,
and, though far outshone by their youngesl brother,
the elder members were not without considerable
literary talent. William began his career as a fur
trader on the Mohasvk river from 17*7 to 1791, dur-
ing which time it may be supposed that lie gathered
information concerning the Indian trade, which \\as
afterwards helpful to his gifted brother in the com
pilalion of "Astoria." lie afterwards engaged in
nieicanlile life in New York, and here his literary
lastes found vent in coin rilnit ions to " Salmagundi."
then being composed by his brother ami James K.
I'aulding. Some of (lie poetical pieces are by him,
and lie also supplied hints and sketches from which
his brother prepared portions of the prose of "Sal-
magundi," notably the letters of Muslapha. in num-
bers five and fourteen. lie was a member of con-
gress from 1st:! to l*l!t; was married, to a sister of
James K. Paulding, Nov. 7, 1793; and died, in
New York city, Nov. 0, 1*21.
FITZHTJGH, George, lawyer and writer on
social subjects, was born in Prince William county,
Va., July 2, 1*117, a descendant of William Sniiih
of Bedford, England, who emigrated to Virginia
about 1679, and was a lawyer, planter ami merchant.
George Fit/.hiigh was chiefly self-educated, but be-
came a successful lawyer and practiced for many
years at Port Royal, Va. During Buchanan's ad-
ministration, he was employed in the land claim de-
partment, at. Washington, and about that time visited
Boston where he lectured once or twice. He was a
contributor to the Xew York "Day Book," the
"Richmond Examiner," " De Bow's Review," and
other magazines and newspapers, and published
"Sociology for the South; or, the Failure of Free
Society" (1854); and " Cannibals All ; or, Slaves
without Masters" (1*56). His writings defend
slavery and extol the southern people, who, in his
opinion, are descendants of master races and nat-
urally opposed to the "descendants of Saxon serfs"
who settled New England. Mr. Fitzhugh died at
Huutsville. Walker eo,, Tex., July 30, 1881.
WOODS, James, banker and iron merchant,
was born in Montgomery county, Va., Dec. 10,
1793, son of James Woods. When he was nineteen
years of age he went to Nashville, Tenn., where his
elder brothers were established in business, but soon
removed to Trenton, Ky., and opened a general
store. He returned to Nashville in 1*19 and engaged
in the grocery and commission business and also es-
tablished a transportation business. His brothers,
in connection with Thomas Yeatman, carried on a
large banking business under the style of Yeatman,
Woods & Co., and also operated iron works on an
extended scale in Stewart county, Tenn. After the
death of Mr. Yeatman and the retirement of Joseph
Woods, he became associated with his brother Rob-
ert in the management of these enterprises, the ill
health of his brother soon throwing the entire burden
-Upon his shoulders, lie successfully conducted the
business of the bank through the lr\ing limes from
I*:'M to 1842, and on a final liquidation, distributed
to the owners ten times as much as the estimated as-
sets when he took charge. The iron business was
equally successful, and Mr. Woods virtually con-
trolled the New Orleans market, the product of his
iron works competing successfully with the b 'st
from Sweden and Norway. During tifly years o(
active business lite in Nashville, Mr. Woods con-
trol In I lar:je interests, a If eel ing all classes in UK; com-
munily, and with such justice and fairness that he
attained an enviable repulal ion among his associates.
In private life he was noted for his unostentatious
charily. Mr. Woods was married at Trenton, Ky.,
to Elizabeth Ann Kay of the adjoining town of
Elkton, who bore him several children, lie died at
Nashville. Aug. !l, l*7-">.
TRUMBULL, Henry Clay, author, was born
at Sioninglon, (.'01111.. .June s, |s;io brother of James
Hammond Trumbull, the philologist, and member of
the family which has laken so prominent a part in
the history and literature of Connecticut, lie was
ediicaied partly at home, partly at Williston Semi-
nary, East Hampton, Mass. In 1*51 he removed to
Hail lord, 1 em; aged in railroad business, but, com-
ing under strong religious influences, took up Sunday-
school work, and in 1*5* became the niissioiiaiA of
the State Sunday-school Association. In 1*02 he
became chaplain of the Illl h ( 'onnectieut regiment,
having been ordained to the Congregational minis-
try, and served through the war. In l*l>:'> he was
laken prisoner before Forl Wagner, and "as con-
fined in Chariest on jail, at Columbia, S ('.. and later in
l.ibby prison, at Kichinond, Va. ( )n his release, hi- re-
turned to duty with his regiment. At I he ei.d of the
war he became New England secretary of the Ameri-
can Sunday school Union, with headquarters at Hart-
ford, and later had charge of its normal work for
the entire country. The degree of M.A. was con-
ferred upon him by Yale College in !*(!(>. and that of
D.I)., by Lafayette College, in 1**:!, and the Uni-
versity of New York, in lss-4. In 1875 he removed
to Philadelphia with his son-in-law, John D. Wat-
tles, to take charge of "The Sunday-
school Times." "in 1881 ill health
forced him to travel and he made
a visit to Egypt, Arabia, and Syria,
studying closely the track of the
Exodus, and identifying the site
of Kadesh -barnea, which plays so
noted a part in the history of the
wanderings of the Israelites. Iul888
he was Lyman Beecher lecturer at the
Divinity School of Yale University.
He continues inactive Sunday-school
work in Philadelphia, in addition
to his editorial labors. He has pub-
lished a number of books. Three
originated in his army experiences;
"Some Army Sermons" (1864);
"The Knightly Soldier" (1865),
and "The Captured Scout of the
Army of the James" (1869). The
fruits of his travels are manifest in the group in-
cluding " Kadesh-baruea " (1884); "The Blood
Covenant " ( 1885) ; " Studies in Oriental Social Life "
(1894), and "The Threshold Covenant; or. The
Beginning of Religious Rites " (1896). Others deal
directly with his life work, such as "Teaching and
Teachers" (1*84) ; " Yale Lectures on the Sundav-
scl I ".(1888); "Teachers' Meetings" (1896), and
"Hints on Child-Training" (1890). A number of
his editorials have been brought together in a series
of six small volumes (1889). His more recent works
have been republished in London.
HS4
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
ROOT, George Frederick, musician and com-
poser, was born at Sheffield, Berkshire co., Mass.,
Aug. 30, 1820, sou of Frederick F. and Sarah (Flint)
Root. In 1826 his parents removed to Reading,
Middlesex co., where he grew up on a farm. His
was a musical family, his brothers and sisters being
gifted either as vocalists or performers, and before
he left home he had learned to play, unaided, several
instruments. About the year 1838 he went to Bos-
ton, where he began to study under A. N. Johnson,
a prominent teacher of that city, and advanced so
rapidly that he became an assistant to his instructor.
He was associated with Lowell Mason also in the
first experiment in this country of introducing singing
as a regular branch of education in the public
schools, and was also director of two choirs. In
1844 Mr. Root went to New York city on invitation
of Jacob Abbot, who. with his brothers, had estab-
lished a young ladies' seminary there; and, in addi-
tion to giving instruction in that institution, taught
in the Rutgers Institute, the Institute for the Blind,
and elsewhere, and was leader of the choir in the
Mercer Street Presbyterian Church. In 1850 he
visited Europe, and spent a year in study in Paris,
returning with enlarged ideas and greater ambition.
In the autumn of 1852, he opened at Dodsworth
Hall, in New York city, the first normal musical
institute ever held in this country; and three years
later, when it was well estab-
lished, gave up teaching to devote
himself tc: composition and the
conducting of musical conven-
tions. His first song, "Hazel
Dell," appeared in 1853, and
became extremely popular, as
did those that followed, such as
"Rosalie, the Prairie Flower,"
"There's Music in the Air," and
the war songs: notably, "The
Battle Cry of Freedom" (1861)
and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the
Boys are Marching " (1864). The
words of some of the ballads were
trivial, but the melodious quality
of the compositions captivated
the uncritical, and the patriotism
that found vent in the war songs
is still gratefully remembered
by millions who were thrilled
and encouraged by them. Many of his compositions
for church use are as widely known as his secular
pieces. "How Lovely is Zion," "When Shall the
Voice of Singing," and "The Shining Shore," for
example, and a number of the most popular of the
"Gospel Songs" are from his pen. In this line of
composition Mr. Root was particularly successful,
and during the later years of his residence in Mew
York he was connected with the publishing-house of
Mason & Bradbury in the production of church
music-books. In 1859 Mr. Root removed to Chi-
cago, where he established the publishing-house of
Root & Cady, one of his brothers being associated
with him. The firm prospered until the autumn of
1871, when, by the great fire, a loss of f 250, 000 was in-
curred. After this, John Church & Co., of Cincin-
nati, purchased the good-will of the firm, and the
Chicago house was conducted under the name of
Root & Sous. Mr. Root continued to live in Chi-
cago, devoting his time to composition, in which In1
was exceedingly fertile. The popularity of his work
abroad, as well as at home, may lie judged from the
fact that the catalogue of musical publications in the
British Museum (to which a copy of everything pub-
lished in the kingdom must be sent) gives more than
twenty pages to this one composer. His works in-
clude cantatas ("The Flower Queen" (1852), "The
Haymakers" (1857), "Daniel," "Belshazzar's
Feast," "David," ;' The Pilgrim Fathers," "Under
the Palms," etc.); singing-books for Sunday and
day-schools, singing-classes and conventions; church
music -books; piano and organ - books, and sheet
music of varied character. Mr. Root was widely
honored and beloved; his manly, Christian character
and his genial manner impressing themselves upon
all who became acquainted with him. His auto-
biography, entitled "The Story of a Musical Lite."
was published in 1891. He died while at his sum-
mer home at Bailey's Island, off the coast of Maine,
Aug. 6, 1895. His eldest daughter, Mrs. Clara Louisa
Burnbam, is well known as an author.
ROOT, Frederic Woodman, musician, was
born in Boston, June 13, 1846, son of Dr. George
Frederick and Mary Olive (Woodman) Root. Both
of his parents were professional musicians and mem-
bers of musical families. On the paternal side, his
grandfather, Capt. Frederick Ferdinand Root, of
Sheffield, Mass., was a choir leader and singer, while
his grandmother was one of a large family all of
whom were accomplished musicians. His mother's
parents were the principal choir leaders and singers
of Newburyport, Mass.; her sister was the solo
soprano of Bowdoin street choir, under Dr. Lowell
Mason, and her brother, J. C. Woodman, a profes-
sional musician, was author of the church tune,
" State Street," and father of the organist and com-
poser, R. Huutingtou Woodman. The sou spent
his earliest _years in New York city, surrounded by
musicians, and hearing of little else besides music
and musicians, rehearsals and concerts, church music
and singing lessons. His father's profession pre-
vented his living long in one place, and he frequent-
ly removed from Boston to New York, then to
North Reading, Mass., where he lived for a short
time with his grandparents before passing on to
Brunswick, Me., and from there to Newton and
Aulmrndale, Mass. This interfered with his regular
studies, which had to be made up in later years; but
his musical education was carried on steadily after
his sixth year. He was always impatient of instru-
mental practice, but at an early age began to com-
pose music, and his musical taste was educated to a
high degree. After studying under his father and
B. C. Blodgett, now in charge of the musical depart-
ment in Smith College, he went, at the age of six-
teen, to New York city, where he studied piano under
Dr. William Mason, and organ with James Flint, of
Madison Square Church. There he made his first
public appearance as an organist. In 1863 he re-
moved to Chicago. 111., and became organist of the
Third Presbyterian church, and, after three years,
of the Swedenborgiau church. At the same time, he
held a position in the publishing department of the
music-house of Root & Cady, of Chicago, and made
occasional tours, as pianist and accompanist, into the
Northwest with popular artists of that day. lie also
began the study of vocal music at this time, under
his father. In 1869 he went to Europe and spent a
year or two in travel and work, studying piano and
singing in Berlin and Florence. Mr. Root published,
during his early years in Chicago, a large number of
musical compositions, the value of which he himself
considers small, but some of which seized the popu-
lar fancy. Occasionally in these early years he
wrote in a more serious vein, as in the case of a song
"Beyond" and a duet with four hand accompani-
ment, "The Crimson Glow of Sunset Fades."
Among his later compositions are the songs: "For
Your Dearest Heart." "Through Winter Snow and
Summer Shine," "The Knight of Old" and "A
Hushaby Song," the words written by Eugene Field
for Jessie Bartlett Davis, who requested Mr. Root to
set them to music; also a "Te Deum in G"; an
anthem, "The Earth is the Lord's"; a quartet,
"Soft Floating in the Evening Air"; and a cantata,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
385
"The Landing of the Pilgrims," which was per-
formed by the Beethoven Society under Curl Wolf-
solm. lie has made numerous arrangements for
quartets and chorus, and for many years gave an
annual entertainment, for which he generally wrote
a musical play or short operetta, some of which have
been published, including " The Old Melodeon " and
" Castauea. " As a conductor, he has had great success
from the earliest years of his life in Chicago. He con-
ducted for years at the summer sessions of the Na-
tional Normal Musical Institute, and had charge of
a choral society in Hyde Park which gave all the
principal oratorios. In 1889 he organized and con-
ducted a festival chorus of 400 voices in a series of
concerts given by P. S. Gilmore's band and several
leading vocalics. lie conducted the Silver Lake
Assembly festival in New York in 1895, and in 1884
organized in Chicago the "War Songs Concerts,"
which were repealed for years. He published, on
Hie theory of vocalization, "The School of Singing,"
in 1ST:!; and later, "Root's New Course in Voice
Culture and Singing" and "Root's Condensed
Method." In 1893, he resumed for a year his vocal
studies in Germany, Italy, France and Kngland, ami
after his return published a series of articles in the
Cincinnati "Musical Messenger." entitled "The
Polychrome Lessons; or, How to Train My Voice."
He edited " Root's Special Edition of Songs of the
Great Masters," Nos. 1 and 2: "The International
Song Album," "The Song Recital Album," "The
Columbia Choir Collection," "Studies from the
Opera" and "Exercises in Pitch and Rhythm,"
Many of the leading American professional singers
have been his pupils. Mr. Root was married in Cin-
cinnati, O., in 1874, toadaughter of S.S. Smith, Esq.
BURNHAM, Clara Louise, novelist, was born
at Newton, Mass., May 25, 1854, oldest daughter of
George F. and Mary Olive (Woodman) Root Her
father, a musical composer, was famous for bis war
songs, "Battle Cry of Freedom," "Tramp, Tramp,
Tramp," etc., and others. Her ancestors on botli
sides for several generations back were noted for
their musical attainments, although following other
vocations. Her great - great - grandfather, Azariah
Root, was a colonel in the revolutionary war. When
very young, she removed with her family to Chi-
cago, where she attended public and private schools.
Her frequent visits to New England have kept her
closely in touch with New England ways and ideas.
While in her teens, she was married to Mr. Burn-
liam. The peculiarity of her experience was that
she had no literary connections and no leaning to-
ward authorship; but she was urged by one of her
brothel's to try to write, as he recognized talent in
her letters. He continued his persuasions for a year
before she laughingly consented to prove to him that
she had no talent. With scarcely any obstacles to
overcome, she almost immediately met with success.
Her first novel, "No Gentleman," was published in
188!, others following in quick succession: "A Sane
Lunatic" and "Dearly Bought." In 1886 appeared
" Xext Door," which won her great popularity, and
added greatly to her reputation as a novelist. Others
followed: " Young Maids and Old," "The Mistress
of Beech Knoll," " Miss Baggs' Secretary " and "Dr.
Latimer." "Sweet Clover," one of her most suc-
cessful stories, was published in 1894, being a pure-
toned romance of the "White City." The "Art
Interchange" speaks of Mrs. Burnham thus, in
noticing one of her novels: "In bright, airy chatter,
sparkling with fun and wit, this author has scarce
an equal among to-day's story-tellers; and for the
clever showing up of superficial oddities and man-
nerisms, none is her superior." Mrs. Burnham wrote
the text for several of her father's cantatas, and has
contributed poems and stories to periodicals.
VOL. IX.— 25.
SHERWOOD, William Hall, pianist and com-
poser, was born at Lyons, N. Y. , Jan. 31, 1854, son
of Rev. Lymau Hinsdaleand Mary (Balis) Sherwood.
He belongs to a family of English origin, remarka-
ble for the number of prominent men it has pro-
duced. His great-grandfather, Lemuel Sherwood,
was a captain in the army during the revolutionary
war. His grandfather, Judge Lyman Sherwood,
was noted throughout New York state for pro-
bity and learning, an;', other ancestors were not
less conspicuous as patriots and public citizens.
William II. Sherwood's teacher, until he reached the
age of seventeen, was his father, who was the
founder of the Lyons (N. Y.) Musical Academy,
and to the patient, thorough guidance of that par-
ent Mr. Sherwood attributes his own success. He
\\a- well drilled in mathematics and the classics at
the same time, but instead of entering college went
to New York to devote his Thole time to music,
having there as instructors Edward Heimburger,
Vychowski, and William Mason, who advised him
to study under Kullak, of berlin. In 1871, Mr.
Sherwood placed himself under the last-named in-
structor, who took great pride in his youthful pupil,
and in addition had Deppe for a teacher. For a
short time he studied at Leipsic, and then became a
pupil of Liszt, at Weimar. He took organ lessons at
Stuttgart of Scotson Clark, and courses in theory,
counterpoint and composition
under Dr. Weitzman. Carl
Doppler, R, Wuerst and E. F.
Richter. At Berlin he was
organist of the English chapel,
ami at Stuttgart held a simi-
lar position in the English
church. During his first year
in Berlin he was selected
to play at the Royal Sinir-
Academy, and was received
with great enthusiasm. On
another occasion he rendered
Beethoven's "Emperor Con-
certo " with full orchestra,
under the direction of Royal
Capellmeister Wuerst, before
an audience of 4,000 persons,
and his success was so great
that the performance of this
concerto was demanded and
given five different times in Berlin.
his studies he made a concert tour of some of the
large cities of Germany, and everywhere was con-
ceded to be one of the greatest living pianists. He
declined flattering proposals to remain in Germany
and play in orchestral concerts in various cities, re-
turned to his native country in 1876, and one of
his first public appearances was with Thomas' or-
chestra at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia.
He made Boston his home for several years, and was
prime mover in the organization of the Philhar-
monic Orchestral Society of that city; then removed
to New York, where he remained about three years,
finally establishing himself in Chicago. He is prin-
cipal of the Sherwood Piano School of Chicago, in
which his method of instruction is exclusively used;
all the assistants having been trained by himself.
For ten years he has been examiner at the Conserva-
tory of Toronto, Canada. and also director of the piano
department of the Chautauqua Assembly during
the same period. He was one of the founders of
the American College of Musicians, and was its first
elected examiner. He was one of the first members
of the Music Teachers' National Association and of
other prominent organizations, but while his services
to the country have been recognized by at least two
colleges which have offered him the degree of doc-
tor of music, he has steadily declined the honor.
After finishing
38G
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
He has made frequent tours through the United
States and Canada, playiug with nearly all the lead-
ing orchestras and musical societies, and has an ex-
tended reputation as a teacher as well. In IS'.Mi.
during a vacation trip in Europe, he played by invi-
tation in several large cities, and was urged to return
for regular engagements, including appearances with
leading orchestras of London anil Paris. Hiscom-
IPI Bilious, whicli include impromptus, scherzos,
waltzes and the like, have been played by noted art-
ists, and some of them have been published in Ger-
many. Mr. Sherwood takes a patriotic interest in
the progress of music iu America, and in his own
countrymen who are striving for success as compos-
ers or players, and rarely gives a coucert without
placing the works of Americans on the programme.
He has done original work towards developing an un-
derstanding of newer and more varied ways of man-
aging the arm, wrist, knuckles and fingers of piano
students with a view to greater resources of technique
and touch, and for mure perfect physiological
growth ; while making an equal analysis of the mu-
sical contents of the works of the great masters,
down to the minutest details, thereby" developing in
his pupils both a logical understanding of the prin-
ciples of expression and the most practical and mod-
ern powers of interpretative technique and tnuch.
His pupils occupy positions among the best in our
music schools and largest cities.
SOUSA, John Philip, conductor and composer,
was born in Washington. D. (_'., Nov. (i. isr>4, son
of Antonio and Elizabeth (Trinkhaus) Sousa, — a
Spanish father and German mother.
His early musical training was of
the best, and he began his career as
a violinist when very young. Mean-
while, his studies in harmony and
composition kept pace with his con-
stant instrumental practice, and at
the age of eighteen he became a
leader of theatre orchestras. In the
year 1880 Mr. Sousa was appointed,
under the Hayes administration,
musical director of theUnited States
marine band — this being his first en-
trance into the field of military mu-
sic. For twelve years he filled this
position, serviug'under five succes-
sive presidents, and it is an accepted
fact that he developed the orgauiza-
tion he succeeded to into one of the
foremostmilitarybandsinexistence.
In 1892 the late David Blakely pre-
vailed upon Mr. Sousa to leave the government ser-
vice and create a baud for purely concert, work. Mr.
Sousa acceded to the proposition, and on Aug. 1,
1892, his present band was organized. It began
a tour iu September; has since played in every
town of any prominence in the United States,
Canada, at Manhattan beach, and at the leading
expositions of the country; and was one of the lead-
ing attractions at the World's fair. As a composer,
Mr. Sousa is as widely and favorably known as he is
as a leader. The title of "March King" has been
bestowed upon him by universal acclaim, although
he is rapidly demonstrating that he is entitled to
higher honors in other and wider fields. He is one
of the very few American composers whose woiks
are generally played through Europe. Altogether,
he has composed over two hundred musical works.
Among the most popular are: "The Gladiator,"
"National Fencibles," "Semper Fidelis." "The
Thunderer," "The Crusader," "The Occidental,"
"The Belle of Chicago," " The Beau Ideal," "The
Washington Post," "The High School Cadets,"
"The Liberty Bell," "Manhattan Beach." "King
Cotton," "El Capitau" and "The Stars and Stripes
Forever," marches. His most popular songs are:
"I Wonder"; "My Own, My Geraldine"; " Hoping";
"Sweet Miss Industry": "Oh, Ye Lilies While,'
ami the patriotic song, "The Stars and Stripes For-
ever"; his most popular waltzes ; "La Reiue dc la
Mer," " Paroles d' Amour, " "Intaglio" and "Colo-
nial Dames." In the operatic field, Sousa has
written: "The Smugglers," produced in 1879;
"Desiree," produced in 1884; "Queen of Hearts,"
produced in 1885; "El Capitau," produced in
1896; and "The Bride Elect," produced in 18'J8, the
libretto of the latter opera being also his work.
Among his miscellaneous works is a compilation,
•entitled "National, Patriotic and Typical Songs of
All Lands"; a book of instruction for the trumpet
and drum; a volume of popular music for the violin
and piano, and a volume of popular music for cornet
and piano; also a "Te Deism," and many arrange-
ments of orchestral compositions (for string or wind
instruments), including a symphonic poem, "The
Chariot Race"; scene historical, " Sheridan's Ride";
and two suites, "The Last Days of Pompeii" and
"Three Quotations." He was married, in 1879, to
Jane, daughter of Henry and Louisa Bellis, of
Pennsylvania.
PERKINS, William Oscar, musician, was
born in Stockbridge, Vt., May 23, 1831, sou of Col.
Orson and Hannah (Rust) Perkins. Both parents
\\ere -ble musicians, his father being long noted as
a vocalist and music teacher. The Perkins family
came from England, and settled in 1630 at Plym-
outh, Mass., whence branches spread throughout
the northern, southern and western states. Two of
Mr, Perkins' brothers also became distinguished as
musicians, Henry Southwick and Jule Edson, the
latter becoming the husband of the prima donna,
Marie Rose, and being, at the lime of his death, in
1875, prime basso of Her Majesty's opera iu London.
He was carefully trained in musical studies by his
father. As a boy he performed creditably on several
instruments, and had a high soprano voice, which
later developed into a bass of large compass. He
attended school at Taftsville. Vt , where the family
settled, and entered Kimball Union Academy, where
he pursued a classical course and was graduated in
1S.">4. While at college he was the acknowledged
leader in all musical undertakings of the students.
In 1854 he went to Boston, and there studied at the
Boston Music School, continued his academic studies
in Harvard University, and was bass singer iu the
quartette choir of the Charles Street Church. In
the following winter he organized a male quartette,
the Mendelssohn Vocal Quartette, with which he
made a concert tour in the eastern and middle states.
.Much of the music rendered was arranged and com-
posed by the young leader. In 1856 he returned to
Boston, but left soon to teach for two years in the
New Brunswick. N. J., high school, after which he
returned to Boston and established himself as a
teacher of instrumental and vocal music, and com-
position, and as a choral conductor. In this last
capacity he was particularly successful, becoming,
in 1858', choir conductor at Boston Music Hall, of
Theodore Parker's religious society; and his reputa-
tion spread, being more and more frequently called
upon to conduct musical performances throughout
the northern states and Canada. He also took a
vigorous part in political life, participating iu the
anti-slavery movement; wrote frequently on a
variety of subjects for American periodical publica-
tions, and appeared in public as a lecturer. He
became an excellent linguist, conversant with the
French, Italian, German and Spanish languages, and
made a study of scientific, economic and religious
questions. The years 1871-72 he spent in Europe
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY,
387
at various plan--,, and returning 1i> Boston, he con-
tinued his labors there until 1SS\!. when he removed
to Xew York city. KOI- several years he was an in-
structor in the Ohio Normal Academy of Mu-ic, a
summer school for the -penal instruction of teachers
of music, and at variou- time- \va- associated with
other school- of a similar character. The degree of
duel or of music was conferred upon him by Hamil-
ton College, New York, in IWlt. During 1882^6
he resided in New York, and then, for the following
eii'ht years, made his home in London, England,
where he continued to teach, deliver lecture's and to
write. Returning to America in I HIM, be spent a
year in the southern states, and then returned to
Boston, where he afterwards resided. Aiming Dr.
Perkins' most distinguished pupils are: Jules K. Per-
kins, the famous basso; Mrs. Webster Norcro— ,
who made her debut in the opera " Faust," in isiil.
at Coveut Garden Opera I louse, London, in company
with Melba and the de Ke-/.ke brolbers; .Mrs. L'li/a-
belli Wright Shaw, opera ami concert singer, of l!o-
ton. and the male' quartette, known as the "Mei-tcr
Glee Singers," of London. His tir-l musical work,
"The Choral Harmony," was published in 185'J, and
in the course of hi- career was followed liy mote
than sixty volume- of works which are well known
in America ami Knulaiid. Among the subject- of
which his public lectures treat, are: "The origin
and Use of Music"; " Biography of Musicians";
" Mu-ic as a Means of Education"; "The History
of Music"; "The Human Voice "; "Vocal Acous-
tics"; "The Spiritual Power and Curative Influence
of Music"; "Psychology"; " The Origin of Evil ";
"Buddhism and" Christianity," and "England and
the English." Among his more successful journalis-
tic writings were his analytical criticism of Verdi's
"Aida," from Milan; Bach's "Passion Mu-ic,"
and of Sullivan's " Pinafore "; "Letters from Italy,"
and "Letters from London." Among his later
musical works may be mentioned: " Pan-Songs for
Mixed Voices"; "Part Songs for Men's Voice-";
"The Ariel "; " Sacred Music for Women's Voices" ;
"Sacred Music for Men's Voices," and "New An-
thems for Mixed Voices." The "Musical Herald"
of London, said of Dr. Perkins: " He has a long and
successful record as a bass singer, conductor, com-
poser and vocal trainer, also as a writer and lecturer.
He has been for several years a resident of
London, where he is very prominent in musical,
literary ami social circles. ... He has trained
and brought out man}' talented pupils here, among
the most noted of whom are the Meister Glee Sing-
ers, whose performances surpass, in beauty and ex-
cellence, anything ever before heard in London."
Dr. Perkins possessed, in an unusual degree, the
power to control large bodies of singers and audi-
ences, and to impart instruction; hence his great
success as a conductor, lecturer and teacher. " His
intellectual ability gave him a marked standing
among those with whom he associated.
BIRD, Arthur, composer, was born at Mount
Auburn, Cambridge, Mass., July 23, 1856, son of
Horace and Elizabeth (Hoar) Bird. His father, the
second son of Joseph and Mary (Cutter) Bird, of
Watertowu, Mass. , at an early age showed a talent
for music, and after a course of instruction from
Lowell Mason and George J. Webb, began teaching
music in Cambridge, at the age of eighteen. His
effort proving a success, he gave his entire life to the
cause he had espoused, and for nearly fifty years
conducted singing-schools in the neighborhood of
Boston, until his name was a household word in
thousands of homes. He was a member of the
Academy of Music, Boston, and also of the Handel
and Haydn Society. Arthur Bird attended the pub-
lic school in Watertown, and was graduated at the
high school in Belmont. Fnmi early childhood he
displayed a great fondness for music, and possessed
an unusual talent for free improvisation, so that at
twelve years of age he was appointed organist of the
First Bapti-l Church in Brookliue. In 1875 he went
to Berlin, Germany, to study piano and organ with
Kohile, llaupl and Loeschhorn, and remained until
the summer of 1870. Then returning to Boston, he
accepted the positions of organist and choir-master
at the Kirk, Halifax, N. S., and head piano master
at the young ladies' seminar} in that cilv. His organ
recitals were very popular. In I«S1, returning to
Berlin, he again studied with llaupt and Loe-ch-
horn, devoting particular attention to counterpoint
and orchestration with Heinrich Urban. The sum-
mers of IMS.") and issi; were spent in Weimar with
Liszt, who took a great interest, in Bird's composi-
tions, and often had them played at his soirees. In
February, ISSli, Bird gave hi- first public concert iu
Berlin with the Philharmonic orchestra, conducting
personally an overture, symphony and a suite. The
Critics were unanimous in their praise, and particu-
larly emphasized the fact that Bird was a born Ameri-
can. At the All-Musik\ er
ein concerts, in June, the
same year, his " Carnhal,"
lor orchestra, was pla\ ei'
for the tirs! time (Sonders-
hauseiij, and was greeted
with rounds of applause
and a public congratulation
from Lis/.l. In July he
conducted with great suc-
cess his second suite, for
orchestra, by invitation of
the committee of the
.Norlh American Sanger-
buuil, in Milwaukee, Wis.
Mr. Bird's compositions in-
clude, beside- those already
mentioned, an American
comic opera, "Daphne";
"Rnbezahl," a romantic
and fantastic ballet ; sym-
phony in A major, for grand
orchestra ; an introduction
orchestra ; three suites, in F D
tal music, for flute and orchestra ; suite for ten wind
instruments ; ten original compositions, for Mason
A: Hamlin organ; op. 3S ; two compositions, for
violin and piano ; a large number of works for piano
(two and four hands) ; and songs and part songs.
Mr. Bird resides in Berlin, Germany. He was mar-
ried in Peterborough, England, in 1888, to Wilhel-
mine, daughter of Julius Waldmanu, of Hanover,
Germany.
CAPPA, Carlo Alberto, musician, was born
at Allesandria della Paglia, Sardinia, Dec. 9, 1834.
His father was a major of the llth infantry iu the
Sardinian arm}', and served under the great Napoleon
in his campaign against Russia. He was wounded
in the retreat from Moscow, and died when his son
was but four years old. At the age of ten Carlo en-
tered the Royal Academy at Asti, to which only the
sons of soldiers are admitted. After five years in
the academy, he enlisted with the band of sixth
lancers (Cavallegere d'Aosta). and was at the battle
of Novara in 1849. He was for six years iu the
army service as first trombone in the baud. He then
enlisted in the U. S. navy for a two years' cruise on
board the frigate Congress, under the command of
Com. Breese. and arrived in America Feb. 22, !*•">*.
He first associated himself with Kendall's band, Bos-
ton, Mass., making a tour of the principal cities of
the United States; but subsequently joined Shelton's
celebrated New York band, conducted by Grafulla,
who became leader of the 7th regiment baud in 1859.
and
fugue, for
C majors ;
grand
Orien-
388
Tilt: NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the
Mr. Cappa followed him, and remained •with him
until his death. In 1869 Mr. Cappa became first
trombone of Thomas' orchestra, and continued that
connection for seven years; and also for seven years
played the euphonium with the Mapleson Opera Co.
He accompanied the 7th regiment to Washington
when it answered Pres. Lincoln's call for 75,000
volunteers. In 1881 Mr. Cappa became leader of
the 7th regiment baud, and the celebrity which it
attained was in a great measure due to his untiring
energy and ability as a leader. He was particularly
free from affectation, and conducted his baud with
a dignified composure that betokened a thorough
knowledge of his art. His repertoire was unexcelled
either in this country or in Europe, and by his con-
certs in Central park, New York city, Coney Island,
Brighton Beach, etc. , and those at Quebec, S'au Fran-
cisco, Louisville, Salt Lake City, New York centen-
nial, Cincinnati, St. Louis, the maritime exhibition at
liost.ou, and elsewhere, his reputation became truly
national. Mr. Cappa arranged the music for the
centennial celebration at Newburgh, N. Y., and had
charge of the 2,000 singers who sang at the concert.
At the Louisville exposition he was publicly compli-
mented by the board of managers, decorated by the
festival chorus and elected conductor for the follow-
ing year by a large majority of the popular vote
taken on the last day of the exposition against the
following competitors: Damrosch's orchestra and
Gilmore's baud, each organization having played
engagements for several weeks. At Minneapolis he
was decorated and elected an honorary director of
exposition by the directors. Mr. Cappa did
much to popularize classical
music, and his public concerts
in Central park were important
factors in advancing the musical
education of the masses. He
hail the happy faculty of satisfy-
ing the popular taste, and his
programmes were selected with
an unvarying good judgment that
struck a chord in the heart of
the general public. He com-
posed a number of pieces that
were equally well received ; the
most prominent being "Sardin-
ian March," "Grand Rounds"
and "Battle of Gettysburg."
The last, his most remarkable
production, is a realistic com-
position and has received the
highest commendation every-
where. Mr. Cappa was iden-
tified with the 7th regiment
for over thirty years. He was as popular with his
band as he was with the public, and as highly es-
teemed by his comrades of the Lafayette Post, Grand
Army of the Republic. He was married, in 1862, to
Elizabeth Seyder, an American lady, by whom he
had seven daughters and a son. Mr. Cappa died in
New York cily, Jan. 7, IS'.i:',.
WHITNEY, Samuel Brentou, organist and
composer, was born in Woodstock, Vt., June 4,
1842, son of Samuel and Ajnelia (Hyde) Whitney.
He attended the public school, and subsequently the
Vermont Episcopal Institute at Burlington, and
studied music under various teachers until he went
to New York, and became a pupil of Carl Wels. In
1366 he returned to Vermont, and in the course of
the following four years served as organist in Christ
Church, Montpelier,' Vt. ; St. Peter's, in Albany,
N. Y., and St. Paul's, at Burlington, Vt. He re-
sumed the study of music at Cambridge, Mass., un-
der Prof. John K." Paine, whom he also assisted as
organist of Applcton Chapel. In 1871 he was ap-
pointed organist of the Church of the Advent in Bos-
ton, and this position he has since continued to hold.
Under his management, the Church of the Advent
choir has become celebrated throughout New Eng-
land, and Mr. Whitney is probably the best known
organist in Boston. He has frequently been engaged
as conductor of choir festival associations of Massa-
chusetts and Vermont. At various times he has
trained many choral societies in and about Boston,
and has been particularly successful in training anil
developing boys' voices. Excelling in the perform-
ance of liturgical music, of which he is a passionate
admirer, he is an advocate of the more elaborate
forms of the Episcopal service, and especially iden-
tified with the inception of the vested choir in New
England churches. An eminent Boston authority
on music has said that "Mr. Whitney, by his won-
derful mastery of the preludes, fugues and toccatas
of Bach, most of which are so impressed upon his
remarkable memory that he rarely uses notes; by his
style, so brilliant and pleasing, and his improvisa-
tions, so solid and rich, has won much credit in and
beyond professional circles." Mr. Whitney estab-
lished in the New England Con-
servatory of Music, in which he
was for a time teacher of the or-
gan and church music, a church
music class, for instructions in
interpretation of sacred music for
the vocal pupils, and to teach to
organ pupils the management of
the organ in church music. He
has been professor of organ and
a lecturer at the Boston Univer-
sity, and a member and examiner
in "the American College of Mu-
sicians. He has composed a trio
for pianoforte and strings, many
solos and arrangements for both
pianoforte and organ and church
services, Te Deums, miscella-
neous anthems, and sacred and
secular songs, the most suc-
cessful of which are : two full
communion services, with full orchestral and organ
accompaniment, which have several times been given
in Boston as well as elsewhere; the hymn, "The Son
of God Goes Forth to War," which is sung all over
the country; "Consecration Anthem," composed
for and sung at the consecration of the Church of
the Advent, Boston; anthem, " O God, My Heart Is
Read_y"; "Magnificat" and " Nunc Dimittis" in
B flat and E flat; ballad. "Looking in the River,"
reproduced in the publication, " Famous Songs and
Those Who Made Them." Mr. Whitney is a mem-
ber of the Harvard Musical Association of Boston.
PICKETT, Albert James, historian, was born
in Anson county, N. C., Aug. 13, 1810, sou of Hon.
William R. Pickett. He was educated in Virginia,
and. studied law under his brother, William D.
Pickett, but disliking this profession, became a
planter, first in Autauga county, Ala., later in
Montgomery county. In 1836 he was acting adju-
tant to Gov. Clay in the Creek troubles. As fore-
man of the grand jury in 1844 he represented to the
court, the evil to be apprehended from the influx of
negroes into the state, and, when the matter was
considered in the legislature, he published a reply to
the objections raised against the proposed prohibi-
tion. In 1851 he issued his "History of Alabama,
and. Incidentally, of Georgia and Mississippi" (2
vols.), based on the published accounts of the early
explorers and on the narratives of Indian chiefs and
traders from whom he had received statements in
the early day* of the slate. It ran through three-
editions the year of publication, and was again re-
printed al Sheffield, Ala. After the publication of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
389
this work Col. Picket! devoted himself to the prep-
aration of a " History of the Southwest," but his
work was never completed. He dicdiu Montgomery
county, Ala., Oct. 28, Is.'iS.
STONE, Frederick Dawson, lilirarinn, was
born in Philadelphia, 1'a.. April S, ls||. son of John
and Mary (Wliclstime) Stone, of Knglish descent,
lie received his eiliiealion at the 1'nion Academy
in Philadelphia. After a joimies abroad, for busi-
ness purposes ( 1 S.V.I (III), lie entered the house of John
Stone & Sons, and although at no time a member «(
the firm, lie remained in it until the retirement of
his brothers, in ls7(i. During the cmer^encv cam
paigns of 1862 and 1st;:; he served as a member of
the Gray Reserves (now the famous 1st regiment),
and was present at the shelling
of Carlisle. He was alwa\s
interested in gathering books
and prints, but in I Slid he be-
gan to collect in earnest his
torical material, particularly
such as related to America,
lie was especially fond of
extra-illustrating historical and
biographical works, doing tin-
inlaying with his own hands,
and in the- selection of I k-
as well as prints showed rare
judgment. His knowledge of
the details of printing, en-
graving and binding was not
only thorough but minute,
as fur his knowledge of
prints, it seemed to lie instinc-
tive, and it may well be doubted
if anyof his contemporaries sur-
passed him in this department.
In March, 1803, he was elected a member of the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and soon was
placed on important committees, notably that on
publication. In January, 1869, he became a mem-
ber of the council, and served until February. 1*77.
when he was elected librarian. He has written for
the "Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biog-
raphy," of which for a time he was editor, and with
John Bach McMaster, he edited "Pennsylvania and
the Federal Constitution, 1787-83" (1888). In June,
I sit;!, he was appointed a member of the Valley
Forge park commission by Gov. Pattison, and served
as secretary. He was elected a member of the
American Philosophical Society, May 17, 1895, and
in June of the same year received the honorary de-
gree of Litt. D. from the University of Pennsylvania.
He was a member of the History and the Philobiblion
clubs; he was an honorary member of the Genea-
logical Society of Pennsylvania, and a corresponding
member of the New England Historic and Genea-
logical Society; the Maryland Historical Society; the
Wyoming Historical Society, and the Minnesota His-
torical Society. He took an enthusiastic part in pro-
moting the success of the great public celebrations
that were held in Philadelphia in the period of 1876-
89; the centennial exhibition; the bicentennial cele-
bration of the landing of Penn; the centennial
jubilee of the constitution, and the centenary of the
inauguration of "Washington. Dr. Stoue was mar-
ried, Nov. 9, 1865, to a "distant relative, Annie E.,
daughter of Adam K. and Hannah (Steele) Winner,
of Paradise, Lancaster co., Pa. They had two sons,
one of whom, Witmer Stone, is well known as a natu-
ralist. Dr. Stone died in Philadelphia, Aug. 12, 1897.
BALDWIN, Augustus Carpenter," jurist and
congressman, was born at Salina, Onondaga co
N. Y., Dec. 24, 1817, son of Jonathan and Mary
(Carpenter) Baldwin. His father, a native of Canter-
bury, Conn., early settled at Salina, N. Y., where
he engaged in mercantile business; his mother was a
daughter of Joseph Carpenter, of Lancaster, N. Y.
The original American ancestor was Henry Baldwin,
a native of Devonshire or Hertz, England, who settled
at Woliurn, Mass, .about 1640. Mr. Baldwin was
educated partly in Salina and partly at Lancaster,
whither he removed with his widowed mother in
lie entered active life in 1834 as an appren-
tice in the otlice of the Buffalo " Bulletin," but in
1886 engaged in teaching al Canterbury. Conn.; later
atteudingthe Plaintii-ld Academy for a short time. In
Is:;; he removed to Michigan, then recently admitted
as a stale, and while alternately teaching and study-
ing at the Branch Stale 1'niversity, at Pontiac, read
law with lion. < i. It. Richardson, of that place.
On his admission to the l>ar in 1S42 he entered pro-
fcssional pracliceal Mi I ford, Oakland co.. where he
remained tor seven years, and then removed to I'.in-
liac, v> hich has since been his home. For two years
he \\asin partnership with Hon. Hester L. Stevens,
anil since 1S51 has been associated with lion. Charles
Draper, and through an increasing and profitable
practice has become :in ark mm ledued leader of the
bar. lie is also prominent in politics as a Democrat,
and as early as |S40 was elected school inspector for
Bloomticld township. Mich. In is.):; anil is. 15 he was
elected to the Michigan house of representatives; in
1846 commanded ihe5th brigade. Michigan militia,
under the then existing military system;during 1853-
54 was proscculiiiL! attorney for Oakland county,
and in 18l!()a delegate to the Dei ..... -ralie convention
at Charleston, S. ('.. and Baltimore. In 1N62 he was
elected to the 3Sth congress, and serving one term,
\\ a- a member of the com in it lees on agriculture and
of expenditures in the interior department, and in
January, ls(i.~>, a prominent advocate of the 13th
amendment. During the civil war lie was active in
behalf of the pivsei \ alion of the Union, in raising
money and troops, lint was opposed to the denationali-
zation of the southern slates and the " Confiscation
Act" at the close of the snuggle. In IsiMhewasa
delegate to the Democratic convention in Chicago,
and in isiiti to the peace convention in Philadelphia.
In 1*74 he was elected may or of Pontiac, and in 1875,
circuit judge, for a term of six years, although re-
signing after serving four, to re-
sume the practice of bis profes-
sion. Among other important
business connections he is solici-
tor of the Pontiac, Oxford and
Northern railroad. From 1868
until 1S80 Judge Baldwin was a
member of the city board of edu-
cation. For eighteen years he
was a trustee of the State Asy-
lum for the Insane at Pontiac,
the location of which he was part-
ly instrumental in securing, and
is also a trustee and the presi-
dent of the Michigan Military
Academy, hi the founding and
maintaining of which he has been
constantly active, and to which
he has transferred his valuable library of nearly
7,500 volumes. A Mason from early manhood, he
is at present past eminent commander of Pontiac com-
maiidery No. 2, Knights Templars. He has ever
found complete recreation from his professional la-
bors in his fine library, his collection of works of
art, paintings and statuary, and in the supervision
of farming lauds. Judge Baldwin has been twice
married: first, in 1842, to Isabella, daughter of Charles
Churchill, of Bloomfleld, Mich., and second, in 1894,
to Flora E., daughter of Hon. Friend Belding, of
Troy, Mich. He has one daughter, Augusta, who is
now the wife of Dr. Edmund A. Christian, medical
superintendent of the Eastern Asylum for the In-
sane, Poutiac, Mich.
390
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
RICH, Hiram, bunker and journalist, was born
at Gloucester, Mass., Oct. 28, 1882, son of Stephen
and Nancy (Adams) Rich. He is connected with
the distinguished Adams family, of Massachusetts,
and his father was a mariner of Mount Desert, Me.
Having been educated in the public schools of his
native town, he was first, employed as a clerk in an
outfitting store in 1850, and in 1856 became a book-
keeper in Boston. He entered the banking business
in 1857, and in 1865 became cashier of the Cape Ann
National Bank of Gloucester, where he has since re-
sided. He has been a contributor of poetry to Ihe
"Atlantic Monthly," " Century," and other leading
magazines, and read the poem at the 250t.li anniver-
sary of the founding of Gloucester. He is a member
of the Cape Ann Historical Society. Mr. Rich was
married, Nov. 17, 1801, to Mary Adelia Procter, of
Gloucester, Mass. They have three children.
DRAPER, Lyman Copeland, historian and
educator, was born at Hamburg (now Evans), Erie
Co., N. Y., Sept. 4, 1815, and was of the fifth
generation from James Draper, who emigrated from
England about 1650, and settled at Roxbury. Mas-;,
(now Boston Highlands). One of iiis grandfathers,
Jonathan Draper, was a soldier in the Continental
army under Washington; the other fell in the de-
fense of Buffalo against the British in 1813, while his
father was twice captured by the British during the
same war. While still an infant he removed, with
his parents, to Springfield, Erie co., Pa., and from
there went to Lockport, N. Y., where his father,
Luke Draper, became a grocer, tavern-keeper and
farmer. Until the age of fifteen years the boy
worked hard and had very little schooling; then for
three years he was a clerk in village stores, picking
up whatever schooling he could obtain and reading
with avidity all books that fell in his way. He was
particularly interested in the revolutionary war, read
everything he could find upon that subject, and
treasured the conversation of veterans of the army.
In 1833 he went to Mobile, Ala., to reside with a
cousin, the wife of Peter Remsen, a cotton factor of
that city, and while there devoted himself to collect-
ing historical information, especially regarding
Weatherford, a famous Creek chief. In 1834-36 he
studied at Granville College (now Deuison Univer-
sity), Granville, O. In the meantime, the Remseus
removed to the neighborhood of Alexander, N. Y.,
and offered young Draper a home with them, which
led to his attending the seminary at Stockport,
where he was a close student and a careful historical
reader. At this time he conceived the idea of
writing a series of biographies of trans-Alleghany
pioneers, and began correspondence with prominent
men, especially those living in Ohio, Virginia, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee and South Carolina. In 1840 he
began the work of visiting pioneers, revolutionary
soldiers and Indian ckiefs in their homes, and for
nearly a quarter of a century made this his chief
occupation. In his journeys of discovery, largely
through dense wildernesses, lie traveled in all over
60.000 miles, and as he was the first historian in this
field, he collected an immense amount of material
that otherwise would have perished and of informa-
tion through personal interview that otherwise would
not have been recorded. In 1857 he computed that
his material comprised "some 10,000 foolscap pages
of notes of the recollections of warrior-pioneers, either
written by themselves or taken down from their own
lips, and well nigh 5,000 pages more of original
manuscript journals, memorandum books and old
letters." Among the original manuscripts was
George R_ogers Clark's narrative of his famous ex-
pedition in 1778. The material covered the entire
history of the wars from 1742 — the date of the first
skirmish with the Indians in the valley of Virginia- —
to 1813-14, when Tecumseh was killed and the
Creeks were defeated. In 1841, being at Poutotoc,
in northern Mississippi, he became part owner and
editor of a small weekly journal, the " Spirit of the
Times," but soon sold out, receiving in payment a
tract of wild land on which he had lived. Part of
the year 1842 he spent in Buffalo, N. Y., as a clerk
in the office of the Erie canal. His relatives, the
Remsens, having removed to Philadelphia, he joined
them, after a short residence near Baltimore, and
there remained until October, 1852. While in Phila-
delphia he added miscellaneous Americana to his
collection, including files of newspapers, and his
library became celebrated, exciting the admiration
of such historians as Ban-
croft and Parkmau. In 1852
Draper removed to Madison,
Wis. , having been invited to
assist in the reorganization of
the State Historical Society.
In 1853 he became one of the
executive committee, and in
1854 corresponding secretary
of the society. In the thirty-
three years that he held this po-
sition'the library increased from
fifty volumes to about 60,000,
and a museum containing many
thousand objects of interest
was formed. He traveled
thousands of miles to collect
materials with reference to the
early history of Wisconsin,
and the results of his labors
appear in the first ten volumes
of the "Wisconsin Historical Collections," which
were edited by him. In 1858-59 he was state super-
intendent of public instruction, and by his adminis-
trative ability infused new life into the educational
system. He was also, ex officio, a regent of the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin and the state normal schools.
In 1871 the university conferred on him the degree
of LL.D., the degree of M. A. having been conferred
by Granville College in 1851. On "Jan. 6, 1887, he
resigned his secretaryship, and was made honorary
secretary for life. He projected many works which
were left incomplete or unpublished at his death.
Among these were a "Lifeof George Rogers Clark,"
"Life of Daniel Boone," a volume on the "Meck-
lenburg Declaration of Independence" and "Border
Forays" and Adventures," the last, prepared with
Consul W. Butterfield. His principal work was
"King's Mountain and its Heroes" (1881), which has
been highly praised as a storehouse of information
concerning warfare in the C'arolinas during the revo-
lutionary period. Bancroft, called it "a magnificent
volume,"" and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston said it was the
most interesting historical work he had ever read.
Other works were: "Madison, the Capital of Wis-
consin " (1857), and Forman's " Narrative of a Jour-
ney Down the Ohio and Mississippi in 1789-90,"
which he edited and published in 1888. His first
book, prepared with William A. Croffutt, was "The
Helping Hand: An American Home Book for Town
and Country " (1870), a decided digression for an his
torian. Dr. Draper made a specialty of autograph col
lecting, and one of his most valuable contributions to
the "Wisconsin Historical Collections" (Vol. X.) was
an "Essay on the Autographic Collections of the
Signers of the Declaration of Independence and
of the Constitution," which was issued separately
in 1889. He frequently contributed to encyclo-
paedias. Dr. Draper was married, in J853, to his
cousin, the widow of his friend, Peter Remsen.
She died in 1888, and on Oct.. 10, 1889, at Chey-
enne, Wyo., he was married to Mrs. Catherine T.
Hovt, who survived him. He died at Madison,
Wis., Aug. 26, 1891.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
391
SB., Si
II A fit ^ 'P- fa
m?* f
COOKE, Nicholas, first state governor of Rhode
.Island (1775-78). was lioni in Providence, Feb. 3,
1717, third child of Daniel and Mary (Power) Cookc.
He followed the sea for years, becoming a ship-
master; and then engaged in mercantile business in
Newport, also carrying on rope-making and dis-
tilling, and acquiring a large fortune, part of which
he invested in lands in Rhode Island, Connecticut
and Massachusetts. In February, 1763, Samuel
Ward proposed to the general assembly that Gov.
Hopki:i» and himself should cease their contest for
the governorship and that a coalition ticket sin mid
be formed giving the office of deputy-governor to a
Providence man, either Nicholas Cooke or Daniel
Jenckes. This proposal for peace was not acceptable
to either party; but Cooke. as asupporterof Hopkins,
was brought forward more prominently, and in
1768, when the rival governors concluded their am-
nesty and Josias Lyndon went into office as a repre-
sentative of the Ward faction, Cooke was elected
deputy-governor. In May, 1775, he was again elected
to the same office. At the special town meeting con-
vened iu Providence, in August, 176fi, to discuss the
Stamp Act, Cooke was one of a committee appointed
to draft instructions to the Providence deputies in
the general assembly, and the patriotic spirit shown
on that occasion was again manifested soon after he
was elected deputy-governor a second time. Capt.
Wallace, of the royal frigate Rose, had annoyed the
commerce of the colony considerably, and in June,
1775, Cooke was instructed to write him, requesting
reasons for his arbitrary and unlawful acts, and de-
manding the restoration of a packet detained by him.
The deputy-governor's letter was imperative and its
language forcible; but when Wallace replied he
asked who Cooke was and if the colony was not in a
state of rebellion. A few hours later an armed sloop,
commanded by Capt. Abraham Whipple, captured
a packet, which had been armed and used as a
tender to the Rose, running her onto the shore of
Couanicut island. "To Capt. Whipple," says Ar-
nold, " is due the honor of discharging the first gun
upon the ocean at any part of his majesty's navy in
the American revolution." In October, 1775, Cooke
and Sec. Ward were sent to Cambridge, Mass., as
members of a committee to make arrangements for
a renewal of the Continental army, and had hardly
returned home when, Nov. 7th, he was dec-led gov-
ernor in place- of the- long-suspended loyalist, Joseph.
Wanton. It was believed that whoever became chief
magistrate would, in case the British captured Rhode-
Island, lose his life; and it was necessary that a man
of tried worth and known courage- should be chosen.
Says a Rhode Island historian: " Stephen Hopkins,
then preparing for his journey to take his seat in
congress, and Joshua Babcock, the oldest member
of the house, were requested to wait on Mr. Cooke.
. . . Both houses were waiting in solicitude for
the return of their messengers. They stated the ur-
gency of the case. Mr. Cooke pleaded his advanced
age and the retired habits which unfitted him for
meeting the expectations of the assembly. They re-
plied that they considered his duty required him to
make a favorable report. He finally consented, al-
though noth-
ingbutthecrit-
icalstate of the
country would
have induced
him to do so."
Gov. Cooke re-
mained iu office until May, 1 778, and then, worn out
by the labors and responsibilities of his position, re-
tired. His record as a patriot was a noble one, and
justifies the remark that he "was one of the most
eminent public characters of which our country can
boast. " Soon after Washington had accepted the com-
mand of the Continental army, Gov Cooke wrote
him a congratulatory letter, assuring him of the
hearty cooperation of Rhode Island; and in August,
in response to a personal appeal for ammunition from
Washington, he forwarded to Cambridge 1,300
pounds of lead, and soon after dispatched the greater
part of a cargo of powder which a trading vessel had
brought into the port of Providence. In November,
1775," he urged the Rhode Island delegates in the
Continental congress to propose to that body that
the mauufactureTof saltpetre be encouraged iu order
to supply the army, and stated that he himself
had manufactured it with success, on a small scale.
392
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
After the British occupied Newport, and at other
critical times, he fulfilled all the requirements of a
prudent, farseeing and energetic officer. During his
administration, on May 4, 1776, Rhode Island issued
her declaration of independence; but he did not live
to see his beloved commonwealth absolutely free.
Gov. Cooke was appointed a trustee of Rhode Island
College (Brown University) in 1776, representing the
Corigregationalist denomination in the corporation,
and continued in office until his death. He was
married, Sept. 23, 1740, to Hannah, daughter of
Hezekiah Sabin, and had twelve children. The
inscription on his monument says "he was honored
with the friendship and confidence of Washington."
Gov. Cooke died Nov. 14, 1782.
GREENE, William, second governor of Rhode
Island (1778-86), was born at Warwick, Aug. 16,
1731, son of Gov. William and Catherine (Holden)
Greene. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin,
and granddaughter of Randall Holden. He was ad-
mitted a freeman of the colony in May, 1753; in Oc-
tober, 1771, was on a committee with Thomas
Aldrich to finish the court-house in East Greenwich;
and in August, 1772, was appointed by the assembly,
a director of a lottery for the benefit of John Greene
& Co., Griffin Greene and Nathaniel Greene & Co.,
whose iron-works had been burned. He was elected
to the assembly from Warwick in 1773, 1774, 1776
and 1777, and was in attend-
ance wlieu that bud}' repealed
the act of allegiance to King
George. In February, 1774,
he was one of a committee
to procure gold and silver
coin for the expedition into
Canada. On July 18, 1776, the Declaration of In-
dependence having been proclaimed, he was ap-
pointed one of a committee to proceed to the houses
of Edward Thurston and Daniel Coggeshall, who
were suspected of treason, and demand correspond-
ence ami "papers relating to the disputes between
the independent states of America and Great Britain
or of a political nature." In August, 1776, he was
chosen first associate-justice of the superior court,
Metcalf Bowler being chief-justice, and in Februarv,
1778, succeeded the latter. On Dec. 10, 1776, "a
council of war was appointed, the British having
taken possession of Rhode Island, and Judge Greene
was one of its ten members. In May, 1777, he was
elected speaker of the house of representatives, and
in October, 1777, was again appointed a member of
the council of war. In December, 1777, he wassent,
with Jabez Bowen, to represent Rhode Island at
New Haven in the convention of northern states, ac-
cording to the recommendation of congress. In
May, 1778, he was elected governor, to succeed
Nicholas Cooke, and Jabez Bowen was elected
deputy-governor. "It illustrates the simple man-
ners as well as tha physical vigor of the men of
revolutionary times," says Arnold, "that Gov.
Greene, although possessed of an ample furtune, was
accustomed two or three times a week, during the
sessions of assembly at Providence, to walk up from
Warwick, or we might say from Greenwich, as he
resided on the dividing line of the two towns, and
home again in the afternoon." Gov. Greene re-
mained in office until May, 1786, and during the
most trying years of the war for independence. At
the close of the conflict the once prosperous common-
wealth was almost hopelessly prostrated. Thousands
of its inhabitants had been reduced to beggary; its
commerce had been ruined, its island and shore
towns had been subjected to the ravages of hostile
fleets and bauds of Tories; its currency hud depre-
ciated; its treasury had been drained; and yet it had
submitted to the heavy taxes laid upon it by con-,
gress, and had furnished its quota of men whenever
called on. Its privateers won triumphs on the
ocean, and its troops, with "obstinate bravery, " as
Washington described them in a letter to Gov.
Greene, bore the brunt of the fight at Trenton and
Springfield; while at Yorktown "the first sword
that flashed in triumph above the captured heights"
was that of Capt. Olney, leader of the Rhode Island
regiment. The historian, Dr. Henry E. Turner,
characterizes the letters written by Gov. Greene
during this period as showing "unwavering patriot-
ism and eminent ability. . . . The most vivid
imagination can hardly form an adequate picture of
the distresses of the people. . . . Calm, strong,
immovable, he passed through that cruel ordeal
with a reputation for wisdom and integrity accorded
to but few men, even in that period of exceptional
superiority." In 1786 a party that sought to relieve
the financial distress of the state by the establish-
ment of a paper money bank gained sufficient
strength to nominate a candidate for governor, and
in May Gov. Greene made way for John Collins, re-
tiring to his estate at Warwick. His wife was Catha-
rine, daughter of Simon and Deborah (Greene) Ray,
of Block Island, and great-granddaughter of John
Greene, 2d, and Phebe Sayles. She bore him two
sons and two daughters. His oldest son, Ray Greene,
who was married to Mary M. Flagg. of Charleston,
S. C., was attorney-general of Rhode Island in 1794—
97, and U. S. senator in 1797-1801. The hitter's son,
William, was lieutenant-governor of Rhode Island
in 1871-72. He died at Warwick, R. I., Nov. 29, 1809
COLLINS, John, third governor of Rhode
Island (1786-90), was born in Newport, June 18,
1717, and belonged to a prominent family. He was an
assistant in 1776, and in September of that year was
appointed, with Joshua Babcock and Joseph Stan-
ton, Jr., deputies to convey a letter from Gov. Cooke
to Gen. Washington at New York, informing him
of the condition of the colony, and asking advice as
to the best means of defending it. In May, 1778, he
was one of the four delegates chosen to represent the
state in congress; but in December, 1779, was re-
quested not to resume his seat in that body for the
present, as one representative was considered suffi-
cient until the Articles of Confederation should be
adopted. At the election in May, 1780, he was the
onlv one of the old members returned, and he served
until May, 1781, when William Ellery took his place;
but was re-elected in May, 1782. " In November,
1782, he went to Washington once more as bearer of
a letter from the house of deputies to the president
of congress, giving their reasons for rejecting the
impost act. He remained at the capital and in con-
gress until May. 1783. The state at that time was
not only divided into two parties, — patriot and
loyalist, — but, in addition, was distracted by ques-
tions of state sovereignty and finance. The agricul-
tural communities were hostile to any movement
tending to increase the power of the general govern-
ment at the expense of the individual states and
contended for paper currency, while the seaport
towns and mercantile classes favored a closer union
of the states and contended for specie currency. In
1786 the paper money party carried the election;
Collins was chosen governor, and a paper money
bank of £100,000 was made, although a numerously
signed remonstrance against such a measure had
been presented to the assembly some months previous.
No sooner were the new bills issued than they began
to depreciate, and the assembly was forced to pass
an act compelling persons to receive them on the
same terms as specie ou penalty of a heavy fine and
disfranchisement. This and similar acts were de-
clared void by the court, and were repealed in 1787.
Gov. Collins was not in office when Rhode Island
entered the Union. The struggle connected with
this step was severe, says Arnold, "for leading
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
393
patriots as well as the great mass of the people were
at first opposed to the constitution." On Jan. 17,
1790, a bill to call a convention to decide the ques-
tion passed the lower house and came to the senate,
where there was a tie, owing to the absence of one
of thr members. Gov. Collins, giving as his reason
the distressed condition of the state resulting from
disconnection with the Union, cast his vote in favor
of the proposed convention. This act lost him
popularity, and the Anti-Federal parly seized their
opportunity, putting Arthur Fenner into the chair
in May at the head of a coalition ticket. Subse
queutly Gov. Collins was elected a representative to
congress, but did not take his seat. He died at
Newport, March 8, 1795.
FENNER, Arthur, fourth governor of Rhode
Island (1790-1805), was born in Providence in 17)5,
son of Arthur and .Mary (Olney) Fenner. His grand-
father, Capt. Arthur, as he came to be called, was
born in England in 1622, and emigrated to Provi-
dence in the early
years of the colony.
Hewas put in charge
of the garrison of
seven men at Provi-
dence during King
Philip's war, and
held other impor-
tant offices. His
house, which was
called "the castle,'
whose chief feature
was its enormous
chimney, remained
in greatly altered state for about 150 years. By
his first wife, Mehitable. daughter of Richard
Waterman, he had six children. His son, Arthur,
known in history as Arthur Fenner, Jr., was a
prominent citizen of Providence, and also served in
the army, being appointed an ensign in one of the
companies that took part in the invasion of Canada
in 1759. Arthur Fenner, the governor, was one of
the committee of inspection, recommended by the
Continental congress and appointed by the town,
which held its first meeting Dec. 24, 1774. He was
clerk of the court of common pleas in Providence
for many years. In March, 1790, the contest be-
tween Federalists and Anti-Federalists in Rhode
Island reached its height, the long delayed conven-
tion to decide upon the adoption of the convention
having been called, and Gov. Collins having become
unpopular in consequence. Deputy-Gov. ( hven was
offered the governorship by the Anti- Federalists, but
declined to serve. "A movement," says Arnold,
"was made in Providence to form a coalition party.
The Newport committee united with them in propos-
ing to Arthur Fenner, an Anti-Federalist, . . . to head
a ticket upon which there should he a Federalist
deputy-governor and a nearly equal number of as-
sistants from each party. Fenner, in a modest letter
to the committee, referred the subject to the free-
men." The Anti-Federalists triumphed, and on
May 5th the general assembly declared Fenner gover-
nor and Samuel J. Potter deputy-governor. Opposi-
tion to entering the Union was so strong, particularly
in the country districts, that final action on the sub-
ject was delayed until the last week in May, and
when, on the 29th, a decision was reached the vote
stood thirty-four to thirty-two in favor of adopt-
ing the Constitution. "The first state to strike a
blow for freedom was the last to recognize a system by
which that freedom could best be preserved." Dur-
ing Gov. Fenner's administration a great impetus
was given to commerce and manufacture and to
trade with adjoining states, the tariffs that had
existed having been abolished. In 1791 Providence
had more vessels than New York, and Newport and
Bristol owned many. Gov. Fenner was very popu-
lar, and was continued in office, serving at the time
of his death, Oct. 15, 1805. His son, James, was
governor in 1807-11 and 182-4-31.
MUMFORD, Paul, acting governor of Rhode
Island (1805), was born at South Kingstown, March
5, 1734, son of William and Hannah (Latham) Mum-
ford. He was a grandson of Thomas Mumford, and a
descendant of Tin unas Mumford who settled at Petta
qnamscut (South Kingstown) in 1657. His father was
one of six brothers noted for their height, and popu-
larly known as the "thirty-six foot Mumfords."
Hi' was graduated at Yale College in 1754, and then
studied medicine, but abandoned that profession for
the law, ami settled in Newport. In 1774 he was
elected to the general assembly, and served until
Newport was occupied by the British, when he re-
tired to his farm at Harrington. He was a promi-
nent member of the council of war, and occasionally
a|ipi-ared with his musket. On July 7, 1777, the
assembly appointed Stephen Hopkins, ex-Gov. Wil-
liam Bradford and Paul Mumford to attend a con-
vention of the New England states at Springfield,
Mass.. to consider the question of currency and the
defense of Rhode Island. In May, 1777, he was
appointed judge of the court of common pleas, and
a year later was elevated to the bench of the superior
court, where he served until May, 1781. In 177!lhe
was chosen to the upper house of the general as-
sembly, and served two years. From May, 1781, to
June, 1785, he was chief-justice of the state, and
again from May, 17sii. to May, 1788. In 1787 the
refusal of John" Weeden, a butcher of Newport, to
receive depreciated paper money in payment of a
debt from John Trevetl was fo'lowed by an appeal
from the latter to Chief-Justice Mumford, who con-
vened a special court to try the case. The constitu-
tionality of acts of the general assembly respecting
paper money was involved, and the right of the as-
sembly to question decisions of the court was re-
sented by the four associate judges. At the next
election the paper money party gained the ascendency
and removed the associate judges, but retained Chief-
Justice Mumford, who appears to have avoided
committing himself. From April, 1801, to March,
1803, Judge Mumford was a state senator. On the
death of Gov. Arthur Fenner, Oct. 15, 1805, Judge
Mumford was appointed acting governor, but died
a few weeks later.
SMITH, Henry, acting gov-
ernor of Rhode Island (1805-
06), succeeded Paul Mumford;
but no other information con-
cerning him can be obtained.
WILBOUR, Isaac, acting
governorof Rhode Island! 1806-07), was born at Little
Compton, R. I., April 25, 1783. He was a descendant
of Samuel Wilbour, who emigrated to Boston as early
as Dec. 1, 1633, joined the Hutchinson party, and with
William Coddington and others purchased the island
of Aquidneck (Rhode Island), and settled at Ports-
mouth in 1638. He acquired considerable property
in land at Portsmouth and Taunton, besides his
estate in Boston, to which he returned late in life.
William Wilbour, a grandson of Samuel, was one of
the original settlers of Seaconnet (now Little C'omp-
ton), and his descendants there are numerous. Isaac
Wilbour was carefully trained in the principles of
the Society of Friends, of which his parents were
members. He began holding public office before he
attained his majority, and in 1801 was sent to the
general assembly. In 1805 he was returned, and
was speaker of the house. In that year the people
of the north part of Gloucester petitioned to be set off
in a separate town; but the political jealousy existing
between the commercial parts of the state and the
agricultural districts revived, and a tie resulted,
394
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
whereupon. Speaker Wilbour cast his vote in favor
of the bill. The action of the senate was adverse,
and in 1806, when the bill again came up, there was
a tie in that body; but Isaac Wilbour was now a
member of the senate, and gave the decisive vote.
The petitioners were anxious to give his name to the
new town, but he was uuwillinsr, and it was called
Burrillville, after Hon. James Burrill. In 1806 he
was lieutenant-governor, and as there was no elec-
tion that year he became governor ex-officio. ami
served until the following spring, when he was sent
to congress, and served two years. In 1809 Francis
Malbone, senator from Rhode Island, died, and ex-
Gnv. Wilbour was appointed by Gov. Fenner to fill
the vacancy, but declined on account of the ill health
of his wife. In 1818 he was appointed associate
justice of the supreme court, as lie had a thorough
knowledge of the form and principles of law,
although lie was not educated a lawyer. Soon,
through the retirement of Hon. James Fenuer,
Judge Wilbour became chief-justice, and was re-
elected from islli to 1826, resigning in 1837. "After
his retirement to private life," says one of his
biographers, "he was much devoted to the interests
of religion, and his voice, so often heard in courts of
law and halls of legislation, was now often heard in
prayer and exhortation in the Friends' meeting-
house in Little Oomptou." Gov. Wilbour was mar-
ried, May 17, 1786, to Hannah, daughter of Deacon
Philip Tabor, of Westport, Mass., who bore him
three sons and three daughters. He died Oct. 4,
1837.
FENNER, James, fifth, ninth and fourteenth
governor of Rhode Island (1807-11, 1834-31,
1843-45), was born in Providence, Jan. 3, 1771, son
of Gov. Arthur Fenner. After receiving a classical
education, he entered Brown University, and was
graduated with the iiighest honors of his class in
1789. Association with his father, and his own
abilities, led him to enter public life early, and, as a
Democrat of the Jeffersoniau school, he exerted
great influence in politics. For several years he rep-
resented Providence in the general assembly. In
1805 he was chosen U. S. senator, and served from
Dec. 3d of that year until the spring of 1807, when
he was elected governor. Through successive elec-
tions he held office until May, 1811. In 1834 he was
again elected governor, and was re-elected each
successive year until 1831. During the Dorr rebel-
lion in 1843, he sided with the "law and order
party"; and on Nov. 5th of that year presided over
the convention, held at East Greenwich, to decide
the question of submitting a new constitution to the
people. This constitution, the one now in force,
having been adopted, he was re-elected governor, and
held office for two years. He was married in Novem-
ber, 1793, to Sarah, daughter of Sylvanus and
Freelove (Whipple) Jeuckes, who died in 1844, leav-
ing four children: Almira, Sarah, Freelove and
Arthur. In 1835 Gov. Fenner received the degiee
of LL.D. from Brown University. He was known
as a man of "iron will, inflexible resolution, vig-
orous intellect and unconquerable energy." and the
admiration and respect of the people of Providence
and of the state al large was expressed at his funeral
by " civic and military honors such as have been ac-
corded to few if any citizens of Rhode Island."
His last years were spent on his estate, named
" What Cheer," where he died, April 17, 1846.
JONES, William, sixth governor of Rhode
Island (1811-17), was born in Newport, Oct. 8. 17~>:i.
fourth child of William and Elizabeth (Pearce)
Jones. His grandfather, Thomas Jones, was a
native of Wales. His father, who died in 1759,
entered the privateer service in the war against
France, and rose to be first lieutenant of the noted
vessel the Duke of Marlborough, commanded by
Robert Morris. William Jones received a fair edu-
cation, and began to earn his living as a carpenter,
but in January, 1776, obtained a commission as lieu-
tenant in Babcock's (subsequently Lippitt's) regi-
ment, one of two raised by order of the general
assembly for the war of independence. Early in
September be received a captain's commission, and
with the regiment, under Col. Lippitt, left the state
on the 14th for the relief of Long Island, joining
Washington's army at Harlem Heights. Eventu-
ally the "regiment was incorporated with McDon gall's
brigade, and formed part of the division tinder
Maj.-Gen. Lee, until the latter was taken prisoner,
when Col. Hitchcock was appointed commander.
The term of this regiment was to expire on Jan. 18,
1777, but a stirring appeal from Gen. Washington
induced them to volunteer for another month, al-
though the severity of the winter campaign in New
Jersey had well nigh discouraged them. The re-
pulse of the British at Assanpink bridge on Jan. 3d
was largely due to the Rhode Island troops, and at
the battle of Princeton their battery was so con-
spicuous that Gen. Washington thanked Col. Hitch-
cock in the presence of the army. Capt. Jones re-
turned to Rhode Island in February, 1777, but in
February, 1778, again entered the service, this time
as captain of marines on board the Providence, one
of the two frigates ordered '37 congress to be built
in Rhode Island, and com-
manded by Abraham Whip-
pie. His first important ser-
vice, though not of a belliger-
ent character, was the bearing
of despatches from congress
to the American commis
sioners in Paris. In the
summer of 1779 the Provi-
dence and two other ships
captured ten ships, bound
from Jamaica for England,
off the banks of Newfound-
land, and brought eight of
I linn to Boston as prizes.
On Nov. 34, 1779, the Provi-
dence, together with three
frigates, sailed for Charles-
ton, S. C., and was there at
the time the British reduced
the city, in the spring of 1780.
The crews and guns of all
the American ships but one had been sent ashore to
reinforce the batteries, and Capt. Jones was one of
those who were made prisoners of war. On being
released on parole, he returned to Providence, where
he engaged in the hardware business in connection
with hislirothers, and subsequently on his own ac-
count. He was admitted a freeman of Providence
in 1788. After serving as a justice of the peace, he
was sent, in 1807, to the general assembly, and was
thrice re-elected, acting as speaker in 1809 and 1810.
In April, 1811, he was'elected governor by the Fed-
eralists, and held office for six years, retiring from
public life when he left the gubernatorial chair. He
was a man of courtly manners and of unblemished
life, lie was a memberof the Beneficent Congrega-
tional Church; president of the American Bible So-
ciety and of the Peace Society, and a fellow of
Brown University. He was married in Providence,
Feb. 3S, 17S7, to Anna, daughter of Samuel Dunn.
She bore him one child, a daughter, Harriet, who
became the wife of Thomas C. Hoppiu. The latter,
by a special resolution of the Society of the Cincin-
nati, succeeded Gov. Jones as a member of that
order. Gov. Jones died in Providence, April 9,
1822.
KNIGHT, Nehemiah Bice, seventh governor
of Rhode Island (1817-31), was born at Kuightville,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
395
in the town "f Cranston. Providence CO., Dee. 31.
1780, son of Nehemiah Kniglit, who was an Anti-
Federalist, representative in congress from 1*03 until
ISDX. His early life was spent on his father's farm.
Although he did not receive a liberal education,
his natural ability was such that he was never at a
disadvantage among men who possessed college
diplomas. In 1802 he represented Cranston, in the
general assembly, and doubtless would have been
re-elected had he not removed to Providence, when-
he resided for the rt-.nl of his life. He was clerk of
the court of common pleas for Providence county
from 1805 until 1*1 1. beins: supplanted by a Federal-
ist. Din-ins: the war of 1*1- lie received the imso
licited appointment of collector of internal revenue
for the district of Rhode Island, and retained the
position until lie was elected governor in 1*17, at
which time he also resigned the position of clerk of
the circuit court for the district of Rhode Island.
which he had held since June, 1813. He became
chief magistrate as a result of the growth of the
Anti- Federalist party, and he was successively re-
elected uulil IS-,1 1. 'At that time public sentiment
was adverse to free schools, and few were in exist-
ence. Gov. Knight repeatedly urged the legislature
to establish a public school system, and in 1*-0 a
committee was appointed to prepare and report a
bill establishing free schools, but no report was made,
and it was not, until 1S2S that a bill was passed com-
mitting the state to such action. In January, 1821,
Gov. Knight was unanimously elected by the legis-
lature to' the U. S. senate to fill the unexpired
term of Hon. James Bur-rill, deceased. In January,
1823, he was re-elected for a full term, and served
through elections in 1828 and 1835 until 1841, owing
his election the last time to the national Republican
party, with which he had become identified. His
course in congress reflected great credit upon Rhode
Island and upon Sen. Knight himself. In 1S43
he represented Providence in the convention that
passed the present constitution of the state. The re-
maining years of his life were spent in attending to
private interests and to his duties as president of the
Roger Williams Bank, of which he was chosen head
officer in 1817. He was married early in life to
Lydia Waterman, who survived him but a few
months. Gov. Knight died in Providence, April
18, ls.-)4.
GIBBS, William Charming-, eighth governor
of Rhode Island (1821-24), was born in Newport in
1790. He was of English descent, and related to
the great pulpit orator and controversialist, William
Ellery Channiug. Several families by the name of
Gibbs emigrated to New England in the seventeenth
century, and before the middle of the eighteenth,
one branch settled in Rhode Island. AVilliam Gibbs'
grandfather, George, removed to New York city,
but the latter's son, also named George, returned to
Rhode Island. On account of his interest in and
his services to science Brown University conferred
upon him the honorary degree of M.A. in 1800 and
Yale College the same degree in 1808. For several
years William Clmuning Gibbs represented Newport
in the general assembly, and when advanced to the
position of chief magistrate he gave equal satisfac-
tion to his larger constituency. He was major-gen-
eral of the Rhode Nland militia for several years.
Gov. Gibbs was married, in 1822, to Mary, daughter
of Elias Kane, of Albany, N. Y., who bore' him
six sons and four daughters. Gov. Gibbs died in
Newport, Feb. 24. 1S71.
ARNOLD, Lemuel Hastings, tenth governor
of Rhode Island (ls:U-:i:!), was born at St. Johns-
bury, Yl., Jan. '-".I, 17!)~. only child of Dr. Jonathan
Arnold and Cynthia Hastings, his third wife. His
father, a native of Gloucester, I!. I., was a surgeon
in the revolutionary army; served in the general as-
sembly of Rhode Island, and was the author of the
decl.iralion of independence passed by that body in
.May, 1770; succeeded V.'illiam Ellery in the Continen-
tal consiress. where h served in 1782-84, and aided
Vermont in securing her boundary rights; founded
the town of St. Johnsbiiry on land ceded to him in
return for his services, and died there in 1793.
Lemuel Hastings Am. .Id \\.-is graduated at Dart-
mouth College in 181 1. Among his classmates were
Hon. Ames Campbell, chief-justice of New Hamp-
shire and professor of law at Harvard College; Joel
Parker, chief-just ice of New Hampshire; Dr. Dan-
iel Poor, the mis-ioiiai -\ , and Judge Ether Shep-
ley, of Maine. In the autumn of 1811 he went to
Providence. R. I., and studied
law with James Burrell, Jr.,
the husband of his half-
sister. Sally Arnold. He was
admitted to the bar in March,
1S14, but did not practice,
having decided to engage in
manufacturing business. He
represented (lie city of Provi-
dence in the general assembly
from 182IJ until 1831, one year
excepted, and succeeded James
Feuner as governor of the stale
in 1831. Up to that time the
governors of the state, as a
rule, had been identified with
commerce. During his ad-
ministration, what was known
as the Olney lane riot, broke
out in Providence; but this he quelled in a. most
summary and effective manner, and it is a common
saying hi Rhode Island that there has never been a
riot there since. During his second term, in the
summer of 1832, the AsiTitic cholera broke out, and
caused widespread alarm among the people. All
bore witness that he, by his firmness, calmness,
cheerful spirit and the timely sanitary measures
which he adopted, did much to allay their fears and
restore tranquility. During the Dorr rebellion he
served in the executive council of the state with
James Feuuer, Richard R. Randolph, Edward Car-
riugton, Samuel F. Mann and Nathan F. Dixou as
his associates. Having removed from Providence to
South Kingston he was elected representative to con-
gress from that district, and served one term
(1845-47). Gov. Arnold was married, in June, 1819, to
Sally, daughter of Maj. Daniel Lyman, who served
in the .evolutionary army, and Mary Wanton, great-
granddaughter of Gov. Gideon Wanton. They had
three sous" and six daughters. She died in Febru-
ary, 1837, and in June, 1847, he was married
to Catherine Shanuard, of Washington, D. C.
His oldest son, Lemuel Hastings Arnold, enjoyed
the distinction of being the only soldier who was
-wounded in the Dorr "rebellion. His son, Richard
Arnold, served through the civil war, and at its close
was brevetted major-general in the regular army.
His sou, Daniel Lyman Arnold, was a most gallant
396
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
soldier, but was killed in battle early in the war.
His daughter, Sally, was the wife of Gen. Isaac P.
Rodman, who was mortally wounded in the battle
of Autietam. His grandson, Lemuel H. Arnold, 3d.,
is a lawyer of New York city. Gov. Arnold died at
Kingston, June 27, 1852.
FRANCIS, John Brown, eleventh governor of
Rhode Island (1833-38), was born in Philadelphia,
Pa., May 31, 1791, son of John and Abby (Brown)
Francis. He was a great-grandson of Tench Fran-
cis (uncle of the noted Sir Philip Francis), who was
attorney-general of Pennsylvania from 1741 until
1755, and grandson of Tench Harris, for many years
agent for the Penn family and first cashier of the
Bank of North America. The father of John Fran-
cis became a resident of Providence soon after the
latter's birth, but died in a few years, leaving the
boy to the care of his maternal grandfather, John
Brown, the leading merchant of the town. Young
Francis fitted for college at the university grammar
school, and then entered Brown, where he was
graduated in 1808. After spending a year in the
counting-house of his relatives, Messrs. Brown &
Ives, he began study in the law school at Litchfield,
Conn., intending to use his knowledge for private
ends rather than for the public benefit. His grand-
father Brown died about this time, bequeathing him
a large estate, and for several years he devoted him-
self to the management of it. His mother died not
long after, and in 1821 he went to Warwick, R. I.,
to live at the country-seat of the Browns, Spring
Green. He represented Warwick in the general as-
sembly from 1821 until 1829, and in 1831 was sent to
the state senate. Previous to 1832 he had been a
Federalist and then a national Republican, but in
that year he was elected governor by a coalition of
Anti-Masons and Democrats, and thereafter was al-
lied with the Democratic party. After voluntarily
leaving the governor's chair in 1838 he retired from
politics; but in 1843 he was elected to the state sen-
ate as a representative of the " law and order" party.
In 1844 Hon. William Sprague, U. S. senator, re-
signed, and Gov. Francis was chosen to succeed him.
On the expiration of the term, in March, 1845, he
was re-elected to the Rhode Island senate, and was
annually re-elected until 1856. He exerted great
political influence in the slate, and he was, perhaps,
as influential in mmirctiim with the cause of educa-
tion. From 1828 until 1857 he was a trustee of
Brown University, and from 1841 until 1854 he held
the office of chancellor. Gov. Francis was married,
in 1822, to Anne, only daughter of Nicholas Brown,
of Providence, who died in 1828, leaving two daugh-
ters. In 1832 he was married to a cousin, the daugh-
ter of Thomas Willing Francis, of Philadelphia,
who, with a son and two daughters, survived him.
"Gov. Francis was," says a biographer, "regarded
by the people among whom he always lived with
a mingled affection and respect which they have ac-
corded to no other public man of his time." He
died at Spring Geeen, AVarwick, Aug. 9, 1864.
SPRAGUE, William, twelfth governor of
Rhode Island (1838-39), was born at Cranston, Provi-
dence co., R. I., Nov. 3, 1799, son of William and
Anne (Potter) Sprague. His father, who was the
first to introduce calico-printing into America, and
was as successful a merchant as a manufacturer,
was a descendant of Jonathan Sprague, an able l!ap-
tist minister and speaker of the general assembly in
1703. His maternal grandmother was a Williams,
and a lineal descendant of the " apostle of liberty."
He received a good education, and passed from the
schoolroom to his father's mills at Cranston, where
with his brother, Ama.sa. he acquired a thorough
acquaintance with the business of manufacturing
cotton cloth and printing calicoes. The sons were
soon admitted as partners, and in 1836, on their
father's death, assumed the style of A. & W.
Sprague. Their properties in Warwick and Coven-
try as well as Cranston became very extensive, and
they came to be the most extensive manufacturers
of cotton goods in the world. As early as 1832 Gov.
Sprague entered public life as a representative of
Cranston in the general assembly, and from 1832 un-
til 1835 he was speaker of that body. In 1835 he was
elected to the U. S. house of representatives by the
Democrats, and served from Dec. 7 until March 3,
1837, when he declined a renomination. He was
then elected governor of the state. In 1842 he was
elected to the U. S. senate, to succeed Hon. Nathan
F. Dixon, and served from Feb. 18, 1842, until Jan.
17, 1844, when he resigned, the death of his brother
throwing the whole weight of their vast business
upon his shoulders. He was chosen presidential
elector in 1848 on the
Taylor and Fillmore
ticket. He was presi-
dent of two banks and
of the Hartford, Provi-
dence and Fishkill railroad. Gov. Sprague was
married to Mary Waterman, of Warwick, who bore
him a daughter, Susan, and a son, Byron, who, with
his cousins, Amasa and William, continued the firm
of A. & W. Sprague. His nephew, William, was
governor in 1860-63. Gov. Sprague died in Provi-
dence. Oct. 19, 1856.
KING, Samuel Ward, thirteenth governor of
Rhode Island (1839-43), was born at Johnston,
Providence co., R. I., May 23, 1786, sou of William
Bordeu and Welthian (Walton) King. He was a
grandson of Josiah King and his second wife, Mary,
daughter of Maxey and Meribah (Borden) King. His
maternal grandparents were John and Mercy(Greeue)
Walton, the latter the daughter of Samuel and
Sarah (Coggeshall) Greene, of Warwick. Samuel
Greene was a brother of the first Gov. William
Greene, and Samuel Ward King was related also to
Brig.-Gen. Nathanael Greene, and through the mar-
riage of a cousin. Zilpha King, to Samuel Cranston,
he'was connected with a family which gave Rhode
Island two of her colonial governors. Samuel Ward
King, after a partial course of study at Brown Uni-
versity, studied medicine with Dr. Peter Ballou, of
Smithfield, there being no medical college at that
date, and on Aug. 5, 1807, received a medical
diploma at Providence. While carrying on his prac-
tice, or at a time when patronage was slight, he
served as cashier of the Agricultural Bank at Olney-
ville, R. I. In 1812, about two months after war
with Great Britain was declared, a privateer schooner
sailed from Providence, and seventeen days later,
Aug. 20th, was captured by a British vessel, and
taken to Barbadoes. The captain, first lieutenant and
surgeon were paroled, and the last-mentioned, Dr.
King, as the Providence "Gazette" recorded, re-
turned to Providence on Nov. 19th. That this was
Samuel Ward King is said to be proved by a parole
document found among his papers after his decease.
According to family tradition, however, he was sur-
^enii on board the ships Wasp and Hornet, and was
on board the latter when she captured the British
sluup-of-war Frolic off the coast of North Carolina,
del. 18, 1812, only to be captured herself a little
later. Dr. King w'as a witness of the fight between
the U. S. frigate Chesapeake and the British frigate
Shannon off'~Boston harbor, in June, 1813, and at-
tended Capt. James Lawrence in his last moments,
having been called on board to assist the acting sur-
geon. In memory of that event and in honor of the
gallant American commander he named his first-born
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
397
sou James Lawrence. After the war he resumed the
practice of meilieine and surgery at Johnston (Olney-
ville). In 1820 he was elected town clerk of Johnston,
and held that office until 1843, \vheu lie declined a re-
nominatiou. Dr. Kiug served as governor's assistant
in t *:>!), and later iu the }rear, as there was no elec-
tion of governor or lieutenant-governor, he was
chosen to act as chief magistrate. In 1840 he was
elected by popular vole, and served two terms. At
that time siiffraire in Rhode Island, still based on the
charter of Charles II., was limited In possessors of a
certain amount of real i-state and to I heir eldest sons,
and thereby two-thirds of the citizens were debarred
from voting. Thomas Wilson Dorr, a member of
the legislature, who, as a second son. was one of the
disfranchised, alter attempting in vain to secure the
adoption of a more liberal constitution, organized a
suffrage party in 1840, and in 1842 was chosen gov-
ernor by the disaffected. Gov. King, who was re-
elected to office Dial same year undcrthe old charter,
was an advocate of reform; but when Dorr's sup-
porters took up arms, he construed this as rebellion
against the lawful government, proclaimed martial
law, and called out I be slate troops. Dorr atlemptcil
to seize the state arsenal at Providence, but was pre-
vented; and then, as the excitement increased, Gov.
King appealed to the na
tional government, which
recognized him as the
lawful ina^i-l rale. A last
attempt at armed resist-
ance was made' by Hie
suffragists at Chcpachet,
near Providence, June 25,
1842; but, realizing the
hopelessness of his cour-e,
Dorr ordered his friends
to disperse, and left the
state, a large reward for
his apprehension being of-
fered by Gov. King. The
course of Gov. Kiug dur-
ing Dorr's rebellion was
wise and conciliatory,
and went far toward al-
laying party strife. Gov.
to Catherine Latham, only
child of Olney and Maiy
(Waterman") Angell, granddaughter of Daniel and
1'helie (Olney) Angell, and great-granddaughter of
Stephen and Martha (Oluey) Angell. Mrs. King was
born July 6, 1795, and received her middle name
from an ancestress of her mother, Frances, daughter
of Lewis Latham, falconer to King Charles I. Mrs.
King bore her husband ten daughters and four sons,
and died May 4, 1841. Gov. King died at Provi-
dence, Jan. 20, 1851, and was laid by the side of his
wife iu the private burial ground of the Kiiius at
Johnston, R. I. A handsome monument, erected
by their children, marks the spot. "Few men,"
said the writer of an obituary, "have enjoyed iu
their day to a greater degree the confidence of the
public, and few men in their private lives have ex-
hibited greater amiability and genuine kindness of
heart.
JACKSON, Charles, fifteenth governor of
Rhode Island (1845-40) was born in Providence,
March 3, 1797. eldest child of Richard anil Nabby
(Wheaton) Jackson. He was fitted for college at a
public scho'ol, and entered Brown University, where
lie was graduated in 1817. He then studied law iu
the office of Hon. James Burrill. and was admitted
to the bar in 1820 He practiced but a short time,
and then began the manufacture of cotton goods,
with a small mill at Scituate iu 1823. A little later
he bought the water privilege above the site of the
present village of Fiskeville, 'built a factory, and
called the village which grew up about it, Jackson.
Both Jackson and Fiskeville became thriving manu-
facturing places, thanks to his efforts. Later he
became a member of the Cromptou Co., and retained
an active interest in the firm almost to the time of
his death. The rubber manufacturing business in
Providence was started by him, a
patent having been obtained from
Charles Good \ ear, I he inventor, and
after a time he united with Dr. Isaac
1 Ian -borne, Earl P. Mason and
Duty Greene to form the Provi-
de nee shoe Co. He began also the
manufacture of fire-arms, open-
ing at Bristol, but later removing
the plant to Providence, where
large buildings were put up and a
company formed. When the de-
mand for rilles lessened, the manu-
facture of locomotives was un-
dertaken, and the Burnsidc Killc
Works became the Rhode Island
Locomotive Works. With this cor-
poration Mr. Jackson remained
connected iinlil forced by advanc-
\\\'* \ eai- lo give up business cares.
1 Ie was of I en a member of the state
legislature, and was a firm supporter of Gov. Kiug
in his course during the Dorr rebellion. Having
shown executive ability as a representative and as
speaker of I lie house, Mr. Jackson was elected chief
magistrate in 1845. The year previous, under Gen.
1-Yiiner, Dorr had been condemned to imprisonment
for life, but shortly alter Jackson began his duties
as governor, the general assembly passed an act dis-
charging from prison all persons convicted of treason
against the state, and this was approved by the
chief magistrate. As acousequence of his action,
(iov. Jackson alienated many old friends, and his
personal character, as well as his administration,
was bitterly attacked, but in time his course was
vindicated. Gov. Jackson was noted for his genial
disposition and for his skill as a story-teller. Al-
though his ancestors had been Baptists, lie was never
connected with any denomination. He was, however,
a believer iu most of the great truths set forth in the
Bible, and iu his latter years was fond of studying
theological topics. He was married, Nov. 20, 1827,
to Catharine, daughter of Samuel Dexter, of Provi-
dence, who died at Jackson. Scituate, in June, 1832.
He was again married, Nov. 24, 1836, to Phebe,
daughter of Joseph Tisdale, of North Kingston, who
survived him with three of their seven children. Gov.
Jackson died in Providence, Jan. 21, 1876.
DIMAN, Byron, sixteenth governor of Rhode
Island (1846-47). was born at Bristol, R. I., Aug.
5. 1795, eldest son of Jeremiah and Hannah (Luther)
Dimau. In his boyhood he attended a school kept
by the rector of St. Michael's Church. Rev. Alexan-
der V. Griswold (subsequently bishop), and was
known as a devoted student. From the school-room
he passed to the counting room of James De Wolf,
fS
afterwards U. 8. senator, and remained in business
relalions with the latter until his death in 1837. Mr
Dinmn was identified with the chief interests of
Bristol, especially with the whale-fishery and manu-
facturing He was at one time treasurer and after-
ward president of the Bristol Steam Mill ; a director
of the Pokanoket Mill, and for many years was
president of the Bauk of Bristol. From early man-
398
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
In "id he took a deep interest in politics, ,-is a Whig,
served for rnuuy years in the state legislature, and in
1839 was a delegate to the convention at Harrisburg,
Pa., that nominated Gen. Harrison for the presi-
dency. When the Dorr rebellion broke out he was
a member of Gov. King's council, but he marched
with other volunteers to Chepachet, where Dorr's
followers had gathered. On the adoption of the
new stale constitution in November, 1842, he was
elected lieutenant-governor, and served until 184(5,
when, on the disruption of the Law and Order party,
he was elected governor. He refused re-election,
and as persistently refused to become a candidate for
the office of U. S. senator, retaining official connec-
tion with the state only as commissioner of the indi-
gent blind, deaf and dumb. He joined the Repub-
lican party on its organization, issued the call for
the first meeting in its interests held in Bristol, and
was an enthusiastic supporter of Pres. Lincoln. He
was a student all his life, and acquired a profound
knowledge of English literature, general history,
and local antiquities. By his first wife, Abby Alden
Wight, he had four children; by his second", Eliza-
beth Ann Liscomb, one child. Gov. Diman died at
Bristol, Aug. 1, 18_65.
HARRIS, Elisha, seventeenth governor of
Rhode Island (1847-49), was born at Cranston,
Providence co., in 1791, son of Joseph Harris, and
descendant of William Harris, who emigrated to
America in the ship Lion with Roger Williams, and
was one of the original proprietors of Providence,
and later of Pawtuxet. Elisha Harris was edu-
cated at the public schools of his town, and
was for a time at the East Greenwich Seminary.
Soon after leaving school he became book-keeper at
the mills at Phoenix, then called the Roger Williams
Mills. Subsequently acquiring the water privilege
next above, he entered upon the manufacturing
business for himself in 1822. Possessed of good mer-
cantile habits, he succeeded in developing a consid-
erable business, which is yet under the control and
management of his descend-
ants. The village of his crea-
tion is a very handsome one,
and is known as Harris. Al-
though too modest to seek pub-
lic office, he conscientiously
accepted it, when assured that
it was but duty to do so. He
was lieutenant-governor in
1840-47 and governor. 1847-49.
He belonged to the Whig party
uniil its dissolution, and then
became a Republican, and was
a presidential elector in 1860.
Hi' was a lifelong number of
the Methodist church and a
liberal giver to the educa-
tional and religious institu-
tions under its control. He
was president of the Bank of
North America in Providence
for many years. He was married to Sarah, the
daughter of William Taylor, of Providence, who
survived him for many years. Besides a sou, who
died in infancy, he had two daughters, Catherine
G. and Eliza A. F. The former is the wife of Hon.
Henrv Howard, the latter and younger dying unmar-
ried. Gov. Harris died at Harrisville,R.I.,Feb. 1,1861.
ANTHONY, Henry Bowen, statesman and
eighteenth governor of Rhode Island (1849-51), was
born at Coventry, Kent eo., R. I., April 1, 1815, son
of William and Mary Kiunecut (Greene) Anthony.
His ancestry on both sides was mostly of Quaker
persuasion. He was descended from John Anthony,
who came from England about 1640 and settled on
Aquidueck Island, and from John Greene, one of
Roger Williams' associates and an original purchaser
of Shawomut (now called Old Warwick). William
Anthony was a native of Providence and a prosper-
ous cotton manufacturer at Coventry; his wife was
a daughter of James Greene, of Warwick. The son
was fitted for college at Coventry and at a private
seminary in Providence, and was graduated at
Brown University in 1833. He then entered the
office of a brother in Providence, intending to make
manufacturing his business, but after five years' ex-
perience turned to newspaper work and became
editor of the Providence "Journal," to which he
had contributed during his college days. When, a
few years later, the agitation for securing an en-
largement of the suffrage divided the state, the
"Journal," by supporting the
"law and order" party.did much
to secure its triumph". In 1840
Mr. Anthony became joint pro-
prietor with Joseph Knowles and
John W. Vose, and retained his
proprietorship throughout life,
the firm style becoming Knowles
& Anthony in 1848, and Kuowles,
Anthony & Dauielson in 1863.
He became widely known for
tli. vigor of his editorials, espe-
cially on political matters, for his
brilliant but genial satire and
for a native dignity and courtesy
that made him very popular in
society. Hegavethe "Journal,"
already one of the leading news
papers in New England, a still
higher position in the journal-
istic field, and tempting offers
to edit newspapers in other cities
frequently came to him. In 1849 he was elected on
the Whig ticket governor of his native common-
wealth. So satisfactory was his record in this high
office that he was returned in 1850, but declined the
proffered renominatiou in 1851. At the first elec-
tion he received a majority of 1.547, and at the
second 2,760. He returned to his editorial work and
devoted himself to it until March, 1859, when he
took his seat in the U. S. senate as a Union Repub-
lican and as the successor of ex-Gov. Philip Allen.
It was an eventful period in the history of the sen-
ate, for Jefferson Davis and other southern leaders
already were inclining their hearts toward secession,
and Surnuer, Poster, Chandler, Henry Wilson and
a few others of their stamp led the Republican
minority. He was elected as a Republican, but at
the same time was not openly allied with the aboli-
tionists, and throughout the civil war he gave ardent
support to the government. As a member of the
committee on public affairs, he helped to create a
naval force and to select its officers; he favored
liberal pensions for the wounded and for widows
and orphans, and he aided in framing the recon-
struction measures. On the trial of Pres. Johnson
he voted for impeachment. He also served on com-
mittees on mines and mining and on post-offices and
post-roads, and was for eighteen years chairman of
the committee on public printing, where his experi-
ence was of the greatest value in reforming the de-
partment and in diminishing its expenses. Gov.
Anthony continued in the senate by repeated re-elec-
tions until his death. In March, 1863, March, 1871,
and January, 1884, he was elected president pro tern.,
but on the last occasion declined on account of fail-
ing health. He was a member of the national com-
mittee appointed to accompany the remains of Pres.
Lincoln to Illinois in 1865; was one of the senators
appointed to attend the funeral of Gen. Wiutield
Scott in 1866, and in that same year was a delegate
to the Loyalist convention in Philadelphia. In de-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
399
bale Anthony was always noted for clearness nf
statement and soundness of argument. His style of
oratory was eloquent and graceful, and repeatedly,
ii|inn the decease of members of the senate, he was
called cm to deliver memorial addresses. Among liis
best known oratorical efforts were his address at the
completion of the equestrian statue of Gen. Greene,
near the capito], which owes its existence mainly to
his exertions; speeches on the occasion of the presen-
tation by the state of Rhode Island to the national
government of this statue and Hint, of Roger Wil-
liams, and three on Charles Sunnier. lie was very
firm in holding to his conclusions when the question
of right and WTOII^ came under consideration, and
was especially tenacious of his relation to Rhode
Island, having a commendable pride in the inslilii
tions of his slate and fondness for her traditions.
Gov. Anllionv bequeathed to Brown University
about 0,000 volumes, constituting what is known as
the Harris collection of American poetry. It was
begun early in the century by .Indue Albert G.
Greene, author of I lie familiar ballad "Old Grimes
is Dead," anil was increased by Caleb Kiske Harris,
who was a kinsman of Gov. Anthony. Guv. Anthony
was married, Oct. Mi, |s:!S. to Sarah A born, daugh-
ter of Gen. Christopher Rhodes, of Pa \\tu\et, a
de-cendniit of Zachariah Rhodes, an associate of
Roi:er Williams. She died in New York city, July
11, 1854. Gov. Anthony died in Providence, Sept.
2, 1SS4.
ALLEN, Philip, nineteenth and twentieth gov-
ernor of Rhode Island (1851-53), was born in Provi-
dence, Sept. 1, 1785, eldest sou of Zachariah and
Anne (Crawford) Allen. He was one of the first
iu this country to engage in calico printing, and
began the business iu Providence about the year
1834, using wooden blocks and cloth imported
from India. Philip Allen prepared for college
under Jeremiah Chaplin, subsequently president of
Waterville College (now Colby University). Maine,
and in 1803 was graduated at Rhode Island College
(now Brown University). He at once cii^aued in
business, dealing extensively in West India products,
and next turned his attention locution manufacture.
Iu 1813 he built a mill on the Woonasqualiieket
river, about eight miles from Providence, and around
this the village of Allenville (now Enfield) grew up.
Later he established the Allen print-works in the
northern part of Providence, and his brother, Craw-
ford Allen, established similar works in Pawtucket.
Still another brother, Zachariah, carried on the
manufacture of cotton goods for many years, and
became a noted inventor. During 1827-36 Philip
Alleu was president of the Rhode Island branch of
the United States
Bank. He was
a representative
from Providence
in the general as-
sembly in ism,
/ 1820 and 1821,
* and served as one
of the commis-
sioners for the settlement of the state debt. In 1851
he was elected governor by the Democrats, and in
1852 and 1853 was re-elected, but resigned before
completing his term, having been elected, May 4,
1853, to the U. S. senate. He opposed the repeal of
the Missouri compromise, although he supported iu
general the administrations of Pierce and Buchanan.
He served on the committees on commerce and naval
affairs, and his personal experience gave his advice
great weight iu matters relating to manufactures.
He was married, in 1814, to Pha'be, daughter of
Benjamin Aborn, of Providence, who bore him
eleven children. Gov. Allen died in Providence
R. I.. Dec. 16, 1865.
LAURENCE, William Beach, statesman,
jurist and acting governor of Rhode Island (1852),
\\a< born in New York city, Oct. 23, 1800, son
of Isaac and Cornelia (Beach) Laurence. His father,
who was a wealthy merchant, was descended
troin one of three brothers who emigrated from
Kii'jl.-md iu 1644 and received a patent of laud
on Long Island, the territory now constituting the
towns of Flushing, Hempstead and Newtowu. His
mother's father was the Rev Abraham Beach, for
many years rector of Trinity Church, New York.
William lieach Laurence enlered Rutgers College at
the age of twelve, but two years later became a stu-
dent at Columbia College, where he was graduated
with high honors in 1818. After
studying law in the office of Wil-
liam Slosson, of New York, and at
the- law school at l.ilchiield, ( onn ,
he spent, two \ cars i IS'.! 1-23) in Eu-
rope, ] >arl of the- time in the sliidv
of law in Paris. Through his
father, who had been a presidential
elector in is Hi, he received from
Pres. Monroe letters of introduction
to Lafayette and Lord Holland,
and through the I". S. diplomatic'
representatives was enabled to en-
ter court circles. (In his return
to New York Mr. Laurence was
admitted to the bar, and <jaM:
his attention mainly to interna-
tional law. In 1S2(> he was ap-
pointed -.ecl'etary of legation at Lon
don, under Gailalin, and iu 1827
was appointed charge d'affaires
for the ratification of foreign treaties concluded by
Mr. (iailatin. He .selected the arbiter for the settle-
ment of the boundary of the northern and north-
eastern frontier of the United Stales, and his cor-
respondence ou the subject with Lords Dudley and
Aberdeen gave' him a high regulation as a diplomat
as well as an expounder of international law. From
London he went to Paris, where, under the Rives
treaty of 1S21, he presented claims for indemnity for
spoliations during the reign of Napoleon in violation
of the laws of nations. On his return to New York
Mr. Laurence formed a partnership with Hamilton
Fish, and delivered at Columbia College and before
the Mercantile Library Association lectures on politi-
cal economy in which he defended free trade. He
promoted the construction of the Erie railroad, being
on the executive committee, and was an active mem-
ber of the New York Historical Society, of which
he was vice-president in 1836-45. About 1845 he
bought Ochre Poiut, at Newport, R. I., where he
built a summer residence, which in 1850 became his
permanent home. In 1851 he was elected lieutenant-
governor, and in 1852 served as acting governor, aid-
ing while chief magistrate in abolishing the laws for
the imprisonment of debtors and in defeating the
passage of the Maine liquor law by the general as-
sembly. In 1853 he was a member of the state con-
stitutional convention. In 1872 and 1873 he lectured
ou international law in the law school of Columbian
College, Washington, D. C. In 1873 he increased
his reputation, already great, by his argument before
the British and American joint high commissioners
in Washington in the case of the ship Circassian.
The suit involved more than $500,000, and Gov.
Laurence obtained for his clients a reversal of the
decision of the U. S. supreme court, the only in-
stance of the kind known. He was an original mem-
ber of the Institute of the Law of Nations, aud he
was the first one to receive the title of D.C.L., a
degree conferred by the regents of the University
of the State of New York. The degree of LL.D.
was conferred ou him by Brown University while
400
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
lie was in Europe. Gov. Laurence was a voluminous
writer. His works include a translation of Barbe
Marbois' "History of Louisiana" (1830); " Institu-
tions of the United States" (1832); "Discourses on
Political Economy" (1834); "History of tlie Nego-
tiations in Reference to the Eastern and Northeast-
ern Boundaries of the United States " (1841); an
enlarged edition, with annotations, of Wheaton's
"Elements of International Law" (1855; new ed.
1863); " C'ominentaire snr les Elements du droit
International " (4 vols., 1868-80); "The Treaty of
Washington" (1871); " The Indirect Claims of the
United States under the Treaty of Washing-
ton, of May 8, 1871, as Submitted to the Tri-
bunal of Arbitration at Geneva" (1872); "Bellig-
erent and Sovereign Rights as Regards Neutrals
During the War of Secession " (1873); and " Etudes
sur la Juridictioo Consulaire et sur 1'Extradition "
(Leipzig, 1880). Gov. Laurence was married in New
York city, May 19, 1821, to Esther R., daughter of
Archibald Gracie, a prominent merchant. One of
their children. Gen. Albert Gallatin Laurence, dis-
tinguished himself during the civil war. and another,
Isaac, was the Democratic candidate for governor of
Rhode Island in 1878. Gov. Laurence died in New
York city, March 26, 1881.
DIMOND, Francis M., acting governor of
Rhode Island (1853-54), was bora at' Bristol, Bristol
CO., R. I., in 1796. He went to Cuba when a young
man, and thence to Hayti, serving some years as U. S.
consul at Port-au-Prince. From Port-au-Prince he
drifted to New Orleans, where he resided for several
years, and then went to Vera Cruz, Mexico, to be-
come U. S. consul. The knowledge he gained of the
country and its politics was of great service to the
U. S. government when war with Mexico was de-
clared; and when the siege of Vera Cruz was
planned he was summoned to Washington to fur-
nish a map of the harbor, which lie easily did from
memory. He sailed from Havana, intending to wit-
ness the bombardment of Vera Cruz, but was ship-
wrecked; and, after spending two days and two
nights in an open boat, arrived at his destination
after the city had capitulated. He was official in-
terpreter while the army remained in occupancy, and
was appointed col-
lector of the port.
Some years later he
returned to Rhode Is-
lam I In .ive, and was
elected lieutenant-governor for 1853-54. Gov. Philip
Allen was re-elected in 1N53, but not long after the
opening of his third term was chosen U. S. senator,
and Lieut. -Gov. Dimond succeeded him. Gov.
Dimond was one of the promoters of the Southern
Pacific railway, and was president of the company
-which had charge of its construction. He died at
Bristol, R. I., in 1858.
HOPPIN, William Warner, twenty-first gov-
ernor of Riiode Island (1854—57), was born in Provi-
dence, K. I., Sept. 1, 1807, son of Benjamin and
Esther Phillips (Warner) Hoppin. His family is an
ancient one, having settled in Massachusetts in 1653,
migrating thence to Rhode Island a century later,
and was closely related to the dishing, Cotton, Raw-
son, Phillips and other old New England families.
For generations the Hoppinshave been distinguished
for intellectual vigor and patriotism as well as for
high social position. Benjamin Iloppin, grandfather
of the governor, held a commission in the Rhode
Island militia under George III., but resigned to en-
ter the Continental army as a captain in Col. Chris-
topher Lippitt's regiment. William Warner Hoppin
was graduated at Yale College in 1828, on that
occasion delivering the class oration by request of his
fellow students, and then entered the Yale Law
School, In 1830 he was admitted to the bar, and
settling in practice in Providence, steadily rose to
prominence. He was elected to the common council
of the city in 1838, and served about four years. In
1845 he relinquished law practice, and with his fam-
ily went to Europe, where lie remained two years.
For five years (1847-52) he was a member of the board
of aldermen of Providence, and in 1853 was sent to the
state senate, where he secured the adoption of a ten-
hour labor law after great opposition. He was elected
governor on the Whig ticket in 1854; was re-elected
in 1855 and 1856, but declining a fourth nomination,
returned to the practice of his profession in 1857.
He was often spoken of as a candidate for the na-
tional house of representatives, but as often refused
to allow his name to be used. In 1857 he was urged
to become a candidate for the national senate, but
withdrew in favor of his friend, James F. Simmons.
In 1858, however, he consented to stand, and in the
first informal ballot of the legislative caucus received
a plurality of votes, but finally was defeated by
Henry B. Anthony. In 1861 he
was one of the five delegates from
Rhode Island to the peace con-
gress at Washington, and made a
conciliatory speech before that
body. During the civil war lie was
active in support of the Union,
both by personal influence and con-
tributions of money; and his ser-
vices were recognized in his elec-
tion as honorary member of the
Loyal Legion. He was president
of the state branch of the National
Union League, which he repre-
sented at the convention that nomi-
nated Grant for the presidency.
In 1866 he was returned to the
state senate; from 1867 until 1872
he was a registrar in bankruptcy,
a position offered by his personal
friend, Chief-Justice Chase; in 1875 he served in the
state house of representatives. On ceasing to hold
public office Gov. Hoppin devoted himself to private
affairs and to various plans for the benefit of the
public. He was treasurer of the Providence and
Fishkill railroad, and was influential in obtaining the
charter for its construction. He was president of the
Providence Dyeing, Bleaching and Calendering
Co., founded by his family, and one of the first, if
not the first corporation of the kind in this country,
and was connected officially with many of the busi-
ness and charitable institutions of Providence. His
religious connections were with the Congregational-
ists, and he was a member of the Beneficent Congre-
gational Church of Providence. On the revival of
the Rhode Island branch of the Society of the Cin-
cinnati, Gov. Hoppin joined it as the representative
of his grandfather. He was married, June 26, 1836,
to Frances A. F. Street, of New Haven, Conn., a
descendant of Rev. Nicholas Street, called by the
First Church of that town, in 1656, to be its associate
Eastor, and sister of Augustus Russell Street, the
Hinder of the Yale Art School. Two sons, Fred-
erick Street and William Warner, survive their
father. Gov. Hoppin died in Providence, April 19,
1890.
DYEB,Elisha, twenty second governorof Rhode
Island (1857-59), was born in Providence, July 20,
isl], son of Klislia and Frances (Junes) Dyer. He
was a descendant of William Dyer, who, with his
wife, Mary, settled in Boston in 1635, and was exiled
witli William and Anne Hutchinson in 1637. He
helped lay the foundations of Pocasset (Portsmouth);
became clerk of the colony of Rhode Island, and
was later commander of the naval forces sent against
the Dutch. His wife, who, on revisilim; Boston, was
banished for succoring the persecuted Friends, re-
OF AMKUICAX Mlui.KAI'HY.
401
turnril in KifiO, defying the authorities, ,mcl was
executed. Their ^randsoii, John, progenitor of Gov.
Dyer, was married to Freelove Williams, u great-
granddaughter of the founder of Rliode Island. <!<>\-.
Dyer's father was a native of <;ioiiee-ier. ami at lin-
age of ten was apprenticed to a Scotchman, John
Fitlon, whocarricd on a commission business, which,
together \\ilh a lar^e share of his properly, he
liei|iicathed to youn^ Dyer. The latter there-
upon formed the- firm of Elisha Dyer <fc Co.,
and continued the commission business until l^:!.">,
when he began the manufacture of col ton chilli
at Norih Providence, starting the Dyerville mill.
His wife. Fiances Jones, was a descendant of
Gabriel liernon, one of a number of lluunenot
refugees who set.lled in Rhode Island. (Jov. D\er
was educated in private schools in Providence mul
Plaintield, Conn., and at. Brown University, where
he was graduated in is-j'.t. He immediately became
a clerk in the commission house of Elisha Dyer it
Co., and in 1S)',1 was admitted a partner. His moral
principles led him to condemn the salt- of liquors —
one of the firm's chief sources of revenue — and In-
prevailed upon his father to discontinue it. reirardless
of consequences. On the establishment of the Dyer-
ville Co., he became its agent, and on his father's
death, in 1854, became sole owner. He carried on
the business until 1867, when failing health com-
pelled him to retire. Gov. Dyer took, or was forced
to take, in response to urgent, appeals from his fel-
low-citizens, many positions of trust. In 1835 he
joined the Rhode Island Society for the Encourage-
ment of Domestic Industry; became its secretary,
and later its president, and was an honorary member
from 1859 until 1878. He was a member of the
Providence school committee (1843-54); president of
the Exchange Hank, and director after it became a
national bank (1S37-79); second vice-president of the
Rhode Island Art Association in 1853; member of the
Windham County (Conn. ) Agricultural Society, and
of the United States Agricultural Society, of which
he was made president in 1853; member of the But-
ler Hospital Corporation and of the Providence Dis-
pensary; vice-president of the Lake Erie Monument
Association; member and director of the Providence
Athenaeum; director of the Providence Young Men's
Bible Society, and its president in 1843; member of the
Rhode Island Historical Society, and one of its trustees
(1845-48); member of the American Association of
Arts and Sciences; president of the Young Men's
Christian Association (1857-58); trustee of the Fire-
man's Association, Gaspe Co. No. 9; vice-president of
the Roger Williams Monument Association, and chair-
man of the executive committee; a founder and man-
agerjof the Providence Aid Society ; honorary member
of the Board of National Popular Education; member
of the Rhode Island Horticultural Society; director of
the Plainfield and Providence railroad /originator of
the Providence and Springfield railroad; one of the
corporators c f the Narragansett Valley railroad, the
charter of which was drawn by him, and director, in
1851, of the Rliode Island Steamboat Co. Gov. Dyer
was allied with the old-line Whig party until its dis-
solution, and then became a Republican. He was
a delegate to the state Whig convention at South
Kingston in 1839, and secretary of the body; dele-
gate of the Whig jubilee and festival in New York
city in 1839; chairman and first vice-president of the
Young Men's Whig convention in Providence in
1840. and delegate to the similar convention in Balti-
more in the same year, serving as chairman and
VOL. IX.— 26.
making an address to 10,000 people. In 1840 he was
elei led adjutant-general of Rhode Island, and was
re elected for rive successive years. During Dorr's
rebellion he had almost entire charge of the plans
of the state government, lu 1S51 thetcmperanee party
nominated him for mayor, but he was defeated; and
in 1853 he was nominated for slate senator, but
failed of election. He was a delegate to the several
Whig state conventions during the period 1851-55.
In 1S57 he was elected chief magistrate of the com-
monwealih: in 1858 was re-elected, and would have
been re-nominated in 1 N.V.I, but declined in favor of
Thomas <J. Turner. On Ilic occasion of his retire-
ment the Providence " Post," a Democratic paper,
said: " It is not often that men thus voluntarily de-
cline an honorable otlice. and espceiallv when the
ollice may be used as a sicppiiiL- stone to others of
Still greater value and importance. . . . We
have from the first looked upon him as an honor-
able, high-minded opponent, and a straightforward,
conscientious man; and candor compels us to say
that he has never failed lo reach the standard we set
up for him. His abilities have been equal to his offi-
cial duties, and his inlc^rily has been equal, so far
as we know or suspect, to i \cry assault which the
intrigues of professed friends have made upon it. He
retires from an office, which he did not seek, wholly
unscathed." During the civil war(iov. Dyer's pa-
triotism was at white heat, and he bore arms himself,
as well as encouraged others lo take them up. AVheu
a young man he had belonged to the 1st light infan-
try of Providence, and later in life he was made an
honorary member of the Newport artillery company
and of the Providence marine corps company. In
September, 1861, he was chosen captain of the 10th
ward drill company, and in May, 1862, his son,
Elisha, being preM-nled from continuing in the ser-
vice, went to Washington, where he served three
months as captain of company I!, 10th regiment
lilioilc Island volunteers. In 1863 Gov. Dyer repre-
sented the Rhode Island Society for the Encourage-
mentof Domestic Industry at the International Agri-
cultural exhibition, Hamburg; in 1869 he w.as elected
president of the National Musical Congress in Bos-
ton; in 1S71 !n- represented Rhode Island at the In-
ternational exhibition in London, and in 1873 he was
appointed honorary commissioner to the Vienna ex-
posit ion by Pres. Grant. Gov. Dyer was a ready
and interesting speaker, and made a number of ad-
dresses on education, agriculture, music, and other
subjects outside of politics. He was the author of
"A Summer's Travel to Find a Ger-
man Home " (1864), and occasionally
contributed to the press. He was a
member of the Protestant Episcopal
church, and in 1852 was a delegate
to the diocesan convention. He was
married, Oct. 8, 1838, to Anna Jones,
daughter of Thomas C. Hoppin, of
Providence, who bore him seven chil-
dren, four of whom are living: Elisha,
Anna Jones, Gabriel Bernon and
William Jones. Gov. Dyer died in
Providence, R. I., May 17. 1890.
TURNER, Thomas Goodwin,
twenty-third governor of Rhode Isl-
and (1859-60), was born at Warren,
Bristol co., R. I., Oct. 24, 1810, son
of William and Abiah (Goodwin)
Turner. His father was captain of
the packet Hannah and Nancy, ply-
ing between Warren and Newport, and had as
assistants his sons, William and Thomas. At the
age of fourteen Thomas Goodwin entered the dry-
goods store of Mr. Cahoon in Newport, as a clerk,
and during spare hours educated himself by reading.
Returning to his native town, lie became a partner
402
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
of Martin L. Salisbury in the dry-goods and mer-
chant-tailoring business, and later in the manufac-
ture of neck-stocks. About 1860 he sold out his
interest and removed to Providence, to become
president of the Equitable Fire and Marine Insur-
ance Co., and this position he retained until he died.
During the Dorr rebellion he served as colonel of
militia, and was in command at Acote's hill. He
was a director of the Warren Manufacturing Co. ; of
the First National Bank of Warren, and of the
Mechanic's Machine Co. ; the City National Bank
and the City Savings Bank of Providence, and of the
Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad Co. He
represented Warren in the general assembly, senate
and house for several years; twice was chosen presi-
dential elector, and for two years (1857-59) was
lieutenant-governor. Elected governor in 1859, he
performed his duties with marked ability. He ex-
hibited marked patriotism during the civil war, and
he was chosen by Pres. Lincoln first collector of in-
ternal revenue for the first district of Rhode Island.
He wasa trustee of Brown University; a member of
the board of the American Baptist Missionary Union,
and an active member of the Rhode Island Histori-
cal Society. He was married, April 4, 1833, to
Mary Pierce, daughter of Jonathan and Rosamond
Luther, of Warren, who bore him seven children,
three of whom lived to years of maturity. Gov.
Turner died at Warren, R. I., Jan. 3, 1875.
SPRAGUE, William, twenty-fourth governor
of Rhode Island (1860-63), was born at Cranston,
Providence CO., Sept. 12, 1830, sou of Amasa and
Fanny (Morgan ) Sprague, the latter
a native of Groton, Conn. He was
educated in the schools of Cranston,
East Greenwich and Seituate, and
at Irving Institute, Tarry town, N.Y.
At the age of fifteen he entered the
store at Cranston connected with
the large cotton manufacturing and
calico printing business of A. & W.
Sprague, the firm consisting of his
father and his uncle, Gov. William
Sprague. At the age of sixteen
he removed to Providence, to en-
ter the counting-house of the firm,
and i wo years later became a book-
Keeper. Amasa Sprague died in
1843, leaving a large estate, con-
-ting chiefly of firm property,
to his sons. William and Amasn,
who in 1856, on the death of their
uncle, succeeded to the management of the business,
and their cousin, Byron, being a silent partner, con-
tinued the firm style. "For miles the Sprague
properties extended' in AVarwick and Coventry, in
the Pawtuxet valley, and consisted not only of the
mills, but. also of the villages and extensive tracts of
land." They managed nine great mills in Rhode
Island and Connecticut, capable of an output of
800,000 yards of cloth, and of 1,400.0(10 yards of
printed calicoes per week, and their plant was said
to be the largest in the world. The firm failed in
October, 1873, in consequence of the monetary crisis
of that year. Gov. Sprague engaged also in the
manufacture of iron and of locomotives, and was an
owner of railroads and steamships. He made sev-
eral improvements in the processes of calico printing,
perfected a mowing machine, and used the first ro-
tary machine for making horseshoes. Gov. Sprague
took an interest in military affairs early in life, and
in 1848 joined the marine artillery company of Provi-
dence, and rose from the ranks to the position of
colonel. He made the company the equal of any
military force in the United Slates in efficiency. In
1859 he visited Europe, and made a special study of
its military establishments. In 1860 he was elected
governor, and anticipating the civil war, had the
infantry and artillery of the state in readiness foi
emergencies. He made great exertions to raise
troops in response to Pres. Lincoln's call for thn-c
months' men. and offered the national government
a regiment and a battery of light horse artillery. The
"war governor," as he was called, went immediately
to the front, and was in the first battle of Bull Run,
July 21, 1861, where his horse was shot under him.
He served during the Peninsular campaign, and for
his bravery and his patriotic services in general was
commissioned brigadier-general, but, was not mus-
tered into service, being unwilling to give up his
position as governor. He was re-elected governor in
1861 and 1862, but was absent in the field most of the
time, and the duties of his office were performed by
John R. Bartlett. In large measure it was due to him
that Rhode Island won an enviable reputation for the
high character, number and bravery of the men she
contributed to the Federal army. In the spring of 1863
Gov. Sprague was elected to the U. S. senate, and re-
signed the governorship, William C. Cozzeus, presi-
dent of the senate, acting in his place until the regular
election in May. Gov. Sprague was a member of
the committees on manufactures and on military af-
fairs, and chairman of the committee on public lands.
His term extended from March 4, 1863, until March
3, 1875, and he left congress to resume his business
as a manufacturer. Brown University gave him the
degree of M. A. in 1861, and he was elected one of its
trustees in 1866. He was married, Nov. 12, 1863, to
Catharine, daughter of Hon. Salmon P. Chase, sec-
retary of the U. S. treasury, who bore him a son,
William, and three daughters.
BARTLETT, John Russell, acting governor
of Rhode Island (l«61-62) and author, was born in
Providence, Oct. 23, 1805, son of Smith and Nancy
(Russell) Bartlett, of Massachusetts families. He
went to school first in the Canadian cities of Kingston
and Montreal, afterwards alten'jiug the academy at
Somerville, N. Y. He was educated for a business
life, and entered a mercantile house in his native
city, which he left to enter a banking house. Dur-
ing the nine years that he was thus employed, he
pursued his studies along various lines, and took an
active interest in intellectual projects generally,
being one of the founders of the Providence Atlie-
n.i'iim. In 1837 he gave up banking, and entered a
commission house in New York city; but this failing,
he soon afterwards opened, in partnership with
Charles Welford, a bookstore for the importation
and sale of choice foreign works. The two learned
partners were authorities on almost every subject
treated in the works they collected, and their book-
store soon became a popular resort for literary men.
At this time Mr. Bartlett was a member of the
Franklin Society of Rhode Island and the New York
Historical Society, before which he occasionally
lectured. Together with Albert Gallatiu, he founded
the American Ethnological Society, to the proceed-
ings of which he contributed extensively. In 1847
he published an independent work on this subject,
" The Progress of Ethnology," and in the following
year a volume, entitled "A Dictionary of American-
isms; a Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Re-
garded as Peculiar to the United States," which im-
mediately became a recognized standard on the
subject, running through four editions before 1878,
and being translated into Dutch in 1854. He retired
from business in 1849, and was in the next year ap-
pointed by Pres. Taylor commissioner to establish
the boundary between the United States and Mexico,
under the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, and for the
next three years, aided by experts, he made surveys
and explorations, supplemented by astronomical,
magnetic, meteorological, geological and botanical
OF AMKRH'AN KIOGRAPH Y.
403
/
observations. Owing to differences of opinion at
Washington, the surves' was not completed, and Mr.
liaillell returned home to publish, in IN.It, the, re-
sults of his experiences in a work ent filed " Personal
Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas,
New Mexico, California, Sonora and Chihuahua,
Connected with the United Stales and Mexican
Boundary Commission." This book contains a vari-
ety of in format ion interestingly
given, which can scarcely be
obtained from any other exist-
ing work. While in that re-
gion he collected material for a
work on the clhnolony of the
Indian tribes in the states con-
tiguous in i In1 Mexican bound-
ary, but I his was never written.
In 1855 .Mr. Marl let I was elected
secret aiy of state, and held of-
fice through successive re elec-
tions until 1872. On the de
partureof Gov.Spragueforthe
seat of war he became by virtue
of office acting governor, and
served in thiscapacil s oneyear.
During his administration as
secretary he became deepl\- in-
terested in the history of Rhode
Island, and for ten years occupied himself arranging
and editing the stale records. The results appeared
in ten volumes (1850-05), entitled "Records of the
Colony of Rhode Island and the Providence Planta-
tions," the work being brought down to the adop-
tion of the U. S. constitution in 1792. He also pub-
lished "A History of the Destruction of His Britannic
Majesty's Schooner Gaspc. in Narragansett Bay,
June 10, 1772" (1862); "Index to the Acts, Etc., of
the General Assembly of Rhode Island, 1758-1 sii-J "
(1863); "Bibliography of Rhode Island with Note,,
Historical, Biographical and Critical" (1864); "Me-
moirs of Rhode Island Officers iu the \\arof the
Rebellion " (1807). " History of the Norton Family,
of Newport, R. I." (1878), and "Naval History of
Rhode Island" (1880). Among oilier works were
" Literature of the Rebellion " (1866); " Bibliotheca
Americana," a catalogue of books relating to Amer-
ica in the John Carter Brown Library at Providence
(4 vols., lso.1-07); "Primeval Man and his Associ-
ates" i INONI; ••Genealogy of the Russell Family"
(1878). Gov. Bartlett was married, May 15, 1831,
to Eliza Allen, daughter of Christopher Rhodes, of
Pawtnxet (Warwick), who bore him three sons and
four daughters. She died in 1853, and in 1803 he
was married to Ellen, daughter of Nelson S. Edd3',
of Providence. He died in Providence, R. I., May
28, INNii.
COZZENS, William Cole, acting governor of
Rhode Island (1803), was born in Newport, Aug. 26,
1811. He was educated iu a well-known school kept
by Levi Tower, and then entered the dry-goods
store of Edward W. Lawtou, who was lieutenant-
governor of Rhode Island (1847^9), and continuing
in the business, be-
came one of New-
port's prosperous
merchants, and
I bead of the firm of
William C. Cozzens
& Co. In 1854 he
was elected mayor
of Newport, succeeding Hon. George II. Calvert, the
first to hold office under the revised charter. During
his term Newport was visited by the cholera, and
his efforts to improve the sanitary conditions of
the city were untiring. He was sent to the lower
house of the general assembly several times, and iu
1861 was elected to the senate, of which, iu 1863, he
was chosen president. When, in March, 1863, Lieut. -
Gov. Samuel G. Arnold was elected to the national
senate, to succeed Hon. James Simmons, resigned,
Mr. Co/./.ens. by virtue of his office as president of
the senate, became governor. His term was short,
extending 01113- until May, when James Y. Smith
was elected to the office, but during that time he
displaced meat wisdom in dealing with matters of
public polity. Gov. Cozzens was president of the
Itedmond Library several times, and was one of its
directors for a number of years. About 1S57 he be-
Ci | ire- id ci it of the Rhode Island Union Bank.
lie \\a- inllui niial in seeming for the city the tract
of land now called Town Park and in having the
Old Colons- railroad extended to Newport. He was
a svardeu of Zion ( I'rotestant Episcopal > ( 'hurch for
many years. He delivered an historical address in
1S63 that was published under the title, "History
of Long Wharf, Newport." Gov. Cozzens died at
Newport, Dec. 17, 1*70.
SMITH, James Youngs, twenty-fifth gover-
nor of Khoile Nlaiid ( Isii3-I10), «as born at PoquODOC
Village, Groton, New London eo. , Conn., Sept. 1.1.
Iso'.l, son of Amos Dcnison and Priscilla (Mitchell)
Smith. His father \\ as a sea captain, but owned a
farm that had been in the possession of the family
since the settlement of Grot on in 1(5.10; bis mother
was a descendant of the famous John A Men and
Priscilla Mullens. At the age of thirteen James Y.
Smith left his father's farm to be-
c ie a clerk iu a store at Salem,
Conn., of which, in three years'
time, he became chief manager, lie
then joined h is brother, Amos Den i
son Smith, who was associated in
the lumber business with .lames
Aboiu ill Providence. Amos 1 1.
Smith retired from the firm in IS'.'S
to eniia^e in Ihe ma n u fact in i- of col -
ion uoodsat Johnston, and in 1830
James V. Smith formed a partner-
ship in the lumber trade with a
nephew of Mr. Aborn, under the
name of Aborn & Smith. In ls::7
he became sole proprietor of the
business, which had grown to great
proportions. In the same year he be-
gan to invest in the manufacture of
cotton goods, and in 1843 disposed of
his interest iu the lumber business
and formed a partnership with his
brother, Amos, under the style of A. D. & J. Y. Smith.
They bought mills at Wiilimantic. Conn., and Woon-
socketaud Providence, R. I., and in addition to manu-
facturing, engaged in a wholesale trade in merchan-
dise. In 1862 Mr. Smith retired from this firm to cany
on business in his own name, and after the civil war
organized the James Y. Smith Manufacturing Co.,
and built a mill for manufacturing shirtings at Elm-
wood, Cranston (now a part of Providence). In 1866
and 1873 his sons-in-law, Charles A. Nichols and
Gen. Horatio Rogers, were admitted to the firm, and
the stj'le became James Y. Smith, Nichols & Rogers.
For several 3rears Gov. Smith served in the general
assembly, and in 1855-56 was mayor of Providence.
In 1861 the Republicans nominated him for gover-
nor, but the Democrats and disaffected Republicans
united to elect William Sprague. In 1864 he was
again a candidate, and again was opposed, chiefly
because he would not commit himself to any candi-
date for the U. S. senatorship, but was elected, and
in 1865 was re-elected b3~ a majority from every town
and ward iu the state, a case without parallel in the
history of Rhode Island, and probably of any other
state iu the Union. Gov. Smith's course during his
administration was that of a sagacious and uncom-
promising patriot. He contributed largely from his
404
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
private fortune to aid the national government, aud
succeeded in filling all the quotas of the state by
voluntary enlistment, thus avoiding the necessity o'f
resorting to a draft. During the rest of his life
Qov. Smith was in active service on behalf of his
fellow citizens, on school committees, church build-
ing committees, boards of charitable societies, com-
missions under the city government and the like.
For three years he was president of the Providence
board of trade. At the time of bis death he was
president of a bank of discount and of two savings
banks; a director in eight insurance companies, also
serving as president of several, and a director of the
Providence and Worcester and the New York and
New England railroad companies. Few public men
have been as highly honored during their lifetime or
followed to the grave with as. sincere lamentation by
rich and poor alike. He was married, Aug. 13,
1835, to Emily, daughter of Thomas Brown, of
Providence, proprietor of extensive cotton mills at
Scituate. Their only son died in childhood; two
daughters survived their father. Gov. Smith died
in Providence, R. I.. March 26, 1876.
BURNSIDE, Ambrose E.,
twenty-sixth governor of Rhode Isl-
and (1866-69). (See Vol. IV., page 53.)
PADELFORD, Seth, twenty-
seventh governor of Rhode Island
( 1869-78), was born at Tauntou.Mass.,
Oct. 3, 1807, son of Johu and Mary
(Heath) Padelford, aud descendant o'f
Jonathan Padelford, who came to
New from Old England in colonial
times. He was educated in the com-
mon schools of Taunton. and then
while still a lad removed to Provi-
dence, where he entered a whole-
sale grocery store. Not many years
later he engaged in the business
for himself, and continued it for
forty years, accumulating consid-
erable wealth. In 1837-41 and
1851-52 he was a member of the city council; in
1837-41, 1851-53 and 1864-73 served on the city
school committee, and in 1852-53 represented Provi-
dence in the lower house of the general assembly.
He was chairman of a committee to call a meeting of
citizens, March 7, 1854, to protest against the intro-
duction of slavery into Nebraska, and was a vice-
president of a meeting, June 7, 1856, to denounce
the assault of Preston S. Brooks on Charles Sumner.
In 1863 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and held
the office for two years. He was presidential elector
on the Grant ticket in 1868, and in 1869 was elected
governor, serving by repeated elections until 1873,
when he declined to accept further nomination. By
virtue of his office he was chairman of the stale board
of education and chairman of the trustees of the
state normal school, in whose establishment he had
taken a deep interest. From May, 1873, to Janu-
ary, 1877, lie was one of the commissioners of the
sinking fund of Providence. In March, 1861, he
was elected a director of the Bank of North. America,
and soon after president, an office held through life.
At different times he was vice-president of the New
England Emigrant Aid Society ; director of the
Providence Athenaeum; president of the Rhode Isl-
and Association for the Benefit of the Freedmeu;
member of the Rhode Island Historical Society ;
member of the Providence Aid Society; trustee of
the Benefit Street Ministry-at-large, aud president
of the corporation for five years; auditor of the
Rhode Island Hospital; one of the vice-presidents of
the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani-
mals, and of the Rhode Island Bible Society. Gov.
Padelford was one of the founders of the Westmin-
ster Congregational (Unitarian) Society in 1828, and
was president of its board of trustees seven years.
In 1869-74 he was president of the Charming Con-
ference; in 1866-70 was a vice-president of the Ameri-
can Unitarian Association, and from 1870 until his
death was a vice-president of the National Unitarian
('(inference. "Gov. Padelford," says one of his
biographers, " won his way from obscurity to promi-
nence and honor, by tire exercise of prudence, indus-
try and perseverance." In every position he filled
he endeavored faithfully, conscientiously and ac-
cording to his best judgment, to perform every
duty which belonged to it, even to the slightest de-
tail. This was especially manifest in his adminis-
tration as governor of the state. He had, what is
too often wanting in official life, the sense of per-
sonal responsibility. He was a man of great persist-
ence of purpose, of unwearied industry, of deep
convictions and good impulses. His faith in divine
Providence in all the circumstances of life was un-
shaken, and from the beginning to the end he en-
deavored to illustrate with constancy the principles
of religion and duly which he had cherished in his
early days. He was married, Oct. 19, 1834, to
Louisa Rhodes, who bore him two daughters, and
again, Oct. 2, 1845, to Mrs. Mary (Barton) Pierce.
Gov. Padelford died in Providence, Aug. 26, 1878.
HOWARD, Henry, twenty-eighth governor of
Rhode Island (1873-75), was born at Cranston, R. I.,
April 2, 1826, sou of Jesse Howard. His father was
judge of the state court of common pleas and for
about twenty-five years treasurer of the People's
Savings Bank of Providence. He was educated at
the academies at Fruit Hill, Seekouk and Smith-
ville, and the University Grammar School, Provi-
dence. His intention of entering college was frus-
trated by ill health, and he went into active business
life iuslead. Later, however, he entered on the
study of law in the office of ex-Gov. Hoppin, with
whom he shortly formed a partnership. He was also
in partnership successively with
Hon. Thomas A. Jenckes and
Hon. Jerome B. Kimball. In
1858 he returned to business
life, aud since that time has
been connected with the Harris
Manufacturing Co., of which he
has been president for many
years, and with other enterprises.
He is also a director of the Na-
tional Bank of North America.
Pres. Hayes appointed him one
of the assistanl commissioners to
the industrial exposition at Paris
in 1878, where he made a special
study of the textile exhibits of
the various countries, giving
the results in a detailed report
to the government. Gov. How-
ard entered political life in 1857, being then elected
to the general assembly from Coventry, where he
had taken up his residence. He was re-elected in
1858, but resigned after a few mouths. In 1856 and
1876 he was a delegate to the national Republican
conventions, and in 1872 he was a presidential elector.
In 1873 he was elected governor on the Republican
ticket by a very large majority, and in 1874 was re-
elected with no opposing nomination. He declined
to become a candidate in 1875. Gov. Howard is a
man of superior ability as a writer and lecturer, and
has contributed letters of travel aud other prose ar-
ticles, also poetry, to the Providence "Journal "and
other newspapers. He was married at Coventry,
Sept. 30, 1851, to Catherine G., daughter of Gov.
Elisha Harris. His children are Jessie H., the wife
of Edward C. Bucklin, treasurer of the Harris Manu-
facturing Co.; Elisha Harris, local agent of the
mills of 'the same company, and Charles T. Howard.
OF AMKRK AN BIOGRAPHY.
405
LIPPITT, Henry, twenty-ninth governor of
Rhode Island (1S75-76), was born in Providence,
Oct. 9, 1818, sou of Warren and Eliza (Seamans)
Lippitl. lie was a descendant of John Lippilt.who
came to Rhode Island in 1638, and in 10-17 was one
of the commissioners who organized the colony
under parliamentary charter. John Lippilt's grcal-
granilsons. Chrisiophei- am; Charles, served in Hie
revolutionary army. They were among the pioneer
manufacturers of Rhode Island, and, with others,
organized in 1809 the Lippitt Manufacturing ( !o., ol1
which \Varren. son of Charles anil I'al her ot I lem \ .
became treasurer in 1840. Henry Lippilt received
a gooil i -ill 11 'a I ion a I the academy of K illusion. H. I.,
and soon after removed to Warren, where lie was
employed 1'or four years as a clerk. In ls:!."i he re
turned to Providence, and for three years was hook
keeper for .lo-iah Cliapin A: Co., the largest coiton
merchants in Ihatcity. In 1838 lie and Ki I \\ard \Val-
cott became associated as Walcott A: Lippilt, com-
mission dealers in bale- cotton and
print cloths chiefly, w_°*-h Amorv Cha-
piu as a special partner. Two years
later Mr. Walcoll retired and Mr.
Cliapiu took his place as an active
partner, and the firm style bee •,•
Amory C'hapin A: Co. In 1*40 Mr.
Cliapiu died, and a younger brother
of Mr. Lippitt, Robert I,., \\as admil-
tcd to the firm. In !S48tlie brothers,
with their father and other capital-
ists, bought I lie large Tiffany Mill at,
Dauielsonville, Conn., and the next
year reorganized the business as the
Quinebaug Manufacturing Co. From
1850 until 1853 Henry and Ruben
Lippitt manufactured cotton goods
at Newport, in the Coddinglon Mill,
hired for the purpose. In 1854 they
purchased cm interest in the So-
cial and Harrison mills at. Woonsocket, having sold
their stock in the Quinebaug Co., which became
Henry Lippitt's solely on his brother's death in 1858.
In 1874 a new brick mill of 60,000 spindles was
erected; about the same time the Globe Mill, of 44,-
000 spindles, was purchased, and the capita! of the
company was increased from $600,000 to $1,000,000.
From the beginning Gov. Lippitt has been treasurer
of the company, which, on the admission of Charles
H. Merriman in 1859, became H. Lippitt tfc Co. From
1862 to 1806 he was a large owner in the Mauville
Co. Mills at Lincoln, R. I. In 1865 H. Lippitt &
Co., with others, changed the cotton machinery in
the Harrison Mill, and began to manufacture- fancy
cassimeres and overcoatings, the firm style being the
Lippitt Woollen Co., the president, Gov. Lippitt,
and the capital stock, $400,000. In 1883 a new mill,
the Nourse, was completed, and the three mills, now
operated by the Social Manufacturing Co., have a
capacity of 3,855 looms, 137,776 spindles, and em-
ploy 1,450 operatives. Their product consists of
twills, sateens, fancy and cotton goods. In 1862
Gov. Lippitt acquired a controlling interest in the
Silver Spring Bleacherv. situated in Providence, and
in 1864 organized the Silver Spring Bleaching and
Dyeing Co., which now hasacapital of $500,0(X>. Of
this he is also president. Since 1838 his annual busi-
ness has been at least $300,000, and several times
has reached $4,000,000. In addition, Gov. Lippitt
is president of the Rhode Island National Bank;
Rhode Island Institution for Savings; Wheaton Ho-
tel Co. ; Providence Opera House Association; Dver
Street Laud Co; Colonia Warehouse and Dry Dock
Co. of South America, and treasurer of the' Social
Manufacturing Co. He was one of the orgauizers
and the first vice-president of the Providence board
of trade, and its second president for three years.
Gov. Lippitt became interested in military affairs
soon after returning to Providence, and in is4<land
1842 took part iu the re-organization of the Provi-
dence marine corps of artillery. He rose from sub-
ordinate positions to the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
and commanded a portion of the company, then
armed and drilled as infantry, through the Dorr re-
bellion. He aided in repulsing the "Suffragists,1'
who attacked the arsenal; commanded the leading
section, May 18, when the Dorr forces were attacked
on Atwell avenue, and was conspicuous in the cap-
ture of their fort on Acote's hill in .June, being the
third mau to enter. In 1862 he was commissioner
Tor the county of Providence on the enrolling and
drafting of men under the call of Pres. Lincoln. In
1S75 be was nominal 'd lor governor of the state by
the Republicans. At the stale convention there was
a division between those who favored Lippitt and
those who claimed that his nomination was secured
in advance by the advocates of a license system.
The dissatisfied members withdrew , and stvliug them-
selves the National Union Republicans, passed resolu-
tions assert inn tha: t he nominal ion of Mi'. Lippitt for
governor was secured by measures de tractive to the
integrity and purity of the IJcpublican parly and
perilous to all its interests. Rowland Hazard, of
South Kingston, was nominated for governor and
llaniel E. Day, of Providence, for lieulcnanl-gov-
ernor. The Prohibition party, failing to secure a
candidate, joined with the Independent Republicans,
while the Democrats nominated Charles B. Cutler,
nf Warren. The whole number of votes cast was
•-'•.'. •-'">*, of which Hazard received !s.7i!4; Lippitt,
s,:',08, and Cutler, 5,160. As a majority of all the
\.iiesea-t, is necessary to elect in Rhode Island, the
choice devolved upon the legislature, which elected
Mr. Lippitt, governor. In 1870 Gov. Lippilt was re-
nominated, his opponenls being Albert C. Howard,
Prohibitionist, and William 15. Beach, Democrat.
The votes cast numbered 1!U>H7, of which Lippitt
received 8,689; Howard, 6,733, and Beach, 3,599,
and again the choice devolved upon the legislature,
with the result that, the Republican coudidates were
seated. The Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia
was held during Gov. Lippitt's administration, and
he took a most commendable part, in the efforts to
have Rhode Island's exhibit sustain her reputation,
especially iu the department of manufactures. Gov.
Lippitt was married, Dec. 16, 1845, to Mary Ann,
daughter of Joseph Balch, M. D. She bore him
eight sons and three daughters. His son, Charles
Warren Lippitt, was chief of the gubernatorial staff
during his service as governor, and was himself chief
ina^i-iiate in 1895-97. Gov. Lippitt died in Provi-
dence, R. I., iu 1891.
VAN ZANDT, Charles Collins, thirtieth gov-
ernor of Rhode Island (1877-80),. was born in New-
port, Aug. 10, 1830, sou of Edward and Lydia
(Collins) Van Zandt. He was a grandson of Wynant
Van Zaudt, of New York, a member of one of the
oldest Knickerbocker families, whose wife, Maria
Uuderhill, was a native of West Chester county,
N. Y., where her family owned large estates ob-
tained by royal grant. Gov. Van Zandt's mother
was the daughter of Hon. Charles Collins, of Bris-
tol, R. I., for nine years lieutenant-governor of
Rhode Island, and granddaughter of Hon. William
Bradford, of Mount Hope, a lineal descendant of
Gov. William Bradford, of Plymouth Colony.
Charles Collins Van Zandt was educated at school'
in Newport and Shrewsbury, N. J. , and at Trim*1
College, Hartford, Conu., where he was grad' *a*~
406
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
iii 1S51. After studying law with Hon. Thomas C.
Perkins, of Hartford, and Hon. Alfred Bosworth, of
AVarren, R. L, he was admitted to the bar iu 1853.
He began practice iu Newport, and for many years
after 1855 was city solicitor, and meantime for
two years (1855-57) was clerk of the state house of
representatives. In 1857 he was elected a member
of the house of representatives from Newport, and
was re-elected many times. He was speaker of the
house iu 1858-59, 1866-69 and 1871-73. He was a
member of the state senate in 1873-74, and was chair-
man of the judiciary committee. In 1873 he was
elected lieutenant-governor, and served two years;
in 1877 was elected governor by the Republicans,
.•mil served three years, declining a reuomination.
He took a prominent part in political campaigns;
canvassed the middle states in 1864 with Gov. Mor-
ton, of Indiana, and Gov. Broiigh, of Ohio; was
chairman of the state delegation at the Chicago con-
vention (1868) that nominated Gen. Grant for the
presidency, and held a similar position at the con-
vention at Cincinnati that nominated Rutherford B.
Hayes for the presidency. Gov. Van Zaudt has been
called on frequently to deliver orations and poems
before assemblies of various kinds. Notable among
these are the orations on the occasion of the laying
of the corner-stone of the state soldiers' and sailors'
monument and the semi-centennial of the Rhode
Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic
Industry, and the poems delivered before the army
of the Potomac and the Grand Army of the Repub-
lic at New Haven and the centennial poem before
Si. John's Lodge, F. & A. M., of Rhode Island, not to
mention in detail a number before universities and
colleges. The position of U. S. minister to Russia
was offered him by Pres. Grant, but he declined.
After his death a volume of his "Newport Ballads"
was published by the Newport His-
torical Society, as they related to
the quaint characters of former
days in Newport. The book was
arranged by his widow. The entire
edition sold at once. Gov. A"an
Zandt was married, Feb. 12, 1863,
to Arazelia, daughter of Judge
Albert Gorton Greene, of Provi-
dence, R. I. He died June 4, 1894.
L.ITTLEFIELD, Alfred Hen-
ry, thirty-first governor of Rhode
Island (1880-83), was born at Scitu-
ate. Providence co., April 2, 1829,
son of John and Deborah (Himes)
Littlefield. As early as 1721 some
of the name, descendants of Ed-
mund Littlefield, who in 1637
emigrated from England to Massa-
chusetts, settled at New Shoreham, Block Island.
Several of this branch of the family were elected to
the general assembly of Rhode Island; Capt. William,
whose daughter. ( 'ailiarine, became the wife of Gen.
Nathanael Greene, served in the revolutionary war;
and the immediate ancestors of Gov. Littlefield were
so conspicuous as pauiois that during thu revolution
they were obliged to flee to the mainland. Allied
Littlefield was educated iu the township of War-
wick, whither the family removed iu 1831, and then,
at an early age. entered the Sprague mills at AVar-
wick, where lie remained until 1844. In 1845 he
became a clerk in the dry-goods house of Joseph M.
Davis, of Central Falls, Providence CO., and also en-
gaged iu a small way in putting up skein and spool
cotton. In 1851, after several years' service as clerk
to his brother, George L. Littlefield, he was admitted
to partnership with him. and the firm confined ils
business to the manufacture of thread at Central
'ills. A store at Haydenville. Mass., opened in
^-"ection with their brother, Daniel G. Littlefield,
stei
/
was sold to the latter in 1853. A dry-goods store at
Paw tucket also came under the supervision of
Littlefield Bros., but was sold in 1854. In the same
year they joined the firm of David Ryder <& Co.,
thread manufacturers at Pawtucket, and four years
later purchased the entire interest, their firm style
again becoming Littlefield Bros. In 1889 an incor-
porated company was organized, of which Gov.
Littlefield was president. Their mill employed about
150 operatives, had a capacity of 7,000 spindles, and
produced hosiery yarns, skein cotton and three-cord
thread for spools. Gov. Littlefield was one of the
iucorporators of the Pawtucket Hair Cloth Co., and
was one of its directors since its organization in
1861. He was also a director of the First National
Bank of Pawtucket; Pawtucket Gas Co.; Royal
Weaving Co., and Pawtucket Street Railway Co.
Originally a Whig, he joined the Republican party
on its formation, and during the civil war was a
zealous supporter of the national government, and
gave frequent and generous assistance to the families
of soldiers. In 1864 he was appointed division in-
spector of the state militia, with the rank of colonel,
and held office for five 3rears. From June, 187M. to
June, 1877, he was a member of the town council of
Lincoln, and in 1876-77 represented the town in the
general assembly. In 1878 he was elected to the
state senate, and in 1879 was re-elected. In March,
1880, he was nominated for governor by the Repub-
licans, and at the election received 10,224 votes,
while the Democratic nominee, Kimball, received
7.440, and the Prohibition candidate, Howard, 5,047.
As the law required a majority vote, the election de-
volved upon the general assembly, and lie was chosen
governor by a vote of eighty-two Republicans against
tweut}' Democrats. In 1881 the total vote for gover-
nor was 16,201— Gov. Littlefield received 10,849
votes; the Democratic candidate, Kimball, 4,756; the
Prohibition candidate, Allen, 253, and the Greenback-
Labor candidate, 285. In 1882 the total number of
votes cast was 15,523, of which Gov. Littlefield
polled 10,05(5. In his annual message, in 1882, he
advised the establishment of a state industrial school
for pauper and vagrant children. He also urged
that the public school system be changed so as to
better fit the people for the development of the
manufacturing and mechanical industries of the
state. To this end he suggested the employment of
thoroughly trained teachers only and the introduc-
tion of the elementary principles of physics and me-
chanics. During Gov. Link-field's first term of
office the state entertained as its guests the represen-
tatives of the French government who came to this
country to attend the centennial anniversary of the
surrender of the British forces at Yorktown. Gov.
Littlefield was married, Feb. 9, 1853, to Rebecca
Jane, daughter of Ebenezer and Jane (Padwell)
Northup, of Central Falls, R. L, who bore him four
children, of whom two sons survive. He died in
Lincoln. R. L, Dec. 21. 1893.
BOURN, Axigaistus Osborn, thirty-second gov-
ernor of Rhode Island (1883-85), was born in Provi-
dence, Oct. 1, ls:!4, son of George Osborn and
Huldah (Eddy) Bourn. His original American an-
cestor, Jared Bourn, settled in Boston about 1630,
later removing to Roxbury and then to Portsmouth,
R. I., which he represented in the colonial legisla-
ture in 1654-55, and finally to Swansea, Mass. In
the last-named place he built a block-house that was
the refuge of the inhabitants of the neighborhood
during King Philip's war. Augustus O. Bourn was
educated in the public schools of Providence and at
Brown University, where he was graduated in 1855,
and then entered the employ of his father, who was
a manufacturer of india-rubber goods and one of the
first in the state to make india-rubber shoes. In 1S59
he became a member of the firm, and continued in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
407
the business until about 1864, when he founded at
Bristol, R. I., the National Rubber Co. In 1867 the
machinery of the Providence manufactory was trans-
ferred to Bristol and the capital consolidated. The
company employed nearly 1,100 hands, and gave
work to at least half of the population of Bristol.
Its yearly output had a value of more than $2,000,-
000. Mr. Bourn was treasurer of the company until
its existence ceased in 1SS7, and since that time has
been engaged in the rubber business in Providence,
beiim sole proprietor of the Providence Rubber Shoe
Co., which employs about 300 hands. Gov. Bourn
was connected formany years with the Providence
horse guards, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-
colonel. In 187s lie was appointed lieutenant-colonel
of the 1st ballalion of Rhode Island cavalrv. From
1876 to 1883 and from IMHI; n> isss he represented
Bristol in the stale senate. From 1877 to 1x82 he
was chairman of the committee on finance and a
member of the judiciary committee. He was the
author of the "Bourn Amendment" to the constitu-
tion of Rhode Island. In ils original form the con-
stitution limited the voting power of foreign born
citizens to owners of real estale. At the session of
1887 various acts looking to an enlargement of the
franchise in respect to those cilix.ens were intro-
duced into the legislature, and among them an act
by Gov. Bourn granting naturalized citizens equal
franchise rights with those of native birth, which
was reported in its original form by the joint special
committee, passed by two legislatures, and adopted
by a vote of the people. In 1883 he was nominated
for irovcrnor by I he Republicans, and received 13,068
votes, his opponent. William Sprague, candidate of
the Democrats and Independents, receiving 10,201,
and the candidate of the Independent Democrats
726. He was re-elected in 1884 by a total of i:i.'.i:;i;
votes; Thomas W. Segar, Democrat, received 9,592,
and the scattering votes num-
bered 13. In 1889 he «as
appointed by Pres. Harrison
I". S. consul-general to Italy,
and retained this responsible
post until 1893. He then re-
turned tothe United States and
resumed the rubber business
in Providence. He is a mem-
ber of numerous societies and
organizations, among them the
What Cheer Lodge of Masons
and Calvary Commandery of
Knights Templars. Before the
state senate he delivered the
memorial addresses on Pres.
Garlield, Gen. Buruside, Hon.
John F. Tobey and Henry
B. Anthony; and before the
citizens of Bristol, R. I.,
a memorial address on the
death of Gen. U. S. Grant. These, together with
others of his public addresses, have been printed in
pamphlet form for private distribution. Gov. Bourn
was married, Feb. 26, 1863, to Elizabeth Roberts,
daughter of David C. and Mary Mansfield (Went-
worth) Merrill, and has three sons and two daugh-
ters.
WETMORE, George Peabody, thirty-third
governor of Rhode Island (1885-87), was born in
London. England. Aug. 2, 1846, second son of Wil-
liam Shepard and Anstice (Rogers) Wetmore. He is a
descendant of Thomas Whitmore, a native of the
west of England, who emigrated to Boston in 1635,
and removed to Wethersfield, Conn., about 1640.
Seth Whitmore, great-grandson of Thomas, was a
deputy to the general court fromMiddletown, Conn.,
from 1708tol771; a magistrate of the town; judge of
the county court, and one of the justices of quorum
of Hartford county. By his second wife. Hannah
Francis, of Middletown, he had several children, in-
cluding Seth, Gov. Wetmore's grandfather. The
latter, for many years, was a lawyer at St. Albans,
Vt. His wife was Nancy, daughter of Gen. William
Shepard, of Westticld, Mass., brigadier-general in the
Continental army and representative in congress in
1797-1803. Theirson, William Shepard, was born at
St. Albans in 1801, and when still very young entered
the employ of two of bis uncles, named AVright,
merchants of Providence, and in a short time was
given the position of supercargo on one of
their ships. Later he went into business for
himself, at Valparaiso, Chili; in IS'.'ll retired
and returned to the United Stales; in 1833
formed at Canton, China, the great house of
Wetmore & Co. ; from ls:!7 l<> isll, wasji
member of the tirm of Wctmore A; Crvder,
of New York; in 1S47 retired from business
with a large fortune, and removed to New-
port, where he built an elegant villa. He
was an intimate friend of George
Peabody, the banker, for whom his
son was named. George I'. Wet-
more was graduated at Vale in lsii7,
and then studied at Columbia Law School, New
York city. His life, from 1875 to 1883, was spent
mainly in European travel, but duringtbat period he
lived in Newport; in isso was a presidential elector-
at-large, and in issi was, by Gov. Littletield, ap-
pointed to receive the delegates of the French repub-
lic, who, after attending thecelebralioii of the surren-
der of the British at YorUlown, visited Rhode Island.
His reception to Pres. Arthur on the occasion of the
latter's visit to Newport in the summer of 1883 was a
brilliant social event. In iss."> lie was nominated for
the governorship by tin1 Id 'publicans, and received at
the election 12,563 votes, nearly 4,000 more than the
Democratic candidate. In 1886 he was re-nominated
In acclamation, and polled 14,340 votes against
'.I.1H4 cast for Amasa Sprague, Democrat. He was re-
noniinaled in 1SS7. but dissatisfaction w i 111 their party
leaders led a number of Republicans to vole the
Democratic ticket, and Gov. Wetmore was defeated.
He was married in Xcw York, Dec. 22, 1S09, to
Edith M. Ketellas, one of a family whose residence in
that city dates from Hi92. They have several chil-
dren.
DAVIS, John William, thirty-fourth and thirty-
seventh governor of Rhode Island (1887-88,1890-91),
was born at Rehoboth, Bristol co., Mass., March 7,
1826. His father, John Davis, 3d, of Rehoboth,
a farmer, as were all bis ancestors in this country,
held many places of public trust by election of his
fellow-citizens and by court appointment in the set-
tlement of estates in bankruptcy and probate. His
mother was Nancy, daughter of William Davis, of
Rehoboth, but not of the same family as his father.
On the paternal side he is descended from James
Davis, of Marlboro, Wiltshire, England, who about
1630 settled at Newbury, Mass., and in 1640 became
one of the founders of Haverhill; on the maternal
side he descends from John Davis, of London, who
emigrated to Rhode Island in 1679, settling in New-
port. His paternal grandfather. John Davis, 2d, then
a lad of fifteen, assisted an uncle, Capt. Joseph
Barny, in the quartermaster's department of Gen.
Sullivan's army, beleaguering the British on Long
Island. His father's maternal grandfather, Stephen
Bullock, was captain of a company in Sullivan's
army at the battle of Long Island. Subsequently he
represented Rehoboth in the general court; in 1797-
99 represented his district in the U. S. congress, and
in 1803-05 was a member of the governor's council
of Massachusetts. William Davis,' of Newport, Gov.
Davis' maternal grandfather, was forced to flee from
Newport when the British took possession, and tak-
408
THE NATIONAL (' YC'Lol'.EDIA
ing refuge in Rehoboth, he was there married to a
daughter of Capt. Peleg Peck, of Swansea, who was
in active service in the revolutionary army in 1776-
82. Gov. Davis was educated in the public schools
of Rehoboth and in a private school in Pawtucket,
R. I. Being the eldest son, lie was, at an early age,
charged with the care of the sheep and cattle on his
father's farm, later aiding in planting and harvesting
and iu marketing the produce of the fields. From
1844 to 1850 he was engaged in the business of me-
chanical masonry, teaching public schools iu the
winter time. The winter of 1847 was
spent in Charleston, S. C., and that
of 1849 iu New Orleans, La. In 1850
he became a dealer in grain in Provi-
dence, and was thus engaged until
1890. He then occupied himself with
the care of his own estate and with
that of others committed to his charge.
In 1877 he took up his residenceln
Pawtucket. Gov. Davis has always
been a Democrat, and as such was
elected a member (his first public
office) of the Pawtucket town council,
and its president iu 1882 and 1885.
He was appointed by his party an
alternate delegate from Rhode Island
to the natiouafDemocratic convention
at Chicago in 1884, and took an
active part in the nomination of Mr.
Cleveland. He was chosen a state senator by the
town and city of Pawtucket in 1885, 1886 and 1893,
and was appointed by Pres. Cleveland appraiser of
foreign merchandise for the Providence U. S. cus-
toms district in 1886. He was elected governor of
the state in 1887 and in 1890; having been for the
last five years the Democratic nominee for that office,
and receiving at each election, except the second, the
majority vote, and in each canvass a larger vote than
had ever before been polled for any candidate for the
office in Rhode Island. Owing to the peculiar require-
ment in the state of a majority of all the votes cast to
elect (otherwise the choice to be made by the general
assembly), he lost the third and fifth elections, the as-
sembly choosing the minority candidate in his stead.
In 1 897 he served as mayor of'Pawtucket. During the
civil war Gov. Davis was enrolled in the infantry,
and later served in the Providence horse guard's.
While living in Providence he was a member of the
Franklin Lyceum, and was active in the affairs of the
Matheusen Street Methodist Episcopal Church. He
was married in 1855 to Lydia W. Kenyou, whodied in
1859; again, in 18(32, to Emily P. Goffe, and for the
third time, in 1S95, to Marietta P. Pearse. He has
two daughters by his second wife.
TAFT, Royal Chapin, thirty-fifth governor of
Rhode Island (18S8-S9), was born at Northbridgc,
Worcester CO., Mass., Feb. 14, 1823, son of Orsiuusand
Margaret (Smith) Taft. He descends through seven
generations from Robert Taft, a native of Scotland,
who was one of the first settlers of Mendoii, Mass., in
lliso. being a selectman in the following year. His
grandfather, Jacob Taft, served in the revolutionary
war as a private in Capt. Joseph Chapin's Uxbridge
company at the battle of Lexington; as sergeant in
Col. Joseph Read's regiment at the battle of
Bunker Hill. He was educated in the public schools
of Uxbridge, Mass., and at Worcester Academy, and
then engaged iu the manufacture of cotton and
woolen goods iu the employ of Royal Chapin, of
Providence, R. I. At the end of five years (1849)
he was admitted a partner with Mr. Chapin, under
the style of Royal Chapin & Co. ; but in 1851 he formed
an association in the same line of business with Stan-
dish Bradford, of Pawtucket. The firm thus formed
continued until 1885, under the successive stvles of
Bradford A Taft; Bradford, Taft & Co., and Taft,
Weedeu & Co. After three years of virtual retire-
ment from active business, he purchased a consider-
able interest in the Coventry Co., cotton manufac-
turers. In addition to this interest, he is treasurer
of the Bernou mills of Georgiaville, R. I., and presi-
dent of the Quiunebaug Co., of Brooklyn, Conn. He
was a member of the city council of Providence iu
1855-56, and represented the city in the slate legisla-
ture iu 1880-84. At the Centennial exposition in
Philadelphia in 187(3 he served as a commissioner
from Rhode Island. He was elected governor, on
the Republican ticket, April 4, 1888, and served for
one year, declining renomination on acccount of Uie
pressure of his private business. He is president of
the Merchants' National Bank of Providence; is
vice-president of the Providence Institution for
Savings; is president of the Rhode Island Hospi-
tal; is president of the Boston and Providence rail-
road, and is a director of the New York, New Haven
and Hartford railroad. He was lieutenant and
captain in the Rhode Island horse guards for
several years. He was married, Oct. 31, 185(1, to
Mary Frances, daughter of Dr. George B. Aiming-
ton, of Pittsford, Vt. They have two daughters and
two sons.
LADD, Herbert Warren, thirty-sixth and
thirty-eighth governor of Rhode Island (1889-90,
1891-92), was born iu New Bedford, Mass., Oct. 15,
1843, sou of Warren and Luc/ Ladd. He was gradu-
ated at the high school of his native town iu 1860
and entered the wholesale dry-goods house of Tucker
«fc Taber, where he remained until July, 1861. Then
obtaining a long-desired position on the staff of the
New Bedford "Mercury," he soon became a valued
assistant, both in the business department and as a
reporter, and going to the field of war in 1862 with
the 43d and 44th Massachusetts regiments, he sent
back an account of their first engagement, which
was published in the Boston "Journal," before the
New York press learned of the battle. The first
Sunday newspaper ever published in New England,
outside of Boston, was an extra "Mercury," issued
by young Ladd to announce the bat tie of Fredericks-
burg. His letters while he was in the army were
admirable examples of what such communications
should be, and journalism was deprived of one of
its ablest exponents when business
claimed him. In 1864 he entered the
dry-goods house of White, Brown &
Co. iu Boston, but seven years later
removed to Providence, and with a
Mr. Davis, of Boston, formed the firm
of Ladd & Davis, establishing a large
dry-goods house on Westminster
street. The firm name, after undergo-
ing several changes, became merged
into the corporate title of the H. W.
Ladd Co., of which Gov. Ladd is
president. He distinguished himself
by his public spirit on becoming a
citizen of Providence; founded the
Commercial Club; became vice-presi-
dent of the board of trade; president
of the Rhode Island Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Children;
aided in obtaining better terminal rail-
way facilities, and has ever shown a great interest in
the militia of the state. He was one of the organi-
zers of the Providence Congregational Club, ami is
a member of the Press Club, and the Hope, Squau-
tum and Pomham clubs. From the first lie has been
a generous patron of Brown University, and among
his gifts was an astronomical observatory, erected
in 1891, in the eastern part of the city, which has
given opportunity for advanced study leading to post-
graduate degrees. la 1889 he was the Republican
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
409
candidate for governor. A few days before the Re-
publican state convention met, tbe general assembly
with the aid of Republican votes passed a resolution
proposing to rescind the prohibitory amendment of
|ssr> Astliis showed a change of polity on the part
c'f the Republicans, the resolution was .stron^lv up
I Hived by those of them who believed thai prohibition
had not had a sufficient trial, and they joined with
other supporters of the amendment in forming a
law enforcement party, nominating James H.
C'haee. The latter received 3,507 voles; Ladd, 16,-
S7o; John \V. Davis, Democrat, 21,2*0, and Harri-
son II. Richardson, Prohibitionist, 1,340. There
beini: no choice by the people, the general assembly
in inland committee voted, and placed .Mr. Ladd in
the chair. In his inaugural address, he ni-jed the
erection of a new stale house, and was appointed by
the assembly one of the commissioners in consider
plans and recommend a site for it. The prohibitory
amendment having been repealed, and a high license
law enacted, the Republicans who lel't their party
on that account, will] others, formed a I'nion Re-
form party in 1800, and nominated Arnold U. C'haee.
Gov. Ladd was re nominated, and polled 18,988
votes, against 20,.">4s tor e\ (inv. Davis, Democrat.
The Union Reform and Prohibition candidate- p, ill. -.1
75 2 and 1.S20 voles respective!}', and the choice again
devolved upon the general assembly, which elected
ex-Gov. Davis. In 1891 ex-Gov. Ladd and ex-Gov.
Davis were again rivals, the former receiving 20,995
votes and the latter 22,249, the general assembly de-
ciding the issue, and seating Ladd. Gov. Ladd's
administrations were acceptable to the people, and
were brilliant socially, the chief events being dinners
given at Newport to Pres. Harrison and ex-Pres.
Cleveland. Gov. Ladd was married in Providence,
May 25, 1870, to Emma, daughter of Caleb G. Bur-
rows, a prominent merchant. She died in 1889.
BROWN. Daniel Russell, thirty-ninth gov-
ernor of Rhode Island (1S!I2-!I."|), was horn at Bollon.
Tolland co.. Conn., .March 28, 1848, son of Arba
Harrison and Harriet M. (Darb) Brown. His father
was a thrifty farmer, and to add that he was an
abolitionist is equivalent to saying that he possessed
moral as well as physical courage. Kussell Brown
left the farm at, an early age, having shown a de-
cided aptitude for study, to enter an academy at
Manchester. He continued his studies in Hartford,
and then entered the employ of a hardware mer-
chant in Rockville, Conn., whence he returned to
Hartford two years later to become head salesman
in a similar establishment. Within three months he
formed a partnership with William Butler & Son,
the style becoming Butler, Brown & Co., and in
1877 the firm of Brown Brothers & Co., as it then
became, was the largest establishment of the kind in
the United States. As soon as lie became a citizen
of Providence (1870) he began to take an intelligent
and active interest in municipal and state affairs, but
never allowed his enthusiasm in politics to injure
his commercial relations. In 1880 he was elected to
the common council, and served for four years. The
Republicans nominated him for mayor in 1886, but
he declined, two years later accepting the office of
presidential elector. In 1892 he was elected gov-
ernor, receiving 27,461 votes, and John W. Davis,
Democrat. 25,433. The total vote was 54,679, the
largest ever cast in the state. In 1893 he was again
a candidate; David S. Barker, Jr., being the nominee
of the Democrats, and Henry B. Metcalf, of the
Prohibitionists. The votes for the respective candi-
dates were 22,015, 21,830 and 3,265. and there being
no choice by the people, the matter devolved upon the
general assembly, and Gov. Brown was elected. At
the opening of the spring session the Democrats had
control of the house, and proceeded to unseat a hold-
over Republican member on the ground (hat certain
votes cast for his rival at the election had been erro-
neously rejected, and another holdover on the ground
of his election to the senate. Having gained a ma-
joriiy of the grand committee they invited the senate
to join them in canvassing the returns of the election
in April, and in declaring the result. This the sen-
ale declined to do, alleging that the house had acted
illegally, and carried a, resolution of adjournment
until January, 1894. The house laid this resolution
on the table, whereupon the senate informed the
governor that a difference existed between the two
houses as to the date of adjournment, and Gov.
Brown adjourned the general assembly until Jan.
30th. The house refused to ivcognj/e the order,
claiming that the senate could not adjourn for a
longer period than two days until il had joined the
bouse in M'nmd committee for the purpose of count-
ing and declaring the voles casi. .-mil that Hie gov-
ernor could not IcLialh adjourn the assembly until
the vrand committee had acted. The slate su'pieme
court upheld Gov. Brown. A special election was
belli in November to decidi an amendment In I he
constitution, making election to the srovcrnorsliip de-
pend upon a plurality vote, and on Dee. 4lh, Gov.
Urottii announced its adoption 1>\ an overwhelming
vote. At the January, is'.tl. session of the assembly,
the house of rcpresenlal ivcs declared that Gov.
Ill-own was not. elected in 1»'M, bill invited him to-
gether with the senate to meel.il in grand commit-
tee, and cam ass Hie votes cast the year previous.
The senate, as before, refused, and the house declared
that as this refusal was a violation of the constitu-
tion, and as certain ballots had been
illegally thrown out, as claimed,
the senate was in rebellion, the
Republican officials wen' usurpers,
and that a Republican form of
government did not exist in the
stale. The Democrats, at their
slate eonw'iilion in |>-;i|. charged
that the I". S. senatoisbip had
been bought "in combination with
an ambitious man, who having once
been elected governor, has perpetu-
ated himself in office for a vr-ar be-
yond the time for which lie was
chosen, by lawless defiance of the
courts and laws, and now seeks
further lease of power." The vote
that year was the largest ever
cast in Rhode Island. Gov. Brown
polled 29,179 votes, and David
S. Barker, Jr., Democrat, 22,924,
the former's plurality being 6,255. Gov. Brown is a
member of the Beneficent Congregational Church in
Providence; of the Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion, and of over thirty other benevolent, literary
and social organizations. He was married at Provi-
dence, Oct.. 14. 1874, to Isabel, daughter of Milton
and Mary (Guild) Barrows. They have three chil-
dren.
LIPPITT, Charles Warren, fortieth governor
of Rhode Island (1895-97), was born in Providence,
R. I., Oct. 8, 1846, eldest sou of Henry and Mary
Ann (Balch) Lippitt, grandson of Warren and Eliza
(Seamans) Lippitt. He is a lineal descendant of
John Lippitt, a land-holder in the Providence
Plantations in 1638; in the ninth generation from
Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island; in the
seventh generation from John Gushing, judge of the
superior court of judicature of Massachusetts (1728-
37), and in the tenth generation from Samuel Gor-
ton, founder of Warwick, R. I. After his gradua-
tion at Brown University, in 1865, he pursued a post-
graduate course with private tutors in Providence
and at Cambridge, and afterwards traveled exten-
410
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
sively in America and in Europe. In 1869 he
commenced business in his father's office in connec-
tion with the Social Manufacturing Co., the Lippitt
Woolen Co. and the Silver Spring Bleaching and
Dyeing Co. In 1871 he was elected treasurer of the
Silver Spring Bleaching and Dyeing Co., and still
holds that position. He was elected president of the
Franklin Lyceum in 1875-76. During the term of
Henry Lippitt, his father, as governor of Rhode
Island (1875-77), he served as colonel and chief of
his personal staff. For a number of years he was a
member of the executive committee" of the Provi-
dence board of trade; in 1878, 1879, 1880 was elected
first vice-president, and in 1881-82 president. In
1880 he was elected vice-president of the National
board of trade. During 1878-84 he served three years
as secretary, two years as vice-president and one
year as president of the Providence Commercial
Club, declining a re-election as president. In 1880
be was elected president of the Garfield and Arthur
Republican Club of the second ward, Providence.
After the deatli of his father, in 1891, he was elected
president of the Social Manufacturing Co.. which
office he has since held. He also succeeded his
father, in 1891, as a director of the Rhode Island
National Bank of Providence. In 1895 he was elected
vice-president, and in 1896 president, of the bank,
which position he now holds. His entire business
life has been passed in connection with manufactur-
ing enterprises conducted within the state of Rhode
Island. In 1894 he was chairman of the Rhode
Island Republican state convention. At various
times he has served as chairman of Republican city
and congressional conventions, and has always been
identified with the Republican party. In 1895 and
1896 he was elected governor of the state of Rhode
Island. At the Republican national convention in
1896 he was a candidate for the position of vice-
president, receiving the unanimous support of his
state delegation for the position. Gov. Lippitt, on
the 4th of July, 1895, delivered the oration before
the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati, of which
he is a member. In February, 1896. by invitation
of the Union League Club of Brooklyn, N. Y., lie
delivered the principal address at the meeting on the
anniversary of Lincoln's birth. In May, f896, he
delivered an address upon the tariff before the Re-
publican Club of New York city, which was after-
wards printed and circulated as a campaign docu-
ment in the national election of that year. In 1896,
by invitation of the city of Cleveland, O., he de-
livered the oration on Perry's victory day, Sept. 10th
of that year, at the centennial celebration of Cleve-
land. At the request of the national Republican
committee, Gov. Lippitt delivered a number of ad-
dresses in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
in support of Pres. McKiuley, and closed the cam-
paign in Philadelphia before a lai'ireand enthusiastic
audience. In 1897 he was elected president of the
Brown University Alumni Association of Providence,
and in 1S98 the president of the National Associa-
tion of the Finishers of Cotton Fabrics. He «a-
married in Providence, February, 1886, to Margaret
liarhara, daughter of Alexander and Charlotte Bar-
bara (Ormsbee) Fariium, and has had six children.
DYER, Elisha, forty-first governor of Rhode
Island (1897- ), was born in Providence, It. I.,
Nov. 29, 1839, sou of Hon. Elisha and Anna Jones
(Hoppin) Dyer. His father was governor of the
-tale iii 1857-59. He entered Brown University in
1858, but two years later went to Germany for
a course at the School of Mines, Freiburg, Saxony,
audattbe University of Giessen, where lie was gradu-
ated the same' year with the degree of Ph.D. He re-
turned to Providence in the autumn of 1860. In
1856-58 he was connected with the 1st light infantry
company, state militia, as a private; in April, 1858,
being commissioned colonel and aide-de-camp on his
father's staff. He was one of the first in the state to
enlist when Pres. Lincoln called for three months'
volunteers, and as fourth sergeant of Capt. Tonip-
kins' battery of Rhode Island light artillery, started
for Washington. On April 18,1861, while in charge of
unloading the battery at Easton, Pa., he was injured,
and a few days later was overcome with heat, and
was discharged on surgeon's certificate. He never
full}- recovered. In 1862 he was re-elected lieuten-
ant of the marine artillery, one of the oldest military
organizations, having held that position before enter-
ing the army. In May of that year the battery re-
enlisted, and Lieut. D'yer desired to accompany it,
but was rejected on the ground of physical disability.
He was, however, appointed major by Gov. Sprague,
and detailed to aid in recruiting and drilling men for
the battery. On Sept. 28, 1861, he was commissioned
lieutenant and commissary. Providence marine corps
of artillery, and served until June 7, 1862, being
then commissioned major by Gov. Sprague to fill a
temporary vacancy. In 1863-66 he was colonel and
aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. James Y. Smith.
In 1867 the marine artillery company was reorganized,
and he entered the ranks as corporal. Two years
later he was elected lieutenant-colonel, commanding
the company, but in 1871 resigned. In 1872-74 he
was again commander. In 1875, under a new militia
law, the artillery of Rhode Island was consolidated,
and he became commander of the battalion. In
1875-78 he was a member of the board of examiners
of the state militia. In 1882-95 he was adjutant-
general of the state, with the rank of brigadier-
general. Being relieved from active duty at his own re-
quest, he was retired with the rank of brigadier-general.
As adjutant-general he made many changes and im-
provements in the equipment of the military organ-
izations; organized the present machine-gun battery
and the naval battalion; by direction of the general
assembly, corrected and completed the war records
of the state, and served as the first secretary of the
state board of soldiers' relief, and subsequently as a
member of the board. In 1877 he was elected to the
state senate from North Kingston, and served on the
judiciary committee and as chairman of the commit-
tee on militia. In 1878 he was
appointed by a convention of
militia officers one of a commis-
sion to report a new militia law
to the general assembly. In 1877
Gov. Van Zandt appointed him
a member of the joint select com-
mittee on the reception of Pies.
Hayes and his cabinet. In 1878-
83 he was a member of the state
board of health for Washington
county, in which North Kings-
ton, one of his places of residence,
is situated. In 1880-81 he was
a representative to the general
assembly from the fourth ward
of Providence. In 1888-97 he
was a member of the school com-
mittee of Providence. In 1890-
92 he served on the board of
aldermen. For several years
he was a member of the financial committee of the
Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of
Domestic Industry. Since 1870 he lias been a direc-
tor of the Union Bank and of the Union Saving-
Bank of Providence. He was elected governor
on tin- Republican ticket in 1897, 1898 and 1899.
on the second occasion polling the largest plu-
rality ever given any candidate for the office. He
is a chemist by profession, and has applied his
knowledge in various branches of manufacture, in
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
411
which from time to time he lias been engaged. Gov.
Dyer is a member of SI. John's Lodge, F. and
A. M. ; Royal ArchC'ha]itei-; St. John's Commandery;
Aleppo Temple of the Mystic Shrine, and of the
Ancient Scottish Rite. He is a comrade- of Rodman
Post, G. A. R. ; of A. K. Burnside Camp, of Sons
of Veterans, and the Massachusetts Commandery,
Loyal Legion. He is a member of the Hope and
S(|iiantnm clubs, Providence Athletic Association,
and of the University Club, New York city. Gov.
Dver was married in Providence. Nov. '.'6, IsUil. to
Nancy Anthony, daughter of William and Mary B.
(Anthony) Vial'l. They have three sons: Elislm. Jr.,
of New York; George; R., major of the 12th New
York volunteers in the Spanish-American war. serv-
ing throughout the cnlire campaign in Culia, and
llc/.ckiiih Anlhoiry, an artist of Providence.
NEILL, Edward Duffield, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. Aim. !l,
is-,';!, son of Henry and Martha R. (Dullield) Neill.
After ]iassing through the sopboniorc class of the
University of Pennsylvania, he entered Amherst
College, where he was graduated in 1S42. He spent
one year at Audover Theological Seminary, and
completed his theological studies under the super-
vision of Rev. Albert Barnes and Dr. Thomas
Brainerd, of Philadelphia, being licensed to preach
in lN47by the presbytery of Galena, and oidained
in the spring of 1S4S. He tirsl preached to the lead
miners at a hamlet near Galena. 111., but having
learned that a new territory was to be formed north
of Iowa, lie proffered hi- sen ices for that, field, and
on April 2:t, 1849, arrived at the then struggling
settlement of St. Paul, Minn. lie held services first
in the school-house, and during the following sum-
mer in the one hotel of the town, the Central House,
which was also used asa temporary capital, lly Sep
tember the first Protestant church building in St. Paul
was completed by Dr. Neill. and in November he or-
ganized the First Presbyterian Church. By request, he
delivered the first annual address on Jan 1. ls.°>o. be-
fore the Minnesota Historical Society, of which he was
subsequently secretary foraboutten years and con-
tributor of numerous articles to the five printed vol-
umes of its historical collections. During 1851-53 Dr.
Neill was first territorial superintendent of instruc-
tion, and, by his efforts, in February. 1853, a charter
was obtained for the Baldwin School. Later he
occupied several mouths in developing ils boys' de-
partment, now known as the preparatory depart-
ment of Macalester College. In 1854 he resigned
his position as pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church, but continued his ministrations for a part of
the next year, then becoming minister-at-large for
the city, with the object of advancing the general in-
terests of Christianity. On Dec. 24, 1855, he organ-
ized the House of Hope of the Presbyterian church,
and continued its pastor until 1860. He prepared
some of the most important sections of the city board
of education charter which was passed by the legis-
lature in 1850; was elected an inspector from tin-
ward in which he lived, and later made secretary, a
position which he held for several years. Alter
Minnesota's admission to statehood, in 1858, Dr.
Neill was electetl chancellor of the state university.
Finding it embarrassed by a heavy debt, he pre-
pared a communication to congress asking for an
additional grant of land, which, after several years,
was obtained. He also secured the passage of a
charter by the legislature of I860, providing for the
selection of five regents by the governor. By a bill
passed in the same year, the chancellor of the uni-
versity was made ex-olticio superintendent of public
instruction, and the double office was at once con-
ferred upon Dr. Neill. Early in 1861 he en-
deavored to create a department of applied science, in
the hope that its expenses might be met by private
subscription. By his encouragement, David B.
Reid. M.D., an eminent chemist, who had been
president of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh,
delivered the first course of scientific lectures, which,
however, wen- interrupted by the outbreak of the
civil war. As stale superintendent, in 1860 Dr.
Neill cordially cooperated with Dr. .1. D. Ford and
others in establishing the first normal school at
Winona. In April, isiil. he enlisted as chaplain of
the 1st Minnesota regiment, and after the army of
the Potomac tested at Harrison's Landing on the St.
James river, Dr. Neill was appointed hospital chap-
lain, and was assigned to South Street Military Hos-
pital, Philadelphia. He resigned the chaplaincy in
January, 1864, and next month was appointed to
arrange the correspondence of Pres. Lincoln, and,
as his secretary, to sii;n land patents. He remained
on duty at the president's house after his assassina-
tion. When Pres. Kraut \\ as inaugurated he was
nominated consul at Dublin and its dependencies,
and confirmed by the senate, but after about two
years he resigned', and returned to Minnesota with
the determination of building up a college for young
men upon a broad Christian basis. A large vacant
stone edifice, built for a hotel, and owned by the
late Charles .Macalester, of Philadelphia, he leased
for $100 monthly, and bewail lo develop his plans
to reorganize the College of St.
Paul, founded in 1854. The
result was Macalester College.
Before Mr. Maoale-ler's death,
after correspondence with Dr.
Neill, a codicil to his will was
arranged, by which the build-
ing, upon certain conditions,
should become the properly of
trustees, appointed by Dr. Neill,
to earn out (he plan of a Chris-
tian, but not a sectarian, institu-
tion. After a few years, the en-
terprise being sufficiently esiab-
lished. Dr. Neill resigned the
presidency, to lake effect as soon
as &:!0.(HH) were raised toward
the endowment of the president's
chair. It was not until 1884
that a successor was chosen,
however, and then, by agree-
ment with the trustees, before retiring from the presi-
dency, Dr. Neill remained in the faculty as senior
professor in history, literature and political econo-
my, also college librarian. In the hope that in years
to come the Reformed Episcopal church would be a
home for many who preferred a liturgy in public
worship, Dr. Neill in 1874 united with the few under
Bishop Cummins, who organized a church protest-
ing against the growing sacerdotalism and sacra-
mentariauism in the Protestant Episcopal church.
For a number of years he was pastor of Calvary Re-
formed Episcopal Church, St. Paul, but before his
death returned to the Presbyterian fold. Dr.
Neill was the author of many magazine and review-
articles and several books, which are much valued
by advanced historical students: "A History of
Minnesota" (1858); " Terra Marise ; or, Threads of
Maryland Colonial History" (1867); "Virginian
Company of London" (186~8/; "English Coloniza-
tion of America " (1871); " Founders of Maryland "
(1876); " Virginia Vetiist.a. the Colony Under James
I." (1885); ""Virginia Carolorum " (1886), and
"Concise History 'of Minnesota " (1887). The de-
gree of D. D. was conferred on him by Lafayette
College. He was married, in October, 1847, to
Nancy, daughter of Richard Hall, of Worcester
county, Md. They had five children. Dr. Neill
died iii St. Paul. M'iuu., Sept. 26, 1893.
412
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
g.
MUNKITTKICK, Richard Kendall, author,
was bum in Manchester, England, March 5, 1853,
son of Richard aud Augusta (Thorburn) Muukit-
trick. His father was Irish and his mother an
American of Scotch parentage. While still an in
fant he removed to America with his parents, and
was educated in private and public schools. His
taste for poetry and literature was early developed,
and in 1875, after trying several uncongenial occu-
pations, he determined to adopt, the profession of a
writer, to which he has shirt- devoted himself with
success and acceptance. Since 187? he has contribu-
ted occasional verse to the leading magazines, writ-
ing in both serious and comic vein. He has issued
several books: "Fanning" (1891); "The Moon
Prince " (1893) ; "The Acrobatic Muse," humorous
verses (1897), and " The Slambaugasee "(1898). Mr.
Munkittrick has made gradual progress in the liter-
ary field, but his success is assured. He is one of the
fentlest aud most retiring of men, but his literary pro-
uctions have attained recognition for their high order
of merit. He was married, July 5, 1883. to Jeanne
A., daughter of Malcolm and Mary (Grant) Turner.
VAUGHAN, Elbert Hunter, founder and first
president of Soule College, Kansas (1894- ), was
born on a farm near Bristol, Teuu., Jan. 9, 1849, sou
of Keunolly Greene and Rachel Anderson (Butler)
Vaughan. His father was a farmer and a son of Rev.
John Vaughan, a Methodist minister, who was for
twenty years sheriff of Grayson and Carroll counties,
Va. ; his mother was a daughter of Capt. William
Butler, of Tennessee, distinguished in the war of
1813. The first of the family in America was his
great-grandfather, John Vaughan, of an English
family closely related to Cardinal Vaughan, aud he
settled in Virginia toward the end of the eighteenth
century. Elbert H. Vaughan was an active and in-
dustrious boy, but when nine years of age a pro-
tracted over-exertion brought on hemorrhage of the
lungs and spinal trouble, so that for years lie could
not walk without crutches, and was very delicate. In
spite of this he was obliged to assist in I lie farm work,
his father being very poor, until having almost un-
aided acquired a rudimentary education^ie was able,
by teaching in a country school,
to pay a man to take his place on
the farm. By this time, although
still delicate, he had somewhat
improved in health. In 1870 he
walked 100 miles to college; ob-
tained employment with a farmer
to pay for his board; entered
King's College, and afterwards
theEast Tennessee Wesleyan Uni-
versity. He was graduated there
in 1875; at Drew Theological
Seminary in 1878, and later in
postgraduate university work,
receiving successively the de-
greesof A.B., A.M., B.D.,Ph.D.
and D.D. While studying he
also engaged in teaching, preach-
1-4 Of P ing and other employments to
//i U Q^H-jTKaW earn his expenses. He was after-
wards nine years in the Virginia
conference, holding the office of secretary for seven
years, and after filling pastorates at Hillsborough,
Mantissas and Norfolk, was for four years presiding
elder on the Roanoke district; while there he estab-
lished Roanoke Seminary, aud left it out of debt. At
the same time he repaired old churches and built new
ones, until the value of church property in the district
was increased sixty-five per cent., and clear of debt.
Removing to the state of Kansas in 1887. he was pas-
tor of Trinity Church at Wintield for three years; was
afterwards vice-president of the Southwest Kansas
College in that city, aud in 1893 removed to Dodge
City to take charge of the First Methodist Episcopal
Church. Asat that time there was no institution for
higher education in a territory 400 miles square, of
which Dodge City was the centre, Mr. Vaughan made
strenuous efforts to establish one. Through his in-
strumentality, Hon. Asa T. Soule, a prominent Pres-
byterian layman of Rochester, N. Y., donated $52-
000 to purchase a campus of forty acres and erect
^up m.^
•• ..--'Ji !•> iii ••
J—
•*
---^-..
suitable buildings. He further promised to endow
the institution suitably, but his untimely death in
1895 left it. literally penniless. Soule College was
opened in September, 1895, with Dr. Vaughan as
first president. He served the first three years with-
out salary, and in addition made large contributions
to its support. As a result of his efforts the institu-
tion is free from debt, and is rapidly advancing to
prominence among the Methodist colleges of the
Southwest. It has an able faculty; offers courses
in classics, science and philosophy, aud is attended
not only by natives of Kansas, but students from
other states, and from foreign countries. Dr. Vaughan
has also been partially instrumental in establishing a
Methodist seminary at Nagasaki, Japan, and aided
in establishing the Grant Memorial University at
Chattanooga, Tenn. He was a delegate to the general
conference of the M. E. church in 1884, and was ap-
pointed by the board of bishops a delegate to the cen-
tennial conference, Baltimore, Md., in 1886. He was
married, Aug. 15, 1HS3, to Emma Virginia, daughter
of John and Mildred Blanche (Lee) Tennyson, of
Brooklyn, N. Y. Her father was a near relative of
Lord Tennyson, aud her mother, a niece of Gen.
Robert E. Lee. She is secretary of the college, head
of the music department, and an efficient helper in
conducting the institution.
ROSECRANS, Sylvester Horton, first R. C.
bishop of Columbus, O. (1868-78), was born at
Homer, Licking co., O., Feb. 5, 1827, sou of Cran-
dall and Johanna Rosecrans. The family, of Dutch
origin, emigrated to this country from Amsterdam,
and settled in Pennsylvania, near Wilkes-Barre. The
name was originally spelled Rosenkrautz. The
parents of Sylvester Horton were Methodists, and
came to Ohio from Pennsylvania, where lie was sent
to Kenyon College. While at this institution, his
brother, who was at West Point, became a convert
to the Catholic religion, and wrote to Sylvester to
this effect, giving the reasons for his conversion. He
followed the train of thought thus suggested, and the
result was that he also became converted. He was
received into the Catholic church in 1845, and left
Kenyon, and entered St. John's College, Fordham,
where, in 1846, he was graduated with distinc-
tion. Mr. Rosecrans decided to become a priest, aud
was sent by Bishop Purcell to the College of the
Propaganda, Rome, for his theological studies. He
stood high in the college, aud won the honors of the
institution, a doctor's cap. In 1852 he was ordained
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
413
a priest at Rome, and after traveling through Eu-
rope returned to his native country in devote him-
sel! tn tlir missions in Ohio. Dr. Rosecranswas first
stationed at St. Thomas' Church, C'inrimmti, and
afterwards made one ol' the assistant priests at the
cathedral, and also filled a chair in the theological
seminary. In 1859 Archbishop Pureell opened a col-
lege in connection with the seminar}-, of which he ap-
pointed Dr. Rosecrans president, ile remained in
this position until the outbreak of the civil war, w Inn
the college was closed. Dr. Rosecrans was appointed
coadjutor to Archbishop Pureell in 1S(i2, and was
consecrated ill the Cincinnati cathedral by that,
prelate, Ail!?. 15th, under title of bishop of Pom-
prinpolis and auxiliary of Cincinnati. For the sub-
sequent six years lie assisted Archbishop Pureell,
and on .March 3, 180S, was appointed first bishop of
Columbus, O. This diocese then comprised the ler-
rilnry of Ohio south of 40° 4', and lying between the
Ohio ami Scioto rivers, as urll as the enmities of
Franklin, Delaware and .Morrow. There were forty
churches and forty priests in the diocese, ;md about
40,000 Catholics. 'Bishop Rosecrans at once assmmd
administration of his see, and took active measures
for promoting the affairs of the diocese. He built
new churches, established schools, and greatly aug-
mented the number of his clerjry. In 1*71 he erected
Si. .Yloysius' Seminary for young men. He never
ceased to perform the work of a parish priest, visited
the schools frequently, was confessor for the Sisters
of the Good Shepherd and the Sacred Heart, and
believed the proper place of a bishop was in his see,
laboring for the welfare of his flock, and, as Bishop
Foley said of him, "he loved his diocese, and was
seldom heard of as absent from it." His biographer
says of him: "No inconvenience, no trouble, no
sullenim, no illness that could be overcome was ever
allowed to interfere with his daily work or disarrange
any appointment. Punctuality and exactness in the
work of "the ministry were dis-
tinguished traits of his whole
career. He was a manly ex-
ample of the frank, open, fair
and just characterof the Ameri-
can citizen." Bishop Rosecraus
was twice elected president of
the Alumni Association of St.
John's College, Fordhi»m, and
in 1874 delivered the first an-
nual address. His crowning
work was the building of St.
Joseph's Cathedral, at a cost of
$220,000. He received some
censure for the means adopted
to raise funds for its erection,
and had he lived to take his
seat in the third plenary council
of Baltimore, he would doubt-
less have united with his col-
leagues in enact iug the decree which now condemns
such methods of procuring money. On Oct. 20, 1878,
the cathedral was dedicated with much solemnity, a
large number of prelates from a distance taking part
in the ceremonies. Bishop Rosecraus had been un-
well for some time, but was unremitting in bis labors,
and on the afternoon of the day the cathedral was
dedicated, as the congregation was assembling for
vespers, he was seized with a hemorrhage from the
lungs, and died in a few hours. His death occurred
at Columbus, O., Oct. 20, 1878.
WATTERSON, John Ambrose, second R. C.
bishop of Columbus, O. (1880-99); was horn at Bairds-
town, Pa., May 27, 1844, son of John Sylvester and
Sarah Salome (McAfee) Watterson. His paternal
ancestors came from the Isle of Man in 1762; they
were Episcopalian in faith. His great-grandfather,
John Wattersou, settled near Abbolstowu, Pa., where
he was married to Catherine Spes, a Presbyterian.
They had OIK; son, John, born in 1774, who by their
deatli from \ellow fever was left an orphan at seven
years of age. Being taken in charge by a Catholic
familj' named Eck, he was brought up by them in
that faith, and was married to one of the daugh-
ters. The bishop's ancestors were pioneers of Catho-
licity in western Pennsylvania, and his father's
houy in Blaiisville was tl.c Mopping place for
missionaries. So famed was this house for its
hospitality to the clergy that it was humorously
known in the vicinity as "The Priests' Hotel."
He conceived his lirst desire to be a priest while
listening to the experiences of these bard-worked
missionaries, and this ambition was further strength-
ened by the interest and influence of Father Jacob
A. Stiliinger, pastor of the Church of Saints Simon
and Jude, and director of the parochial school in
Blairsville, where John received his early education.
His mother, one of those strong, earnest, self-sacri-
ficing women, had great influence on her son's life.
After four years' study, under the Benedictines at
St. Vincent's College, lie entered Mount St. Marys
College, Emmitsbiiri;. Md., at I he age of seventeen,
and w as graduated in 181)5 with highest honors and
with the degree of B.A. After his ordination by
Rt. Rev. Michael Domcnec, Bishop of Pittsburg, in
St. Vincent's Abbey, Aug. 8, 18(38, he accepted a
professorship at Mount St.
Mary's College. Here in time
he became pastor of the par-
ish church, vice- president of
the college, and after the resig-
nation of Rev. John McClos-
kcy, in 1878, he was unani-
mously chosen its president. In
IST'.l he received the degree of
D. I), from the faculty of
Georgetown College. During
these years Dr. Wattersou wa>
known over the country as a
scholar and an orator. In
March, l^su. he w as appointed
bishop of Columbus, and was
consecrated in that city Aug.
8, 1880. His affability and
ready courtesy made him a
favorite with his people, and
in 1893, at the silver jubilee of
his ordination, the citizens of Columbus, irrespec-
tive of creed, tendered him a banquet, at which Gov.
McKinley was present and delivered an address.
The bishop was a strenuous opponent of the liquor
traffic, and his advanced position and famous edict
in 1X94. "withdrawing his approbation from every
Catholic society, or branch, or division thereof, in
the diocese that has a liquor dealer or saloon-keeper
at its head, or anywhere among its officers, and sus-
pending every such society itself from the rank and
privileges as a Catholic society until it ceases to be
so officered," and also commanding his priests "if
there are saloon-keepers in your parish who call
themselves Catholics and yet carry on their business
in a forbidden or disedifyiug way, or sell on Sunday
either openly or under any sort of guise or disguise,
in violation of civil law, and to the hurt of order
and religion and the scandal of any part of the com-
munity, you will refuse them absolution unless they
promise to cease offending," were strongly com-
mended by the right-thinking people of the entire
country. This decree was promptly appealed from
to Monsignor Satolii, the papal ablegate, but the
bishop was immediately sustained, and always in-
sisted upon the enforcement of the decision. Bishop
Wattersou took great interest in all educational
movements. His force of character, his great
ability and learning, and his distinguished appear-
414
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ance and episcopal bearing were everywhere recog-
nized, won him hosts of friends among members of
all denominations and made him a power and a
leader. Pie died in Columbus, O., April 17, 1899.
DOLBEAR., AmosEinerson, physicist, teacher
and inventor, was born in Norwich, Conn. , Nov. 10,
1837, son of Samuel and Eliza (Godfrey) Dolbcar,
the former a native of Hancock, Vt. ; the latter a
native of Newport, R. I. His father was a paper
manufacturer in Norwich. Amos Emerson, of New
Hampshire, a great-great-grandfather, was a leader
in the wars with the Indians, and also served in
the revolutionary war. The parents of Amos Dol-
bear died when he was a child, and he was brought
up by distant friends on a farm in New Hampshire.
At the age of sixteen he began
work in a pistol factory in Wor-
cester, Mass., and became expert
ina short time. In 1855 he accom-
panied some acquaintances to the
West, and settled in southwestern
Missouri, where for four years he
taught school. In 1859-62 he
worked in Mason's locomotive
works, Tauntou, Mass., where he
finished his apprenticeship ; in
1862-63 taught school at Milford,
N. II.: in f866 was graduated at
Ohio Wesle.vau University, Dela-
ware. ()., and received from that in-
stitution, in 1869, the degree of
A.M. He then took a course in
mining engineering at Michigan
University, receiving the degrees
of A.M. and M.E. in" 1867; the de-
gree of Ph.D. in 1883. In 1867-68 he was assistant
professor of natural history at Kentucky University;
in 1868-74 was professorof physical science at Bethany
College, West Virginia. In 1874 he became professor
of physics and astronomy at Tufts College, Massachu-
setts, and still (1899) holds that position. In 1853
he invented the string telephone, and in 1864 the
electric writing telegraph, which was improved in
1879. The latter was described in the "New Eng-
land Journal of Education" and the "Journal of
the Telegraph" in 1880. The model was left at the
Western Union office in New York city; was judged
to have no commercial value, and was destroyed
there soon after. Gray's telautograph is a modifi-
cation of this invention. A modification of this, for
talking, was invented in 1SU4, and was called a
"talking machine," but the model was lost and the
scheme forgotten until 1876, when he revived it ami
made an instrument which in principle was the
same as what is now called the Bell telephone. The
model, completed in September, consisted of a
straight bar permanent magnet, with a vibrating
armature of thin iron to talk against and to listen to.
It, did not. depend upon a battery for either trans-
mitting or receiving speech. Bell's telephone, ex-
hibited at Philadelphia in July, 1876, employed an
electro-magnet and required a battery, which he
continued to use until the following winter. On
Jan. 30, 1877, a patent for t'ne permanent magnet
telephone was issued to Hell, whereupon Prof. Dol-
bear, although he had never patented his device,
contended that the invention was his, and appealed
to the Western Union Telegraph Co., which adopted
his claim, had a patent application drawn for it, and
with sume cither inventions beL'an to do work in New
York. This made' it needful for the Bell Co. to
combine with the Western Union. Prof. Dolbear's
claim was never adjudicated, but the Western Union
paid him for the invention. lie then invented the
static telephone (1879), radically different from the
other in structure and principle. The electrical
conditions for working one were inoperative in the
other; the only similarity was that they both em-
ployed electricity. An injunction was issued by the
Bell Co., and the case dragged in the courts for
six years, when the supreme court decided that
Bell had not patented a device, but a new principle
— the electric transmission of speech — and that
Prof. Dolliear was an infringe!'. On one occasion,
while working with the static telephone, he found
that he was not connected with the transmitter wire,
yet could hear as distinctly as though with the usual
connections. He found he could hear fifty feet
away, though insulated as perfectly as possible.
This was followed by the invention of a special re-
ceiver without means for connecting to any circuit;
that is, without wires in the ordinary sense. The
waves from the transmitting device, scattering in
every direction, enabled as many persons to hear as
could be provided with suitable receivers within the
limits of the energy employed. The patent office
refused his application for a patent for telegraphing
without wires, made in 1882, on the ground that it
was "contrary to science and would not work."
Finally, in 1886, a patent was allowed. Meanwhile
experiments were continued. The transmitter con-
tained an induction coil and a Morse key in its
primary circuit. The secondary of the induction
coil had one terminal in the earth, the other in the
air for discharge. The air wire was sometimes at-
tached to a gilt paper kite flying four or five hun-
dred feet high, and the receiver gave loud responses
to the Morse signals anywhere in the range of
several hundred feet. The idea in this work was
that having two similar automatically acting induc-
tion coils at any assignable distance apart, each one
provided with a Morse key, and permitting each coil
to discharge its secondary into the earth and air, the
one positive, the other negative, there would be an
earth current between the two, and not elsewhere,
the aerial wires and waves from them would enable
one to hear at one coil the particular signals made at
the other. Prof. Dolliear read a paper on "Teleg-
raphy Without Wires" at the meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of
Science at Montreal in 1882. His work in that year
demonstrated the existence of electric waves in
space, though the waves were long ones, -1J|-;i;Hl-'=46
miles, and this was six years before Herz did his
work. Ever since 1882 Prof. Dolbear has taught
his classes of these electric ether waves, and lias used
the expression "electric radiation." In 1882, also,
Prof. Dolbear invented the air space cable, which
decreases the static capacity of electric cables and
increases the rate of telegraphic work in them. This
is now in use in more than 100,000 miles of telephone
line's, and is extensively manufactured in Europe as
well as America. Among his other inventions are:
a gyroscope worked by electricity (1861), which in
1866 was improved and made to demonstrate the
rotation of the earth; a vacuum tank for maintain-
ing a vacuum for immediate use in laboratories
(1869); Lissajou's forks for enlarged projections of
Lissajou's figures (1872); the opeidoscope, for show-
ing fen ins nf voice vibrations (1873); the magneto-
telephone, substantially as we have it to-day (1876);
the rotaphone, a new kind of telephone receiver
(1878); the open coil ammeter (1879). The last is
the same as that in common use to day in electric
light stations; but through improper drawing of the
patent specifications, tiie invention passed from Prof.
Dolbear's control. In 1888 he invented the acoustic
mill, a device for producing rotations from sound
vibrations. His chief publications are a set of
"Chemical Tables" (1871); "Art of Projecting"
(1877); "The Speaking Telephone" (1877); "Mat-
ter, Ether and Motion" (1895); "Modes of Motion "
(1897); "Natural Philosophy," text-book (1897). He
is a fellow of the American As.- Nation for the Ad-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
415
vancement of Science and of the American Academy
of Arts ami Sciences; member of the American
Academy of Political Science, and has been president
i if tlic American Psychical Research Society. He re-
ceived a silver medal in Paris in 1HS1 and a gold
medal in London in 1882 for the static telephone.
Prof. Dolbear is a member of the Twentieth Century
Club of Boston, lie was married at Mil ford, N. H.,
in August, 18(i!l, lo Alice .1., daughter of Phineas
B. and Janet I (Needham) Hood.
HOGUN, James, patriot, was burn in Ireland
at an unknown date. He removed to Halifax
ciiimty, N. C., some time in the first half of the
eighteenth century; was a member of the Halifax
c.iunly committee of safety in 1774, and represented
that county in the provincial congresses at Halifax
in April and November, 1776. His tirst appoint-
ment, was as paymaster of the 3d regiment, Col.
Suinner; but on Nov. 26, 1776, he was elerted
eul.mel df the 7th regiment, anil marched north
along with Col. James Armstrong, of the 8th regi-
ment, reaching Pennsylvania in time to take part in
the battles of Brandywine and Gcrmantown, Sep
tember-October, 1777. In 177* he again marched
north with 600 nine-month Continentals, gathered
from eleven counties and organized by him, and
reaching Philadelphia in August, marched thence lo
Washington's headquarters at White Plains, N. Y.;
his regiment was engaged in throwing up fortifica-
tions at West Point in November, 1778, while the
other four North Carolina regiments, constituting
the brigade under the temporary command of Col.
Thomas Clark, were at Fredericksburg, N. Y., on
the Connecticut line. Hogun was not only the
senior officer of the North Carolina troops, but hail
won promotion by bravery and been made brigadier-
general, Jan. 9, 1779. He remained in service dur-
ing 177(J. and when, in February. 1780, Charleston,
S. C., was threatened, he passed south with the North
Carolina brigade to aid in its defense. Gen. Lincoln
surrendered Charleston on Ma}' 12, 1780, and of the
5,000 prisoners only 1,800 were regulars, most of
them being members of Hogun's brigade. The
militia were paroled, but the regulars, with Hogun
at their head, were conveyed to Haddrell's Point, in
the rear of Sullivan's Island, S. ('., where they suf-
fered the greatest privations, being forbidden the
privilege of fishing to replenish their scanty stores,
and even threatened with deportation to the West
Indies. Of the 1,800 imprisoned with Hogun only
700 were finally paroled. Hogun was offered his
parole, but he felt that his departure would be un-
jaiit to his men and afford the British an opportunity
for recruiting among them. He fell a victim to his
sense of duty, and fills an unknown grave. Gen.
Hogun was married, Oct. 3, 1751, to Ruth Norflect,
of Halifax county, N. C., and had one son, Lemuel
Hogun. He died in 1780.
DRYDEN, John Fairfield, insurance presi-
dent, was bora at Temple Mills, near Farmington,
Me., Aug. 7, 1839, son of John and ElizabetlTBut-
terfield (Jennings) Dryden, of sturdy New England
stock. His paternal ancestors came from Northamp-
tonshire, England, where family traditions traced
connection with John Dryden, the famous poet. He
was educated in the schools of Worcester, Mass. ,
and entered Yale College in 1861, with a view to
preparing himself for the profession of law, hut dur-
ing the closing year of his course, when it was ex-
pected that he would be graduated with high honors,
his health broke down, and he was compelled to
abandon study and seek rest and recuperation. Be-
coming interested in the subject of life insurance, he
studied the matter thoroughly, and became con-
vinced that the benefits of sound life insurance could
be placed within reach of the wage-earning classes by
issuing small policies with weekly or monthly pay-
ment of premiums, similar to those in England. He
determined to take steps for a practical solution of
the business in America, and formulated a plan and
prepared a table of industrial rates that could be
successfully operated and applied to American con-
ditions. In 1873 he went to Newark, N. J., and
there disclosed his plans to several business men,
who became converted to his ideas. This was the
turning point of his career. Together they pro-
cured the passage of an act by the New Jersey legis-
lature, authorizing the formation of a company to
transact business on Mr. Dryden's plan. Under
this law a Friendly Society was organized, and for
two years issued policies, which experimentally
demonstrated the soundness and success of the prin-
ciples. (In Oct. l!i, 1875, the Prudential Insur-
ance Co. of America was organized, and to it
were transferred all rights, titles and interests of
the Friendly Society, together with whatever con-
tracts and obligations existed on its books. This was
the real birth of " industrial insurance " on this con-
tinent and the culmination of Mr. Dryden's hopes,
for which he had so long and ardently labored, and
also established the justice of the designation by
which he has subsequently been familiarly known,
as the " Father of Industrial Insurance in America."
In 1876 he visited Kngland to observe on the ground
the practical workings of the system there, and was
accorded every facility and shown the most courte-
ous attention by the ollicials of the great companies.
The results of his investigations were .submitted to
the board of directors of the Prudential, and proved
most satisfactory and beneficial. Mr. Dryden was
secretary of the new i ipany for six years, and in
1^-M he was elected president. Its first year's pre-
mium receipts wen; less than $15.000. Its 1899 re-
ceipts, twenty-four years from its birth, exceeded
$17,000.000, while the soundness of its invested as-
sets places the Prudential ill the front rank of finan-
cial institutions in America. In the inauguration
and successful application of
the principles of industrial in-
surance here, Mr. Dryden is just-
ly enl itled to a foremost position
as a benefactor of his age and
country. In 1875 less than two
per cent, of the American people
had their lives insured. In 1899
over seventeen per cent, are in-
sured, and twelve coni]i;] nies are
insuring, on the industrial plan,
approximately $1,000,000,000,
as the practical result of the
"mustard seed" which he
planted less than a quarter of a
century previousiu theestablish-
ment of the pioneer industrial life
insurance company in America.
His foundation principle of life
has been the golden rule of per-
fect equity and justice.aud under
his administration no equitable claim for life insurance
against the company has ever been contested at law.
Mr. Dryden is vice-president of the Fidelity Trust
Co., Newark; a director of the Merchants' National
Bank, Newark, and also of the United States
Casualty Co., New York; a member of the board
of trade, Newark, and of the chamber of commerce,
New York. His clubs are the Essex; the Essex
County, Country and Newark Athletic of Newark;
Union League and Lotos of New York, and Bloom-
ing Grove Park Association, Pike county, Pa. In 1864
he was married to Cynthia Fairchild, of New Haven,
Conn., and they have a sou, Forrest F. Dryden, and
a daughter, Susie F., wife of Col. Anthony R. Kuser,
of Trenton, N. J. .
416
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ATKINSON, Edward, economist, was born in
Brookline. Mass., Feb. 10, 1827, son of Amos and
Anna G. Atkinson, of old New England stock. He
was educated at private schools, and at a little over
the age of fifteen "went to work in a practical way,"
as lie has expressed it. His life has been mainly
spent in the conduct of manufacturing companies,
and of late years in the conduct of factory mutual
insurance. His leisure moments have been applied
to public work, in writing and lecturing on economic
subjects. His suggestions and observations have
been published in pamphlets and periodicals and in
books. He has contributed to
the "Atlantic Monthly." the
"International Review," the
"Fortnightly Review," "Har-
per's Magazine," "Harper's
Weekly," "North American
Review," the "Century Maga-
zine," the "Forum" and the
"Popular Science Monthly."
His pamphlets and books in-
clude: "Cheap Cotton by Free
Labor" (1861); "The Col-
lection of Revenue" (1866) ;
"Argument for the Condi-
tional Reform of the Legal Ten-
der Act" (1874); "Labor and
Capital: Allies, not Enemies"
(188°); "Wlmt is a Bank?"
(1881); "Kiulit Method of Pre-
venting Fires in Mills" (1881); 'rThe Railway and
the Farmer" (1881); "The Distribution of Products"
(1885) ; a series of monographs on economic ques-
tions (1885); " BimetaiisirT in Europe" (1887); "The
Wheat Supply," reprinted from " Bradstreet's"
(isss). Among his public addresses, most of which
have been published in the proceedings and trans-
actions of the various organizations before which
they were delivered, are: "Address on Hanking," at
Saratoga. N. Y., before the American Banking
Association (1880) ; address at Atlanta, Ga., on the
International Cotton Exposition, in 1880 and iss|;
" Insufficiency of Economic Legislation," before the
American Social Science Association; "What Makes
the Rate of Wages? " before the British Association
for the Advancement of Science, at Montreal (1884);
"Application of Science to the Production and Con-
sumption of Food," before the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science (1885); "Com-
mon Sense in Regard to the Silver Question," before
the American Bankers' Association (1885); addresses
on the labor question, before the workmen of
Providence, R. I. (1886); "Paper Mill Fires," before
the American Paper Manufacturers' Association
(1886); commencement address. State University of
South Carolina; "Consumption Limited — Production
Unlimited" (1889); "Slow Burning Construction,"
"Century Magazine " (1889); " The Industrial Prog-
ress of the Nation" (1889); "Future Situs of the
Cotton Manufacture," "Popular Science Monthly"
(1890); "Common Sense Applied to the Tariff Ques-
tion," "Popular Science Monthly "(1890) ; "Credit,
the Main Factor in Making Prices," American
Bankers' Association (1890) : "Future Situs of the
Principal Iron Production of (he World," "Manu-
facturers' Record," Baltimore (1890) ; "The Land of
the Sky and its Possibilities," review of the South,
"Manufacturers' Record " (1891) ; "Taxation and
Work" (1892); "The Science of Nutrition," (1892),
tenth edition, 1898 ; "Ton-ens' System of Registering
Land Titles," "Century Magazine" (1892)"; " Per-
sonal Liberty," "Popular Science Monthly" (1892);
"Does the South Know Beans ?" "Manufacturers'
Record." Baltimore (1893); ' New Source of Wealth,
Peanuts," "Manufacturers' Record" (1893); "Nu-
trition of the Soil, the Plant, the Beast and the Man,"
State Board of Agriculture, Massachusetts (1894) ;
" Forecast of the Future Commercial LTnion of the
English-Speaking People," British and American
Associations for the Advancement of Science (1894) ;
"True Money ; What it is ; How to Make it Plenty, "
"Chattanooga Tradesman" (1895); "The Battle of
the Standards," "Forum" (1895); "The Cost of
Government," "Harper's Weekly" (1895); "Com-
merce Destroyers," "Journal of Commerce" (1895) ;
"Jingoism and Silver." "North American Review "
(1895); "Paramount Control of the Commerce of the
World," "Engineering Magazine "(1897); "Develop-
ment of the Resources of the Southern States," an ad-
dress to the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce (1898);
"Sheep in the Cotton States" (1898); "The Cost
of a National Crime"; "The Hell of War and Its
Penalties," and "Criminal Aggression, by Whom
Committed " (1899). Mr. Atkinson's work for the
last twenty years in the conduct of factory mutual
insurance, a system which had been established many
years before, has led to the development of the sci-
ence of prevention of loss by fire, and to the reduc-
tion in the cost of insuring between $700,000,000
and $800.000,000 worth of factory property to a
small fraction of what it cost in former days. In
this practice, in which cognizance is taken of every
point of construction, occupation and apparatus, the
special hazards of textile factories, paper mills,
cordage factories, machine shops, including large
wood-working establishments, have been rendered
safer and better risks from the point of view of the
underwriter than the average church, schoolhouse,
asylum or hospital building. The influence of this
practice has modified the industrial architecture of
the country, and is leading to better conditions of
construction and provisions for the safety of city
warehouses. Mr. Atkinson regards his invention
of the Aladin oven as the work which will entitle
him to credit in future years. In this apparatus two
pounds, or a little over two pints, of kerosene oil,
burned in a common lamp, does the work of cooking
in every variety of about 120 pounds of coal burned
in a common cooking-stove ; the work being done
in a much better manner, more wholesome and in
every way beneficial. There are no patents in force
upon this apparatus.
STRONG, Josiah, clergyman and author, was
born at Naperville, Du Page CO., 111., Jan. 19, 1847,
son of Josiah and Elizabeth C. (Webster) Strong.
He is in the eighth generation from John Strong,
who came to New England in 1030, finally settling
at Northampton, Mass. He became a rulin<r elder in
the First Church (Congregational); had seventeen
children, sixteen of whom lived to rear families, and
is now represented by about 30,000 descendants.
Josiah Strong's mother was a granddaughter of David
Webster, a colonel in the revolutionary army. Josiah
Strong, Sr. , and his wife removed from New England
to Illinois not long after that state was admitted to
the Union. In 1852, they settled at Hudson, O., in
order that their children might en joy the educational
advantages offered by Western Reserve College, an
institution which has since been removed to Cleve-
land, O., with the name Adelbert College. Here
Josiah pursued an academic course, and was gradu-
ated in 1869. He was offered the priucipalship of
the college preparatory department, but declined,
and went at once to Cincinnati to study theology in
Lane Seminary. In 1871, he was ordained to the
Congregational ministry, and accepted a call to a
home missionary church in Cheyenne, Wy. In
1873-76, he served in Western Reserve College as
chaplain, and instructed classes in natural theology
and rhetoric. From 1876-81 he was pastor of the
First Congregational Church at Saudusky, O., and
while there became profoundly interested in the re-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
417
ligious and (material condition of the United States.
Five years later, be accepted the secretaryship of the
Ohio Home Missionary Society, in order to avail
himself of the special facilities- which the oilier
would afford for the study of the great home mis.
sionary problem iu all its aspects. In 1884-8<i. Dr.
Strom; was pastor of the Vine Street Congregational
Church, Cincinnati. In 1880, lie published "Our
Country: Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis,"
The work was described in the " Christian Union"
(now the "Outlook") as "a storehouse of facts, in
which the author has .shown as much skill in group
ing as lie lias painstaking iu accumulating. " "lie
shows." continues the critic, " the danger from < >\ IT
accumulation and concentration of capital; from the
restlessness and discontent of labor; from the pre-
ponderance in many sections of foreign populations;
from the growth and power of Mormonisni: from tin-
aggressions of the liquor trullic; from the unchanged
assumptions of Home. He writes, not iu a panic,
but as one hopeful of victory. No one can read this
little book without realizing that . . . the solution of
the slavery question has not left us without other ijues-
tions quite as large. " This I k has had a i ircula-
tion in the English language of nearly 170,000. and
nearly the whole has been re-published, a chapter
more or less at a time, in pamphlet form, or in the
daily press of the United States, Canada and (in-at
Britain. It has also been translated into a number
of European languages. The American Board of
Foreign Missions ordered SO.OOOof one of the chapters
in pamphlet form for distribution in the United
Stales, ami received contributions to the amount of
$;iO,000 in response. A revised edition of the book,
based on the census of \*<M, was issued in is'.u.
This volume led to his election as L'eneral .secretary
of the Evangelical Alliance for the United Stales,
which ollice he assumed iu November, 188G. In
1HIKI. he published "The New Era," which has had
u circulation of 46,000. It was published at the
same time iu London, and permission has been given
to translate it into French and to publish it in
Switzerland. Early in IS'.IS appeared "The Twen-
tieth Century City," which reached the thirteenth
thousand in the course of a few mouths. Dr. Strom;
continued general secretary of the Evangelical
Alliance until June 1. 1898, when he resigned in
order to organize the League for Social Service, the
object of which is the education of public opinion
and the popular conscience through the instrumen-
tality of literature distributed by the various young
people's societies, and through a bureau of informa-
tion and a lecture bureau. He has been elected
president of this organization. The degree of D.D.
was conferred upon him by Adelbert College iu
1*80. Dr. Stroll:; was married, at Chardou, O.,
IS?], to Alice, daughter of Charles and Cordelia
(Packard) Bisbee, who through her mother, is a
descendant of John Aldeu.
DUPORTAIL, Louis Lebeque, soldier, was
educated at a military school in France, and entered
the engineer service. When Franklin and Deane
were in France, and were empowered by congress to
engage French officers for the colonial service, Du-
portail was one of four chosen by them; and on ar-
riving in this country was commissioned colonel of
engineers. The details of his services are not given by
the historians or biographers ; but these must have been
important, as on Nov. 17, 1777, he was promoted to
brigadier-general, and to major-general Nov. 16, 1781.
He was with Washington at the battle of Moumouth,
and a bas-relief figure of Duportail, designed by
Kelley, is on the Monmouth monument (see illustra-
tion, Vol. I., p. 40). At the siege of Yorktown, Gen.
Duportail directed the engineering operations, and
Washington specially mentioned him, after tire sur-
VOL. IX. -27.
render of Cornwall's, in his dispatches to congress.
Duporlail returned to France after the war, and in
17X2 was made a field marshal. On Nov. 16, 1790,
he was appointed minister of war. He was a warm
and personal friend of Lafayette, and when the lat-
ter came under the popular displeasure, and his
downfall occurred, Duportail fell with him ami re-
signed his position. He was afterwards in some mili-
tary charge in the interior of France; but during the
exeilim; period of Hie revolution serious accusations
\\ere about to be brought against him, and he re-
signed from the army and hid himself for two years
in America, lie sailed on his return home in 1802,
but died on the voyage Duporlail was a notable
and brilliant olticer, and had very little respect for
the generalship of the British. He'declared that with
30,000 men an active and able general could have
easily reduced the colonies to submission.
KINGSBURY, John, educator, was born at
South Coventry. Tolland co.. Conn., May ^<i, 1S01,
son of John and Dorothy (Leavens) Kint^bury. lie
attended a district school until he was fifteen years
of as;e. and then taught for four successive winters,
meanwhile filling for college under Rev. Chaiincey
Bonih, of Soulh Coventry. He entered Brown Uni-
vcrsily in 18^2, and paid the expenses of the course
by teaching during the summers. He had as class-
males Edwards A. Park, .subsequently professor iu
Andover Theological Seminary; Elea/er (.'. Hutchi-
son, who became president of Kemper College;
George Burgess, afterward bishop of Maine, and
other young men of more than average- talents ; but
lie maintained a high standard of scholarship, and
was graduated with the honor of salutatoriiin in
1M-JC, Soon after, he became associated with <;.
A. Dewitt, who had a private school, and two veals
later opened a young ladies high school, which' eon.
slilutcd a department, of Mr. Dewitt s school for a
time. As an independent institution, it was wholly
under Mr. Kingshurv's direction, and was the first
scli. ml of high grade for young ladies to be estab-
lished in Providence. A few Mich schools were iu
existence in cities like Boston and New York ; but
many fell that Providence could not support ,
and the introduction of the higher branches of study
became so much a subject of discus
.sion that even the street boys, it is
said, pointed at Mr. Kingsbury as
"the man wiio is teaching the girls
to learn Latin." A thorough and not
a showy education was given, and
every adverse criticism was silenced
by tiie success of the school, which
at no time under Mr. Kingsbury
could accommodate the applicants
for admission. A few years after he
be^an his independent work, a fine
building for the use of the school
was erected in Benefit street, and for
years this was regarded as a model
building, exciting so much interest
that visitors were attracted from a
distance. In 1858, Mr. Kingsbury
gave up the school, to be suc-
ceeded by Prof. John L. Lincoln,
and the occasion of the close of his career as a
teacher was celebrated by a gathering of former pupils
and citizens, presided over by Pres. Waylaud. who
observed : ' ' There is hardly a family amongst us
which, in some of its branches, does not acknowledge
with gratitude the benefit of his instructions and
personal influence." Mr. Kingsbury now became
state commissioner of public schools, but held the
position for one year only. From 1859 until the end
of his life he was president of the Washington In-
surance Co. For many years he was secretary of
the Providence Franklin Society, subsequently was
418
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
keeper of its cabinet, and for a time served as presi-
dent. He aided in founding the American Institute
of Instruction in 1880, was a councilor of its board
(1830-37), a vice-president (1837-55) and presiilnii
(1855-57). In 1844, lie was chosen a member of the
board of trustees of Brown University, and during
1853-74 was a fellow of the institution and secretary
of the corporation. In 1856, the university conferred
on him the degree of LL.I). He aided in raising a
fund for its better endowment, and bequeathed it a
collection of shells and a number of valuable books.
For several years he was a trustee of the Butler
Hospital for "the Insane, and for eight years was a
corporate member of the American Board of Com-
missioners for Foreign Missions. For more than
twenty years Mr. Kingsbury taught a Bible class in
the Richmond Street Congregational Church, and
fully 400 young men, many of whom were students
in the university, came under his instruction. He
was married, in Providence, Aug. 19, 1834, to Mary
M., daughter of Hon. Thomas and Mary(Mackie)
Burgess. She bore him three sons and six daughters.
Mr. "Kingsbury died in Providence, Dec., 21, 1874.
VREELAND, John Beam, jurist, was born
in Newark, Essex co., N. J., Dec. 30, 1852, sou of
George Washington and Sarah Maria (Smith) Vree-
land. He is of Dutch and English extraction, his
progenitors on both sides having settled in Bergen
county in the early part of the eighteenth century,
just in time to participate in the revolutionary war.
Having taken a course in the Newark High School,
he moved, in 1868, to Morristowu, N. J. Two year--
after his arrival, he began the study of law with F. G.
Burnham, and completing the same with Col. F. A.
De Molt, was admitted to the bar as an attorney and
solicitor in chancery in November, 1875, and as coun-
selor in June, 1879. ' Thesupreme court appointed him
a commissioner, June 7, 1882, and Chancellor McGill
appointed him a special master in chancery, 1892.
He has also served as deputy-county clerk, acting
prosecutor of the pleas of Morris county, a member
of the county board of registration and city counsel
of Morristowu. He is prominently, as well as per-
manently, identified with the best interests of his
city, county and state. He is a
representative Republican, and
in 1895 was elected state senator
from Morris county, for a term
of three years, by a plurality
of over 1,500. During 1897-98, he
served as chairman of the com-
mittee on revision of the laus
and state hospitals, and was on
these mi railroads and canals.
education, finance, commerce a ml
navigation. He is a popular, be
cause a safe, counselor, retaining
tin; confidence of the community.
In appreciation of his ability and
worth, he was appointed presi-
dent-judge of the court of com-
mon pleas for Morris county by
Acting-Gov. Foster M. Voorhees;
confirmed by the senate with-
out a dissentient voice on
installed. April 1, 1898, to the
satisfaction of his many friends. In religion, he
is a follower of Calvin's system of theology, and
for many years has taken a lively interest in the
South Street Presbyterian Church, of which he is a
devoted member. He was married, in l*7s, to Ida
A. Piotrowski, after whose death he was married, in
1897, to Ida King, daughter of James M. and Sarah
E. (Ramsey) Smith. He lias two daughters.
COMFORT, Samuel, IT. S. consul, inventor,
soldier and manufacture", was born near Morrisville,
____ ____^
March 9lh, and
Bucks co., Pa., May 5, 1837, son of George and
Susan (Lower) Comfort. His parents were members
of the Society of Friends, of which both his grand-
fathers, Samuel Comfoit and Abraham Lower, were
well-known ministers, and his great-great-grand-
father, John Woolman, one of the earliest advocates
of emancipation, was a distinguished member.
Samuel Comfort early evinced exceptional talent in
mathematics and other scientific studies, and while
still attending school, employed his leisure hours
in his workshop, designing and constructing many
curious and ingenious mechanical devices. Be-
fore his twenty-fourth year
he had secured more than
a dozen patents in the
United States and Great
Britain, and at that lime
was credited with having
con I rived more new me-
chanical movements than
anv oilier living inventor.
On Oct. 8, 1861, he en-
listed in an independent
cavalry company, known
as the Anderson troop,
Capt. William J. Palmer,
\\hich served as the body-
guard of Gen. D. C. Buell,
commanding the army of
the Cumberland. Comfort
was present with Buell's
army in its various move- .
meiits. and at the battle
of Pittsburgh Landing, and
was sent north from there with the sick and wounded,
having contracted typhoid fever. On recovering his
health, he rejoined his company in northern Ala-
bama; but a relapse of fever at Huutsville resulted
in his honorable discharge from the service on ac-
count of physical disability, at Murfreesboro, Teun.,
Sept. 3, 1862. His health being restored, he again
entered the army, and was mustered into the service
as first lieutenant on July 10, 1863. On July 25ih
he was made captain of an independent company of
cavalry, recruited by himself and equipped at his
own expense, under special authority from the
governor of Pennsylvania. Capt. Comfort was pro-
moted to the rank of major, March 1, 1865, and was
finally mustered out of service, July 13, 1865. His
regiment experienced much hard service, distin-
guishing itself in many actions in West Virginia
and in the final struggle around Richmond, and was
\\i\\i Sheridan on Lee's surrender at Appomattox
Court House, as parl of Gen. Devens' 2d brigade of
Gen. Merrill's ls| division. With the exception of
a few days' furlough. Maj. Comfort was never ab-
sent from his command from July. 1863, until the
close of the war. He was wounded in the right arm
while in command of the skirmish line at the battle
of Newmarket. Ya.. May 15, 1S64. but, although dis-
abled, remained with his men until the battle, which
lasted two days, ended in the defeat of the Federal
troops. AfteV the conclusion of peace, he was en-
liaLied in business in New York city, and in manu-
facturing agricultural machinery at Newtown, Pa.,
until 1871, when he entered the firm of Pickering,
Chambers it Co.. petroleum refiners, of Tilusxille.
Pa. This business was later on incorporated as the
Keystone Refining Co.. and finally merged in the
Standard Oil Trust. With the last named concern
Maj. Comfort became more or less prominently
identified, both at home and abroad, and for nine-
teen years (1879-98) represented its interest in many
foreign countries. For the last six years of that
period he has been the manager of the company's
business in western India, with headquarters in
Bombay. For two years (1894-96) he was U. S.
OF AMERICAN' lUm i K A I'll Y.
41'J
vice-consul, anil for two years (1896-98) U. S. ron-ul
.•ii Bombay, India. He was for aliout ten years
I l^T'i-So) largely interested in producing crude
petroleum and natural nas in Pennsylvania, New
York and Ohio. Mr. Comfort is a man of unusual
energy and enterprise, thorough in all duties, busi-
ness anil ollicial. and a noble example of American,
manhood. Socially he enjoys a wide popularity,
lie is a member iif ihe Military Order of tin- Loyal
Legion of the I'niied States and the Army and Xavy
Club, in New York city; of the Royal Bombay
Yacht Club and the Bombay Club, of Bombay; and
the Club of Western India, in Puona, India. lie is
also a member of various Masonic societies in
America and India. He was married, Oct. 1(5. I Mid,
to Eli/abelli .lenks, daughter of John liarn-lry, of
Newt own. 1'a.. a ielaii\e of the late Gen. U. S. (Irani.
They have one daughter, Emma Walraven Comfort,
who, in ism. became the wife of Harry ( 'rookshank,
pacha, now (IS!I!I) British comptroller of the Diara
Sanieh in Egypt.
TOLMAN, Herbert Gushing-, philologist and
educator, was born at Xorwell, Mass., Nov. 4. IXI'M,
the only son of .lames T. Tolman. JIc is of Puritan
ancestry, tracing his lineage back to John Aldi-n. of
whom in- is an eighth descendant. When fourteen
years of age liis parents removed to Hanover. Mass.,
where he attended Ilie Koekland high school, where
a thirst for knowledge and a special delight in the
Greek and Roman classics gave him an impulse for
deeper study. Entering Yale University in 18X4, he
maintained a high degree of scholarship throughout
his entire course, ranking among the foremost of his
class. Here iie look up Ihe subject nf Sanskrit under
Prof. W. D. Whiiney. whose reputation as a philolo-
gist is world wide, and continued his work under
him for four years. While in the university, Mr.
Tolman received all the prizes that were offered
for Latin and Greek scholarship, including the one
founded by Bishop Berkeley in 17:>i. His merit
was recognized by his election as a member of the
Phi Beta Kappa Society, and on graduation, by his
appointment as one of the commencement speakers.
He then became a graduate fellow in tin- university,
and continued as such until he began his work us
instructor in that institution. In June, 1890. his
alma mater conferred on him the degree of Ph.D.
Dr. Tolman has made a thorough study of the Per-
sian and the Zend, and stands among the leading
scholars of that department. Connected with his
researches in this line he has issued a complete vo-
cabulary of the old Persian cuneiform inscriptions,
and has in course of preparation the original text of
the inscriptions, together with the grammatical ele-
ments of the language. In addition to this work he
has been preparing, with Dr. W. R. Harper, the tirst
of a series of Latin authors, based upon the induc-
tive method. In IS'Jo he became professor of Greek
language and literature in Vanderbilt University.
GARRETT, Thomas Harrison, banker, was
born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 11, 1849, second son
of John W. Garrett, who for twenty-six years was
president of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. His
education was received in Princeton College, where
he was graduated in 1808. Soon after, he entered the
banking-house of Robert Garrett & Sons, founded
by his grandfather, Robert Garrett, in which his
father and brother were at the time partners, and of
which he later became the virtual head. Mr. Gar-
rett was also a director of the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad Co., and took an active part in the man-
agement of its affairs, and was also actively con-
nected with the management of a number of other
large corporations and financial institutions. In
1870, he was married to Alice, daughter of Horatio L.
Whitridge, and had three sons. "He was cool, con-
servative and keen, and had developed into a busi-
ness man of fine abilities and promise, when his
career was suddenly terminated by his death, which
occurred near Baltimore, Md., June 7, 1888.
MAHANY, Rowland Blennerhassett, states
man, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1864,
son of Kean and Catherine (Reynolds) Mahauy. He
received his early education in I lie public schools of
his native city, and was graduated at the high school
in Ixsi. Alter win-king for a while on a farm in
Chautauqita county, he became an instructor in the
Buffalo Classical School for one year. In 1SS2, he
entered llobrrt College, and while there slood at the
head of his class. Two years later he went to Har-
vard University. There he attained distinction, win-
ning a prize the tirsl year, taking :i prominent part
in Ihe Harvard Union, the St. Paul Society, and the
1'hi Bela Kappa Society, and winning the prizes
awarded to Ihe best speakers in the junior ami senior
classes, and was graduated, miiiiiini mm /m/de, in
ISSN |[e delhered ihe poem ai Gettysburg!!, July
I. Isxy, at the unveilim; of the monument of the
Dili veteran regiment of New York volunteers. After
reluming to his home in Buffalo he was, for a lime,
connected as associate editor with the Buffalo " Ex-
press. ' but soon resigned to become an instructor in
history and literature in the Buffalo hiirli scl 1.
In 1890, Mr. Mahany was of
1'ered the position of secretary
of legation to Chili, which
position was declined by him.
In IS! I'.', he was appointed
envoy extraordinary and min-
isier plenipotentiary to Ecua-
dor. Soon after his arrival
at Quito, he was stricken wilh
the dread fever of that place,
and was obliged lo return
home. He was immediately
nominated for congress on I he
l!epuhlican ticket, and al-
though defeated he reduced
Ihe Democratic majority over
I.OIIIP voles. Iu 1893, he re-
turned to Ecuador. It was -aid
at the lime that Mr. Mahany
was the youngest diplomat
in the world to hold the po-
sition of foreign minister,
and also the youngest man
ever appointed in the United
States to such r.ii office. While
in this position he concluded the Santos treaty in
only nineteen days, negotiations for which had re-
mained unsettled for nearly ten years. In 1894. he
was elected to the 54th congress on Ihe Republican
ticket, and he was placed on several important com-
mittees by Speaker Reed. During his tirst term
Mr. Mahany secured an appropriation of >>2.0(M).000
for the Buffalo harbor, and obtained the letting of
contracts for the completion of the federal building
in that city to the sum of nearly $1,000.000 addi-
tional. In 1896, he was re-elected to congress with a
plurality of nearly 4,000 votes.
CONVERSE, John Heman, manufacturer and
banker, was born at Burlington, Vt., Dec. 2, 1840,
sou of John Kendrick and Sarah (Allen) Converse.
Deacon Edward Convers, first of the name in this
country, came to Massachusetts in the ship Lion,
with Winthrop, in 1630, and settled in Charlestown,
where he established the first ferry to Boston, later
devoting its earnings to the support of Harvard Col-
lege, whose founder was his personal friend. He
was selectman of Charlestown (1634-40), and was
an early settler of Woburn ; joined in establishing
the first church, of which he was deacon ; served the
town as selectman, and in 16(jl.l represented it in the
!X (Qriuw^/ ,
420
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
colonial assembly. His son, Sergt. Samuel Convers,
wedded Judith, daughter of Rev. Thomas Carter,
pastor of the church in Woburn. Samuel Convers,
2d, aided in founding Thompson, Conn., and in or-
ganizing its first church. Joel, great-grandson of
Sergt. Samuel, removed from Connecticut to Lyme,
N. H., and was the father of nine children, the
youngest of whom was John Keudrick. The latter
was graduated at Hampdeu-Sidney College, Virginia,
in 1*27. ami at Princeton Theological Seminary in
1832. He was one of the editors in Richmond, Va. ,
about 1828, of the " Literary and Evangelical Maga-
zine " and the "Southern Religious Telegraph";
pastor of Congregational churches at Burlington,
Winooski and Colchester, Vt., for twenty -three
years in all ; for many years principal of the Bur-
lington Female Seminary, and for several years
superintendent of public schools in Burlington. Since
his death a handsome new public school building
there has been named, after him. Converse School.
His wife, Sarah, was a daughter of Hon. Heman
Allen, of Milton and Burlington, Vt., congress-
man from that state (1832-41), and Sarah, (laugh-
ter of Dr. Jonathan Prentiss, of St. Albans. On her
father's side she traced her descent, through Enoch
Allen, of Ashtield, Mass., a soldier in the revolution,
and Samuel Allen, and Edward Allen, 2d, his father,
of Deerfield, Mass., both of whom were prominent
in various colonial wars, back to Edward Allen, 1st,
who. according to tradition, was a Scotchman, and
bad been a soldier in Cromwell's army. He settled
at Ipswich, Mass., and afterwards at Suffield. Conn.
The Prentiss family descends from Valentine, an
Englishman, who joined the church at Roxburv,
Mass., in 1632. Some of his descendants settled at New
London, Conn., and were prominent in civil and mili-
tary affairs John II. Converse was fitted for college
at the Burlington Union high school, and was gradu-
ated at the University of Ver-
mont in 1861, leaving a record
for superior scholarship and
for the display of intellectual
and moral force. After gradu-
ation, Mr. Converse was con-
nected for three years with the
editorial staff and business
management of the Burlington
"Daily and Weekly Times."
In 1864 he removed to Chi-
cago, where he was engaecd as
superintendent's clerk. Galena
• division, Chicago and North
Western railroad. In 1866 he
was appointed chief clerk to
Dr. Edward II. Williams,
general superintendent Penn-
sylvania railroad, at Altoona,
Pa. In 1870, when Dr. Wil-
liams entered the firm of
M. Baird ifc Co., proprietors
of the Baldwin Locomotive
Works, Philadelphia, Mr. Converse entered the em-
ploy of the firm as corresponding clerk. Three years
later he became a member of the firm, whose style
is now Burnham, Williams & Co., and still remains
thus connected (1899), having as his department the
general business management of the vast establish
ment, with its regular product of 1,000 locomotives
per annum. The interests of Mr. Converse outside
of this special line of business are extensive. He is
a director in the Philadelphia Trust, Safe Deposit
and Insurance Co.; vice-president for Pennsylvania
of the National Association of Manufacturers; di-
rector in the Philadelphia Saving Fund, the Phila
delphia National Bank, and the Real Estate Trust Co. ;
member of the board of city trusts, thus being a trustee
of Girard College ; a trustee of the Presbyterian Hos-
pital, the administration building of which institution
was erected at his expense, and secretary of its
board ; president of the national relief commission ;
treasurer of the Christian League of Philadelphia ;
president of the Sound Money League of Pennsyl-
vania, of the Fail-mount Park Art Association, and,
in 1896-98, of the Manufacturers' Club of Phila-
delphia, an organization of much weight and influ-
ence as regards public questions in national finance
and political economy. He is also a director of the
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and for several
years has been president of the New England So-
ciety of Pennsylvania. During the war wilh Spain
he was one of "the executive committee of the Penn-
sylvania sanitary commission. His gifts to churches
and educational institutions have been munificent.
For the University of Vermont, of which he is a
trustee, he has built a dormitory, Converse Hall, and
several houses for the use of members of the faculty,
and, in addition to frequent contributions to meet
special needs, lias founded the Converse prize for pro-
ficiency in public debate. The degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by this institution in 1897. Mr.
Converse's summer home is at Rosemout, near Phila-
delphia, and his house is filled with objects of art
and souvenirs of travel that testify to the exercise
of good taste as well as to the possession of ample
means. He was married, in Brooklyn. N. Y., July
9. 1873, to Elizabeth Perkins, daughter of Prof.
James and Maiy Johnson (Bishop) Thompson, and
has three children.
MENEFEE, Richard Hickman, congressman,
was born at ( hvimrsville, Bath Co., Ky., Dec. 4, isuo,
son of Richard Menefee, an early emigrant from
Virginia. His father, a potter by trade ami a man
of limited education, raised himself to very respect -
aUr attainments in knowledge by the strength of his
mind and his natural love of information, and was
held in such high repute by the community that he
was repeatedly elected to the legislature and served
one term in the senate. Until he was twelve years
of age, young Menefee was instructed almost ex-
clusively by his mother, and then entered a public
school for the first time. Two years later his mother
was re-married, and he was removed from school to
earn his own liviiiii, obtaining work in a tavern at
Owingsville. Hi- also worked on a farm in the summer
months, and managed at irregular times to continue
his studies until he was fifteen years of age, when he
began to teach. Not long after this he had a quar-
rel with his stepfather, and removed to Mount Ster-
ling, Ky., from that time on taking sole care of him-
self. With the money he had earned by leaching
and a sum raised by the sale of a slave that came to
him from his father's estate, he paid his way through
the public school at Mount Sterling, and then, at the
age of eighteen, entered the junior class of Transyl-
vania University. The rules of that institution for-
bade the reception of degrees by students under age,
but the young man's attainments, especially in lan-
guages and mathematics and his struggles to get an
education led Pres. Holley to secure a temporary sus-
pension of the rules, and young Menefee was admit-
ted to the final examination with his class, bearing
off first li.inms. He then returned to Mount Sterling
totulor privately and to study law, and in 183(1 was
admitted lollie liar. In 1832 he was appointed com-
monwealth's attorney, and settled at Mount Ster-
ling, where lie continued to [.raetice with success until
August, 1832, when he was elected member from
Montgomery county to the state house of representa-
tives." During the session he was heard upon every
question of state policv, his master-effort being on
the bill to repeal the law of 1833, prohibiting the _ im-
portation of slaves, his speech being in favor of re-
taining the law on the statute books as a means of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
4-21
checking the increase of an evil. In 1H37 In1 was
elected to tin- hmer house of congress by the Whigs,
alter a spirited campaign, in which his powers as an
orator were brilliantly exhibited. His versatility
and precocity in handling difficult questions aston-
ished even his I'riends, anil compelled his adversaries
on I lie Democratic side to ad mil that he- was a power-
ful antagonist. Indeed, some declared him to be
"the most extraordinary man of his age who had
until then appealed in congress." He had every rea-
son to look forward to a higher position in the na-
tional council : but at the end of his term he volun-
tarily retired from political life, and returned to Ken-
tucky. He located in Lexington, and immediately
cut. Ted on a lucrative practice. Business came to
him rapidly and in increasing volume, and he
seemed desiiued lo occupy a seat on the supreme
bench ; but his health soon began to tail, and in
September, 1S40, he appeared at the bar for the l.i-l
time. Mr. Menefee was married, in ISUO, to the eld-
est daughter of Matthew H. Jouitl of Lcxinglon. the
portrait painter, who bore him several children. Hon.
Thomas K. Marshall, on April 12, 1841, delivered a
glowing address on Mr. Menetee's life and character
before the Law Society of Transylvania University.
Mr. Menefee died at Frankfort. Ky., Feb. 21, 1S41.
REYNOLDS, George Greenwood, jurist,
was born at Amenia. Dutchess Co., N. Y., Feb. 7,
1H21. He received a thorough education, first at
the Amenia Seminary, and afterward al \Vesleyaii
University, Middletown, Conn., where he was gradu-
ated in 1841. He studied law, and being admitted
to the bar, in 1844, practiced in Ulster county, and
later in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. In 18.">4, he removed
to Brooklyn. N. Y., where he soon advanced to the
front rank of the bar. He continued in a highly
successful practice until, in 1860, he waseleelcd judnv
of the city court of Brooklyn, for a six-year lerm.
On the expiration of bis lirst term, he was, on ( )ci.
21, 1872, renominalcd by the Democrats and the lib-
eral Republicans, and elected the following Novem-
ber for a term of fourteen years. For this court, at
its trial terms and its special general terms. Judge
Reynolds labored with great earnestness and brilliant
ability during the period of his tenure of office, and
to the entire satisfaction of both the bar and the
public. Under the appointment of the governor, he
held the circuit in the supreme court of Kings
county for one year. After his retirement from the
bench, in 1880. he resinned the active practice of
law. His extensive legal knowledge lias been inva-
riably at his command, and his arguments always
well conceived. The same qualities made him valu-
able and eminent as a judge. He has held the hon-
orable offices of president of the Brooklyn Bar As-
sociation, and president of the board of trustees of
Wesleyau University, which, in 1871, conferred on
him the degree of LL.D. In 1890, he was a mem-
ber of the judiciary commission, meeting at Albany.
In 1891, associated with A. G. McDonald, lie repre-
sented the city of Brooklyn in the celebrated water-
works purchase contract made by Mayor Chapin,
and succeeded in reducing the agreed price from
$1,250,000 to $570,0001 He was married, in 1846,
to Harriet Townsend, of Miltou, Ulster Co., N. Y.
They have one child.
DAILEY, Abram Hoagland, jurist, was born
in Sheffield, Mass., Oct. 21, 1831, sou of William
and Eliza Dailey, of English, Irish and German an-
cestry. His ancestor on his father's side was Hugh
Dailey, who wedded a Miss O'Brine, by whom he
had a large family: six of his sons came to this
country about 1720 and settled in New York. Vir-
ginia and Ohio. He was educated at the Williston
Seminary of Massachusetts, and commenced the
study of law in the office of Ex Gov. Briggs, at
Pittsfield, Mass., being admitted to the bar at
Lenox in 1855, and practicing in Great Harrington.
Mass., for three years. In isris he removed to
Brooklyn, X. Y., where he has ever since resided,
and pursued the practice of his profession when not
holding an official position. In lS(i:>, he «as elected
justice of the fourth district coiirl of the city of
Brooklyn, which office he held for nearly four years,
when lie resigned to resume the practice of his pro-
fession. He soon became eminent as a successful
advocate. In 1S71 he was nominated by the Re-
publicans for the office of district attorney of the
county of Kings, and u as declared defeated by his
opponent, Hon. Winchester Brillon. His d'el'eat
was attributed lo election frauds, and the following
winter he assisted in framing a system of registra-
tion and other safe-
guards which have
since been, by legis-
i;ili\c enactment,
adopted in most of
I lie si ales of the Union.
In 1*75 he was nomi
nated for the office of
surrogate of the conn
tv of Kings. His ad-
versary was declared
elected, but .ImL'e
Dailey successfully
eonlesled his eleeiion
in I he courts. Since
I hen he has mainly
devoted his ener^x
and ability to the prac-
tice of his profes-
sion. Judge Dailey
is a firm believer
in spiritualism, and
for many years has
been a prominent advocate of its doctrines. He be-
lieves that man is related lo both the spiritual and
physical world, and that bolh are governed by the
reiun of absolute law. He does not believe in the
supernatural, and claims that all we know of deity
is what is learned from manifestations through
nature. He contends that matter is eternal, and is
manifested in physical and ethereal forms through
the operations cf force-producing spirit ; that spirit
survives the disintegration of physical forms through
death ; that in man the vital principle is soul, and,
having passed through the evolutionary stages of
plant and animal existence, the advent of man is
probably the culmination of the upward tendency of
life upon the earth. That force is not recognized
apart from matter and spirit, and that the operation
of force upon spirit, and of spirit upon mailer, are
very little understood, but are open fields for in-
vestigation, which has been, and still is. hindered
and discouraged through the ignorance and prejudice
of religious "denominations. That as force is in-
visible, so also is the soul ; but that spirit becomes
visible to the clairvoyant sense, and may, under cer-
tain conditions, become manifested to our ordinary
senses, establishing the survival of the spiritual part
of man. which at "death passes into spiritual realms
encircling the earth, the immediate station of each
individual being determined bylaws of adaptation
and correspondence. He has written several pub-
lished essays upon "Hypnotism: its Relation to
Medico-Legal Jurisprudence "; was a member of the
psychical congress which convened at Chicago dur-
ing the Columbian exposition, where he read a
voluminous paper upon the psychical features of the
celebrated case of Mollie Fancher, of Brooklyn, and
has published a book on her life. He is a member
of the Writers' Club of Brooklyn, and is ex-president
of the Medico-Legal Society of New York, and at
422
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
present one of its trustees. He is literary in his
tastes, and lias written several poems which have
attracted considerable attention.
TRUMBULL, James Hammond, philologist
and historian, was born at Stonington, Conn., Dec.
20. 1821. His earliest American ancestors were John
and Elizabeth Trumbull, who emigrated from North-
umberland to New England about 1636. A number
of eminent scholars are descended from these com-
mon progenitors, and among them James Ham-
mond held a prominent place. He entered Yale
College in 1838, but was prevented by illness from
completing his undergraduate course. In 18-12-43,
he assisted in the preparation of catalogues of the
mammalia, reptiles, fishes and
shells of Connecticut. In 1847,
he made his home in Hartford,
Conn., having been appointed as-
sistant-secretary of state in that
year, in which office he served
two terms. In 1858, he was again
appointed assistant-secretary of
state, holding the office until, in
1861, he was elected secretary of
state, and remained so during the
civil war. In Hartford, he asso-
ciated himself with the Connecti-
cut Historical Society, and served
it as corresponding secretary
(1S4!M>3), and subsequently as
president for twenty-five years.
He also fulfilled the duties of
trustee and librarian of the Wat-
kinson free library of Hartford,
trustee of the Wadsworth Athe-
naeum, state librarian of Connecti-
cut, and for a short time was lecturer on Indian
languages at Yale College. He prepared a diction-
ary and vocabulary to Eliot's Indian Bible, which,
it was said, no other man had the ability to read.
The various honors which were conferred upon Dr.
Trumbull were in recognition of his merits as historian
ami philologist. By his historical research he threw
considerable light on the early history of New Eng-
land, and as a philologist was the accepted authority
on matters pertaining to Indian dialects. His publi-
cations comprise a quantity of articles written for
magazines and various learned societies, and a num-
ber of larger works, some of which, though only
edited by him, were made practically new by his
learned annotations : "The Colonial Records of Con-
necticut " (ls,-)0-59); "Historical Notes on Some
Provisions of the Connecticut Statutes" (1860-61);
"The Defense of Sloninglon against a British
Squadron in 1S14" (1864); " Roger Williams' Key
into the Language of America" (1806); "Thomas
Leehi'ord's Plain Dealing; or, Newes from New
England" (1867); "The Origin of McFingal" (1868);
"The Composition of Indian Geographical Names"
(1870); "The Best Method of Studying the Indian
Languages" (1871); "Some Mistaken Notions of
Algonkiu Grammar" (1871); "Historical Notes on
the Constitution of Connecticut" (187-); " Notes on
Forty Algonkin Versions of the Lord's Prayer"
(1873); "On the Algonkiu Verb" (1876); "The true
Blue-Laws of Connecticut, and the False Blue-Laws
Invented by the Rev. Samuel Peters" (1871);
"Indian Names of Places in and on the Borders of
Connrcticut, with Interpretations" (1881) ; "Memo-
rial History of Hartford County, Conn. (2 vols., issil >.
Yale College conferred the honorary degree of M.A.
on Mr. Trumbull in 1850, and of LL^D. in 1871;
Harvard similarly honored him, and Columbia gave
him L.H.D. He was a member of nearly all the
learned societies of the country, and in several of
them, held the office of president. He also attained
distinction as a bibliographer, particularly as the
compiler of the catalogue of the Brinley library. Dr.
Trumbull was married, in Hartford, in 1855. to Sarah
A., daughter of David Franklin and Anne (Seymour)
Robinson. Their daughter, Annie Eliot, has pub-
lished a number of stories, of high order. He died
at his home in Hartford, Aug. 5, 1*H7.
BAXTER, James Phinney, merchant and
author, was born at Gorham. Me., March 23, 1831,
son of Elihu and Sarah (Cone) Baxter. His father
was a prominent Iphysieian, and was in the active
practice of his profession until nearly eighty years
of age. The subject of this sketch received liis early
rdueation in the schools of Portland, and, takingah
academic course at Lynn, Mass., finished his studies
under private tutors. It was intended that he should
pursue the legal profession, but the business world
holding out more alluring prospects to a younsr and
ambitious man, he finally engaged in mercantile and
manufacturing enterprises, which proved successful.
He organized and was tbe first president of tin-
Associated Charities of Portland, of the Portland
Society of Art, and Gorges Publication Society, and
he built and donated to the city its public library
building, in which the Maine Historical Society has
accommodations for its library and collections. He
has held many offices of trust, among which are
the trusteeship of the Portland Savings Bank, and
the Portland Trust Co.; president of the Maine His-
torical Society, the Portland public library, and the
Merchants' National Bank, and the Portland Pub-
lishing Co. In 1881, he received the honorary de-
gree of A.M. from Bowdoin College. Though ac-
tively engaged in business affairs, lie has found time
to devote himself to sludy and authorship. He be-
gan at an earl}' age to contribute to the "Home
Journal," edited by N. 1". Willis ami George P. Mor-
ris, and he has contributed largely to other publica-
tions. In 1898, he represented New England, in
lectures on the United States, before the Ameri-
can Geographical Society, in Washington, D. C.
When, in 1882, the Maine Historical Society cele-
brated the seventy-fifth anniver-
sary of the birth of the poet
Longfellow, he was unanimously
selected to deliver the poem on
the occasion. He is one of the
foremost among literary work-
ers of the state of Maine. His
diligence in this field is shown
by the fact that no less than
thirteen titles of his publica-
tions appear in the annual re-
port of the American Historical
Association for the year 1890.
He was appointed one of the ad-
visory council of the World's
Congress auxiliary to the World's
Columbia exposition on his-
torical literature, and read a
paper on "Pre-Columbian Dis-
covery," at Chicago, before the
American Historical Association during the expo-
sition. His published works are as follows :
"Laus Laureati," a poem delivered before the Maine
Historical Society on the celebration of Longfel-
low's seventy-fifth birthday (Portland, 1882); ""A
Greeting to the Mentor," a poem delivered on the
eightieth birthday of Prof. Packard, Longfellow's
tutor (Portland, 1883: reprinted in the "Maine ili-
torical Quarterly," 1890); "The Great Seal of New
England " (Cambridge. 1 SS4 > : " Idyls of the Year " ;
" the Trelawny Papers"; " George Cleeve and His
Times"; "The British Invasion from the North";
"Documentary History of Maine"; " Early Voyages
to America";' "Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His
Province of Maine"; "The Abnakis" (" New England
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
423
M:iL':i/inc." Is'.M'h; • • I Jeminiscenccs i if a G real Enter-
prise" (1890); "The Campaign Against the IVquakets:
Its Causes and Its Results" (1890); "The Beginning
of Maine" (1891); "A Lost Manuscript" (1891) ;
"Isaac .Id-ues, A. D. 1636 "(1H91): "Tlic Abnakis
and their Kthnii' Relations" (1892); " The Pioneers
of New France in New England" (1893); "Christo-
pher Levelt, and His Voyage to Caseo Hay, in 162;i"
(1*!I4), and is now publishing, under the auspices nf
the Maine Historical Society, the "Documentary
History nl' Maine." Hi- has been may<,r of Port-
land lor four successive terms, during which period
he established, by contributing his salary, a public
manual-training school, built a new high school, a
stale armory, and greatly enlarged and improved tin-
public parks of the city. lie has -iven a -real deal
of attention to agriculture, having studied in Eu-
rope the various systems in vogue there, and his
model farm at .MacUworth island, in Portland har-
bor, where he lias au extensive herd of St. Lambert
•Jerseys, is widely known. He has been twice mar-
ried: first, on Sept. 18, 1854, to Sarah K. Lewis,
daughter of ('apt. Ansel Lewis, of Portland, Me.;
and. second, on April 2, 1873, to Meliclabel Cum-
mings, daughter of Abel Proeior, of IVabodv, Mass.
He has had a Family of eleven children, — six sonsaml
five daughters, — eight of whom, namelv, six sons
and two daughters, are now living.
PRATT, Charles, merchant and philanthropist,
was born at \Vatertown, Mass., Oct. ~, 18:iO, sou of
Asa and Kli/.a i Stone) Pratt. His father iK'.il
1STS). a native of Maiden, Mass., and 'a skilled and
successful cabinet-maker and inlluential cili/.en of
\Valerlown, \\as a son of Jacob Pratt, a tanner of
Maiden, and was descended from John Prat I, who,
wit.li his brother. Lieut. William Pratl, came to
America in liiH3 iu the ship with Kev. Thomas
Hooker. They accompanied Hooker to Hartford.
Conn., in 1080, anil from there the familv scaiieied
throughout New England. At the a ire' of ten he
went to work upon a farm in his native town, con
timiinir for about three years, and attending school
during the time in the winter months. lie then
spent a year a- clerk in a Boston grocery store, and
then apprenticed himself to a machinist in Newton,
Mass. , and earned a sufficient sum to give him a
year of schooling in the Wilbraham (Mass. ) Academy.
At the age of nineteen he entered the olli, ,- of a firm
dealing in paints and oils, in Boston, and began his
memorable business career, which continued with
uninterrupted success for forty years. The wise in-
junction, "Waste neither time nor money." which
is inscribed over the fireplace in the reading-room of
the "Astral Flats." at Greenpoint (borough of Brook-
lyn), was the motto of his life and tlie secret of his
success. During his business career in Boston he
became interested in the Mercantile Library as a
student; and this, together with his subsequent con-
nection with the New York Mercantile Library, had
a marked influence on his life. In 18.">1 he mo\ed
to New York city, and entered the house of Schanek
& Downing, dealers in oil, paints and glass, at 108
Fulton street, continuing to do business at this loca-
tion for twenty five years. In 1851 he purchased
the oil part of the business of Schanek & Downing,
and became associated with ('. T. Reynolds and F.
W. Devoe. continuing the business under the firm-
name of Reynolds, Devoe & Pratt. In 1864 Mr.
Devoe retired from the firm, and the business was
continued under the name of Reynolds, Pratt & Co.,
which was succeeded by the firm of Charles Pratt
& Co., and later by the Pratt Manufacturing Co.
Mr. Pratt was among the first to discern the possi-
bilities of the petroleum trade, when that began to
be developed in the great oil field of Pennsylvania,
in 1860. He commenced the refining of the crude
oil. erected a large factory at (jrecnpoinl , and his
1 Astral Oil " soon became a celebrated commodity
in the market of the world When the Standard Oil
Co. began absorbing the minor oil firms, Charles
Pratt tie Co. made good terms \\itli the Rockefellers
and II M. Fl.-inler, who managed the trust with
$100,000.000 capital. The firm of Charles Pratt &
I o. then succeeded to the management of Mr. Pratt's
all'airs. the refilling bu-iness being entirely dele-
gated. To sell a 1:1 ioi I article and to carry on busi-
ness upon business principle-, \\eic the ideas govern-
ing his life. His career was marked bv strict atten-
tion to his own branch of the business, without
indulgence in outside speculations or in the interests
alien to his trade. The gifts of Mr. Pratt to the in-
dustrial institution bearing his name, and to the
Adelphi Academy, both in Brooklvn. have given an
impetus to these institutions which \\ill alfeet the
training of thousands of young minds in future
years. His attention was first called, in 1*117. to an
academy kept by Mr. Lockwood. lie sent his chil-
dren to this school, and two years later, when it was
incorporated as the Adelphi Academy, he became
one of the trustees, and continued a- such, active
and observant in the discharge of his duties, until
his death. ( hi the death of Mr. William IvesBud
dington, in 187!), Mr. Pratt became president of tlie
board of trustees. Largely by his generosity, the
building occupied by the school
:il La fax etteaxenue and Si. James
place was doubled insi/.e in ISM I.
Six vears later Mr. Pratl gave
s|oo 000 to put up a new build
ing for the school, and afterwards
increasedthegifi io slliO. ill III, with
which the present handsome ami
commodious structure on Clifton
and St. James places was creeled.
Wit h its equipment, the building
cosl x'-MiO.uOO. Mr. Pratt's gifts to
the institution amounted in all to
more than a quartern!' a million
of dollars. It has more than a
thousand pupilsof both sexes, and
furnishes a complete high-school
and academic training for ehil-
dren from six tosixteen yearsof
age. But by his generous interest
iu public education and the need of training in the
higher branches in connection with training in
manual trades, a far greater educational enterprise
was set on foot, in 1887. in the Pratt Institute, on
Kyerson street, a short distance from Adelphi
Academy. In its plan and practical scope it is one
of the leading institutions of the kind in the country,
and furnishes manual training in connection with
high-school education, and also all'ords an oppor-
tunity for instruction in trades and useful arts to
apprentices, clerks and others employed during the
clay. It combines the best features of the Cooper
Institute classes, the leading manual-training schools,
cooking-schools, art schools and classes in domestic
economy. L'nderlying the practical ends of the
training it offers, there are principles which elevate
it and its works out of the sphere of mere mechanical
training of eyes and hands. It is based upon an ap-
preciation of the dignity, as well as the value, of in-
telligent handicraft and skilled manual labor, and
upon the theory that where it is possible to at once
train mind, eye and hand, the most symmetrical de-
velopment will be secured. It furnishes oppor-
tunities for this broader, more complete and har-
monious education. With the instructions proper it
teaches habits of thrift. It tries to nourish those
qualities which produce a spirit of self-reliance, and,
above all, its system is such that it teaches that per-
sonal character is of greater consequence than ma-
424
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
terial production. It also lias a good library, which
is free to the citizens of Brooklyn, with over 20,000
members and a circulation of above 300,000 volumes
per year, together with a branch of "The Astral."
Connected with the institute there is a very able
corps of professors and instructors, over 100 in
number, and in 1891 there were over 3,500 students
in attendance, with the numbers constantly increas-
ing. An important feature of the institution is its
system of lecture courses. It is intended that these
shall bear directly upon the work of the institution
in all its phases, thus including practical instruction
upon those matters which pertr.in to right modes of
living, the problems of politkal and social life, do-
mestic economy, sanitary science, literary culture,
ethics, etc. The institute occupies three large build-
ings: the main building, the mechanics' art build-
ing and the trade-school building. These buildings
cover a floor space of several acres; and another, the
library building, lias been recently erected at a cost
of several hundred thousand dollars, to furnish ad-
ditional accommodations for students, as well as for
the public features of the institute work, such as a
museum, lecture hall and library. It is liberal!}' en-
dowed, the capital being invested largely in real
estate, included in which is a series of seven six-
story apartment houses, known as "The Astral."
Mr. Pratt was noted for his many unostentatious
deeds of charity. His religious affiliations were with
the Baptist denomination, and he was one of the
founders of the Emmanuel Church, on Lafayette
avenue, Brooklyn. He was a man of broad sym-
pathies and unfailing generosity, making use of his
extensive income to benefit every worth}' object
which came within his knowledge. It is said that
the last business he transacted before his death was
the signing of a check for $5,000 for the Brooklyn
board of charities, to which he was a frequent
donor. To honor the memory of his father, he estab-
lished the Asa Pratt fund for a free reading-room in
his native town. Mr. Pratt was twice married: first, in
December, 1854, to Lydia Ann, daughter of Thomas
Richardson, of Belmont, Mass., who died in August,
1861; second, in September, 1863, to her sister, Mary
Helen Richardson. By the first marriage he hud
one son, Charles M. Pratt, now a director and officer
of the Standard Oil Co., and one daughter, Lydia
Richardson, wife of Frank L. Babbott, of Brooklyn,
N. Y. By the second marriage he had five sons.
Frederic B., George D., Herbert L.. John T. and
Harold I. Pratt; and one daughter, Helen F. Pr;;tt.
He died in New York city, May 4. 1891, and was
buried in the family mausoleum, Desoris, L. I.
PECK, Charles H., pioneer, was born in the
city of New York, Sept. 21, 1817. son of Stephen
and Catharine B. (Walter) Peck. Both parents were
of English descent and connected with some of the
oldest and most prominent families in New England
and New Jersey. On the death of her husband, in
1820, Mrs. Peck removed with her two children to
the home of her father, John Walter, a farmer of
Monmouth county, N. J. Here Charles H. Peck
was reared, pursuing his studies in the common
scl Is until he was about seventeen years of age,
when he returned to New York, preferring the pn ifcs-
sion of his father, a builder, to farming. In New York
city he entered the office of an architect and builder,
and for four years pursued professional studies. In
the year 1838, at the age of twenty years, he resolved
upon seeking place and fortune in the great West ;
and leaving New York, made his way by the primi-
tive methods then in vogue to Buffalo, at the head
of Lake Erie. There he embarked upon a vessel
bound for Chicago, at that time scarcely more than
a frontier town, whose attractions young Peck found
insufficient to hold him ; and he traveled for some
time in northern Illinois, quite undecided upon a
location. Turning southward, he struck the Fox
river, anil, with a companion, constructed a small
boat, which they navigated to the confluence with
the Illinois river. Then proceeding down the Illinois
to Beardstown, they abandoned their boat, and
started out across the country for St. Louis, Mo., ar-
riving there in the autumn of 1838. Mr. Peck, by his
pleasing address and determined spirit, soon found
employment in a building enterprise, wnich was the
starting-point of his successful career ; and from that
time forward his industry and efficiency as an archi-
tect and builder and his courage and integrity as a
man kept him straight on the road of industrial suc-
cess. Probably no man now living (1899) has done
more for the material and industrial prosperity of
St. Louis and the state of Missouri. His remarkable
foresight enabled him to anticipate the rapid growth
and development which half a century would bring
to St. Louis ; and he according-
ly laid his plans to help on and
share the profits of the build-
ing industry. Beginnimr work
as a master-builder, he soon ef-
fected large contracts. He has
been identified with the con-
struetiou of a great number of
buildings, which rank among
the largest and most ornate in
St. Louis. He has also coop-
erated in the development of the
various important enterprises
of the city and state, being a
pioneer in the iron industry of
Missouri, and justly to be styled
the "father" of the enterprise
which placed the mineral wealth
of that state on the markets of •('
the world. He was for many
years a director of the Missouri Pacific railroad ; an
incorporator and director of the Vulcan Iron Works
and the Bessemer Steel Works, which ranked among
the largest and most productive in the United States ;
an incorporator and director of the Mechanics' Bank
and Provident Savings Institution, and for yivtrs
vice-president of the St. Louis Gaslight Co. He was
incorporator and president of the City Mutual Fire
Insurance Co., and held important offices in various
other corporations. Political ambition seems never
to have moved Mr. Peck, altLough he has faithfully
discharged all the duties of citizenship. He was
married, in 1S40, to Rebecca Adams, a resident of St.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
Louis, but a native of Philadelphia. His family
consists of seven sons and two daughters.
CAMPBELL, William Shaw, U. S. consul,
\vas horn in New York city. .Inly 26, 1818, son of
Alexander and Mary Campbell. His father, of
M 1 Scotch- Irish Mock, came to New York as a
young man about 1785, and established himself there
as a merchant. The son was educated in private
.schools, and on leaving school entered an 'inportanl
commercial house, in which it was intended lie
should become a partner; but the linn was ruined by
the commercial disasters of 1837. In 1840, Mr.
Campbell went to Europe on a sailing packet, and
spent two years traveling by the si aye and IHI-I
coaches then in use, throughout eastern Kurope.
He sent accounts of his travels to several journals of
New York and other eities, and these were pub-
lishcd with the title of "Letters from the Heart of
Europe." In ls|:;, he was appointed U. S. consul
at Kollenlatn, Holland, and this position he filled
with signal ability for twenty years. During that
time he entertained, at his own expense, all distin-
guished Americans who visited Rotterdam, and
among them several who afterwards became; presi-
dents of the United States. He benefited American
trade by introducing, to his own pecuniary loss,
American petroleum in Holland, and overcoming
the difficulties which tnet its tirst enhance. As it
was believed to be a dangerous explosive, he was not
allowed to store it on shore, and was put to the ex-
pense of keeping it in lighters. At the present day
Rotterdam is one of the most important places in
the north of Europe for its distribution. Great ware-
houses have been especially built for its storage, and
especially constructed tank-steamers are now regu-
larly engaged in its transportation. In 1863, Mr.
Campbell was transferred .to the consulate at Ores
den, Saxony, where he remained until 1S71. There
he witnessed the beginning and growth of the Ameri-
can colony, was appointed (irsi president of ihc
American Club on its organization, and was among
the leaders who com-
menced the cslab-
lishment of the Ameri-
can church, by titling
up a hall in which
divine service was
held until the pres-
ent beautiful structure
was built. In the ab-
sence of an American
diplomatic agent at
the Saxon court, he
had the unusual
honor of presenting
his compatriots at
court functions. While
upholding the na-
tional dignity, all his
duties "involved a
heavy personal ex.
pense, which far exceeded his official income. In 1871,
on his return to America, he went to California, and
while there lost what remained of his private for-
tune, being lured into unfortunate mining specula-
tion during a period of unexampled excitement. He
was then obliged to accept the office of notary pub-
lic, which he held for several years. In 1887, he
visited England unofficially; then he went to New
York, and filled a civil appointment in the U. S.
quartermaster's service until 1893. In that year he
reluctantly consented to re-enter the consular service,
and was appointed to serve at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
After four years of very fruitful service there, he
was displaced by the new home administration.
Before leaving Newcastle, he was the recipient of
highly complimentary resolutions passed by the
mayor and council, the Merchants' Exchange, the
Association of Steamship Owners and Underwriters,
and other commercial bodies. Mr. Campbell was
married, in New York, May 10, 1843, to Josephine,
daughter of Dr. Jacob Rabineau, a descendant of
an old Knickerbocker family. They had four
daughters, one of whom married Adj. -Gen. Kelton,
of the I". S. army.
LATKOBE, "Benjamin Henry, architect and
civil engineer, was born in Yorkshire. England, May
1, 1764. son of Benjamin I.atiobe and Anna Mar-
garet, daughter of John Frcileiick Antes, of Penn-
sylvania. He was the great grandson of Count Henri
deBonvalde la Trobe, who tied from France to Hol-
land after the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes; entered
the service of the prince of
Orange in 16S5. and accom-
panied him to Ireland ; was
severely wounded at the battle
of the Boync, and. at the close
of hostilities, settled in Dub-
lin. At an early age he was
sent to a Moravian seminary
in Saxony, and afteiwaid-
completed his education at the
University of Lei psig. In 1 7*5
he entered the Prussian army
as a cornel of hussars. After
participating in several severe
engagements and receiving
honorable wounds, he resigned
his commission in 178li. and re-
turned to England to practice
his chosen profession. In 1789
he became surveyor of the public office and engineer
of London. His political views, however, led him
to look to the United States as a more congenial
home ; and upon the death of his first wife, an Eng-
lish lady, he decided to emigrate. Owing to the
war then existing between France and England,
he determined to take passage in an American brig,
the Elisa, and accordingly set sail on Nov. 25, 1795,
from the port of London, leaving two children to
follow him at a later date. The captain seem- to
have been an ignorant brute, with an overmastering
fear of Algerian pirates. This kept him in the North
Atlantic, and resulted in a tempestuous voyage ; so
that the vessel did not reach Norfolk, Va., i.s des-
tination, until May 20, 1796. Fortified by letters
of introduction to many prominent Virginians. Mr.
Lat robe's abilities and experience soon obtained
recognition, and he became engineer of the James
river and Appomattox canal ; he also built the Rich-
mond penitentiary and many private residences in
and around Richmond. Moving afterwards to Phila-
delphia, he erected a number of important build-
ings, and constructed the first water-works in that
city, pumping from the Schuylkill by steam, the
pump-house occupying the present site of the public
buildings at the intersection of Broad and Market
streets ; this was in 1800. In 1803 Mr. Lat robe was
appointed surveyor of the public buildings in Wash-
ington by Pres. Jefferson, succeeding Thornton,
Hatfield and Hoban as architect of the old capitol.
He perfected the designs of Dr. Thornton, and al-
tered those for the interior of the south wing, with
the approval of the president. After the destruction
of the capitol by the British in 1814. the reconstruc-
tion of the building w-as placed in his hands. In the
execution of this work he designed the corn-stalk
column in the north wing, as well as the tobacco-
plant capitals in the circular colonnade of the south
wing; thus originating what may be called an Ameri-
can order. He also utilized the handsome breccia
marbles of the Potomac quarries in the columns of
426
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the old house of representatives and senate chamber.
He was succeeded by Charles Bullfinch in 1S17, who
carried out Mr. Latrobe's designs. Among other
works, he prepared the original plan of the Chesa-
peake and Delaware canal ; designed and built the
Baltimore cathedral and the present custom-house. In
1S12 he joined Hubert Fulton in building, at Pitts-
burgh, the Buffalo, the fourth steamboat that de-
scended the Ohio river. Mr. Latrobe's first wife,
LydiaSellon, borehim twochildren: Henry Latrobe,
an engineer, died in New Orleans ; the daughter be-
came Mrs. Nicholas Roosevelt, of New York. UK
second wife was Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst, of
Philadelphia, who survived him with three children
— a daughter and two sons. In 1820, while con-
structing the New Orleans water-works, he was seized
with yellow fever, and died after a short illness.
LATROBE, John Hazlehurst Bonval, law-
yer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. May 6, 1803,
eldest son of Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Sr. , and Mary
E. Hazlehurst. During his father's residence in
Washington as surveyor of the public buildings, he
began his education at Georgetown College ; and
upon the removal of his parents to Baltimore, con-
tinued his studies at St. Mary's College, then one of
the best institutions of learning in the country. In
1816, Mr. Latrobe entered the LT.S. Military Academy
at West Point , during Gen. Thayer's snperintendeucy.
Here he remained until 1820,
when the death of his father in
New Orleans compelled his res-
ignation, just before his gradua-
tion, and when at the head of
his class. Returning to Balti-
more, he entered the office of
his father's friend, Gen. Robert
<;. Harper, as a student of law,
and was admitted to the bar in
1825. In 1828 he became coun-
sel to the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad, which position lie lirld
until his death. He was (lie
founder of the Maryland In-
stitute, and after its defini-
tion by fire, in 1835, acti\<l\
aided in its reorganization. In
con junction with Gen. Harprr.
one of the founders of Liberia,
he prepared the first map of that republic, and
named the first rivers and settlements. He aided in
obtaining from the Maryland legislature an appropria-
tion of $275,000 for the transportation of emigrants
to Africa, and was mainly instrumental in establishing
the Maryland colony at Cape Palmas, for which he
framed the constitution and ordinances. It was his
close connection with the interests of the American
Colonization Society that led to his election as pre-i-
dent on the death of Mr. Clay in 1853. Heat'lerwards
became president of the American branch of the
Association for the Exploration of Africa, and \\as
invited to attend the first meeting of the parent asso-
ciation by the king of the Belgians. In 1849 he lie-
came a member of the board of visitors to West
Point, and was made president. Mr. Latrobe was
also president of the Maryland Historical Society for
many years, which position he continued to occupy un-
til the" day of his death. During his connection with
the Historical Society he contributed many papers
of interest, which are published in its archives. In
the intervals of a busy life, he delivered many ad-
dresses among them: " The Capitol and Washington
at the Beginning of the Present Century " (1S81); and
published a number of volumes, including a " Biog-
raphy of Charles Carroll of Carrollton " (1824};
'•Justices' Practice" (1828; 7th edition, 1880);
"Scott's Infantry and Rifle Tactics." condensed
(182S) • a •' Picture .if Baltimore" (1832); a " His-
tory of Mason and Dixon's Line " (1854); " Personal
Recollections of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad "
(1858) ; " Hints for Six Months in Europe " (1869) ;
"Odds and Ends," a volume of poems; "History
of Maryland in Liberia " (1885) ; " Reminiscences
of West Point " (1887), and a number of other
works of varied character. Mr. Latrobe's economy
of time was cue of his most valuable traits, and aided
him in the accomplishment of an endless amount of
work. In addition to his professional and literary
work, he was an ardent painter, and his home wa's
filled with the products of his pencil and brush ; he
would, during the summer months, at his country-
house, rise with the dawn and paint until breakfast
time. He was married, near Natchez, Miss., in
1833, to Charlotte V., daughter of ({en. Ferdinand
Leigh and Mary Claiborue. She was a descendant
of William Claiborne. a Puritan of distinguished
English lineage, and the original settler of Kent
Island, Md. She bore him four sous and two
daughters. Of the sons, Osmun, served on Gen.
Longstreet's staff with the rank of colonel from the
battle of Bull Run to the surrender at Appomattox.
R. Steuart, now a prominent attorney of Baltimore,
fought throughout the civil war in the Maryland
cavalry of the Confederate army. Ferdinand C., a
lawyer, was seven times mayor of Baltimore, and
also served in the legislature. Mr. Latrobe died in
Baltimore. Md.. Sept. 11, 1891.
LATROBE, Benjamin Henry, civil engineer,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 19, 1807, second
sou of Benjamin Henry and Mary E. (Hazlehurst)
Latrobe. He was graduated at St. Mary's College,
Baltimore, in 1825 ; studied law, and was admitted
to the bar, practicing in connection with his brother,
John, in Baltimore. The law, however, was not
congenial to him ; civil engineering was the profes-
sion of his choice — possibly an inheritance. In 1>-2T
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was organized, and
soon began its active career. Intense interest was
aroused, and as civil engineers were in demand. Mr.
Latrobe soon found a field for his ambition, and en-
tered the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Co. in 1831, Jonathan Knight being chief engineer.
He soon rose to the rank of principal assistant, anil
in 1832 located the line from Baltimore to Wash-
ington, and subsequently the line from the Point of
Rocks to Harper's Ferry. In 1835 he was appointed
engineer of location and construction, and built the
road from Harper's Ferry to Cumberland, which
was opened for travel in November, 1842. Upon
Mr. Knight's retirement, about this time, he was ap-
pointed chief engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad, and devoted all his energies to theexlension
of the road across the Alleghanies to the Ohio river —
a work involving many problems unsolved at that
date, in relation to heavy grades, long tunnels and
the capabilities of the locomotive engine. The
scheme was looked upon by many as chimerical, in-
volving, as it did, grades of 116 feet per mi;:.' for
permanent work and 500 feet per mile for temporary
tracks across the Kingwood tunnel. All dillieuities,
however, were overcome through Mr. Latrobe's firm
faith, backed by a few far-sighted friends in the di-
rectory, and in 1852 the road was opened to Wheel-
ing. Subsequently the branch to Parkersburg was
built, and finally the Pittsburgh and Counellsville, of
which Mr. Latrobe was president and chief engineer.
Subsequently Mr. Latrobe was engaged in important
enterprises all over the country. Among other re-
sponsibilities, lie was consulting engineer of the
Hoosac tunnel and of the Portland and Ogilen-biir^
railroad. He was also one of the hoard to whom
John A. Roeliling submitted his plan for the con-
struction of the New York and Brooklyn suspension
bridge. The construction of the Baltimore and ( »hio
railroad and its branches was, however, his life-work,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
4-27
and the successful solution of the many novel prob-
lems involved made it a monument a] work in iisday,
iinil brought Mr. Latrobein close communication wiih
his professional bivtiiren, by wliom lie- was highly
esteemed for bis engineering talent as well as his
genial iiianni-r and noble Christian character. He
was married, in Salem, N. J., in January, is;!:',, tu
his cousin, Ellen, daughter of Isaac anil .Maria
Ila/.leliurst, who bore him two sons ami three
daughters. Mr. Latrobe relireil from active pio
l'i --ional work about 1875, and died in lialtimore,
Md.. alter a short illness, Oet. Ill, 1S7S.
LATROBE, Charles Hazlehurst, civil engi-
neer, was born in Baltimore. Md.. Dec. 25, 1S3">. son
of Benjamin H. ai... Ellen ( Ila/.leliurst) Latrobe, and
UTandson of Benjamin I!enry Lairohe. the architect,
Mr. Latrobe entered the employ of the Baltimore
and Ohio railroad in 1*50 as a civil engineer, and
continued the practice of his profession in the si -n ice
of various railroad companies, principally in the
South, until |Sli2, when he entered the Confederate
army as a lirst- lieu tenant of engineers. Al tliedus,.
of the war he returned to Maryland, and recom-
menced (lie practice of civil en^ineet in^. making
iron bridge-building a specialty : planning and erect-
ing, in connection with his associates, many impor-
tant structures in the I'niled Slates and in South
America. In 1S7S Me entered the service of the city
of Haiti more, as engineer of the . I ones Fa IK improve
inenl, involving the creel ion of many important city
bridges. The improvement of the falls being nearly
completed in 1SSO, Mr. Lai robe became the general
supeiinlenilent and engineer of public parks for Bal-
timore. He was married, in Tallahassee. Fla . in
ISIll, to Lelitia. daughter of Holier! and Lelilia
Gamble, who bore him one son and I wo daughters.
LATROBE, Ferdinand Claiborne, lawyer,
was born in Baltimore, Mil., Oct. 1-1. is:!:',, son of
John II. B. and Charlotte V. (Claihornei Lai robe.
He was educated in the schools of his native ciiy and
at St. James' College. A I let
graduation, he was clerk in a
business house, and Ihen. mak
ing his professional studies in
his father's oftice, was, on his
admission to the bar in IsiiO,
appointed assistant counsel to
the Baltimore and Ohio rail-
road. In 1868, he was elected
to the legislature, and in 1870
was reflected, during his first
term serving as chairman of
the ways and means com-
mittee, and during his sec-
ond as speaker. Among other
notable services performed by
him was the originating and
carrying through of a law pro
viding for the reorgani/atioii
of the state militia, and in
1870 he was appointed judge-
advocate-general to effect the reforms therein con-
templated and provided for. In 1875, Mr. Latrobe
was elected mayor of Baltimore. In 1878, he was
called to fill an unexpired term as mayor, and
in 1879, was elected for the full term of two years
In 1883, 1887, 1891 and 1894, he was again elected
mayor, and then withdrew from public office,
although he continued to be prominent in Demo-
cratic politics. He is a prominent Mason, and is
pasi-masier of Fidelity Lodge of Baltimore. Mr.
Latrobe has been twice married • first, in 1863, to
Louisa, eldest daughter of ex-Gov. Thomas Swann.
Their only child, Thomas Swauu Latrobe, died in
1894, aged twenty-five years. He was again married,
in 1880, to Ellen, daughter of John R. Pen rose, of
Philadelphia, who bore him three children — Ferdi-
nand C., Charlotte and Virginia.
DBS ROCHERS, John Mowbray, merchant,
was born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1859, of Hu-
nui-niil descent On the maternal side be is descended
from the Mowbray and Howard families of England.
Mr. I>es Itochers was educated al public and private
schools in New York until the death of his father.
when he went to live' with his maternal uncle, John
Mowbrav, a retired merchant. In 1S79 he settled at
Jacksonville. Fla.. and cnna^cd in the sawmill and
lumber business, forming, lour veals later, a part-
nership in that industry with 0. G. Elliott, which
lasted until the hitler's death in 18SS. Since that
dale Mr. DCS Roche-is has con-
tinued to engage by himself in the
lumber trade, purchasing from
the mills of Georgia and Florida,
and shipping to the principal Ai
lanlie ports and to the West Indies
and South America, his business
licinir one of the most extensive
and beneficial industries carried on
in the South. Ilisollicesal Jackson
ville, Fernandina and Brunswick,
Ga.. receive his personal super-
vision; and he is, therefore, kept so
hiis\ that he has mil been able to
find time to devote to political
affairs, although frequently re-
quest,-,1 to aecepi nomination. Mr.
DCS Koehcrs was married, in 1882,
to Maria S , dau-.'liier ol ('apt.
II. C. Hewlett, an ollic- - in the
Confederate navy. He has two sons, Oliver and Ed-
ward, ami a daughter, Grace.
BULL, Henry, attorney- general of Rhode Island,
was born Nov. 23, 1687, grandson of Henry Bull
of New poll, who was twice governor of Rhode
Island. He was left an orphan in early childhood;
was brought up by an aunt. Mrs. Mary ( Bull) Cog-
geshall, who had him appreiiliceil to a carpenter.
After learning the trade, he followed it for several
years, but bad an ambition to till a higher station,
'and accordingly turned to the law. A Rhode Isl 1
historian, in referring to his efforts to acquire facility
in speaking, says: " When he had made xip his mind
to practice law, he went into the garden, to exercise
his talcnls in addressing the court and jury. He
then selected five cabbages in one row for judges,
and twelve in another for jurors. After trying his
hand there for awhile, he went boldly into court
and took upon himself the duties of an advocate;
and a little observation and experience there
convinced him that the same cabbages were in
the court house which he thought lie had left
in the garden— five in one row and twelve in an-
oiher." In addition to bis natural abilities, he
was endowed with an attractive face and command-
ing figure, and with graceful manners as well. At
different times he represented Newport in the gen-
eral assembly. He was elected attorney-general in
1721. and was re-elected in 1722; was speaker of the
house of representatives in 1728-29; was member of
a committee to revise the laws of the colony in 1728,
and alsoserved on a legislative committee in 1728-29,
during a controversy with Massachusetts over the
boundary line between the two colonies. In 1749,
the court of common pleas was established, and
Judge Bull was appointed its first chief justice. He
was twice married: first, to Martha Odlin, by whom
lie had four sons and three daughters; and the sec-
ond time to Phebe Coggeshall, by whom he had
seven sons and three daughters. Judge Bull died at
Newport, R I., Dec. 24, 1771
428
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BARR, Edward, merchant, was born in Lan-
caster county, Pa.. June 29, 1845, son of John and
Barbara (Kinport) Barr. When a mere boy he en-
listed in company B, 1st Pennsylvania reserves, and
served in the battle of Fredericksburg, receiving
favorable mention from the captain of his company
for his gallantry during this action. At the close of
the war he cut creel the service of Morris. Tasker &
Co. in Philadelphia, with whom he remained ten
years, when he went to New York, and entered into
business for himself, which was incorporated in
1883 as the Edward Barr Co. He is a member
of the chamber of commerce ; the Hamilton and
Crescent clubs of Brooklyn; one of the vice-prcsi-
(Vpollo and Republican clubs of the
same city ; is the president
of the Lake George Country
Club, at Hague, Lake George,
and the New York director of
the Brownlow Mining and
Milling Co. of Denver, and the
Church Club of the diocese
of Long Island; a trustee of
the Brooklyn City Dispensary,
ami the representative ot si.
Martha's Sanitarium in the
Brooklyn Hospital Saturday
and Sunday Association, of
which he is treasurer. For a
number of years he was treas-
urer of the Sheltering Arms
Nursery of Brooklyn, and un-
der Mayors Strong and Schie-
ren was treasurer of the New
York and Brooklyn Bridge,
serving with marked ability
until the change of administration, Jan. 1, 1898. He
has been a member of the board of directors of the
Manhattan Fire Insurance Co. for sixteen years,
and was elected vice-president of the company in
1898. He is a member of the Underwriters' Club
of New York, and also of George Washington Post
No. 103, G. A. R, of the state of New York. He
"was from its inception the secretary of the League
of Loyal Citizens of Brooklyn, which he started
in a small room with four others, from which the
organization grew until it had a membership of 7*.-
000 voters opposed to the consolidation of Brooklyn
with New York. He was married at St. George s,
London, iii 1872, to Julia L., daughter of the late Gil-
bert Gumming Weld. They have four daughters.
Josephine Elise Weld, Julia Kinport, Mary God-
frey and Elise Adeline Rush Barr.
HENTZ, Nicholas Marcellus, educator and
scientist, was born in Versailles, France, July 25,
1797. Even at an early age, he showed a remarkable
talent for miniature painting, and attained considera-
ble proficiency in the art. In 1813 he entered the
Hospital Val de Grace as a student in medicine, and
remained busied with his studies and duties as hospi-
tal assistant until the fall of Napoleon, when his
father was proscribed and obliged to flee to America.
The family spent a few weeks in New York city and
Elizabeth Town, and then settled at Wilkes-Barre,
Pa., in April, 1810. For some years the son was
engaged in Philadelphia and Boston as a teacher of
French and miniature drawing; was then tutor in
the family of a Mr. Marshall on Sullivan's island,
near Charleston, S. C.; later taught at the Round
Hill School, Northampton, Mass., and in 1824 be-
came professor of modern languages in the Univer-
sity of North Carolina. There he remained until
1830, and from that time to 1849 was in charge of
female seminaries .-md academies at Covington, Ky. ;
Cincinnati, O.; Florence, Tuscaloosa and Tuskegee,
Ala., and Columbus, Ga. His health then failing.
he removed to Mariana, Fla. During his long life
as a teacher he was one of the pioneers in American
entomology, and became during his time the highest
authority on American spiders. He began the study
of the spider when little or nothing had been pub-
lished on its life-history, and all his leisure was given
to the study of its habits and to the collection, de-
scription and representation of the various species.
His scientific writings first appeared in "Silliman's
Journal," and in the reports of the Philadelphia
Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Boston So-
ciety of Natural History. Some years ago the last
named society collected and republished his arachno-
logical writings with notes by J. H. Emerton and
William E. Holdeu. He was married early in life to
Carolina Lee, daughter of Gen. John Whiting, of
Lancaster, Pa. She was well known in her day as a
novelist and poet. Prof. Hentz died in Mariana,
Fla.. Nov. 4, 1856.
ALLEN, Samuel Louis, pioneer, was born at
Canasarauiih (now Sullivan), Madison co., N. Y.,
April 12, 1808, sou of Roland and Sarah (Chapman)
Allen. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin
Chapman, a captain in the revolutionary war, who
served eight years under a commission from Gov.
Clinton, of New York, and was commended for his
valor. Samuel L. Allen attended school at the
neighboring village of Chittenango, N. Y., but early
in life left home to seek his living. For a while he
worked on the Erie canal, then engaged in the manu-
facture of edge-tools at Chittenango, and finally in
mercantile business at Baldwinsville, N. Y. In
1838 he removed to Texas, settling first at Naco--
doclics, and later removing to Houston, a town
founded by his brothers, Augustus Chapman and
John Kirby Allen. There he started the first saw-
mill in that portion of Texas, and for several years
conducted a prosperous trade, giving employment
to large numbers. He conducted his business on an
enterprising basis, selling lumber to those desiring
to linild at very reasonable figures, and as a conse-
quence, the city grew rapidly.
He donated all the lumber used
in building the First Presbyter-
ian Church of Houston, which,
save the old missions at San
Antonio, was the largest church
in the state. Mr. Allen was one
ot the principal owners and pro-
promoters of the first cotton
press in Texas, the plant being-
located in Houston, and formally
years did a very large business
also established the first cotton
commission andforwardinghouse
in Texas, and his business in this
line extended to all parts of the
stale. He aided in establishing
banks, and contributed to the
building of railroads and other
enterprises that. have made
Houston now a city of 75,000
population. Being a man of finest business ability,
he rarely undertook a venture that did not succeed.
It has been justly said that no other one man did
more to found the prosperity of Houston than Mr.
Allen. His numerous enterprises constantly afforded
occupation for all the unemployed in the place,
and his devotion to the upbuilding of the city origi-
nated many valuable improvements by which he is
still remembered. Mr. Allen was married in IMiio to
Margaret Eveline, daughter of Thomas T. Call rev,
of Ya/.oo conniv, Miss., whom he met while she was
visiting Houston with her mother. He had one
child, a son, Augustus Chapman Allen, a well-
known attornev of Houston. Mr. Allen died at
Ho'ision, Tex. .'Oct. 12, 1895.
THE
NEW YORK
('PUBLIC LIBRARY,
\Astor, Urn* and Tli<W
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
429
FISK, Wilbur, lirsi president of Wesleyan Uni-
versity (1831-3!!). I See Vol. III., p. 177.)
OLIN, Stephen, second president of Wes]e\ an
University i is:j!l-41, 1*42-51), \vasboru at Leicester.
Vt., March '-', 17H1, ami was graduated at Middle-
bury College, Vermont, in 1820. He taught school in
Abbeville district. S ('., lor three years, joined ihc
South Carolina conference in January, 1824, as a
Methodist Episcopal preacher, and was then stationed
at Chariest on, S. C. lie was ordained as deacon, .Ian.
13, 182.i, at Milledireville, <Ja.. and on the 1st of the
next January became professor of belles-leltri'nm the
University of Georgia, and remained I here until is:!!!.
lie receive. I examination as elder, Nov. 20, 182*. In
March, 1834, he was inaugurated first president of
Randolph-Macon College (Methodist Episcopal), in
Mecklenberg county, Va., taking the chair of men-
tal and moral science, lielles-lettres, and political
philosophy, but in 1837 lie was forced, by infirm
health, to leave this position on an indefinite fur-
lough, although the college had prospered greatly
under his care. Spending some time in Europe,
Egypt, and Palestine, he "returned to the United
States in 1840, having 1 n chosen, in 1839, to the
presidency of Wcsleyan University, and nominally
filled the office for two years, having been succeeded
by Rev. Nathan Bangs. In 1842 he returned to this
office, introduced a strict course of discipline in its
administration, and was successful in securing en-
dowments for the college, as well as in raising its re-
ligious tone. In 1850 he was offered the presidency of
Geuesee College, New York, but declined. His activi-
ties were not confined to the world of education, but
were equally important in religious matters. He
played an important part in founding the Evangeli-
cal Alliance in 1846, and was thereafter largely identi-
fied with its activities. His conception of a college
course was eminently conservative, both as to sub-
ject and method. In 1844 he contracted the curri-
culum by the omission of modern languages, but
made the teaching on other subjects all the more
thorough and careful, especially the classics, in
which he was deeply versed. His continued ill
health, originally the result of over-study in his own
college days, prevented his constant presence in the
class-room — a matter which he deeply regretted.
His abilities as a teacher were of a high order, his
method of iMsiruetion most suggestive, and his
scholarship broad anil thorough. A- a preacher he-
was truly remarkable, both for force and elegance of
diction. His two only baccalaureate sermons (184(5
and 1851) were subsequently published in a volume
entitled, "Youthful Piety" (l*53i. His manner
exhibited a lofty dignity, although with no trace of
haughtiness. He received the degree of D.D. from
Middlebury College (1S32), from the University of
Alabama and also from \Vcs1eyaii University (1834).
In 1*45 Vale College ua\e him LL.D. Several vol-
umes from his pen have been published, among
them, "Travels in Kuvpt. Arabia IVtna. and the
Holy Land" (184:!); and. posthumously, "Greece
anil the (Jolden Horn" (1S54>; and •'College Life
and Practice" (1867). His " Life and Letters1' ap-
peared in 1853, edited by his wife. After nine years
of faithful service to \\ i -leyan I'niversity, he died
Aim. Hi. 1S51, sincerely reverenced by all who
knew him.
BANGS, Nathan, third president of Wesleyan
University (1841-42), was born in Stratford, Conn.,
Ma\ 2, lf78. His early education was limited, such
as it was, being largely the fruit of bis persevering
industry and love of study. In 171111 he went to
Canada, where for three years he was engaged in
teaching anil land-sui ve\ inn. Me became an iliner
ant Methodist minister in 1*0-', pleached in various
places in Canada, and won a wide reputation as a
successful preacher. Later he removed to New
York city, where he filled a pastorate and several
important denominational ollices. and in Is'.'o In
came secretary and manager of the Methodist Book
Concern. He was al-o editor of the "Methodist
Mai'a/.ine " from 1*2(1: of the " MellmdM (Quarterly
l(e\ ieu " when it superseded the former in 1832, and
of the "Christian Advocate" from 1828. Under
bis management both the book and magazine de-
partm. ills were greatly enlarged, and placed upon a
permanent basis ||t. aN,, exercised a censorship
over the publicationsof the bouse, and labored earn-
estly to establish a high stand-
ard of denominational litera-
ture. In Is'liti he was appointed
secretary of the Methodist Mis-
sionary Society, of which be
was one of the founders, and
thereafter devoted his time and
enei i:v to its management. From
this important post he was called
to the presidency of Wesleyan
University in 1841, to supply
the temporary vacancy caused
by the illness of Pres. Oliu,
his brilliant record in import-
ant business trusts making him
a fitting incumbent of that high
office, despite his lack of a uni-
versity education. He accepted
the trust with reluctance, be-
lieving his greater sphere of
usefulness to be elsewhere, and cheerfully resigned
upon the return of Pres. Olin. at the end of 1842.
His administration was too short to be noted for any
great action, but his resignation was entirely volun-
tary, and from a sense of duty. The annual " tree
day " of the Wesleyan students was established, and
the many fine trees on the campus are the result of
the movement then inaugurated for beautifying the
grounds. After resigning the presidency he returned
to New York city, where he filled pastorates for the
next ten years, then retired, and devoted the remain-
der of his life to literary pursuits. He was a volu-
minous writer and an able controversialist. Among
his works are: "Errors of Hopkinsianism " (1815);
" Predestination Examined " (1817); " Reformer Re-
430
THE NATIONAL C'YCLOl'.EDIA
formed" (1818); "Methodist Episcopacy" (1820);
"Authentic- History of Missions under 1 lie Care of the
Methodist Episcopal Church" (1832); "The Orid-
iial Church of Christ" (1836); "History of the
Methodist Episcopal Church (4 vols., 1839-42);
"Essay on Emancipation" I Ix4xi; " Letter- on Saucti-
flcation" (1851); "Life of Ariiiiniiis." and many
others of a doctrinal or controversial character.
He also published muuy sermons. The degree of
D.D. was conferred ou him by Wesleyan TJ Diver-
sity. His death occurred iu New York city. May 3,
1862.
SMITH, Augustus William, fourth president
of \Vesleyan University (1852-57), was born in New-
port, Herkimer co., N. Y., May 12, 1X02. He was
graduated at Hamilton College in 1825, and immedi-
ately began his career as a teacher iu the Oneida
Conference Seminary, Cazenovia, X. Y. In 1831,
at the foundation of Wesleyan University, he became
professor of mathematics and astronomy, and held
the chair until 1857, when he was elected president.
Rev. John McClintock had previously been offered
the office, but refused. During his administration
his ability as a practical manager was required for the
task of increasing the absurdly small endowment
under which the university had hitherto labored, to
the jeopardizing of its existence and usefulness. In
conjunction with Prof. H. B. Lane he obtained sub-
scriptions to the amount of $100,000, four-fifths of
which was paid in, and greatly relieved the dire
necessity. Among the contributors to this fund was
Isaac Rich, who began his long line of benefactions
to the institution with a ;:ift of sV.'O.oiiu. Daniel
Drew also gave $5,00(1. Pres. Smith, although of a
retiring and scholarly temperament, was possessed of
exceptional executive ability, and his administration
was characterized by several such achievements of
notable service. On Aug. 5, 1857, he resigned the
presidency, and two years later, in 1859, became pro-
fessor of natural philosophy in the U. S. Naval Acad-
emy, Annapolis, Md. He was one of a corps of astrono-
mers sent by the U. S. government to Labrador, in
1860, to observe the annular eclipse of the sun. Pres.
Smith was a " modest, unassuming man, of thorough
culture," and a very successful instructor. He pub-
lished several excellent mathematical treatises. The
degree of LL. D. was conferred on him bv Hamilton
College in 1850. He died at Annapolis, March 22, 1866.
CUMMINGS, Joseph, tifth president of Wes-
leyan University (1857-75), was born in Falmouth,
Cumberland co.. Me., March 3, 1817. He was
graduated at Wesleyan University with the highest
honors in 1840, began teaching in the seminary at
Amenia, N. Y., where he became principal in 1843,
and joined the New England conference of the
Methodist Episcopal church and was ordained to
preach in 1846. For the next seven years he tilled
pastorates in Maiden, Chelsea, and Boston. Mass. ;
\vas professor of theology in the Methodist general
Biblical Institute, Concord, N. H. (1853-54), a'iid was
president of Genesee College, Lima, N. Y. (1854-57).
In 1S5, lie was chosen president of Wesleyan Uni-
versity, the first alumnus to fill the office, and entered
upon his highly successful administration of eighteen
years. During his incumbency the buildings of the
university were increased by several generous dona-
tions by alumni and others.' By the munitieenee of
Isaac Rich, Rich Hall, library building, was opened
in 1868, the alumni subscribing $27,500 as a library
fund. At the commencement, 1871, was opened the
Orange .ludd Hall of Natural Science, erected at the
cost of $100,000 by Orange Judd, an alumnus of the
class of 1847. Memorial Chapel was dedicated on
the same day. A new charter for the university,
limiting the board of trustees to forty members, each
conference electing one member, the alumni and
joint-board the remainder, was obtained in 1870.
In 1871, by vote of the board of trustees of the
university, it was decided that women should be
admitted to equal standing with men students. Four
women were graduated in 1876, and since then
there have been a few in every class. The president's
house, having been disused from 1X83, was fitted
up as a female dormitory; but the building formerly
used as a boarding-school was later rented for the pur-
pose. Wesleyan's move in the direction of coedu-
cation was a radical one at the time, she being
one of the first of New England colleges to adopt the
practice. In 1872, also, the graduate department
was resumed after many years' suspension. Pres.
Cummings possessed eminent ability as an educator,
and his devotion to the interests of the institution
was tireless. After resigning
the presidency in 1875, he con-
tinued for two years in the chair
of mental philosophy and politi-
cal economy. He resumed pas-
toral duties in 1877, holding suc-
cessive charges at Maiden and
Cambridge, "Mass., until 1881,
when he accepted the John Evans
professorship of moral and intel-
lectual philosophy at. Northwes-
tern University, Evanston, 111.,
with the presidency of the insti-
tution. Equally prominent in
educational and ecclesiastical af-
fairs, lie was a delegate to the
Methodist Episcopal general con-
ference in 1X04, 1876, 18SO, and 4
1SX4. The degree of S.T.I), was Y^
conferred on him by Weslevan a
in 1x54, and by Harvard in 1861, '
and that of LL.D. by Northwestern University in
1866. Dr. Cummings published an edition of But-
ler's "Analogy of Religion" (1875), and beside numer-
ous sermons and addresses, "Life of the late Daniel
Stillman Newcomb " (1855), and "An Elective
Presiding Eldership in the Methodist Episcopal
Church" (1877). He died suddenly, of heart-failure,
in Evanston, 111., March 7, 1890. "
FOSS, Cyrus David, sixth president of Wes-
leyan University (1S75-80), and Methodist Episcopal
bishop, was born in Kingston, N. Y., Jan. 17, 1834,
son of Rev. Cyrus and Jane (Campbell) Foss. His
father was an able and devoted Methodist minister,
prominent in the abolition movement, who died un-
der fifty years of age, leaving four sons. His mother
was a woman of strong sense and deep piety, and her
great ambition was to train her sons iu the footsteps
of their father. Her three surviving sons became
ministers. In his boyhood Cyrus D. Foss attended
school during the winter mouths, and assisted his
father (who was then broken in health) ou a little
farm. After a thorough preparatory couise of study
iu the Ameuia Seminary, New York, he was ad-
milled to Wesleyan University. In 1854, at the age
of twenty, he was graduated at the head of his cla-s
and was at once employed as teacher of mathematics
in Amenia Seminary, remaining for three years, and
during the last year being principal. He entered the
ministry in the New York conference in 1857, and
was stationed at Chester. Orange co., N. Y., during
1857 ami 185s. For the next sixteen years hewaspas-
tor of six of the most prominent churches in the cities
of Brooklyn and New York. After declining the presi-
dency of ii Western college, and a professorship in a
theological seminary, he was, in 1875, elected presi-
dent of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.
His earnest desire was to reimin in the pastorate, for
which his love was deep and strong, and in which his
labors had been crowned with success. I5nt so gen-
eral was the conviction throughout the church thai he
oiiLrhi to heed this call, and so emphatically was that
OF AM KIIK'.YN BIOGRAPHY.
431
conviction expressed by the trustees, faculty, alumni,
and other friends of ihe university, that he yielded
his preference, and accepted the place. For live \ eai -
lie discharged Ihe duties of his office in a masterly
manner, and the friends of the insl itul ion rejoiced
that it was under siieh a leader. Through hi^ efforts
$375,000 was added to the endowment. Iii March,
1S7D, ihe trustees reported that the available funds
of the universiiv had suffered considerable decrease,
owing lo (he depression in financial matters, and as
the annual outlay was more than double t lie income,
a heroic effort was necessary to save the institution
from bankruptcy. Pres. Foss
recognized the gravity of llie
.situation, and at his suggestion
a committee of the alumni ap-
pealed to all graduates to as
sist the university, with the re-
.sult thai over $40.000 was sub
scribed at once. lie was chosen
by (hi! New York conference
al the head of its delegation, to
represent it in the L'eneral con-
ference in 1X72, 1S7(1 and ISMI.
In 1*78 he visiled the general
conference of the Methodist L'pis
copal church, South, as a dele-
gale to present the fralenial salu-
tations of the Melhodisl Kpi-
copal church, and in issi; he
visited the British \Vcsleyancon
feieiice at its session in John
Wesley's historic church, "City Road Chapel."
London, on a like errand. At the general conference
of issohe was elected aud consecrated a bishop, al
the same time resigning the presidency of tin- uni-
versity. In 1870 Mr. Foss received the degree of
D.I), from his alma mater, and that of LL.D. from
Cornell College, Iowa, in 187'J, and again from the
University of Pennsylvania in 1889. He has been a
frequent contributor to the religious papers of his
own church, aud to the "Independent," and has
gained a wide reputation as an able and brilliant
writer. Articles from his pen have also appeared in
the " Sunday-School Times, " the " North American
Review," and other periodicals. He lias also pub-
lished many sermons and addresses for special occa-
sions. In 1881 he delivered an address at Middle-
town, on the semi-centennial of the university. In
his administration of the episcopal office. Bishop
Foss is characterized by rare good judgment and
til-illness. These qualities, combined with a kind and
sympathetic nature, have enabled him to perform
the difficult duties of his office with great accept ability
to the church. He is a man of well-rounded char-
acter, possessing the qualities of a great preacher,
administrator, and leader of men. As~a pulpit orator,
he ranks among the foremost in the Methodist
church. At times eloquent, he is always simple, di-
rect, and convincing, and commands the attention of
his audience by forceful and earnest presentation of
truth, rather than by flights of rhetoric.
BEACH, John W., seventh president of Wes-
leyan University (1880-87), was born at Trnmbnll,
Fail-field co., Conn., Dec. 26, 1825. Entering Wes-
leyan, he was graduated in 1845, and then taught
for several years in Amenia Seminary. In 1854 he
was ordained a Methodist minister, anil filled pastor-
ates in New York city, at various places along the
Hudson, and at New Haven, Conn., being presiding
elder in 1880. when he was elected president of
Wesleyan University. During the first years of
his administration the endowment of the institu-
tion was largely increased, principally through
the generosity of Geo. I. Seney, who, during the
three years from 1880 to 1882, gave at various
limes $325,000, for founding scholarships and
increasing Ihe general reserve funds. His bene-
factions, coupled wilh those of others, had aegre-
gated nearly $800,000 in l*s:;. when in- became in-
volved in the unfoitunale financial crisis. During
Pres. Beach's administration the scholarly interests
of the university were greatly augmented. The
courses of study were modified in issi;, so as to
make the required work slightly less, and offered op-
portunity for belter co-ordinaliol] of all the- depart-
ments. In 1SX2 Wesleyan united with eight other
colleges in founding the American School of Classi-
cal Study at Athens, Greece, under whose auspices
have been made many valuable contributions to
arch.Tol,,<_iieal -cieuce. Pres. Beach's preference was,
however, for pastoral work, in which lay, he be-
lieved, his greatest possibilities of usefulness. He
accordingly resigned in 1SS7, and has since filled
airain the important post of a presiding elder in his
deiiominat ion.
RAYMOND, Bradford Paul, eighth president
of Wesleyan Universiiv (1SH1I- ), was born near
Stamford, Conn.. Apr. 22, 1M4I1. During the winters
be attended the public schools at Stamford, and in
the summer was employed on his lather's farm.
Having passed Ihe requisite examinations before he
was fifteen years old. he obtained a position, and
taught school in Stamford for three years, during
that time partially preparing himself for college.
Shortly after his eighteenth birthday lie enlisted in
the 48th New York infantry, and served until the
close of the war, being honorably discharged in Sep-
tember, 1SIJ5. In April, IMili, he remo\ed lo Red
Wing, Minn., for the purpose of en^a^ing in busi-
ness ; bill being thrown with college students, and
finding the commercial 01 II look not as bright as lie had
anticipated, lie decided to carry into effect his long-
elicrished ambition, and entered Mainline University
at Red Wing, in September, IStili, and remained for
three years." Here, by a strange opportunity, began
his career as a practical college manage!-. At the close
of the winter term of his junior year the college sus-
pended, on account of failure of funds, and young
Raymond, with a decree of energy and enterprise
truly remarkable in so young
a man, hired the buildings, se-
cured a sufficient number of
the students to ensure the sal-
aries of the professors, and
continued the college until the
end of the current year. In
the fall of 18(59 he entered Law
rence University, Applcton,
Wis., and was graduated in
the class of 1870. He after-
ward attended the theologi-
cal school of Boston Univer-
sity, completing the course in
1873. At the theological school
he began the studj- of philoso-
phy, which he has since made
n life-study, and in pursuit, of
which he went to Germany,
and studied with Luthardt at
Leipsie ; and Hermann Lotze
of the philosophical faculty, and Rilschl and Schulze
of the theological faculty at Uiittingen. In 1873 he
was married to Lula A. Rich, daughter of a Methodist
clergyman of Minnesota. In 1883. during the third
yeafof his pastorale at Nashua, N. H., he accepted a
call to the presidency of Lawrence University, Ap-
pleton, Wis., entering immediately upon a most suc-
cessful administration. His methods attracted many
students to the college, and gained it valuable
friends. His labors were rewarded by additional en-
dowments, a fine new women's hall, and a steady
increase in the number of students. His particular
432
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
field as a teacher has been psychology, metaphysics,
and the philosophy of religion, and he possesses, iu
an eminent degree, the power of illuminating philo-
sophical principles. His lectures always attain the
desired end, laying the foundation of a theistic sys-
tem of thought in the student's mind, making
that the normal mode of thinking;. He was elected
president of Wesleyau University in December, 1888,
and assumed his office iu September of the following
year. During the two years subsequent to the resig-
nation of Pres. Beach, the administrative functions
of the university were directed bv Prof. .1. M. Van
Vleck, a graduate of 1850, and since 185;:! professor
of mathematics and astronomy to his alma mater.
His brief incumbency of office was characterized by
increased interest and activity on the part of the
alumni, associations being formed throughout the
country, and greatly increasing the fame "and pros-
perity of the institution. A new era was fairlv begun.
Under Pres. Raymond, Wesleyau has attained a
greater degree of prosperity tlian ever before, and
has a most auspicious outlook. Daniel Avres, M.D.,
of Brooklyn, N. Y., whose benefactions had already
been numerous, added to them in October, 1889, by
the deed of eighty-six acres of land, valued at $30,000,
for the endowment of a chair of biology, further in-
creasing it by a gift of $350,000 iu December of the
same year. A movement was at once started by the
alumni to raise a similar amount. Pres. Raymond
has received the degree of Ph.D. from Boston Uni-
versity, D.D. from the Northwestern University, and
LL. D. from Lawrence University.
ARNOLD, Georg-e, author, was born in New
York city, June 24, 1834. His early life was spent
in Alton, 111., where his parents resided until 1849,
when they removed to the settlement of Fourierites
at Strawberry Farms, Moiimouth co., N. .1. Show-
ing a capacity for drawing, he was placed in a paint-
er's studio at the age of eighteen, but he soon de-
veloped a stronger taste for literature, aud before
he was twenty-five years of age had become a popu-
lar contributor to "'Vanity Fair," aud other periodi-
cals. His first decided success was a series of hu-
morous articles entitled the " McArone Papers."
At the outbreak of the civil war, Mr. Arnold en-
listed in the Federal army. He was stationed for a
period at one of the forts on Staten island. His
poems were collected after his death by \Villiam
Winter, and published iu two duodecimo volumes,
the names of which are: "Drift : A Sea-shore Idvl
and Oilier Poems" (1866), aud "Poems, Grave and
Gay" (186lii. They are of unequal merit, but show
that, had he lived, he might have achieved an envi-
able position as a poetical writer. He died at Straw-
berry Farms, N. .1., Nov. 3, 1865
BERNHEIM, Gotthardt Dellmann, clergy-
man aud historian, was born iu Iserlohu, district" of
Westphalia, Prussia, Nov. 8, 1827, son of Rev. John
H. Bernheim, a Lutheran clergyman, who emi-
grated to America in 1832, and settled in Pennsyl-
vania. Young Bernheim was graduated at the Clas-
sical and Theological Seminary, then at Lexington,
S. C., aud entered the Lutheran ministry in 1849.
His first charge was at Charleston, S. 0.^ where he
organized and assumed the pastorate of the Second
English Lutheran church. In 1858 he was called to
St John's and Bethel churches in Cabarrus county,
N. C., aud while working here was instrumental in
the organization of North Carolina College, a Lu-
theran institution at Mount Pleasant, N. C". ; of St.
Paul's Lutheran Church, Wilmington, and of St.
Mark's Church, Charlotte. He was pastor of St
Mark's Church (1861-65) ; returned to Mount Pleas-
ant in 1866, and took charge of Mount Pleasant Fe-
male Seminary, for the purchase of which he had
collected money in the North, and then made it the
property of the North Carolina synod. He also
organized Ebenezer Lutheran Church in Kowaii
county, N. C. He was' pastor of St. Paul's Church,
Wilmington, N. C. (1870-82), where he preached in
English and German ; aud was president of North
( larolina College (1882-83). In June, 1883, he went to
Phillipsburg, N. J., but returned to Wilmington,
aud took charge of St. Matthew's Church of that
city in the spring of 1892. In connection with this
congregation he also serves St. Luke's Church. New
berii, N. C., which he organized in 181)5. lie re-
ceived the degree of D.D. from North Carolina Col-
lege iu 1877, aud has published a "History of the
German Settlements aud of the Lutheran Church in
North and South Carolina" (Philadelphia, 1872);
" Localities of the Reformation " ; "History of St.
Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church. Wilmington"
(Wilmington, 1879) ; aud in 1881 began to edit and
publish "At Home and Abroad, "a monthly literary
journal that was continued for two years and a half.
SARGENT, John Osborne, lawyer and journal-
ist, was born at Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 20, 1811. He
was graduated from the Boslou Latin School iu his
fifteenth year, and then entered Harvard College,
where he was duly graduated in 1S30. During his
college career he was a member of the Poirellian
Club aud was a co-editor of the "Collegian" with
Oliver Wendell Holmes. He after-
ward studied law with William Sul-
livan of Boston, and in 1833 was
admitted to the Suffolk bar, and
formed a partnership with Thomas ( '.
Amory. He subsequently served one
term as representative from Suffolk
in the Massachusetts legislature, and
in 1838 became associate editor of
the New York "Courier and En-
quirer. " He had previously written
a number of forcible political lead-
er-, in the Boston " Atlas," and now
took an active part iu the exciting
campaign that elected Harrison and
Tyler, both as a political writer and
speaker. In 1841 he returned to
New York aud resumed his law
practice. lie assisted and counseled
John Ericsson, delivered a lecture
illustrating his inventions, which was subsequently
published in the leading scientific journals of Europe,
and prosecuted successfully Ericsson's claim against
the United States for constructing the Princeton.
He made frequent visits to Washington, aud again
became interested in Whig politics. He first became
editor of " The Battery " in that city, and was after-
ward associated with Alexander C. Bullitt in "The
Republic," a daily journal started in support of
Taylor's administration. Mr. Sargent continued his
journalistic work until the end of Fillmore's adminis-
tration. He then occupied himself mainly in liter-
ary work, edited volumes of the British Poets, and
wrote various legal aud political pamphlets. He
traveled abroad aud devoted much attention to the
study of languages, lie translated Anastatius Grun's
" Der Letster Sitter," which was published under
the title of "The Last Knight, a Romance Garland."
He also translated a number of the odes ot Horace
(which after his death, were published iu a volume
entitled " Horatian Echoes"), and occasionally con-
tributed to the leadiug periodicals. He retired from
the active practice of his profession in 1872, and
thenceforward divided his time between his home
in New York city and his beautiful farm ou Laurel
lake, near Lenox. Mass. Mr. Sargent served as a
member of the board of overseers of Harvard aud
as president of the Harvard Club in New York.
He died Dec. 28, 1891.
2_ J~<.^
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
•i:;:;
BOGARDUS, Annetje Jansen, (commonly
known as Anneke Jans), wife of Everardus Bo^:u-
dus, was born in Holland about 1600. In 108(1 --lie
sailed for "Nienw Nederlaud " with her first hus-
band, KocloiV Janscii, a man of important in his
home village of Maaslund. The .lansens spent a few
years at Rennselaerswyck, and then moved down
the river to New Amsterdam, where they had ob-
tained in 16:!6 a grant of a farm or bouwery of sixty-
two aeres. Roeloff Jansfti died almost as soon as
the removal was rM'eeled, and in 1li;!N Anneke be-
came the wife of Dominie Bogardus. After the
death of the latter ill 1II47, she removed to Bever-
wyck. At her death she left a considerable property
to her children, in which was included the farm
known as the Dominie's Bouwery, her own right to
which had been confirmed by Gov. Stuyvesant in
1654. The farm has had an interesting history. In
1667. during the English occupation, Gov. Nichols
continued Hie right of the heirs. The latter deeded
it to Gov. Lovelace in 1670, but all his estates were
confiscated by Andros in 1674, and turned over to
the crown, in Ili77 it was leased to Dirck Seeker,
under the name of Duke's Bouwery, and in 1697 as
King's Farm, to the Trinity Church corporation, for
seven years, at a rent of sixty bushels of wheat.
This lease being annulled by an act of the colonial
legislature in 1699, Gov. Combury issued a new
lease in 1700, and in 1705, acting for Queen Anne,
made a permanent grant of it to I he church. In 1760,
Cornelius Brouwer asserted his claims as a Bogardus
heir. This was the first of a long series of law
suits For some time after it the excitement ran so
high that there were a number of hostile encounters
between the heirs and the adherents of the church.
Crops were destroyed, fences were torn down anil
burned, an old woman was kicked in the eye, and
five men were wounded with bird-shot. Hannah
Marsh, a woman of sixty-three, narrowly escaped
having her head dipped in a pail of grog, and several
marauding parties came near being scalded at the
hands of one of the heirs in possession, Mrs. Broad.
The case was rarely out of the courts for over a
century. In 1807, 1830, 1834 and 1847 (when one
man brought nine suits), the heirs were defeated.
The state lias brought suits against the church ami
the heirs against the state, to force it to recover
from the church and restore to the heirs. All these
suits have been unsuccessful, and the church still
remains in actual possession.
PRESTON, William, lawyer, statesman and
soldier, was born in Jefferson county, Ky., Oct. 16,
1816, son of William and Caroline (Hancock) Pres-
ton. His great-grandfather, John Preston, came
from county Deny, Ireland, in 1739, and settled in
Augusta county, Va.. having, with John Patton and
Alexander Breekenridge, received from the London
council a grant of 120.000 acres of laud. His grand-
father, William Preston, a colonel in the revolution,
was wounded at the battle of Guilford, and died be-
fore the close of the war. His father was a major
in the U. S. army, who served with distinction under
Gen. Anthony Wayne, and having inherited from
his father a tract of 1,000 acres of land in Jefferson
county, granted for services in the revolution, he
settled, there; his mother was a daughter of Col.
George Hancock, of Fotheringay, Va., an officer in
the revolution and a member of the 4th U. S. con-
gress. William Preston, 2d, received a classical edu-
cation at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ky. , and
continued his studies at New Haven, Conn. He was
graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1838, after-
wards being admitted to the bar in Louisville, Ky.
He was lieutenant-colonel in the 4th Kentucky in-
fantry in tiie war with Mexico; was a member of the
constitutional convention of Kentucky in 1849; a
member of the state legislature during 1851-53, and
VOL. IX.— 28.
presidential elector for the state at large in 1852. In
ls,"):l-57 he was a member of congress; was envoy
extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Spain
during ls,")8-61, being recalled, at liis own request,
on the appearance of trouble between the states. He
(•spoused the cause of the Confederacy, participating
in the battle of Shiloh, when, as a member of the
staff of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, he held that
great commander in his arms as he expired on the
field. Having been commissioned major-general by
the Confederate government, he won high praise as
a brave and skillful commander, and later became
envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to
Mexico. In 1S(J!I he was a member of the state legis
lainre, and a delegate, in 1868 and again in 1880, to
the Democratic national convention. He was mar-
ried, in 1840, to Mariraret Howard, daughter of
lioberl Wickliffc, of Lexington, Kv. lie died in
Lexington, Sept. 27, 1887.
EVANS, Edward Payson, author and edu-
calor. was born at Hemsen, Oneida CO., N. Y., Dec.
s I *:;:;. -.011 of Evan and Mary Anne (Williams)
Evans, both natives of North Wales. Soon after
their marriage they emigrated to the United States,
where their children, four sons and two daughters,
were born. Evan Evans, who was a Presbyterian
minister, removed with his family to Michigan when
his son Kdward was ten years
of age, and the latter was
graduated at the state univer-
sity in 1*54. He was princi-
pal of an academy at Hernan-
do, Miss., in 1855, and profes-
sor in Carroll College, Wau-
kesha, Wis., in 1856-57. lie
went to Kurope in 1858 for pur-
poses of study, and spent about
three years at the universi-
ties of Gdttingen, Berlin and
Munich, and in travel. In
1861-70 he was professor of
modern languages and litera-
ture in Michigan University,
and then resigned, going to
Europe with his wife, to
whom he was married in
isiis. Munich, Germany, has
been their home ever since,
and they have devoted them-
selves continuously to literary work. Mr. Evans
has published the following works; "Abriss der
Deutscheu Literaturgeschicte " (1869); "German
Header," to accompany Otto's Grammar (1870);
translation of Stahr's "Life of Lessiug," with intro-
duction and notes (2 vols., 1866); translations of
Coquerel's "First Historical Transformations of
Christianity" (1867); "Animal Symbolism in Ec-
clesiastical Architecture" (1896); "'Evolutional Eth-
ics and Animal Psychology " (1898); " Beitriige zur
Amerikanischen Litteratur und Kulturgeschichte "
(1898); " The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Pun-
ishment of Animals" (1899). He has devoted him-
self to the study of oriental languages, especially
Sanskrit, Zend and modern Persian, and has pub-
lished some of the results of these researches in the
"Atlantic Monthly," " Unitarian Review " and All-
gemeine Zeitung." He is a regular contributor to
the "Nation," "Popular Science Monthly," "Die
Nation " (Berlin) and other leading journals, Ameri-
can and German. lie was married, May 23, 1868,
to Elizabeth Edson, a daughter of Dr. Willard Put-
nam Gibson, of Pomfret, Vt., and Lucia Field Wil-
liams. Her maternal grandfather was Hon. Jesse
Williams, of Woodstock, Vt. She was born in New-
port, N. H., March 8, 1833; began to write in early
youth, and became a contributor to the "Atlantic
Monthly," "North American Review," the " Na-
434
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
tion," the "New Quarterly Review" and other
periodicals. She has published in book form: "The
Abuse of Maternity " (1875); " " Laura, an Ameri-
can Girl," a novel (1884); " A History of Religion"
(1892); "Story of Kaspar Hauser" (1892); "Story
of Louis XVII. of France" (1893); " Transplanted
Manners," a novel (1895); "Confession," a novel
(1895); "Ferdinand Lassalle and Helene von Diiu-
niger: A Modern Tragedy " (1897).
JACKSON, Samuel Macauley,, educator, was
born in New York city, June 19, 1851, son of
George T. and Letitia J. A. (Macauley) Jackson.
His father was a native of Dublin, Ireland, but set-
tled in the city of New York in 1834, and was favora-
bly known in business cir-
cles and as an elder in the
Collegiate Dutch Church;
his mother was a daughter
of Samuel Macauley, M.D.,
a prominent physician of
the same city, and a niece
of Rev. Thomas McAuley,
first president of Union
Theological Seminary, New
York city. Mr. Jackson
was educated in private and
public schools of New York
city, and in 1865 entered the
Free Academy (now the Col-
lege of the City of New
York), where he was gradu-
ated in 1870. While in col-
lege he was a member of
1 1,,, phj Gamma Delta frater-
nity, and took high stand-
ing in English literature and philosophy and other
branches. After graduation he began study at the
Princeton Theological Seminary, but the next year
he went to Union Seminary, where he completed
the course in 1873. During 1873-75 he studied in
the University of Leipzig, and traveled over the
continent of Europe and in the Orient. He became
pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Norwood, Ber-
gen Co., N. J., in 1876, and there continued until
isso, being also for the last two years engaged as
assistant editor of Schaffs "Bible Dictionary."
After resigning his pastorate he accepted the posi-
tion of associate and managing editor of the ' ' Schaff-
Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge "
(1880-84). He wrote the elaborate chapter ou'the
" Literature of the Eastern and Western Churches
During the Middle Age" for Schaff's "History of
the Christian Church" (1*84-85); was co-editor with
Dr. Schaff of the "Encyclopaedia of Living Di-
vines" (1885-87); edited "The Concise Dictionary
of Religious Knowledge" (1888-91), which first ap-
peared as a supplement to the " Magazine of Chris-
tian Literature "; compiled that elaborate and unique
work, " The Bibliography of Foreign Missions," in-
corporated with Vol. I. of the "Encyclopaedia of
Missions " (1891); was associate editor of the "Stand-
ard Dictionary " and "Johnson's Universal Cyclo-
pedia " during 1893-95; editor of "Heroes of the
Reformation," now in course of publication, and for
which he wrote the biography of " Zwingli " (1899),
and editor of "Handbooks for Practical Workers in
Church and Philanthropy " (1898). During 1889-91
he was editor of the " Magazine of Christian Litera-
ture." He was secretary of the American Society of
Church History from its organization in 1888 until
its amalgamation with the American Historical As-
sociation in 18%, and since that time has been secre-
tary of its section of church history. Since 1888 he
has been a member of the executive committee of
the Charily Organization Society of New Y'ork city,
and for nearly ^he same period has been connected
with the New York Prison Association in a similar
capacity. In 1895 he accepted the chair of church
history in the Xew York University, where he still
continues. The degree of A.M. was conferred on
him by the College of the City of New York in 1876;
LL.D. by Washington and Lee University in 1892,
and D.D. by the New York University in 1893. He
is a member of the Century, City and Reform clubs
and Aldine Association.
LCNGSTREET, William, inventor, was born
in New Jersey, Oct. 6, 1759. In childhood he re-
moved to Augusta, Ga., where he early displayed a
marked aptitude for mechanics. He invented and
patented an improvement in cotton-gins called a
breast-roller, which was operated by horse-power.
At an early age he devoted his attention to the steam
engine, and on Feb. 1, 1788, an act was passed by
the general assembly of Georgia securing "to Isaac
Briggs and William Long-street, for the term of four-
teen years, the sole and exclusive privilege of using
a newly constructed steam engine invented by them. "
He applied this new power to his cotton-gin with
gratifying results, but the apparatus was shortly
afterwards destroyed by fire. The Augusta ((!a.)
"Herald" of Dec. 23, 1801, printed an account of
this fire, "which broke out in the house con-
taining Mr. Longstreet's steam engine," and con-
cludes": " This accident seems to have been particu-
larly unfortunate, as the ingenious proprietor of
the works had, we understand, the day before com-
pleted a new boiler which had, on trial, been found
to equal his utmost expectations, and enabled him
with a single gin and with a very trifling expense of
fuel to give from 800 to 1,000" weight clean cotton
per day." He also constructed a portable steam
saw-mill, which he patented. A number of these
saw-mills were erected throughout the state, and
an account is given of the destruction of one of
them near St. Mary's, Ga., by the British IB 1812.
Longstreet also directed his attention to the applica-
tion of steam-power to the propulsion of boats; and
in the archives of the state of Georgia is preserved a
letter, dated Sept. 215, 1790, addressed by Longstreet
to Gov. Tel fair, in which he solicits the governor's
assistance and patronage, beginning: "I make no
doubt but you have often heard of my steam-boat
and as often heard it laughed at," which indicates
that at that date he had made considerable progress
with his experiments. There is no record preserved,
however, of the method of propulsion, whether by
oars, as contrived by Rumsey, or by paddle-wheel,
which was the distinctive feature of Fitch's inven-
tion. It is stated that he finally obtained sufficient
money to construct a steam-boat according to his
idea and to operate it on the Savannah river in 1806,
but. this cannot be verified. The Augusta "Herald"
of Nov. 10, 1808, however, has an editorial on Long-
street's successful experiments "with his new in-
vented steam-boat," and refers to "the different
essays he has made" previously. His son was
Augustus B. Long-street, author and president of the
University of Mississippi and South Carolina College.
William Long-street died in Augusta, Ga., Sept. 1,
1814, and was buried in St. Paul's churchyard there.
HENRY, Serepta M. (Irish.), evangelist and
temperance reformer, was born in Albion, Pa., Nov.
4, 1839, daughter of H. N. and Mary A. Irish. She
descends from early New England colonial stock on
both sides, her father's ancestors being Quakers.
Her maternal grandfather was a surgeon in the
revolutionary army, and his son a captain of militia
in the war of 1812. Her father followed the profes-
sion of an architect until about 1840, when he de-
voted himself to the missionary work of the Metho-
dist church, and was sent to northwest Illinois, then
the abode of roaming Indian tribes and flocks of
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
435
wiiil deer. Hi.-. daughter remembers distinctly see-
ing the Indians assemble near the little parsonage,
stack their arms at the gate, ami cuter, :md she re-
tains iu her possession a wampum garter which a
chief took off and tied about her neck, because;, as a
little child, she kissed his papoose. I'ntil .she was
nineteen her father was her teacher, and then she
entered Hock River Seminary, at Mount Morris,
111. She was married, March 7, 1861, to James W.
Henry, a teacher and poet of considerable power.
who a few clays after their marriage offered himself
as a volunteer at Lincoln's fust call for men for the
support of the Union, and being refused, because hi1
lacked a fraction in height, raised a company of
men and anaiu o tiered his services in 1804. This
time he was accepted, and served until the close of
the war, participating in all the actions of the clos-
ing campaign. Iu his absence, Mrs. Henry, who
from early childhood had shown decided evidences
of literary power, published her first book, a collec-
tion of 'verse, entitled "Victoria: Wiih Oilier
Poems," and when, at the close of the war, her hus-
band returned with health shattered, to die four
years later, after a lingering illness, .she supported
her three young children by continuing to write as
well as by teaching. In 1872 she settled at Hock-
ford, 111., 'having accepted a position as teacher in
the high school, which she soon resigned, however,
for literary work, taking a contract to write a series
of books, entitled ''After the Truth," for the
•• Youths' Library," of the Mclhodis: Episcopal
church. While thus engaged she became deeply in-
terested in the cause of temperance reform, as repre-
sented in the women's crusade, and in March of
ISM, called a meeting of the women of Kockfoid,
111., then her home, which resulted in opening up
man}' lines of work which have become national.
Since that date Mrs. Henry has traveled extensively
throughout the United States and Canada, expound-
ing the principles of the "\V. ('. T. U. from the
evangelistic standpoint, and furthering the cause of
temperance reform by many useful suunestions ami
expedients. She organized the Cold Water Army
(now called the Loyal Temperance Legion), which
applies normal Sunday-school methods to leaching
temperance truth. She also founded the W. C. T.
U. Institute, by which the objects and methods of
the W. C. T. U. are taught. Continuing also to
write, she has published in all seventeen books, most
of which are of a popular character, while some are
used as text-books for those who are interested in
studies of home and child life. Miss \Villard said of
her work, "Pledge and Cross," that it "had the
largest sale of any book of its kind, and conveys the
very essence of the Gospel temperance crusade."
She was a contributor to the "Ladies' Repository"
and other magazines in her young girlhood, and has
long been known by her poetical works as well as
by her stories for young people.
HAWKS, John, soldier, was born in Deerfield,
Mass., Dec. 5, 1707. His father was Eliezer Hawks,
who was with C'apt. William Turner in the famous
Turner's Falls tight of King Philip's war. His
grandfather was John Hawks, the first American
ancestor of this branch, of the family who settled
originally in Connecticut, and removed to Hadley,
Mass., iu 1659. In 1744. at the bieaking-out of
King George's war. the subject of this sketch was
one of three placed in charge of the building of
" mounts" for the protection of his native town In
1746 he was stationed at Fort Massachusetts (near
what is now the city of Xorlh Adams Mass.). under
Capt. Ephraim Williams, the foundci of Williams
College. For bravery in a personal encounter with
Indians he was made a sergeant, and in June, when
Capt. Williams was sent into Canada by Gov. Shir-
ley, of Massachusetts, he was left in command of
the fort. In August the fort was assaulted by a
force of more than 700 French and Indians, under
the command of Pierre Francois Rigaud de Vaud-
reuil, a brother of the governor of Canada, and
although Sergt. Hawks had but twenty-one men,
eleven of whom were sick, he held the fort for
twenty-eight hours, surrendering at last because of
lack of ammunition and with honorable terras. The
defense was one of the notable events of the war. In
1748 he was sent to Canada by Gov. Shirley with
Pierre Raimbault St. Blein, a young French cadet,
the grandson of M. Raimliauli. governor-general of
Canada, to be exchanged for English captives. The
difficult and dangerous mission \\as successfully ac-
complished. He served also ihrouyh the fourth and
last inter-colonial \\ar. In 1754 he received a com
mission as lieutenant from (Jov. Shirley, aud from
that year until 1757 he had cbame of the line of
Colrain forts. He held the command until made
a major under Col. Israel Williams. In 175s lie
commanded a company under Gen. Abercromliie
at the attack on Fort Ticonderoga. and the following
\ car Hasnitli Lord Amheislal Ihe capture of thai
place. In 175!MiO he served as lieutenant colonel ill
the successful Canadian campaign that closed the
war. As a civilian be was prominent, being select-
man of his town for nine years, and holding several
oilier offices of trust and honor. He was married to
Elizabeth, daughter of Johu Nims, of Deerfield, and
died there in June. 17S4.
BRAEUNLICH, Sophia (Toepken), journal-
ist, Has born at Long Island City, N. Y., July 2,
1854, daughter of Frederick and Mary Toepken.
When very youiii;1 she lost both parents, and there-
after \\as cared for by her ail nl. Mrs. Henry Orahlfs.
of Brooklyn, with whom she resided during the re-
mainder of her life. Her education was carefully
conducted both in this country and in Germany.
where she spent several years. She was married to
Conrad Robert Braeunlicb. but almost immediately
view of supportiug
lost her husband, and with
herself she entered upon a
course of preparation for
office work in the cele-
brated Packard's Business
College, of New Y'ork city,
where she proved an ex-
cellent scholar. In IN?'.)
she secured a position as
amanuensis iu the office
of the " Engineering and
Mining Journal." In this
position she immediately
gave evidence of remark-
able business capacity
a wonderfully systematic
mind, great quickness of
perception and a memory
of unusual retentiveuess,
and her piomotions to
increasing responsibilities
were numerous and rapid. Beginning at the bottom,
she made herself thoroughly acquainted with all the
details of the work in every department, until, in
1885, she was advanced to the position of exchange
news editor and reader In 1888 she was elected,
aud continued until her death, secretary and treas-
urer of the Scientific Publishing Co., while she still
continued to dischaige her former duties, aud in
both capacities she displayed the greatest ability,
earning well merited commendation from her asso-
ciates. On Jan. 1, 1890, she was appointed business
manager of the company, a unique position, iudeed,
for a woman, and one iu which she found full scope
for her remaikable executive ability and great
sagacity, infusing new life into every department
430
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
and maintaining a most precise oversight of every
detail. Both the " Engineering and Mining Jour-
nal" and the "Mineral Industry" felt the influence
of her enthusiastic devotion to her duties in devising
and adopting the most approved methods for in-
creasing circulation, obtaining advertisers, improv-
ing the quality of the published matter and system
atizing the office work so as to secure the utmost
efficiency. Mrs. Braeunlich was a member of (lie
Professional Woman's League and the Woman's
Press Club, in both of which she was an honored
and influential member, although, with characteristic
reserve, she ever refused to take part in their public
proceedings. She was the first American woman
elected a. fellow of the Imperial Institute of Great
Britain. She was a delegate to the international
geological congress at St. Petersburg, Russia, in
1897. As one of the first women in New York to
adopt a professional career, her success was the
well earned result of her remarkable business talents,
her tireless industry and her entire devotion to the
highest standard of duty and of honor. She died
in New York city, Aug. 11, 1898.
SCHENCK, Noah Hunt, clergyman, was bora
at Pennington, near Trenton, N. J., June 2, 1825,
descendant of Roelof Martense Scheuck, who emi-
grated from Holland to New Amsterdam in 1650.
He was graduated at Princeton College in 1844, and
entered upon the study and practice of law, first at
Trenton and then at Cincinnati, O. He later
studied theology at the Gambier Seminary, and in
1853 was admitted to holy orders by Bishop Mcll-
vaine, of Ohio, at Grace Church, Brooklyn, N. Y.
In 1854 he was admitted to the priesthood by Bishop
Mcllvaine at St. James Church, Zanesville, O.
His first charge was at Hillsboro, O., where he
labored three years (1853-56), and was instrumental
in erecting one of the most beautiful Gothic churches
in the state. Then invited to the rectorship of the
parish witli which the college at Gambier, O., is
connected he carried through a work thereof very
great interest, and one remark-
able for its spiritual results, sev-
enty-fourpersons receivingcon-
tirination at one time, of whom
forty-eight werestudents. Trin-
ity Church, Chicago (1857-59),
and Emanuel Church, Balti-
more (1859-67), were his next
charges. While he was rector of
Trinity he founded and ediii-d
the "\VesternChurchmau." On
May 1, 1867, he became rector
of St. Anne's Church, Brook-
lyn, aud soon after, in addition
to pastoral duties, accepted a
position on the editorial staff of
the "Protestant Churchman,"
New York city. In 1868 the dio-
cese of Long Island was formrd,
and Dr. Schenck was placed at
once at the head of several of
its most important committees. He was repeatedly
chosen as one of the deputies to the general conven-
tion of the church, aud was active and influential in
the various departments of Christian effort of a
public character, and especially in promoting the
cause of missions, in which he was enlisted with en-
thusiastic interest. In social life his friends were
numerous; in the parish he was a faithful and
earnest pastor, and as a spiritual adviser he was
eminently useful. During his ministry at St. Anne's
lie presented for confirmation about 1,000 persons.
As a preacher he was equally distinguished. Large
of person and of impressive presence, he commanded
attention by these endowments and by his strong,
sonorous voice and graceful manner, combined with
the fact that be spoke out of a full mind, with readi-
ness of language, great clearness of thought, and an
impassioned eloquence of illustration that, entranced
bis hearers. St. Anne's Church, originally on Sands
street, took a new site at Clinton and Livingston
streets about the time he became rector. Here was
erected, at a cost of $350.000, a magnificent church
edifice, which he opened Oct. 20, 1869. In 1865 he
received the degree of D. D. from Princeton College.
He was the author of numerous sermons and ad-
dresses; a collection of these was published in 1885.
Dr. Scheuck was married, Nov. 14, 1850, to Anna
Pierce, daughter of Col. Nathanael Greene Pendle-
ton, of Cincinnati, O., and sister of George H. Pen-
dleton, U. S. senator from Ohio. They bad twelve
children, of whom ten survived him. He died in
Brooklyn, X. Y., Jan. 4, 1S!C>.
THAYER, James Bradley, lawyer and pro-
fessor of law, was born at Haverhill, Essex co.,
Mass., Jan. 15, 1831, second son of Abijah Wyman
and Susan (Bradley) Thayer. His father, a native of
Peterborough, N. H., was a printer and editor by
profession; his mother was a daughter of Jonathan
Bradley, of Andover, Mass. He was educated in
the public schools of Philadelphia, whither his
parents had removed in 1835, and later at Amherst
and Northampton, Mass. In 1848 he entered Har-
vard College, where he was graduated A.B. in 1852,
standing ninth in a class of eighty-eight. For two
years he taught a private school at Milton, Mass.,
— hi' had previously taught at the academy there —
and, meantime, having begun the study of law, he
entered the' Harvard Law School in 1854. In 1S56
he received the degree of LL.B., and also the first
prize in his class for an essay on "The Law of
Eminent Domain," which was published in the
"Massachusetts Law Reporter" in the following
autumn. He was admitted to the bar of Suffolk
county in December, 1856, and in the following
March began practice in partnership with Hon. Wil-
liam J. Hubbard, so continuing until the senior's
death in 1864. In the latter year he was ap-
pointed by Gov. Andrew successor to his late part-
nrr as master in chancery for Suffolk county, a posi-
tion held by him for the next ten years. Meantime,
in March, 1865, he joined the law firm of Chandler,
Shattuck it Thayer, which, in February, 1870, be-
came that of Chandler, Thayer & Hudson. .In De-
cember, 1873, Mr. Thayer was chosen Royall pro-
fessor of law in the Harvard Law School. He en,
tered on the active duties of this office in the follow-
ing October. In 1893 he was transferred to the Weld
professorship, which he still holds (1899). Prof.
Thayer was formerly a frequent contributor to the
editorial columns of the Boston " Daily Advertiser,"
tin' New York " Evening Post," and the "Nation."
and has published various articles in the "American
Law Review," "North American Review" and
" Harvard Law Review." He was the responsible
editor, though neither the nominal nor the real edi-
tor, of the 12th edition of Kent's "Commentaries"
(1873). His principal publications are: "Letters
of Chauucey Wright " (1877); "A Western Journey
with Mr. Emerson" (1884); "Cases on Evidence""
(1892); "Origin and Scope of ihe American Doctrine
of Constitutional Law" (1893); "The Teaching of
English Law in Universities" (1895); "Cases on
Constitutional Law," two vols. (1895), and " A Pre-
liminary Treatise on Evidence " (1898). Mr. Thayer
is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts aud
Sciences and a member of the Massachusetts His-
torical Society. The degree of LL.D. was conferred
mi him by the Iowa State University in 1891, and by
Harvard in 1S94. On April 14, 1861, he was married
to Sophia Bradford, daughter of Rev. Samuel Rip-
ley, formerly of Waltham, Mass.. and has two sons
anil two daughters.
OF AMERICAN BIOOIIAI'HY.
437
ARNOLD, Welcome, merchant, was born at
Sniithticli'i, H. I., Feb. 5, 1745. son of Jonathan and
Ahinal Arniilcl. He received a good comnion-
school education, and began business for him-
self when lie was about twenty-four years of age,
with a capital of only a lew hundred dollars. In
I he spring of 1773 he entered into partnership with
Caleb Green, uin ler t lie (inn name of Green v\- .Vr
uold. the connection continuing until February.
17rii. when the partnership was dissolved. Inl77li
Mr. Arnold embarked aloiu'in mercantile1 business,
ami became extensively concerned in navigation.
It is said that durinir the course of the rc\ o|uiionar\
war thirlv vessels were losi by capture, in each of
which lie uas part owner. Xot withstanding these
reverses. Mr. Arnold accumulated wealth, espe-
cially from liis connection with the West India
trade. His political life benan in 177s with his
election as a representative to the general assem-
bly, lie enlisted as a volunteer in the forces \\ hich
were raised in Providence to join the famous ex-
pedition of (Jen. Sullivan, but on account of the
many hardships to which he was exposed, Mr. Ar-
nold was completely prostrated by sickness, and
barely escaped with his life. He continued to rep-
resent the town of Providence in the general assem-
bly, anil in the darkest period of the revolutionary
struggle he was fertile in devising means to meet the
depressing emergencies of the times. lie \\ as
speaker of the house five times during the period
1 TSII '.tr>. I )uri i u;- the agitation which for \cars exited
iii the state in connection with the paper mouev ques-
tion, Mr. Arnold was uiininchiii<rly a " hard currency
man." He was one of a high court of commissioners to
sit in judgment on certain matters in dispute between
the states of Connecticut and Pennsylvania, in
which the former claimed large tracts of land in the
latter. The court decided against the claims of
Connecticut. Mr. Arnold took an active part in the
adoption by the slate of the Federal constitution.
The last years of his life were among his busiest and
most prosperous. He was liberal to the First liap
tist Society, with which he worshipped, and from
1783 to his death he was a trustee of l!r"wn Uni-
versity. His death occurred Sept. 30, 17!is. Samuel
Greene Arnold, the historian, was his grandson.
VEDDER, Charles Stuart, clergyman, was
born in Schcnectady, X. Y.. Oct. 7, ISili, son of
Albert A. and Susan (Fulton) Vedder. In \*~>\ he
was graduated at Union Col-
lege, Schenectady. and sub-
sequently taught in that in-
stitution for one year, after
which he entered "the Theo-
logical Seminary of the synods
of South Carolina and Georgia
at Columbia, S.C., in 1860. He
was licensed to preach by the
Charleston presbytery iii the
following year. He entered im-
mediately upon the duties of
pastor of the Presbyterian
church in Summerville. Berk-
eley co., S. C., and remained
there until he was called, in
I860, to the Huguenot church
of Charleston, of which he is
still the spiritual teacher. Dur-
ing his lengthy pastorate. Dr.
Vedder lias gained an enviable
reputation, as well for the pious and sympathetic
fulfilment of every duty of his office, "as for his
eloquence and scholarship. He has a wide histori-
cal knowledge and fine poetic sensibility, his occa-
sional poems being far above the average of such
productions. In the cause of education, temperance
and philanthropy, he has been an ardent worker,
and has succeeded in winning, in a remarkable de-
gree, the affectionate admiration of his parishioners
and fellow citizens. He was married to Helen A.,
daughter of Ashley Scovel of Albany, N. Y.
FLOWER, Lucy Louisa (Coues), educator,
was born in Boston, Mass., May 10, 1837, daughter
of Charlotie (ll.iveni and Samuel E. Coues, both
members of old New England families. She lived in
Portsmouth, N. II., with her
parents until the ywar IH.'I:!,
when her father received an
ollicial appointment from his
friend Pies, pieice, necessi-
tating removal to Washing-
ton. Miss Cones was edu-
cated at Packer Collegiate
Institute, l',iookl\ n, X. Y.,
but ouiicj toillness in the fani-
il\ . \\as obliged to leave be-
fore gradual ion. She « as em-
ployed for a lime al draught-
ing in the U. S. patcm efface,
but her prefetencc \\as for
teaching, and in 1*~>'.I she
went to Madison. Wis,, t.i
till an engagement. In the
i'i. Mowing \ear she was ap-
pointed assistant in the1 Mad-
ison Ili-li School, which « as
then the prcparalory depart-
mi-nl of the \\'isc sin University. In IsCii, for
linaneial reasons, the public schools of Madisc n
we're closed, bill the use of the high school building
was uiven to Miss Coues to com bid a private school
ol the same grade, « hich she did with urcat success
until the end of the year, when the si I ]s were
opened. In the same year, on Sept. 4lh, she was
married to James M. Flower, a lawyer of Madison,
and in l*7:t they removed to ('Idea go. In 1v7"i
.Mrs. Flower became a menibcrof the board of man-
agement of the Half Orphan Asylum, anil later a
member of the board of the Chicago Home for the
Friendless, a position she still retains. In 1886 the
condition of the homeless boys in the city excited
her sympathies, and she prepared and presented to
the legislature of Illinois a bill for a state industrial
school on the model of the :>ne in Coldwater. Mich.
Although the bill was defeated, public interest
in the subject was aroused and as a result an indus-
trial school under private management was estab-
lished. In 18*0 she was prominent in organizing
the Illinois Training School for Nurses, which has
under its care tlie nursing in the county and Pres-
bylerian hospitals and is the largest institution of
the kind in the country. Kver since its foundation,
Mrs. Flo«er has been either its president or its vice-
president. In isys the Lake Geneva Fresh Air As
sociation was organized, and for three years she had
entire charge of the selection of the eighty children
who are usually sent into the country by this organ-
ization. In May, 1890, she was elected president of
the Woman's Club of Chicago, and discharged the
duties of the office with great tact and energy.
In June, 1891, she was appointed a member of die
Chicago school board, being the third woman to
hold that position, and served until her term ex-
pired, in June, 1894. Although her reappointment
was urged by prominent men and women of both
political parties, the mayor refused to accede to
their demands, on the ground that she was unac-
ceptable to his political friends both because she
was a Republican and a woman. She was immedi-
ately brought forward by the Republican women
of Chicago as their candidate for trustee of the
University of Illinois and received 482,000 votes,
her plurality being 184,000. During the Col-
438
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
umbian exposition she held a number of responsible
positions, including that of chairman of the moral
and social reform congress, and she is still one of
the leaders in educational, charitable and reforma-
tory movements in the great city. Fine executive
ability, shrewd common sense, and perfect health
combine to give her exceptional advantages. She
is an active member of St. James Episcopal Church,
and for many years was prominent in its charitable
work. Her husband is one of the most distinguished
members of the Chicago bar.
LESQUERETJX, Leo, botanist, was born at
Fleurier, canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland, Nov.
18, 1806, of French Huguenot ancestry. It was the
hope of his father, who was a manufacturer of watch
springs, that the boy would follow his trade, while
bis mother had set her heart upon his entering the
ministry. A love of nature possessed him from
early childhood, and his delight was to climb the
mountains about his home, his adventurous spirit
leading to a fall when he wasabout ten years of age,
and the injury to the hearing of one ear. He was
sent to an academy in Neuchatel, where he had as
fellow-students, Arnold Guyot and August Agassiz,
brother of Louis, and while there he paid his tuition
fees by teaching. His parents being unable to pay
his expenses at a university, he became professor of
French in a young ladies' academy at Eisenach, in
S:i\e Weimar, partly that he might learn the Ger-
man language, preparatory to entering the Univer-
sity of Berlin. He remained at Eisenach several
years and then, becoming engaged to one of his pupils,
returned to Switzerland, and soon became principal
of an academy at La Chaux de Fonds; but his deaf-
ness increased to such an extent that, after three
years, he was obliged to abandon teaching and take
up the work of engraving watch cases in order to
support his family, for, by this time, be was married.
The new occupation told upon his health, and going
back to Fleurier he became his father's partner,
but seized every opportunity to continue his botan-
ical studies; his special sub-
jects of investigation being-
mosses and fossil plants; and
some papers published by him
brought about an acquaintance
with Louis Agassiz, at that
time professor of natural his-
tory in the Academy of Neuch-
atel. Some time after, the
cantonal government offered
a gold medal for the best treat-
ise on peat bogs and the means
of replenishing them, and Les-
quereux gained the prize,
awarded in 1844. His theo-
ries on the subject were ap-
proved by scientists like ALJ:I~
si/., and he was appointed
director of bogs bought to
be worked by the govern-
ment. Later he explored the peat bogs of northern
Europe under the patronage of the king of Prussia.
The revolution of 1847 disturbed all European coun-
tries to such an extent that it was harder than ever
for Lesquereux to make a living, and in 1848 he
emigrated, with his wife and rive children, to the
United States, landing in Boston in September and
at once becoming a member of the family of bis old
friend, Louis Agassiz, now settled at Cambridge.
He aided the latter in arranging and classifying the
botanical collections he had made during his visit
to Lake Superior, until Christmas day, when he be-
gan another journey, going as far as Columbus, O., to
become the assistant of William S. Sullivant, the
bryologist. Late in 1849 he explored the mountains
of the southern states at the suggestion of Mr. Sulli-
vant, and brought back a collection rich in mosses
and other plants. The result of their joint labors in
this department of botany appeared two years later
in the " Musci American! Exsiccati" (1836, 2d ed.,
1865), the profits from this sale being generously
given to his assistant by Mr. Sullivant, who had borne
the entire expense of preparation and publication.
Lesquereux was of great help to Sullivant in the ex
animation of the mosses collected by the Wilkes
south Pacific exploring expedition, and by Whip-
pie's Pacific railroad exploring party, and lastly in
the preparation of the " leones Muscorum " (Cam
bridge, 1864). Lesquereux's interest in paleobotany
was stimulated by his explorations in the United
States, and he began a series of extensive researches,
especially in the coal formations of Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, Illinois. Kentucky and Arkansas, in connec-
tion with the geological surveys of these states, fur-
nishing memoirs to the reports of the various sur-
veys. ^The first memoir, on the Pennsylvania coal
flora, appeared in 1848, together with a "Catalogue
of the Fossil Plants which have been Named or Des-
cribed from the Coal Measures of North America ";
the second (two vols. with atlas, 1880), was the re-
sult of work done in connection with the second
geological survey of Pennsylvania, and ranks as ihe
most important work on carboniferous plants yet
published in the United States. In 1868 geological
surveys of some of the territories were begun by Prof.
Ferdinand V. Hayden, and from time to time
Lesquereux was called upon to work up the collec-
tions; especially the fossils. His papers, published in
the reports of surveys from 1870 to 1874, are of great
importance. Mr. Sullivant collected materials for a
" Species Muscorum, or Manual of the Mosses of the
whole United States," but at his death, in 1873, it was
not completed. Prof. Asa Gray urged Lesquereux to
carry on the work, and he complied ; but some years
later his sight became impaired, and Prof. Thomas
P. James of Cambridge, Mass , was secured to fin-
ish the microscopical work ; the" Manual, "after other
delays, appearing in 1884. Lesquereux was the author
of some fifty publications, including reports and mono-
graphs, anil two bonks entitled "Letters written on
Germany "(Neuchatel, 1846), and "Letters written on
America" (1847-55). He left a treatise on the "Flora
of the Dakota Group," which was published, in 1891,
as "Monograph XVII." of the U. S. geological sur-
vey. He was a member or correspondent of many
scientific organizations in Europe and America, anil
was the first elected member (1S64) of the National
\< vnleniy of Sciences. In 1875 Marietta College
conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. Dr.
Lesquereux's wife was a daughter of Gen. Von
Wolffskel, an attiielie of the court of the duke of
Saxe-Weimar. Her death occurred not long before
his own. Several children were born to them, and
four sons and a daughter survived their parents.
Dr. Lesquereux died n't Columbus, O., Oct. 25. 1889.
HENDEBSON, John Steele, lawyer and con-
gressman, was born near Salisbury, Kowau CO.,
N. C., Jan. 6, 1846, sou of Archibald Henderson, a
farmer and member of the North Carolina council of
state under Govs. Reid and Ellis. William Hender-
son, brother of his paternal great grandfather, Rich-
ard Henderson, commanded a brigade at I he battle of
Entaw Springs, and served with distinction ihror.i;h
the revolntionarv war. John Steele Henderson \\a.s
prepared for college at Dr. Alexander Wilson's
school, Melville. N. C., and entered the University
of North r.-iroliim in ISli'J, leaving in 1864 to enter
I lie Confederate army as a private in company B,
10th regiment, North Carolina state troops. At the
close of the war he beiran llie study of law un-
der Judge Nathaniel Boyden, and in January,
1866, entered Judge Pearson's law school, at Rich-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
439
mond Hill, N. C. Mr. Henderson obtained a county
court license in June, 18HS, and a license to prac-
tice in the superior court in 1807. He accepted llie
appointment of register of deeds for Rowan count v
in June, I860, but resigned that office in IHiis. lie
was elected, in 1*71, a delegate to (lie proposed con-
stitutional convention, and in 187'J was spoken of as
a candidate for tlie general assembly, but declined
it Domination. His election as a member of the
state constitutional convention occurred in 187."); of
1 h<- state house, of representatives in ]N7<i; ami "I the
stale senate in 1878. lie was a member of the com-
mission elected by the general assembly to codify 1 he
Statute laws of North Carolina; anil two volumes,
entitled " The Code of North Carolina," were pub-
lished in INS:;. Mr. Henderson was elected presiding
justice of the inferior court of Rowan county in June,
1884; was elected to the forty-ninth congress, by
the Democrats, from the seventh district of North
Carolina; and was re-elected to the lit'tielh. ti fly-first,
fifty-second and fifty-third congresses. In tin two
latter he was chairman of the committee on posi-
ollices and post roads, and was hi^hlv piaised for
his elliciency. The decree of I,L. 1 ). w a- conferred
on him by Trinity College, X. C., in 1*1/0.
DAGGETT, Mary (Stewart), author, was born
in Morristown. <).. .May :;o. ls.14, daughter of John
anil Nancy (McGregor) Stewart. Her lather, a 1'ies
hyterinn clergyman and doi-lor of ilivinily, was
widely famed as a pulpit orator of the progressive
school of orthodox opinion. The danghlci s curly
life was passed in Cincinnati ami amid tin- hilis
of southern ( )hio, and she completed her education
in 1871!, at the Sleubenville Seminary, beinir valedie
loriaii of her class. Kemoving with her parents' to
Milwaukee, \Vis., she was ihere marrieil, in l*7."i. to
Charles D. Daggett, a rising young lawyer of I In-
city. After three years' residence in Milwaukee,
Mr. ami Mrs. Daggetl removed to Kansas ( 'it v, .Mo.,
sill'! in 18SS they finally located in I'asaden'a, l.os
Angeles Co., Cal. Her home here is one of the most
allraciive, in the county, and is
widely known by its name, Colum
bia Hill. Here, in the midst of
grand natural scenery, she, for the
first time in her life,' found leisure
for serious tilings oulsiile of her
home duties. She at once identified
herself with the social and literary
life of the city. As a first re-
sult, she planned and conducted
the celebrated Pageant of Hoses,
given at the opera house in 1'asa
deua in 1893 and 18114, which, in
true poetic manner, exhibited the
wealth and beauty of Hie Moral life
of southern California. It was such
:l signal success that it attained
nati(mai reputation, being fully
described by the press all over I In-
United States. In 1895 she pub-
lished her first novel, " Mariposilla," which, for its
high imaginative quality, tine descriptive passages,
and charming pictures of the simplicity and beauty
of old Spanish life in California, achieved a wide
popularity, and gave her immediate standing as an
author. Mrs. Daggett possesses a vivid imagina-
tion, a keenly analytical mind and great appre-
ciation of the beauties of nature, and her writings,
like her personal influence, cannot fail to embody
and stand for all that is true, pure and noble. Mrs.
Daggett has four promising children, three daughters
and one son, who are approaching maturity with all
the advantages of a beautiful and cultured home.
CHIPLEY, William Dudley, soldier am! rail-
road manager, was born in Columbus, Ga., June 6,
1 840, son of WilliamS. and Elizabeth J.(Faunin) Chip-
ley. His father, a prominent physician and specialist
in nervous diseases, was a native of Lexington, Ivy.,
and his mother was a nativeof Georgia, a relative and
v ard of Col. James W. Fannin, who fell at the mas-
-:M n-of Goliad in the Texas revolution. He received
hisprimary education in the privateand public schools
of Lexington, ami at the age of thirteen entered the
Kentucky Military Institute near Frankfort, Kv.
After remaining there a year, he became a student
at the Transylvania University at Lexington, where
IK- was graduated in 1858, and soon then after lie-
came engaged in business in Louisville, Ivy. On
the outbreak of the civil war Mr. Chipley joined
company C, 9th Kentucky infantry of Ureckinridge's
brigade, and was appointed lirsl lieu-
tenant and adjutant in is."i;i. He
was appointed commissioner of rec-
ords for Kentucky Iroops ( '. S. A. by
Provisional Gov [;. Ha wes, with rank
of lieutenant -coli me). I le was actively
engaged in a number of important
bailies, was several limes wounded,
and was captured al Pcachtree ( 'leek
near A Haul a, and imprisoned al John-
son's island until the close of the war.
Soon alter his release he went to
Columbus, Ga.. where lie wasenna-jed
in business until 1870, when he be-
came identified with railroad manage-
ment. In 187(1 he removed !•> I'en
sacola. Fla., to assume charge of the
IVn-acola railroad, of which he
had charge for a number of years
He projected and built the I'ensa-
colaand Atlantic railroad, and was ils vice-president
and general manager for three years. In 1884 the
Pensacola and Atlantic railroad was sold to the Louis-
ville and Nashville railroad, and he became general
land commissioner for I he Louisville and Nashville
Railroad Co., with headquarters al Pensacola. He
was mayor of Pensacola. in I*x7 - s'.i and 181(3, and
for nine years \\ as a member of the board of
rilv commissioners, ami in 181(4 was elected to the
Kl.nida state senate. He served for four years as
\ ice p resilient of the si al e democrat ic executive com-
mittee, and was its chairman from 1S1S8 to Is'.H).
when he resigned. He was also vice-president of
the board of trustees of the Stale Agricultural Col-
lege, and member of the board of trustees of the
Stetson University and West Florida Seminary. He
was one of the three founders of the Florida C'hau-
tauqna assembly at De Funiak Springs. He is also
brigadier-general of the United Confederate veterans,
Florida division, and president of the board of trus-
tees of the Confederate Memorial Association. Mr.
Chipley was marrieil on Dec. 13, 1866, to Anna
Elizabeth, daughter of John It. Billups.
MTJHLENBERG, Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst,
botanist, was born at New Providence, Montgomery
CO., Pa., Nov. 17, 1753, son of Hev. Heinrich Mel-
chior Muhleulierg, the champion of Lutheranism
in North America. His mother was a .daughter of
.1. Conrad Weber of Tulpehoken, Pa., a well-known
Indian interpreter. He attended the schools in his
native place until ho was seven years of age, and
then in Philadelphia, whither the family removed iu
1761. When he was ten years of age he was sent to
Germany with his elder brothers, Johann Peter and
Friedrich, to study at Halle; Gotthilf to prepare
himself forthe ministry. Six years later, he entered
the ministry, but remained only a year, and return-
ing to Pennsylvania in 1770, was ordained and ap-
pointed assistant to his father, whose field of labor
was •' Philadelphia, Barren Hill and on the Raritan."
From January until April, 1772, he labored among
440
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the Lutherans in New Jersey, and also spent the year
1773 in ministering to them. In 1774 he was called
to Philadelphia, the large Lutheran church there
needing a third pastor, and remained until April,
1779. "Like his brothers, he supported the cause of
the revolting colonists with ardor, and twice had to
flee into the country to escape threatened capture by
the British, besides losing a large part of his estate
during the war, in the loan office. During one of
liis enforced residences in the country he took up the
study of botany, and on his return to Philadelphia,
continued it, making a special study of the medicinal
and economic properties of
plants. In 1780 he was called to
become pastor of the Lutheran
church at Lancaster, Pa., and
there the rest of his life was
spent. He no w began to corre-
spond with eminent botanists in
this country and Europe, and
to make more systematic stud-
ies of the flora of his state. By
the spring of 1791 he had col-
lected iLorethan 1,100 plantain
a circuit of about three miles
from Lancaster, and had begun
a series of experiments wilh
grasses, native and foreign, to
discover how often they could
be cut and whether they were
readily eaten by horses and
cattle. He had great physical
strength, and thu< was enabled to cover a large ex-
tent of country in his rambles. In addition to de-
scriptions of i IK- habits and peculiarities of plants and
trees, he kept a careful record of animals, birds ami
minerals met with, and of meteorological and other
natural phenomena. He not only preached to his
flock, but lie ministered to their bodies as well; pre-
scribing for and distributing among them the medi-
cines of the Halle Institute, which were regularly
sent him. His first published writing on the sub-
ject of botany appeared in February, 1791, in the
" Transactions " of the American Philosophical So-
ciety, and was entitled "Index Flora Lancastriensis."
It contains 4.V1 genera, arranged according to the
Linna-an system, and nearly 1,100 species, including
cultivated plants. A supplement published a few
years later, in the "Transactions, "added 288 species.
An unselfish nature that caused him to rejoice in the
triumphs of others ,-ind to desire to aid them in their
labors, led him as early as ITS.") to conceive a scheme
for a union of all the botanists of the country in the
preparation of a " Flora of North America," resting
" on good and definite operation." as he expressed
it, and doin^ awav with the publication of numerous
conflicting works'. Few ot his correspondents ap-
pear to have svmpathi/ed with him. and no work of
the kind appealed until ISO;;, when Michaux's vol-
ume was published in Paris. In 1809 Muhlenberg,
wilh the aid of twenty-eight correspondents, began
the preparation of a catalogue of the known and
naturalized plants of North America: "Catalogue
Plautarum America? Septentrioualis. " and in 1813
published it. lie more than doubled Michaux'.-; list
of flowering plants and ferns (1,500), and added 727
species, embracing mosses, liverworts, algse, lichens,
and fungi. His description of the plants of Lan-
caster and vicinity, and a description of all the North
American plants seen by him and preserved in his
herbarium, were left in manuscript. A part of one
of these, dealing with the grasses, was published in
1817, after his death. Much information acquired
by him and communicated to fellow botanists was
incorporated, without acknowledgement, into their
own writings. The whole number of species and
varieties first established by him is said to be about
100. He was given the degree of M. A. by the
University of Pennsylvania in 1780, and of D.D.
by Princeton in 1787. Many societies besides those
of Philadelphia conferred diplomas upon him; in-
cluding the Imperial Academy of Erlangen (1791);
the Westphalian Natural History Society (1798); the
Physical Society of Gottingeu (1802); the Society
for the Promotion of Useful Arts, Albany, N. Y.,
(1815); the Physiographical Society of Lund. Sweden
(1815); and the New York Historical Society (1815).
A number of species of plants perpetuate his name,
owing to the grateful recognition of his services to
science, by later botanists. About the year 1805 Mr.
Muhlenberg had a severe attack of illness, brought on
by excessive mental labors, and on recovery was found
to be in intellect on a level with an untaught child,
having no power to recall anything that he had pre-
viously learned. It was necessary to begin with the
rudiments, and so, instructed by a daughter, he
set to work to master the alphabet, and then the
construction of words and sentences; gradually
learning to read. Suddenly, one day, his lost knowl-
edge returned to him, and he remained in full pos-
session of it to the end of his life. He was married
in 1774 to Catherine, daughter of Philip Hall of
Philadelphia, and had two sons: Henry Augustus, at
rirsi a clergyman and then a congressman and diplo-
mat, and Frederick Augustus, a physician in Lau-
casier. Mr. Muhleuberg died at Lancaster, May
:.':!. 1X1.-).
MEADE, William Kidder. miner and legis-
lator, was born in Clark county, Va.. Sept. 20, 1851,
son of William Washington and Virginia (Meade)
Meade. His family is of English extraction and
was one of the earliest settled in Virginia. Aiming
its most distinguished members were Col. Kichard
Kidder Meade, an aide-de-camp of Gen. Washing-
ton and great-grandfather of Mr. Meade. and Bishop
William Meade, his great uncle. Mr. Meade spent
his early years on his father's farm, and received his
education in private schools. At the age of seven-
teen he joined a prospecting party going from
Denver. Col., to Klizabethlown, a mining camp in
the northern part of New Mex-
ico, lie remained there nearly
three years, engaged in placer
mining and clerking, ami then,
after visiting Virginia for a
short time, lie resumed mining,
in I'tah. Nevada and Califor-
nia, finally locating in Arizona
early in 1X70. For about a year
he labored in the Silver Kin^
mine in Pinal county. In l*7x
be wasclccted to the territorial
legislature; serving as a repre-
sentative of bis county, first in
the house and then in the coun-
cil. He was sent as a delegate
to the Democratic national con-
vention in 1XM4. and he played
a conspicuous pail in the nomi-
nation of (trover Cleveland,
thereafter serving as a mem-
ber of lie- national committee
until 188S. Pres. Cleveland appointed him IT. S.
marshal for Arizona in 1885, and. serving until the
sprini: of ISDO. be \\as ai;ain appointed in 181)3. He
\\ as a commissioner for the Columbian exposition in
ix'.rj. and was energetic in securing an adequate rep
resenl.'ilion of the resources of Arizona. Starting
in life with little or nothing, Mr. Meade has amply
demonstrated what may be done by honesty and
industry, and few men in Arizona stand so high in
public esteem as he. On July 10, 1887, he was mar-
ried, in Los Angeles, to Mrs. Helen (Street) Stevens,
a native of California.
OK AMERICAN HIOURAPHY.
441
BLACKBURN, William Maxwell, author
:uiil educator, was born at Carlisle, lud., Dec. 30,
is-,'*, son ,,r Ali-xan.li-r and Delilah (Polk) Black-
burn. His ancestors, ou tirst coming to America,
settled in Bucks county. Pa., but subsequently re-
moved lo Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana. lie received,
his early education in district schools and an acade-
my at La I'orte. hid., and taught at similar institu-
tions previous to entering upon a college course at
Hanover College, Indiana, where he \\as graduated,
June, ISoO. He tlien studied for the Presbyterian
ministry al Princeton Theological Seminary from
1850 ntitil ISot. and. after completing his course,
held pastorales at Three Rivers, Mich ; Krie, Pa.;
Trenton, N. .).; Chicago, 111.; and Cincinnati. < >.
Beginning in his early ministry by conirilmlioiis to
the " Priin-i-lon Review," he occupied his leisure
continuously with writing; and while preaching
and administering the affairs of his pastorates he
lii-came known both in America and England,
lirsl, as a successful author of Sunday school I ks.
and later for works on subjects of wider inleresi.
In I SUM, Hie position was ottered him of professor of
biblical and ecclesiastical history in what is now
McCormiek Theological Seminary al Chicago, and,
without desisting from his work as a preacher, lie
accepted and filled the chair until issl. Fr I** I
until ISSli, he was president of the Territorial I ni
vcisity of Xorlh Dakota, and later was appointed
preside-ill of Pierre University, al East Pierre, S. I >. ,
which, in ls!is, was removed to Huron, S. I). This
instilulion, founded in 1SS:{, is under the control of
the Presbyterian synod of South Dakota, but iu
education is noli sectarian; it is co-educational, and
tuition is proportionally inexpensive, although there
are academic, normal, collegiate, businessiind musical
course's. The president received the honorary degree of
D.I), from Princeton iu 1870, and that of LL.D. from
Wooster I'niversity. Besides several Sunday-school
books, including a series of juvenile t.iies entitled
" I'nclc Aleck's Slories," he- has pulilished i, 'History
of the Christian Church for Nearly Eighteen Cen-
turies"; "Geneva's Shield "; "Exilcol Madera"; "Ju-
das, the- Maccabee"; "The Rebel Prince"; "College
Days of Calvin"; "St. Patrick and the Early Irish
Church"; "Admiral Coligny and the Itise of the
Huguenots"; "The Theban Legion." Some of his
Sunday school books have been repulilishc-d in Kn in-
land, notably the first, entitled "The Holv Child."
which has been widely praised. Dr. Blackburn was
married, in 1854, at Valparaiso, hid., to Elizabeth
Powell, a lady of New England parentage. Their
only son is Rev. Charles S. Blackburn, now a mis-
sionary at Oroomiah. Persia.
ANTHON, Henry, clergyman, was born in
New York city, March 11, 1795. His birthplace was
at 11 Broad street, where his parents then resided,
and which was in a neighborhood at that time lined
on either side, not with warehouses and ollic.es as
now. but with substantial dwellings, which had been
erected in the old colonial days. Some of these
being great Dutch houses of yellow brick, with their
antiquated gables, formed a most interesting feature
of that part of the city. He received his early educa-
tion iu the New Yorkschools, and entered Columbia
College, where he was graduated in 1813. He im-
mediately entered upon his preparation for the min-
istry under the direction of Bishop Hohart, who at
that time presided over the diocese of New York.
In 1815 In- was ordained deacon in Trinity Church,
and shortly after became rector of St. Paul's at Red
Hook ou the Hudson river, where at the samp time
he discharged missionary duty in the adjacent vil-
lages. In 1819 the new parish church of Red Hook
was consecrated by the bishop, and Mr. Anthon was
admitted to priest's orders. At this time his health
being somewhat impaired, he sailed for South Caro-
lina, and remained there until the spring of 1821.
His visit lothe South gave him great popularity, aud
he received many invital ions to positions of influence
in that part of the country. On his return to New
York he accepted an invitation to the rectorship of
Trinity Church, Utica. lleaK,, received an invita-
tion to an important, church in one of the southern
stales, and to St. Thomas'. New York city, but left
Utiea at last in 1S-J!I to assume the rectorship of St.
Stephen's. New York oii\. Soon after he was in-
vited to St. James' in Philadelphia, but declined the
appointment, and in !*:!! he resigned from St.
Stephen's, at the cai m -I > >li< -nation of the vestry of
Trinity Church, to l»-c n- assjstaii1 minister in that
influential parish. He was chosen by Ihe general con-
vention of ISIi'j, secretary of the house of clerical and
lay deputies, and in the same year n reived the de-
•j-ree of D. I), from his alma mater. In 1884 he was
elected, and several limes thereafter was re-elected
secretary of the board of trustees of the General
Theological Seminary, where at the same time he
discharged Ihe duties of professor of theology and
of pulpit eloquence. lie wa- actively connected
with various boards and associations, both general
and diocesiii, lor the promotion of missionary work,
or for the advancement of the church. Towards the
close of ls::il. he was called to be rector of St. Mark's
in the Bowerv, New V"ik, and accepting the ap-
pointment, remained there twenty-four years, or
until his death, en^a-jed in a laborious ministry. Dr.
Anthon was 01 f Ihe leading IIIOM-IS in the founda-
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Society for the
Promotion of Evangelical know ledge, and for more
than thirteen years was one of its most jntlnential
members and otlicers. Soon after Dr. Anthon's
death the building which had been erected as the
•'hapel of St. Mark's was set apai I li\ I he bishop of
the diocese as a memorial lo him. under Ihe name of
Ihe Anthon Memorial Church. Dr. Anthon pub-
lished " Historical Not ices of St. Mark's Church from
17115 to 1S45" (1S45). From |s-.'5 to 1 Mil', he was a
trustee of Ilobart College. Dr. Anthon was married,
in ]N1!>, to Emilia, daughter of Joseph Cone, of
New York, lie died in New York city, Jan. 5, 1801.
WEED, Edwin Gardner, third" P. E. bishop
of Florida, and 14Hth in succession in the American
epi-eopate. was horn in Savan-
nah. Ga., July ',':!, 1*47. son of
Henry Davis and Sarah Richards
iDiiiininn) Weed. His father.
a native of Darien, Conn., re-
moved in early life to Savan
nah. where he became a leading
merchant, aud by his marriage
united himself with one of the
most prominent families of the
city. The son was educated
at an endowed school until he
reached Ihe age of thirteen, then
a 1 1 ended the high school at
Athens, Ga.. until 1862, whenhe
became a student at the Univer-
sity of Georgia. In February,
1864, he enlisted in the Con-
federate army as a private, serv-
ing in the armies of Hardee and
Johnston and participating in their campaigns. He
surrendered at the close of the war, and I lieu went to
New York, and thence to Germany, where he entered
the Berlin University. Returning to New York, lie
became a student in" the General Theological Semi-
nary of the P. E. church, and upon his graduation
in 1870 again went abroad to travel extensively in
Egypt and Palestine aud throughout Europe, going
as far as the confines of Asia to attend the Nislmi-
Novgorod fair. Having thus stored his mind with
442
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the knowledge which only travel can give, he re-
turned to the United States and accepted a call to
the Church of the Good Shepherd at Summerville,
Ga. , a suburb of Augusta, officiating there until lie
was elected to the episcopate of Florida. He was
consecrated bishop iu St. John's Church, Jackson-
ville, Aug. 11, 1886, being the third in succession
in that diocese. During the yellow fever epidemic
of 1888 he was chairman of the relief committee,
and rendered valuable services to the citizens of
Jacksonville by judiciously administering the funds
contributed by the nation for the use of the destitute
and of the plague sufferers. His close attention to
the duties of this office caused him to fall a victim
to the plague himself, but he fortunately recovered
and resumed his administrative position until the
plague was over, when he was tendered the thanks
of tiie community. In 1892 this diocese had, under
his care, been doubled, and was therefore divided,
the southern division being placed under the juris-
diction of the missionary board. Bishop Weed re-
taining the other division, it continued to flourish,
and in 1897 contained seventy-one mission stations
and parishes, twenty-three clergymen, and three
church schools. Bishop Weed was married, April
23, 1874, at Summerville, Ga., to Julia McKinuey,
daughter of Col. Thomas F. Foster, an eminent
lawyer and member of congress from Georgia for
two terms. His family consists of one son and three
daughters.
HAZARD. Roland Gibson, author, was born
iu South Kingston, R. I., Oct. 9, 1801. At an early
age he engaged in manufacturing pursuits in Peace-
dale, R. I., and soon became identified with all
public movements. In connection with a litigation
over the Union Pacific railroad he wrote a number of
articles. During the civil war he did much to sus-
tain our national credit at home and abroad. His
newspaper articles on the public finances were col-
lected and published in pamphlet form, mainly by
bankers in New York for foreign readers. Collec-
tions of them were published iu
London, and epitomes were trans-
lated and published in Amsterdam,
and had much influence there and at
Frankfort on the Main, and through
these and Mr. Hazard's personal
interviews, European bankers who
at that crisis were becoming dis-
trustful were induced to hold and
increase their investments in United
States bonds. This action was
taken after conference with Pres.
Lincoln and the secretary of the
treasury, in which an official posi-
tion was suggested, but he pre-
ferred to act unofficially He also
opposed a suggestion, made at the
time of the war, to increase the
circulation of paper money. His
argu men) son this subject were pub
lished iu the New York " Evening
Post "and other newspapers, and were subsequently
reprinted in a pamphlet with other articlesjutider the
title of "Our Resources." About the year 1833 he
began spending the winters in New Orleans for his
health, and continued to do so about len years, com-
bining business with those visits. In the winter of
1841-42, while there, a colored citizen of Rhode
Island applied to him for relief from the chain-gang.
Mr. Hazard sought to obtain justice for these suffer-
ing negroes, proceeding openly through the courts of
Louisiana, at a time when public sentiment, there was
very irritable on the subject, and he was constantly
threatened by officers of the municipality, and by
others, with the extremity of " Lvuch-law." Mr.
Hazard was fearless, anil with the assistance of Mr.
Jacob Barker, succeeded in liberating a large num-
ber from the chain-gangs, and in procuring a pre-
sentment by the grand jury in New Orleans of a
number of the officials, with instructions to the
prosecuting officer to proceed against them imme-
diately for cruelty to those negroes. Politically, Mr.
Hazard never exhibited fondness for the arts 'of the
selfish politician, hut his whole course was marked as
one of philanthropy and well-founded moral prin-
ciples. He was early identified with the Free soil
and anti-Slavery party, and was one of the founders
of the Republican party. He with Edward Harris,
of Woousocket, attended its first convention, which
met iu Pittsburgh, and was on the committee on plat-
form and resolutions. He was a delegate to the
Philadelphia convention of 1856, and in that cam-
paign many of the resolutions and addresses pub-
lished in Rhode Island were from his pen. Mr. Haz-
ard was also a member of the Chicago convention
in 1860 which nominated Abraham Lincoln, and he
participated in forming the platform of that, conven-
tion. In 1864 he was in Europe, but in 1808 he was
again a delegate to the convention at Chicago, which
nominated General Grant, where he was on the com-
mittee on platform, and was the author of the finan-
cial portion. In 1851-52, in 1854-55, and in 1880-81 he
was a member of the Rhode Island house of repre-
sentatives, and in lS(i(i-(iT was a member of the Rhode
Island senate. The citizens of his town acknowledge
Mr. Hazard's benefactions in the support of their
schools and churches, and in the erection of
their valuable town-house. The Hazard professor-
ship of physics, iu Brown University, was founded
by his endowment of $40,0(10. lie thrice visited
Europe, where he was personally intimate with
the philosopher John Stuart Mill. Dr. Chanuing,
referring to Mr. Hazard's "Essay on Language"
(his first book and his first, effort, in composition),
said: "I have known a man of vigorous intellect,
whose mind was almost engrossed by the details of
an extensive business, but who composed a book of
much original thought, in steamboats and on horse-
back, while visiting distant customers." Mr. Haz-
ard's chief works are: "Essay on Language"
(1834); "The Adaptation of the Universe to the Cul-
tivation of the Mind " (1840); " Causes of Decline of
Political Morality " (1841); treatise that had a great
influence in abolishing lotteries from Rhode Island;
"Fourth of July Oration on Temperance " (1843);
"The Philosophical Character of Charming" (1*44);
"The Character and Works of the Late Chief Jus-
tice Durfec, LL.D., of Rhode Island " (1845); "The
Relations of Railroad Corporations to the Public "
(1849); " The Duty of Individuals to support Science
and Literature" (1855); "The Resources of the
United States" (1864); "The Freedom of the Mind
in Willing" (1866), a 12mo of 455 pages, the second
book of which is a review of • • Edwards on The Will. "
In 1869 he published his "Causation and Freedom
in Willing," a 12mo of 300 pages, consisting of two
letters addressed to John Stuart Mill, which, being
translated and published in the German, was exten-
sively and favorably reviewed in the leading periodi-
cals of Germany, and is mentioned with much favor
iu the " North American Review " of 1869. The de-
gree of LL.D. was conferred upon Mr. Hazard in
1845hy Brown University. Mr. Ifazard was mar-
ried, Sept. 28. 1828, to Catherine, daughter of John
Newbold of Bloomsdale, Pa. They had two chil
dreii. He died in Peacedale. R. I.. Oct. 9, 1888.
BLUNT, James G., soldier, was born in Han-
cock county, Me. in 1826. and spent the period from
his fifteenth to his twentieth year before the mast.
He then removed to Ohio, and in 1849 was graduated
at Starling Medical College, Columbus. Settling in
Darke county, he practiced until 1856, when he re-
moved to Anderson county, Kan. He was one of the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
moststreruousopposersof the introduction of slavery,
and was a member of the convention that framed the
constitution of the state. In July, 1861, he entered
the Union army as lieutenant-colonel of the 3d Kan-
sas volunteers. He was made commander of cavalry
in the brigade of Gen. James Lane, and ou April 8tb
was prinnoted brigadier-general and assigned to the
ciimiiiaiid of the military department of Kansas. In
the battle of Old Fort Wayne, t)et. 22, 1802, his
Kansas and Cherokee troops had an hour's engage-
ment with the Confederate troops massed at Mays
villc, on the western border of Arkansas, and routed
them, and on Nov. 28th attacked Gen. Marina-
duke at Cane-hill, attain victoriously. At Prairie
Grove, Dec. 7, 1862, aided by Gen. Francis J.
Heron, he disastrously defeated 2,500 men under
(HII. Thomas ('. Ilindmaii, thus checking the ad-
\ aiicc of the Confederates into Missouri. On Dec.
•,'Sih Gen. Blunt captured Fort Van Buren, on the
A i k. i lisas. On Nov. 2!tth, the same year, he was pro-
muteil major-general. In June, 1863, he was relie\i d
of Hie command of the department of Kansas, and
went into the field with the army «( the frontier. His
next great exploit was his defeat of Gen. Cooper, at
Honey Springs, July Hi. ISli:',, at Newtonia, Mo.
I in ( >i-t. 2S, isiil, his troops, aided by Hie cavalry of
lirig Gen. Sanborn, dealt the final blow to Sterling
Price, forcing him out of the state into Arkansas.
Gen. Blunt commanded the district of South Kansas
during the latter part of the war, and on being
mustered out, settled in Leavenworth. He died in
Washington, D. C., in 1KS1.
BILEY, Charles Valentine, entomologist, was
born at Chelsea, London, England. Sept. 18, 1843,
son of Charles and Mary (Cannon) Hiley. He was of
Welsh ancestry. His early years were spent at
Walton-on-Thames, where his parents removed, and
after his eleventh year he studied at Dieppe, France,
and in Bonn, Germany. At school he evinced such
artistic talent that his teachers advised him to study
art in Paris, but the necessity of making his own
way led him to emigrate to America. Arriving in
the I'liitcd States in his seventeenth year, he spent
three years ou a farm in Illinois, where he worked
with the energy of an enthusiast among the animals
and in the fields, spent his leisure hours cultivating
a flower garden, and his Sundays sketching, reading
and studying insects. At the age of twenty he
went to Chicago, where he became an editor of the
" Prairie Farmer." In 1804 he saw six months of
active service as a private in an Illinois regiment,
then returned to his editorial work. At this time he
began to contribute to the periodicals numerous
articles on entomology, which gave him a world-
wide reputation among scientists. In 1868 he was
appointed state entomologist, of Missouri, and during
the nine years of his incumbency issued annually a
report "On the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects
of the Slate of Missouri," and also founded the
"American Entomologist," edited by Benjamin D.
Walsh and himself. His nine reports were after-
wards collected and published in book-form, and as
they appeared, scientists both in Europe and America
greeted with enthusiastic praise the remarkable
powers of observation, both of structure and habits,
there displayed ; the great skill in drawing, and es-
pecially ingenious and practical devices for destroy-
ing the pests. Darwin wrote, in 1871: "There is a
vast number of facts and generalizations of value to
me, and I am struck with admiration at your power
of observation. The discussion on mimetic insects
seems to me particularly good and original." In
reviewing the last of these reports, that of 1876, the
London "Entomologists' Monthly "remarked: "The
author, in giving full scope to his keen powers of
observation, minuteness of detail, and the skill with
which he has used his pencil, and at the same time
in showing a regard for scientific accuracy, main-
tains his right to be termed the foremost entomologist
of the day." While occupied with this work, Mr.
Hiley had since 1873 become actively interested in
the ravages of the Rocky mountain locust in the
western states and territories. They affected Mis-
souri seriously; and Prof. Riley, feeling the neces-
sity for national action to check the pest by' public
lectures, writing and memorials to congress, urged
the creation of a national entomological commission.
This was accomplished in 1S77. and Prof. Hiley,
Dr. A. S. Packard. Jr. and Prof. Cyrus Thomas
were appointed to investigate the evil. Their work
occupied rive years, during which they published
live illustrated reports and seven bulletins, with full
discussions not only of the Hocky
mountain locust and its allies, but
the coiton-worm, the boll-worm,
the army-worm, canker-worms and
insects injurious to forcimi trees.
From 1878 to 1894 Mr. Hiley held,
with one brief intermission, the
position of United States entomolo-
gist, and during his incumbency the
division of entomology was organ-
ized. His successor in this position
wrote, of Prof. Hiley 's work in this
direction: "The present cllicient
organization of the Division of En-
tomology was his own original
(•(inception, and he is responsible
for its plan down to the smallest
detail. It is unquestionably the
foremost organization of its kind in
existence." Throughout his career.
Prof. Hiley was continually achiev-
ing new results in the art of practical entomology.
He introduced with great success into California the
Australian vedalia, a species of lady-bird, to com-
bat the fluted scale, which was fast destroying the
orange and lemon groves. Becoming interested in
the phylloxera, the French vine pest, he madenu-
merous visits to France between IHliO and 1884, cor-
responded on the subject with French naturalists, and
originated the idea of revivinsr etiolated French vine-
yards by using certain American phylloxera-proof
stocks to graft upon. For his services the French vine-
growers awarded him a gold medal in 1871, and pre-
sented to him a beautiful statue in bnui/e in 1s-!'.
while the French government conferred upon him the
cross of the Legion of Honor. Prof. Hiley also
originated a means of protecting plants and trees from
suctorial insects by the use of kerosene emulsions,
and with the aid of W. S. Barnard invented and pro-
tected the Hiley system of nozzles for spraying in-
secticides and fungicides. Prof. Riley was a mem-
ber of many American societies, and of the ento-
mological societies of France, Berlin, Switzerland
and Belgium. He was an honorary fellow of the
Entomological Society of London, and of the Royal
Agricultural Society of Great Britain; for two years
was president of the Academy of Science of St.
Louis; founded and served for two terms as presi-
dent of the Entomological Society of Washington;
was one of the founders of the Biological Society7 of
that city, and an honorary member of the horti-
cultural societies of Illinois, Iowa, Kansas and
Missouri. The degree of A.M. was conferred upon
him by the Kansas State Agricultural College, aud
Ph. D. by the Missouri State University. He waslec-
turer on entomology at Cornell University and other
institutions. His collection of insects was awarded
a gold medal at the international forestry exhibi-
tion at Edinburgh, in 1884. Besides the works al-
ready mentioned, he published in book-form the
" Potato Pest " and the "Locust Plague," and of
pamphlets and magazine articles an immense mini-
444
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ber. His papers on "The Capriflcation of the
Fig," ou " The Yucca Moth and Yucca Pollination,"
and on "Some Interrelations of Plauts and Insects "
are especially fruitful in original ideas. In 1888 he
attracted much attention by an address on "The
Cause of Variations in Organic Forms," delivered
before the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science. Throughout his life, Prof. Riley
was in the habit of frequently visiting the home of
his childhood, where his achievements made him an
honored guest. N. Fream, writing in the "Journal
of Royal Agricultural Society of England, " described
him as "the greatest agricultural entomologist of our
age; a naturalist, linguist, artist, soldier, a delight-
ful companion, or sincere friend." Prof. Riley was
married, in 1878, to Emilie J., daughter of George
Conzelman. He met his death by a fall from a
bicycle, Sept. 14, 1895.
COOK, Virgil Young1, merchant, planter and
soldier, was born at Boydsville, Ky. . Nov. 14, 1848,
son of William D. and Peruicia (Dodds) Cook. His
father was a successful merchant and tobacconist;
whose father, John Cook, was a pioneer, merchant
and soldier, and whose grandfather emigrating from
Georgia to Kentucky in the latter part of the eigh-
teenth century, settled in Caldwell county, near
Princeton. His mother was the daughter of John
C. Dodds, also a pioneer and soldier, whose faihcr
was a Continental soldier,
serving with distinction
with the South Carolina
troops. He likewise emi-
grated to Kentucky, but dy-
ing on the way, his family
proceeded thither, and set-
tled near Princeton. Both
grandfathers removed to
Jackson's Purchase, now
western Kentucky, in 1821,
Milling in what is now
Graves county. They both
served in the Indian wars,
and in the Kentucky line
of riflemen in the war of
1812, and both were cap-
tains in the 14th Kentucky
regiment (Mitchissou's) ,
which participated in the
battle of New Orleans,
Jan. 8, 1815. Previous
to this service, John C. Dodds served as a captain on
the staff of Brig-Gen. John Thomas, who commanded
a brigade of Kentucky mililia. Virgil Y. Cook was
reared in Kentucky, where he acquired an academic
education and was afterwards a salesman in his
father's store. Al the age of fifteen he entered the
Confederate army, serving in the ranks in company
H, 7th Kentucky cavalry, under Gen. N. B. Forrest,
until ils surrender, May 10. 1S65. Ou returning to
Kentucky, he resumed his studies for a year, and
then going to Arkansas, settled at Grand Glaize ou
the Lower White river, Jackson county, where he
was engaged in mercantile pursuits until July, 1874.
He then founded the station of Olyphant on the line
of the St. Louis. Iron Mountain and Southern rail-
road, and there, again. entered actively into mercan-
tile' pursuits. In April, 1884, he settled at his pres-
ent country-seat, Midland Holm, near the banks of
the Upper White river in the famous Oil Trough
valley, in the midst of a 5, 000-acre tract, of which
3,000 acres are in a high state of cultivation. In all
his business connections and enterprises he has been
successful, and the result remunerative. He was
appointed in 1897 a member of the board of trustees
for the Arkansas University, to represent the sixth
congregational district for a six years' term, and is
also a director of the bank of Newport. In June,
1896, he accepted the position of adjutant-general
and chief of staff of the Arkansas division, United
Confederate Veterans, with the rank of colonel, and
in this capacity is now serving a second term. For
several years previous, he had been commanJer of
Tom Hindmau camp. No. 318, of United Confeder-
ate Veterans, with headquarters at Newport. On
Aug. 17, 1897, he was appointed a major-general
in the Arkansas national guard, and assigned to the
command of the 1st military division of Arkansas,
embracing all the territory north of the Arkansas
river, composed of the 1st brigade, national guard,
and comprising the 3d and 4th regiments of infantry,
a squadron of the 1st cavalry and a light battery and
eight brigades of the reserve militia. Gen. Cook
has taken an active interest in state and national
politics, and has for the past twenty years been a
delegate to the Democratic state conventions and
twice a delegate to national conventions. He has
several times declined nominations at the hands of
his party, preferring private business to public affairs,
in the sense of holding offices of emolument. He
was married, at Jacksouport, Ark., June 29, 1871, to
Mildred, daughter of Capt. Enos Lamb, a river-
steamboat captain and a native of Kentucky. He
has four daughters: Neva P., wife of Paul Butler of
B.ilesville, now district attorney for the third judicial
circuit;. Bertha Mae, Jennie and Varina. One son,
Virgil Whitfieid, died Feb. 7. 1892, aged sixteen, and
another, in infancy.
DERR, Thompson, insurance agent, was born
in Durham township, Bucks co., Pa., Jan. 16, 1834,
son of John and Hannah (Fine) Derr, and descendant
of Johaun Heinrich Dorr, who, with his family,
emigrated from the neighborhood of Heidelberg to
America in 1742. The Dorrs were among the more
than 30,000 German Protestants who were driven
out of the Palatinate in the first half of the eighteenth
century and took refuge in Pennsylvania. Johann
Heiurich became an elder in the old "Swamp church"
(now Trinity Reformed) in Upper Milford to\vuship,
Bucks co. His son Jacob
served through the revolu-
tionary war in Capt. Church's
company of Gen. Anthony
Wayne's regiment, 4th Penn-
sylvania battalion, and was
wounded at the battle of
Brandywine. Michael, eldest
son of Jacob, was a soldier in
the war of 1812, and after leav-
ing the army returned to Bucks
county, where he died in
1862, having reared a family
of ten children. John Den.
eldest son of Michael, a bridge
builder and lumber dealer on
the Delaware, was married to
the youngest daughter of John
and" Catherine (Melick) Fine,
of Fiuesville, N. J. , both of
whom were members of old
families of German origin. Philip Fine, first of his
name in this country, settled in what is now Hunter-
don county, N. J., about the year 1700, obtaining his
lands by grants from the ludiaus. His sou Philip,
who established mills of various kinds on the Mus-
couetcong river, and prospered thereby, was one of
the founders of St. James' Lutheran Church, of
Greenwich, N. J. His son John was married to Ann
( 'atherinc, daughter of Capt. Andrew Melick. whose
youngest child became the mother of Thompson
Derr. The Melicks derive their descent from
Johannes Molicli, of Bendorp, near Coblentz, Ger-
many, a man of education and property, who emi-
grated to Pennsylvania in 1735; thence removed to
Readington, Hunterdou co., N. J., finally making his
^
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
445
home at Bedminster, Somerset co. His sou Andrew,
K;I I -grandfather of Thompson Derr, joined the
first regiment of the Continental line of the New
Jersey troops on July 4, 1770, anil served through
the war. The parents of Thompson Derr removed
tn a farm near Siiamokiii when he was lift cell years
of aii'c; four years later, to a farm in I'pper Aui:ii-la
t iw nsliip, in the same state, where his fat her engaged
in merchant milling as well as farming. Besides a
short, course at. Dr. Vanderveer's academy at Easton,
Thompson Derr had no schooling of advanced char-
acter. In 1856 he he'jan active business life in a
store and mill in Dry Valley, Union co. Durinsr the
game year lie established a local tire insurance agency
at Sunbuiy, conducting the business, which was
then in its infancy outside of the it real cities. He
was an ambitions worker, of great administrative
power and executive ability; and, meeting with suc-
cess and desiring a larger field, he rcnioved to
Wilkes-Barre in a few inonllis. I'lilil 1*02 he was
in business alone ; then his brother, Henry II. Deri',
became his partner, the style being Thompson Derr
& Uro. Tliev secured the confidence of the best fire
insurance companies in all parts of tin- I'liiled Stales,
and a va-l an;: rebate of insurance was placed li\
them, laru'e inolils ensuing. He obtained a com-
mandintr posit iou in the insurance business in Penn-
sylvania as one of the most trustworthy and conser-
vative representatives and general agents. lie was
a director of the .Miners' Savings Bank, of the
Wyoming National Hank and of the Franklin Fire
Insurance Co. of Philadelphia. Thompson Den-
was strictly a self-made man. He owed little to any
person or influence. What he accomplished washy
his own unaided efforts and sound judgment, and.
judged upon that basis, his city never held a more
successful man. Mr. Derr's health broke down in
is-s-.v and be was compelled to uive 11)1 business.
He died at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Feb. s. iss.1, and left
surviving him a sister. .Mrs. Mary C. Hiehter, of
Selins Grove, Pa., and three brothers, Henry II.
Derr, John F. Derr anil Andrew F. Derr.
PETIGRU, James Lewis, statesman, was born
in Abbeville district. S. C., March 1(1, 17*'.), son of
William and Louise ((Jilierl) Peligru. He received
the names of his two grandfathers, James Petigru, a
native of Ireland, who emigrated to America after
his marriage, and Jean Louis Gibert, a Huguenot
minister, who fled with his congregation from per-
secution in France, and settled in South Carolina in
1095. His father was a man of intellectual gifts and
lovable character, but so little suited to provide for
a family that his eleven children were eared for
chiefly by their devoted mother. James Lewis, the
eldest, spent more time assisting in the management
of the farm than at school, but in his early years he
•was made familiar, by his father, with the classics
and English literature, especially Pope. In 1804 he
attended a famous school at Wellington, where the
pupils studied in the open woods, or. during unfa-
vorable weather, under the shelter of log-cabins; and
such was the success of this system of education that
it is said that, even in old age, they remembered
their enthusiastic love for the school and the head-
master. Petigru was a brilliant scholar, and a witty,
whole-hearted boy, although he never cared for
athletic sports of any kind. The only amusement
of the sort in which he indulged was dancing, and
in this his manner was so peculiarly original as to
provoke smiles from all who witnessed his perform-
ances. On one occasion, perceiving this effect, he
observed: " The ladies seem to think I am dancing
for their amusement, whereas I assure them I am
dancing solely for my own." From Willington he
entered the University of South Carolina, and after
his graduation in 1809, supported himself by teach-
ing at Beaufort College, until he was admitted to the
bar in 1812. He then opened a law office at Coosa-
whatchie, in his native district, but finding the coun-
try loo much impoverished to indulge in litigation,
he beguiled the time by serving as a soldier, although
be u;is averse to the policy which had brought on
war with England. In 1815 he served as solicitor
of Abbeville county, and his affairs now beginning
to prosper, he was married and shortly afterwards
removed to Charleston. S. ( '. There the fame of
his learning and eloquence had preceded him, and
he formed friendships with the leading lawyers and
judges, and became the partner of James Hamilton,
thus entering at once upon a flourishing practice.
When his partner entered congress, he practiced
alone, and as early as Is-Jl was (he undisputed bend
of the Charleston bar In IS'JX! lie succeeded Hen.
Hayne as attorney general of South Carolina. About
this time his eldest son died, and soon afterwards his
wile also, and he brought his three youngest sisicrs
to make their home at his house in Charleston. In
|s:;u he became a candidate for the stale senate, but
was defeated. Although possessing great popularity
on account of his personal character, he had rendered
himself obnoxious by steadily opposing the doctrine
of nullification and upholding the cause of the
Union. Public feeling was running so higl this
question that war seemed imminent, lint il fortu-
nately happened that while Petigru led the Union
parly, his friend Hamilton
was ,-tl the head of the oppo
silion; and the I wo. by co-
operaliiiL!. managed to keep
the troubles from resulting
disastrously until the com-
promise, urged by Clay at
Washington, restored peace
to the slate. Having by this
time accpiired some \\eallh,
Peligru purchased a planta-
tion on Savannah river, lint
the venture proved disas-
tious; to one of his philan-
thropic disposition slaves
\\ere an expensive luxury,
and the estate it self was swept
away in the losses which re-
sulted from the mania for
laud speculation of 1837. For
the next twenty years he la-
bored ceaselessly at liis pro-
t'essinn, in order to pay off the debts in which his losses
involved him. In 1800 lie again came forward as an
earnest and eloquent advocate of the Union cause,
although it was so unpopular that only his personal
prestige enabled him to plead for it in safety. In
1861 his house at Charleston was destroyed by fire,
and his summer home on Sullivan's Island pulled
down to make room for fortifications. He therefore
removed to Summerville, and having been elected to
the legislature, completed a codification of the state
laws. After his death the venerable Judge Alfred
Huger wrote the following estimate of his character:
"Original in all things, as if his character was a
mosaic, he furnished the particles from his own re-
sources. . . . Generous and brave, he would
give without measure, and ask nothing in return.
. . . Elevated in every sentiment, he dealt lightly
with those who needed his forgiveness; uncompro-
mising where his own rights were assailed, he was
sure to put those who denied them at utter defiance.
. . . He knew how to strike the hardest blows,
and he knew how to receive them. If there is any
man now living in South Carolina, capable of writ-
ing the history of his own times, Petigru, for the
highest aspirations as to duty or honor — for the bold-
ness of his thinkings — for the brightness of his genius
. will be ranked with those of whom the state
446
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1ms most reason to be proud. " Mr. Petigru was mar-
ried, in August, 1816, to a daughter of Capt. James
Postell. son of Col. Postell, of Marion's brigade, in the
revolutionary army. His daughter, Caroline Petigru
Carson, afterwards attained some distinction as a
portrait painter. He died in Charleston, S. C.,
March 3, 1863. His " Life." by William Graysou,
appeared in 1866, and a memorial volume, including
the proceedings of the Charleston bar, in 1867.
MATHER. Margaret, actress, was born at Til-
bury, near Toronto, Canada, Oct. 21, 1859, daughter
of John and Anna (Finlayson) Mather. She is said
to have been connected \vitli I lie old Mather family
of New England. Her childhood was spent in De-
troit, whence she removed to New York city to live
with an elder sister. In 1878, when
George Edgar began his tour as a
star in Shakespearean roles, Miss
Mather was engaged as his leading
lady. The parts assigned her were
beyond her powers ; but her fervor
and energy commended her to
James M. liill, the theatrical mana-
ger, whom she met in 1881, and he
provided her with comix-tent tutors,
and spent about $40,000onher train-
ing. She played for six years un-
der his management, making her
debut on Aug. 28, 1882, in a sump-
tuous production of "Romeo and
Juliet." Three years were spent in starring through
the United States in romantic and Shakespearean
dramas, and on Oct. 13, 1885, she made her first
appearance in New York city, at the Union Square
Theatre in a splendid revival of " Romeo and Juliet";
"Leah" was given in January, 1886, and the
' ' Honeymoon " in February. During the spring of
1888 she reappeared in New York city, at the Stand-
ard Theatre, where "Juliet," the "Honeymoon,"
" As You Like It," " Leah," " Lady of Lyons " and
" Macbeth " were performed. In 1888 she parted
company with Mr. Hill, and lliercal'lrr appeared
under her own management. In 1890 she produced
an English version of "Joan of Arc," but it was
only moderately successful. In 1895, after a three
\ cars' absence from the stage, she returned to profes-
sii >nal life, and in 1897 appeared at Wallack's Theatre,
New York city, as Imogen in a costly production of
" Cymbcline." She afterward took the play on
the road, and while giving it at Charleston, W.
Ya.. fell unconscious, and in a few hours died,
April 7, 1898. She was married, at Buffalo, X. Y.,
Feb. 15, 1887, to Emil Haberkorn, a musician, and
again in November, 1893, o Col.Gustav Pabst.of Mil-
uauki-c, but divorced both husbands on the ground
of incompatibility of temper.
BUNN, Henry Gaston, chief-justice of Arkan-
sas, was born in Nash county, N. C., June 12, ls;\
son of David and Elizabeth (Thomas) Bunu. His
paternal ancestors were of Saxon origin, and emi-
grated from England at an early period in American
liMory. The father, a planter of moderate means,
removed with his family to Fayette county, Tenn.,
in 1844, and two years later, seeking a more favorable
location, settled in the eastern part of Ouachita
county, Ark. Here, in the midst of an almost un-
broken wilderness, Henry G. Bunn passed an unevent-
ful childhood, with short terms at the county school
and work on a farm. Later he attended the higher
schools in neighboring towns, and was prepared for
a college course. His father died in 1858. In Feb-
ruary, 1859, he entered the freshman class, half ad-
vanced, of Davidson College, North Carolina, where
he remained until the opening of the civil war. In
June, 1861, he enlisted in a volunteer company, raised
by Capt. J. B. McCullock, later incorporated with
the 4th Arkansas infautiy, under Col. McNair, and
was given a commission as third lieutenant. In
November he was made adjutant. At the battle of
Pea Ridge, March 6-8, 1862, he was wounded and
captured, but escaping four days after rejoined
his regiment, which later with the army of Gen. Van
Dorn crossed to the east side of the Mississippi river,
and joined the army of Tennessee under Gen. Beaure-
gard. In April he was commissioned lieutenant-
colonel. He participated in the affair of Farmington,
and others about. Corinth, and commanded his regi-
ment in Gen. E. Kirby Smith's campaign into Ken-
tucky, during which he was commissioned colonel.
He led his regiment in the battle of Murfreesboro,
Teuu., Dec. 31, 1862; was under Gen. Johnston in
the vain attempt to relieve Yicksburg, and was with
Johnston all through the Georgia campaign. In an
engagement near Atlanta, he was severely wounded
and incapacitated for active service until February,
1865. His decimated brigade participated in the
battle of Bentonville, N. C., March 19-20, 1865,
under his command, and afterwards consolidated
into one regiment, over which he was assigned
as colonel by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. After the
surrender of Gen Johnston, it returned to Arkan-
sas, and was disbanded in good order; howbeit,
having met with a severe railroad accident on the
homeward journey, by which several were killed and
many were crippled for life, the colonel himself nar-
rowly escaping. Reaching home on his twenty-
seveiitli birthday, after four years of arduous service,
he found himself without adequate equipment for
civil life, and after some thought finally determined
upon the profession of the law. He was admitted to
the bar in 1866, and at once discovered a great
natural aptitude for the calling, which, coupled with
his well-earned popularity, soon brought him into an
extensive practice. From force of circumstances he
took an active part in politics during the six turbulent
years of reconstruction. He was elected to the state
senate in 1873, and was a member during the " Brooks
and Baxter war." He was also a member, from
Ouachita county, of the state con-
stitutional convention of 1874:
wa> chairman of its committee 'On
the bill of rights, and one of its
judiciary committee. After the
adjournment of the convention,
Col. Bunu held a number of hon-
orary positions, among them a
membership on the board of visi-
tors and trustees of the Arkansas
Industrial University for several
years. He served occasionally
as special indue on the supreme
bench, until, May, 1893, he was -'^t
appointed by Gov. Fishback chid :
justice of the supreme court, to
fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Chief-Justice S. R.
Contaud, and discharged the
duties so successfully that in ^ _
the following September he was
elected by popular ballot to the same position, and
still remains (1899) its honored incumbent. Judge
Bunn is profoundly learned in the law ; but, never
satisfied with his attainments, great though they be.
is to-day the same close student of legal intricacies
as when he first entered the practice of his profession.
Well learned also in precedent, his decisions on tech-
nical points are founded on most exhaustive compre-
hension of both priuiciple and practice. His long
habit of study has given him a keenness of discern-
ment which allows few points in any case to escape
his deliberate scrutiny. He is to this day a stanch
states-rights Democrat, and holds to the justice of the
cause for which he lias fought and suffered, but ac-
quiesces iu the result, and harbors no hatred. He is
OK A.MK.lilCA.N liloiJIIAI'IIV.
447
a Presbyterian of the old school, and constant in his
support n! his church and her activities. lie was
married, Sept. li, ls(ir>, |() Louisa E., daughter of
Col. \V. T. M. Holmes, who was killed in the Con-
federate cause. She died .July 5, isiili, without issue.
He was married, a second time, to Aralee, daughter
of Peter Connolly, also of the Confederate army.
They have hud nine children, of whom rive survive.
STOBRS, Henry Martyn, clergyman, was
horn at Kavcnna, O., Jan. 2(1. 1*27. second son of
Charles Backus and Yashli Maria Storrs. lie was
graduated al Ainliersi College in I S-lii, anil at Ando
ver Theological Seminary in 1>C>1 . having for iwo
of the intervening years taught school in Virginia.
In January, 1H52-, he was installed pastor of the Law -
rencc Street ( 'ongregalioiial Church, of Lawrence,
Mass. : hecame past on if ilie First (Ml hod ox Congre-
gational Church, at Cincinnati, O., in 1*55, and was,
during this pastorate, commissioned by the Kieeii
men's Bureau to |iresent I he cause of the then lately
enfranchised negro race ID ihe people of (Jreai
Britain, spending several months in this work ahroad,
in 1865. Me was installed pastor of the South Con-
gregational Church, in Brooklyn, N. V., in Den n<
ber, 18(>7. and hecame corresponding secretary of
the American Home Missionary Society in 1M72,
being annually re elected to ihe same oilice for ten
years. lie undoubtedly achieved his greatest fame
and did his grandest work in connection wilh this
society, of which hi' was, during ten epochal years,
praclicallv the administrative head, and of whose
work in planting and nourishing Christian churches
and institutions throughout the new West he was
the splendid, magnetic-lily cfl'cclive advocate. He
declined another re-election to this important office
in 1SS2, and was immediately called as pastor by sev-
eral churches, and urged ID become the president of a
prominent college, lie accepted the call lothe pas
torate of the First Presbyterian. Church, of < iran^e,
N. J.; was inslalled as its pastor in November, isxti,
and continued lo preach I here uulil his deal li. Spring-
ing from an ancestral line of Christian preachers, il
was natural for Dr. Storrs to be tilled with thespirit
of his high calling and mission. Inheriting extra-
ordinary natural talents, he diligently strove to im-
prove them by study, travel and lireless industry,
that he might the better serve the Divine Master he
loved. With a personal presence so impressive as t,,
be almost majestic, and with mental endowments of
a pre-eminent order and transcendent richness, his
public addresses were wonderfully eloquent, thrill-
ing and convincing; while in his private life and
daily intercourse with his fellow-men he was genial,
sympathetic, charitable and full of an irresistible
charm. Henry Ward Beecher wrote of him: "His
sermons are thoughtful, clear, intense, eminently
spiritual; while his discourses while secretary of the
American Home Missionary Society were surpass,
iugly noble, and for abundant material, breadth of
thought, vividness of emotion, comprehensive sur-
vey of the whole field, together with great flow and
marching power ami brilliancy, might be called
models for such discourses. Altogether, he is justly
regarded as one of the foremost men in the American
pulpit, and a star of the first magnitude in. a family
constellation." He received the degree of LL. D.
Dr. Storrs was married, March 10, 1852, to Catharine,
second daughter of Edward Hitchcock, president of
Amherst College ; they had two sons and two daugh-
ters. He died at Orange, N. J., Dec. 1, 1894.
LEWIS, Graceanna, naturalist and philan-
thropist, was born oa a farm in West Vincent town-
ship, Chester Co., Pa., Aug. 3, 1821. Her father,
John Lewis, the third of the name, was descended
in the fifth generation from Henry Lewis, of Xar-
bcrth, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, a friend and
companion of William Penu. who emigrated to the
colonies in i (;*•>, and settled in Pennsylvania. Many
of Ihe descendants of this Quaker settler have been
prominent in Pennsylvania, among them Eli K.
Price, Enoch Lewis, Dr. George Smith, historian
and botanist, and Hon. Joseph .1. Lewis, judge of
the supreme court. On his mother's side, her father,
John Lewis, through the Meredith line, was the
ninth in descent from David Vaughau, of Wales,
who lived about the lime of Columbus. Her molher
was Esther, daughter of Bartholomew Fussell, a
minister in the Society of Friends, and of his wife,
Kebecca (Bond) Fussell. Her father died when she
was scarcely three \cars old, and she and her three
sisters were left entirely to Ihe care of their mother,
all hough for two \ears an unsuccessful at tempt was
kept up to appoint li uslees to administer Ihe estate,
left unconditionally in the father's will to his widow.
Mrs. Lewis suffered intensely during ihesetwo \ears
of litigation, and her experience, afterwards related
to her daughters, made them x.calous advocates of
woman sull'ra^e. She proved in Ihe end a mosi sue.
cessful business woman, and also having 1 n a
teacher before her marriage, directed the educa-
tion of her daughters in their earlier years. They
aflerwards attended Kimberloii Hoarding-school
for Girls; their teachers, especially Abigail and
Gertrude lumber, becoming their life long friends.
During many years preced-
ing the ci\ il war, Mrs. Lewis,
in harmony wilh Ihe princi-
ples of her husband, made her
house a refuge for fugitive
slaves, and, when she died,
left this duly to her daugh-
ters and (rusty neighbors,
who fed. clolhcd and sent
them farther on their flight to
Canada. At • time I here
were eleven runaways in the
house on the same day, who
were disguised and sent on,
I lie follow ing night. and there
u as our w eek w hen ihehouse
gave shelter to forty. This
work was continued for over
forty years, and in thai time
hundreds of escaping slaves.
sheltered there, must have
passed northward. Graccanna Lewis lived through
the larger part of her life in the home of her infancy;
but, surviving her mother and sisters, siie now re-
sides with relaiives in Media. I'a. She devoted her-
self early in life to the study of natural history, and
possessing unusual talent as a painter, her work has
taken the form of a combination of descriptions
with pictorial illustrations, which are recognized as
of great importance in the advancement of science.
Her first scientific publication was a pamphlet on
"The Position of Birds in the Animal Kingdom."
printed in 1869. which was the germ of some later
works. In 1876, she exhibited, at the Centennial
exposition, a model in wax, to accompany her
"Chart of the Animal Kingdom," and this met
with the approbation of Prof. Huxley and other
leading naturalists. With this encouragement, she
applied the same method to the construction of a
"Chart of the Vegetable Kingdom," which was
completed in 1885. Her other works are: "A Chart
of the Class of Birds"; "A Chart of Geology, with
Special Reference to Paleontology"; "Microscopic
Studies of Frost Crystals," and of the "Plumage of
Birds" and the "Lower Forms of Animal and
Vegetable Life"; "Studies in Forestry, illustrated
by Water-Color Paintings"; " Water-Color Paint-
ings of Wild Flowers ": a series of "Leaf Charts,"
and a large number of illustrations for lectures on
448
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
natural history. Her work in forestry she holds as
highly essential; for, to quote her own words, she
regards forestry "as the legitimate successor in im-
portance of the" anti-slavery cause, the welfare of our
country depending so largely on its proper adminis-
tration." In 1893, she was commissioned to paint
fifty representations of the leaves of forest trees for the
World's Columbian exposition. Miss Lewis is a mem-
ber of the Academy »t Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia, Pa.; the Philosophical Society of Westchester,
Pa.; the New Century Club, of Philadelphia. Pa.,
the Natural History Society of Lancaster, Pa. ; the
Natural History Society of Rochester, N. Y. ; the
Woman's Anthropological Society of America; the
National Science Club for Women; the Woman's
Club of Media, Pa., and a life member of the Dela-
ware County Institute of Science. Until lately she
has held office as secretary of the Women's Chris-
tian Temperance Union of Media, the Media
Woman's Suffrage Association, and the Delaware
County Forestry Association; chief of the cultural
department of the Media Flower Mission, and super-
intendent of scientific temperance instruction for the
Delaware County W. C. T. U., a work which brought
her into relation with the teachers of public schools
throughout the country. She now devotes her
leisure time to literary work. An extended account
of Miss Lewis' \vork is given in " Woman's Progress "
for April, 1894.
BROUGHAM, John, comedian and playwright,
was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 9, 1810, and on
his mother's side was of French descent. His family
was of excellent standing, and he received a careful
education, first in private schools, and later at Trinity
College. It was intended that he should become a
physician, and he began his studies; but family re-
verses rendering this impossible, and following his
natural bent, he made his way to London in 1830.
Here he offered himself as a cadet in the East India
Co.'s service, but was restrained by the recruiting
i illioer, who urged him to seek
til ler employment. By chance
he became a member of the
company playing at the
Queen's Theatre, in Topping-
ham street. He appeared for
the first time as a professional
actor (he had frequently ap-
peared in amateur performan-
ces in Dublin) in the oper-
atic extravaganza. "Tom and
Jerry." In a short time he
became a member of the
company at the Olympic, un-
der Madame Vest i is' manage-
ment, and followed her and
Charles Matthews to Covent
Garden, remaining with their
company until its final disso-
lution. During these years
he was advancing steadily
in reputation and in the command of his art, and
wrote several plays, collaborating with Boucicault
in " London Assurance." which the latter claimed as
entirely his own. In 1840. he assumed the manage-
ment of the Lyceum Theatre ; but this venture
speedily came to grief , and in 1*43, Mr. Brougham
was induced bv Slephcn Price, manager of the
Park Theatre in New York, to try his fortunes in
the United Slates, lie came- In New York with his
wife, Emma Williams, an English actress, and made
his first appearance at the Park Theatre in October,
1843. From that time until his death he was firmly
identified as aclor, author and manager with the
history of the American stage. He conquered the
New York public with ease and became the people's
favorite at once. After this he starred with profit
throughout the country, going as far west as St.
Louis. Then, after engagements in Boston and other
cities, he became a member of W. E. Burton's com-
pany, and adapted forit Dickens' " Dombey & Son,"
which added materially to his fortune. He was the
manager of Niblo's for a brief period, and then
opened Brougham's Lyceum (subsequently Wai-
lack's), on Broadway, where he produced his own
adaptation of Dickens' "David Copperfield," and
himself created the part of Micawber, a role in
which he was incomparable and unrivaled. The
Lyceum proved a losing venture, and leaving it, in
1870, Mr. Brougham leased the Bowery Theatre,
and produced " King John," in a manner that made
it a superb artistic success, but a lamentable financial
failure. He was constantly busy both as an adapter
and as a writer of original plays and burlesques,
which brought him large returns, and with which
he never failed to part with all possible despatch.
In 1852, he became a member of the company play-
ing under the direction of the elder Wailack. and
remained with it for several years. While with the
AVallack company, he was seen in all his best known
parts, and created many new ones, in which he was
cordially received. During that time he also wrote
some of his best plays, among them the "Game of
Love," "Bleak House," "A Decided Case," and
" Playing With Fire." It was at Wailack 's that his
still well -remembered burlesque, " Pocahonlas,"
was first produced. In 1857, Mr. Brougham again
became a member of Mr. Burton's company, and re-
mained with it until it disbanded. In 1861, he went
to London, and appeared in succession at the Hay-
market, Lyceum and Princess theatres. While in
London his "Romance and Reality" was produced
by Buckstone, and he also wrote "The Duke's
Motto" for Fechter, himself creating the character
of Carrickfergns in the initial production. On March
23, 181)."), he was seen as Colonel O'Grady in "Arrah-
na-Pogue." In the summer of 1865, he returned to
New York, and in the autumn of thn, year played
fur a lew months at the Winter Garden Theatre. In
I •<(;;, he was at the Olympic; and in June, 1868, he
created the principal part in the "Lottery of Life,"
a play written by himself and produced at Wallack's.
On Jan. 25, 1869, he opened Brougham's Theatre, in
Twenty-fourth street, with a comedy of his own com-
position, entitled " Better Late than Never." This ven-
ture, like all his managerial experiments, proved an
OF AMERICAN BIOGKAPHY.
449
unfortunate one, and ended abruptly at the expira-
tion of three mouths. He never again came forward
as a manager, but for several yeans was a member of
Wallack's and Daly's companies. His last appcaianee
on the stage was made on Oct. 25, 1879, as Felix
O'Reilly in Boucieault's " Rescued." Though always
in pecuniary si rails, and never able to appreciate the
value of money, lie was in his last days placed above
the reach of want by the payment of an annuity, the
result of benefits given for him .simultaneously in
several New York theatres. Mr. Brougham was
twice married: his first wife separated from him, be
came Mrs. Robertson, and died in 1865; and his sec
ond wife, Annette Nelson (Mrs. Hodges), an actress,
died in 1870. As an actor. Mr. Brougham was
always magnetic ami attractive, and played what-
ever part he essayed with grace, dash and gallantry,
lie was the beM Irishman the, stage has ever seeu,
and his comic earnestness elevated his excursions
into lmrlesi|ue to the highest form of art. He was
seen at his best in bis own plays and in the parts of
his own creation. As a playwright and adapt CM' he
produced over seventy live dramatic pieee.s. nearly
all of which were successful when lirst presented,
and many of which possessed enduring merit and
charm. His last work was a drama entitled " Home
Rule." He left an unfinished autobiography, which,
together with selections from his miscellaneous writ-
ings and a memoir bv William Winler. was pub-
lished in 1881. He died in New York eitv, .Ian. 7,
1880.
CUDWOBTH, James, colonist, was born in
England about 161'-.', son of Ralph Cudworth of
Aller, Somersetshire, and brother of Ralph Cud-
worth, the Platonist. He emigrated to Plymouth
colony, and in the year 1634 settled at Scituale,
where he took part in the management of the politi-
cal and military all'airs of the colony. During 1649-
56 he represented Scituate in the Plymouth general
court, and during the two succeeding years served as
magistrate. He was prevented from a longer tenure
of office by having incurred the displeasure of his
superiors, on account of his lenity to the (Quakers.
During King Philip's war he distinguished himself
as a brilliant officer, and for a time was in command
of the Plymouth forces. In 1681 he was elected
deputy-governor, and in the following year was sent
to England on a mission for the country. He died
in London in 1682.
MUIR, John, geologist, naturalist and author,
was born in Duubar, Haddingtonshire, Scot-
laud, April 21, 1838, third child of Daniel and Ann,'
(Gilrye) Muir, the latter a descendant of the old
Scotch family of Gilderoy. Daniel Muir, a grain
merchant, was able to give his eight children a good
education — John's, which extended over a period
of eight years, comprising the ordinary English
branches, Latin, French, the Catechism and the
Bible. In 1849, the family emigrated to the United
States, and settled near Fox river, Wis. , about twelve
miles from Fort Winnebago, clearing a tract of wild
land for a farm. John Muir did his full share of
the manual labor involved in subduing the forest,
and at the same time read every book within reach,
and studied mathematics, keeping his books by him
in the field and working out problems on the ground
or on chips from the trees he had felled. His brain
was full of novel ideas, he had a decided taste for
mechanics, was called a great genius by his neigh-
bors, and he was accustomed to rise soon after mid-
night to make wooden clocks, mill-wheels and other
appliances of his own invention. He entered the
University of Wisconsin at the age of twenty-two,
and completed the four years' course, paying his way
through with money earned by harvesting and by
Behoof-teaching. Then he vanished in the grand
American wildernesses, coming in sight from time
VOL. IX.— 29.
to time on farms and in mills and factories, when
his bread-money gave out. His first botanical and
ijcological excursions were made in Wisconsin,
Indiana, Michigan and Canada, around the great
lakes; the next through the southern states. In
•a i eh of rare plants he penetrated the swamps of
Florida, camping out without cover of any sort, and
consequently was smitten with malarial fever, which
prevented him from going on to South America, to
explore the head-waters of the Amazon, as he had
planned. After partially recovering, he spent a
mouth in Cuba and then crossed the Isthmus of
I'an niia and proceeded to California, where he ar-
rived in April, 1868; visited the Yosemite valley, for
the purpose of examining its flora, and finally was
enabled to make the valley his home, being put in
charge of a mill there, which he built, to saw fallen
pines. He thus earned enough to support himself
for a long time, his habits being frugal, and now be-
gan a systematic exploration of the mountain region
in which i he i:rcal valley is situated. Emerson,
whom he guided through the Yosemite, said of him:
"lie is more wonderful than Thorcau." For ten
years he led an isolated life in the Sierra Nevada,
undergoing all manner of hardships, often subjected
In great peril, and only when his stock of bread
failed did he return to civilization. His winters
were devoted to study and to
elaborating his notes. Tin- flora -•,,-
and fauna and the meteorology
of that region were minutely
studied, but his labors as a
geologist were far more import
ant. The effects of the glacial
period constituted the mam sub-
jectofhisiuvestigation for many
years, and he discovered sixty-
five small residual glaciers on
the High Sierra. Hisfirstartide
on these glaciers appeared in
the New York "Tribune" in
1871. Mr. Muir was offered
many flattering inducements to
prepare himself for professor-
ships in colleges, but declined
them, declaring that he wanted
"to lie more than a professor,
whet her noticed in the world or
not, and that there were already
far too many professors_as com-
pared with students in the field."
is;s he was a member of an exploring party con-
nected with the geodetic survey iu the Great Basin.
Several trips to Oregon, Washington and Alaska
were next made. The first to Alaska was made in
1879, the year in which he discovered what is now
called Glacier Bay and the enormous glacier that
bears his name. The head-waters of the Yukon and
the MacKenzie were also reached by this undaunted
scientist. In 1881, he pushed still farther north, be-
ing connected with one of the search expeditions for
the lost Jeannette expedition. He has published
only one book as yet, "The Mountains of Cali-
fornia" (1894). "This book," said the New York
" Witness." "should take high rank among the pro-
ductions of American naturalists for the information
which it contains; and yet it reads like a novel." The
San Francisco "Call " declared that "no man since
Thoreau ever had keener sympathy with nature, a
quicker vision for her mysteries, or a surer speech
for their interpretation than Mr. Muir." His publi-
cations, about 150 in number in 1897, are chiefly in
the form of articles contributed to the "Overland
Monthly," "Harper's," the "Century," the San
Francisco "Bulletin," and other magazines and
newspapers, describing the magnificent scenery of
the west side of the continent, its mountain ranges,
From 1876 until
450
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
glaciers, forests, rivers, wild gardens, animals, etc.,
among which maybe mentioned: "On the Forma-
tion of Mountains in the Sierra"; "On the Post-
Glacial History of Sequoia Gigantea"; "Glaciation
of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Regions"; "Alaska Gla-
ciers"; "Alassa Rivers"; "Ancient Glaciers of the
Sierra"; " Forests of Alaska"; "Origin of Yosemite
Valley"; "American Forests"; "Forest Reserva-
tions and National Parks." As a forest wanderer he
is, of course, a friend of trees, and for twenty years
or more has been crying in the wilderness, "Save
the forests!" The establishment of the Yosemite
and Sequoia national parks and the great Sierra forest
reservation was effected by his writings, and the
work of his forest-loving friends; especially R. U.
Johnson, of the " Century Magazine." He was the
editor of "Picturesque California," and the author
of most of the text describing mountain scenery. In
1879, Mr. Muir was married to the daughter of Dr.
John Strentzel, of California, and since that time has
given considerable attention to the management of a
fine fruit ranch, inherited by his wife; but he has
never allowed it to stand in the way of his scientific
pursuits. He is now (1899) writing a book on the
national parks and forest reservations. In 1896, the
honorary degree of A.M. was conferred on him by
Harvard University, and the following year that o'f
LL.D. by the Wisconsin State University.
HOWELIi, James B., senator, was born at
Morristown, N. J., July 4, 1816, son of Elias and
Eliza Howell. ID 1819, his father moved t<> Ohio,
where he became state senator in 1830, and repre-
sentative to congress in 1834. James Howell re-
ceived his education at the high school in Newark,
O., and at Miami University, where he was graduated
in 1837. He spent two years as a law student with
Judge Hocking H. Hunter, of
Lancaster, O., and, beina; admit-
ted to the bar in 1839, he settled
in practice at Newark. Failing
health, in 1841, determined him
to make a lengthy horseback
trip, and, starting from San-
dusky, O., he journeyed to Chi-
cago, and thence to Keosauqua,
Vim Buren co., la., where,
charmed with the place and
people, he finally settled. In his
new home he rapidly became
conspicuous at the bar and in
politics as one of the Whig lead-
ers of the territory. His interest
in politics led to the purchase of
the " Des Moines Valley Whig,"
in order that his party might
have an efficient organ ; and
in a short time, the paper absorbed his time.
He therefore relinquished his law practice for the
arduous, active and exciting life of a political editor.
Owing to the admission of Iowa to statehood, and
the consequent growth of Keokuk, Mr. Howell re-
moved his newspaper to that city in 1849, and
changed its name to the ' ' Gate City Daily. " As has
been well said, he was always more than his paper,
rather giving than deriving influence, and from the
start he was never without governmental indorse-
ment. As long as the Whig party kept its organiza-
tion, he worked with it and for it; and through the
a"li-slavery agitation, the Know-nothing frenzy, the
Nebraska- Kansa^ MruiigU'. the incipient disintegra-
tion of the old Democratic party and the organization
of the anti-slavery elements into the powerful Re-
publican party, he labored zealously and continuously
to unite the elements working in opposition to the
pro-slavery cause. In 1855-56, he strenuously advo-
cated the "adoption of the name Republican for the
new anti-slavery party; signed the call for the con-
vention which organized the party in Iowa, in which
he also took an important part, and in 1856 was
a delegate from Iowa to the Fremont convention in
Philadelphia. The redemption of the nation from
slave-rule had been one of the cherished hopes of his
life, and his well-known hostility to slavery had
caused him to be denounced as one of the leaders of
the abolitionists long before he definitely sided with
them. He was thus an enthusiastic worker in the
first Lincoln '•ampaigu, although an accident, crip-
pling him for life, prevented his enlistment on the
outbreak of the civil war. He advocated Lincoln's
renomination, opposed the policy of Johnson, and
was one of the first to assert Grant's claim to the
presidency. In January, 1870. he was chosen to the
U. S. senate to fill the unexpired term of Hon. James
W. Grimes; and, assuming his seat Jan. 26th, soon
took a prominent and influential position by virtue
of the wide and varied experience he brought to
bear on the questions of the day. Shortly alter his
entrance, he delivered a speech on laud grants in aid
of railroads, in which he advocated a wise econ-
omy in the disposition of the land, and the imposi-
tion of the conditions that the railroad companies
should sell their land within limited periods and at
a limited price. During the next session, commenc-
ing in December, 1870, as a member of the commit-
tee on pensions, he advocated the house bill granting
pensions to the soldiers of the war of 1812. which,
notwithstanding the opposition of the chairman of
the committee, was carried and became a law. His
senatorial term expired March 3, 1871. Shortly
after the expiration of his term, in March, 1871,
Pres. Grant appointed him one of three commis-
sioners to examine and report on stores and sup-
plies taken or furnished by loyal southerners for the
use of the army during the civil war. His nomina-
tion was confirmed without the formality of reference
to the usual committee,' — a deserved compliment to
his character and record, — and he continued to dis-
charge his duties until the commission expired by
limitation, March 10, 1880. The personnel of this
commission was unexceptionable, its record distin-
guished alike for ability and high integrity of pur-
pose, and to Judge Howell justly belongs the credit,
as its most forceful and dominant member. At the
close of his service on the southern claims commission,
he returned to his home in Keokuk, worn out by
increasing complications of disease, which had
their commencement in the breaking of his leg in
1860. Through all those years he had borne his
pain with heroic patience and courage. Judge
Howtll's reading was wide and accurate, and his
acquaintance with American politics was encyclo-
pedic in its extent and exactness; he was also a
profound student of literature, science and theology.
He died in Keokuk, la., June 17, 1880.
DUFFIELD, Samuel Augustus Willoughby,
cU-riryman and hymnologist, was born in Brooklyn,
N. Y", Sept. 24, 1843, sonof Rev. George Duffleld, the
hymn-writer, and great-grandson of George Duffleld,
of Lancaster county, Pa., chaplain in the revolution-
ary army. He was of Huguenot and Scotch-Irish de-
scent. 'He was graduated at Yale College in 18(53,
then studied theology, and in 1866 was ordained to
the ministry of the Presbyterian church. In 1867
he was settled over the Tioga Street Presby-
terian Church in Philadelphia, subsequently holding
charges in Jersey City, Chicago, and lastly, from
1882 until his death, at Bloomfield, N. J. Under the
pseudonym of Anselmus, he contributed to the New
York "Evangelist." He published a number of
volumes: "The Heavenly Land," a translation of
Bernard of Cluny's " De ContemptuMundi " (1867) ;
"Warp and Woof: A Book of Verse" (1868), to-
gether with his father ; a funeral memorial, " The
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
451
Burial of the Dead " (1882) ; " English Hymns,
Their Authors and History" (1880) ; " Latin llymn-
writers and Their Hymns" (1887), the last work
completed bv Prof. K. E. Thompson (1889). He
died at Bloomfleld, N. J., May 12, 1887.
GARB, Sir Robert, commissioner to New Eng-
land, was born in Northumberland, and first appears
in history in 1(504. In that year, as a result of com-
plaints made by Samuel Maverick, of Boston, the
British government appointed a commission to sit in
judgment upon matters affecting the interests of
tin- colonies, C'arr, Maverick, Sir George Cartwright
and Col. Kichard Nicolls being its members. They
were given " full authority to provide for the
peace lit" the country, according to the royal instruc-
tions and their own discretion," and their coming
produced great indignation in Massachusetts as an
unconstitutional usurpation. "The nature of the
government of Rhode Island," says I'.anrroft, "its
habitual policy of relying on England for protection,
secured to the royal agents in that province a less
unfavorable reception." The commissioners were
likewise instructed to reduce the Dutch settlements
on the Hudson. The fleet, commanded by Col.
.N'ieolls, numbered four ships, and late in July it
reached Boston, where attempts were made to secure
the cooperation of Massachusetts and Connecticut.
New Amsterdam surrendered to Nicolls and ('air
on Sept. 8th, and a little later in the month Can was
sent with three ships and a body of troops to New
Amstel, the Dutch and Swede settlement on the
Delaware. On Oct. 1st, Port Casimir, at that place,
surrendered without resistance, and the estate of the
governor of New Amstel was confiscated In ('HIT'S
use. In January, lt>0.">, the commissioners sailed for
New England, and on the 23d reached Newport,
R. I., where they were amicably received, and made
ineffectual attempts to settle the boundary dispute
between Rhode Island and Plymouth colony. In
February they arrived in Boston, and used all their
diplomacy to persuade the general court of Massa-
chusetts to acknowledge their authority, but were
baffled, and met with no better success in New
Hampshire. The people of Maine, who feared in-
corporation with Massachusetts, welcomed the com-
missioners, and a new government was constituted
in that colony, which endured until 1608. In 1607
Sir Robert Carr returned to England, and on June
1st, not long after his arrival, died at Bristol.
GARDENER, Helen Hamilton, scientist and
author, was born near Winchester, Va. , Jan. 21,
185;}, daughter of Rev. Alfred Griffith and Katherine
A. (Peel) Chenoweth, who were both natives of Vir-
ginia. Her earliest paternal ancestor in this country
was Arthur Chenoweth, who came from England, in
1635, to Maryland, where he had a grant of land, for
honorable service, from Lord Baltimore. Her grand-
father, John Chenoweth, was married to Hannah
Cromwell, a great-granddaughter of Oliver Crom-
well. Her paternal grandmother was a daughter of
Judge John Davenport, of Maryland, and through
this branch of her ancestry she descends from Lord
Baltimore. Her father was a cousin of Gen. Strother
(Porte Crayon); her great-grandmother Davenport
was a sister of Richard Malcolm Johnston's mother.
Her mother descended from the Peels, of Eng-
land. In her childhood she was associated with
persons much older than herself, and much of her
youthful entertainment was derived from books of a
character not usually interesting to or understood by
children. Her parents inherited slaves; but having
conscientious objection to slavery, and desiring to
educate their family away from its influence, they
manumitted them, against many difficulties, and
moved to Washington, D. C., where Helen was
educated in the best schools. She early developed a
liking for biological and sociological studies. Helen
II. Gardener first became known to the public as a
writer in 1885, through a series of lectures or ad-
dresses bearing such titles as "Men, Women and
Gods," "Vicarious Atonement," "Historical Facts
and Theological Fictions," "By Divine. Right,"
" Pulpit, Pew and Cradle, "and " Rome or Reason."
Her first book, entitled " Men, Women and Gods,"
was published in 1885. From 1885 to 1890 she pub-
lished many stories, essays and sketches in the vari-
ous magazines. Her first book of stories, "A
Thoughtless Yes," was published in 1890, and was
soon followed by another book of short stories en-
titled "Pushed by Unseen Hands." These stories
were generally based on sonic suggestion or theory
or law of heredity, and dealt with this natural but
little known or understood subject in new and scien-
tific ways Her first novel, " Is This Your Son, My
Lord?" (1891), was followed by " Pray You, Sir,
Whose Daughter? " (1892): both books of tremendous
power, dealing with the double
standard of morals. The salesof
these books have reached many
thousands, and they have wielded
an influence for good throughout
th is country. "Fact sand Fictions
of Life, "a book of brilliant essa\ s,
among which is one well and
extensively known, entitled "Sex
in Brain, "appeared in 1893. "An
Unofficial Patriot" (18!IS), is an
historical andsociologicalstory of
the civil war. very dramatic and
full of descriptions true to life,
and, though a novel, gives many
historical tactsuot hitherto known
except to those who have had ac-
cess to the secret archives of the
war records of the U. S. army. A
play adapted from t his work, and
entitled " Rev. Griffith Davenport," wa^ produced in
1899. Most of Helen Gardener's books, essays and
stories have been translated and brought out in Ber-
lin and Vienna, and sonic of them have been trans-
lated into French, Russian and Japanese, and at least
one into Icelandic. Her scientific essays and the
stories that are based on heredity have been copied
in medical and scientific journals in this country
and in Europe, and have brought her into corre-
spondence with the leading biologists and anthro-
pologists of both continents. Her versatility is
demonstrated by her eminent success as an essayist
and novelist and as an orator, and she has won
well-deserved recognition in scientific and socio-
logical schools. Since the publication of "An Un-
official Patriot" she has been engaged in editorial
work and in writing a book of historical sketches
and art criticisms relating to the marine history of
America, suggested by a series of paintings by
Edward Moran. The English critic, Charles Watts,
writes of her: "Her command of strong, terse
English is great, and whether or not she at all times
conforms to the pedantic and inflexible rules of the
mere book-learned rhetorician, what she writes is
clear, forcible, direct, interesting, intelligible and in-
structive, and is therefore good literature. Her sar-
casm, when used, is keen; but it is always employed
on the side of truth and virtue." And Dr. John
Clark Ridpath wrote of "An Unofficial Patriot":
" She has gone fearlessly afield. Her appearance
before the public was in the character of an assail-
ant. She has attacked the abuses of the existing
order with a vehemence strangely compounded of
argument and sarcasm. Her assault has seemed
like rashness, for who is strong enough to touch
the existing order and live?" In 1875. Miss Gar-
dener was married to Col. A. C. Smart, of New
York city, where she now resides.
452
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
WILLIAMS, John Joseph, mayor of Memphis,
was born at Somerville, Fayette co., Tenu., Sept. 2(1,
1852, son of Dr. John Joseph and Anna M. (Sneed)
Williams. His father was born in Maury county.
Tenn., and removed to Memphis in 1855. His
grandfather was Duke Williams, of a South Carolina
family prominent in revolutionary times, who re-
moved to Tennessee and became a merchant and
Elauter. Mr. Williams' maternal grandfather,
tephen K. Sneed, was descended from a number of
men who were conspicuous in the simple with
Great Britain and subsequently in civil affairs and at
the bar in North Carolina aud other southern states.
John J. Williams, Jr., was educated in the public
and private schools of Memphis; studied medicine
under his father and attended a
course of lectures in the Memphis
Medical College, where his father
was a professor. His father's death,
in 1873, prevented him from going
to college, and changed his course
in life. He was engaged in the
drug business for a number of
years, and in 1880 entered a pub-
lic office as bookkeeper aud ac-
countant to disentangle and wind
up the affairs of the county trus-
tee, then in an unfortunate condi-
tion. His adaptability was quickly
manifested, aud he received great
prai-e for the skill with which he
performed his allotted task. In
1892 he was employed as cashier,
and six years after was made
trustee and was re-elected at three
subsequent elections by overwhelm-
ing majorities over his competi-
tors. From this position he rose to that of presi-
dent of the Shelby County Bank, which had been in-
volved before he took charge. At the Democratic
primaries in 1896 he was nominated for county trus-
tee and was elected, receiving a majority of more
than 1,000 votes over both his Democratic opponents.
His capacity for business, suavity of manners, fine
appearance, and genial nature unite to make a
charming personality, that necessarily make its pos-
sessor a favorite in society and in business circles.
In January, 1898, Mr. Williams was elected mayor
of Memphis, receiving a majority of 509 votes over
W. L. Clapp, aud a few days later resigned his posi-
tion as county trustee. Mr. Williams has ever been
a Democrat, aud has attended many state and national
conventions; although differing with the rest of the
party in 1896 on the money question, he ca-t his vote
for Bryan and Sewall. By religious affiliation he is a
Presbyterian, his parents and his ancestors for genera-
tions having belonged to that church. Mr. Williams
was married, at Nashville, February, 1883, toMattic
C., daughter of Col. Edward S. aud Charlotte (Wall )
Cheatham, and cousin of Gen. Frank Cheat ham of
Confederate fame. Three sons, John Joseph, Gor-
don and Edward S., aud two daughters. Charlotte
C. aud Martha, have been born of this union. Mr.
Williams seems to have inherited the best traits of a
long and worthy line of ancestors, and it is certain
that in whatever station in life he is placed he will
adorn and honor it.
MORGAN, Appleton, author, was born in
Portland, Me., Oct. 2, 1846, sou of Peyton Randolph
and Joanna Dodge (Appleton) Morgan. He is of
Welsh-English descent, and of Massachusetts lineage
on both sides: his paternal ancestor, Miles Mor-
gan, namesake of the C'apt. Miles Morgan who
sailed with Sir Humphrey Gilbert, was one of the
original settlersof Springfield, Mass., in KWii, having
sailed from Bristol, England, for Boston in April of
that year. He is a grandson of Brigade-Maj. Abner
Morgan, who was with Gen. Montgomery at Quebec
in 1775. His father, Peyton Randolph Morgan, was
.•I lawyer of Briinlield, Mass., who afterwards settled
at Racine, Wis., where he died Jan. 10, 1871. His
maternal ancestors founded the town of Ipswich,
Mass., in 1633. One of them, Maj. Samuel Apple-
Ion, was imprisoned in Boston in 1686, by Sir Ed-
mund Audros, for refusing to pay taxes levied by
him as governor of the province of Massachusetts
Bay, without an assembly. He was thus the first per-
son to suffer in behalf of the principle of no taxation
without representation upon which the war of the
revolution was fought and won. Maj. Samuel Ap-
plelon was commander of the forces of Massachu-
setts Bay during King Philip's war (1675). Gen.
James Appleton, Mr. Morgan's grandfather on his
mother's side was a brigadier general of militia in
the war of 1812. Appleton Morgan was graduated
at Racine College, in 1867, and at Columbia College
Law School, New York, in the class of 1869.
Although inheriting ample means, life without occu-
pation was so distasteful that he entered on practice
at the New York bar. He was, however, soon
appointed to an office in the legal department of the
Erie railway, and in this service continued with but
two interruptions, until 1883, when he accepted a
corresponding position with the Northern Pacific
railroad. In 1886 he was elected president of the
New York and Palisade railroad. For twelve years
he was president of the New York Shakespeare
Society (1885-181)7). While in college he published
" Selections of Macaronic Poetry," with introduc-
tion (1872), and at twenty-two years of age was
author of American editions of " De Colyar on the
Law of Guaranty" (1874); " Addisou on Contracts,"
and Best's " Principles of Evidence." His "Law
of Literature," a comprehensive work in three
volumes of 400 pages each (1875), may be said to
have codified the law of literary property in the
United States. In 1881 Mr. Morgan published "The
Shakespearean Myth; William Shakespeare and Cir-
cumstantial Evidence," which was a discussion of
the anti-Shakespearean authorship theories, aud the
offer of a " growth " or "editorial " theory (viz. that
Shakespeare" did stage-editorial, as veil as original
work in preparing plays for his theatre), in com-
promise therefor. The work attracted very wide
attention, and went through three American, one
English and one German edition, aud the attacks
upon it moved Mr. Morgan to publish " Some Shakes-
pearean Commentators" (1882), aud "Shakespeare
in Fact and in Criticism " (1887). To further demon-
strate his "urowth" theory of the Shakespeare
plays, Mr. Morgan projected and became general
editor of the " I.aiikside Shakespeare," in twenty
volumes (New York, Shakespeare Society, 1888-
1892), on an entirely novel plan, being the text of
the earliest version of each play, printed in the life-
time of William Shakespeare, paralled with the 1623
or first folio text, both texts being numbered line by
line and scrupulously collated with both the folio
and quarto texts, in three distinct tables, each folio
being referred to a quarto, Hue. The typography
reproduced all the antique and pedantic ornaments
of the quartos"1, and folios, numbered consecutively
every line, whether speech, stage direction, exit or
entrance, and copied every typographical slip,
misplaced punctuation, error in orthography, or in-
verted letter of the early printers in both texts, in
order that readers might judge for themselves as to
the value of conjectural readings or corrections based
upon these inaccuracies, of this edition, Mr. Mor-
gan himself furnished introductions to the "Merry
Wives of Windsor," "Troilusaud Cressida," " Titus
Audronicus," "Pericles." "King John," and "The
Third Henry the Sixth," which read together, dem-
OF AMERICAN BIOGKAPHY.
453
oust rale (in Mr. Morgan's opinion) that Shakespeare
was an alert, consummate and successful playwright,
as well as an incomparable genius. Besides being
president of the New York Shakespeare Society, Mr.
Morgan has been identified with the Medico-Legal
Society and the Genealogical and Biographical
Society, the Society of Colonial Wars, and the Sons
of the Revolution of New York city. He is vice-
president of the Society of the War of 1812, and is
honorary member of nineteen Shakespeare societies.
In 1889 Mr. Morgan also published "The People and
the Railways," which has been esteemed an ex-
haustive vindication of American railway manage-
ment from the adverse charges of popular criticism.
THAYER, Stephen Henry, banker and poet,
was born in New Ipswich, N. II., Dec. 16, 1839, son
of Stephen Thayer, who was for more than n quarter
of a century extensively engaged in manufacture at
New Ipswich and in Boston. Mr. Thayer received
his education at the Appleton Academy, New Ips-
wich, an institution established over a century ago,
and for many years famous among New England
preparatory schools, and was there graduated in 1858
valedictorian of his class. He then spent a year in
a counting-house in Boston, and in 1859 entered a
banking office on Wall street, New York city. In
1804 he was elected to membership in the New York
stock exchange ; and one year later organized the
banking-house of Stout & Thayer, which is one of
the oldest if not the oldest of the firms represented
on the exchange. He isadirectorof several railway
and steamship companies, and a member of the execu-
tive committee of the Oregon Improvement Co.,
which owns the Pacific Coast steamship line, where
various lines traverse in the aggregate 5,000 miles of
the Pacific coast waters, from Alaska to Mexico, and
also includes among its properties four Pacific coast
railway lines, three coal mines, and vast property
holdings in several of the large cities on the coast.
Though occupied with such vast business interests,
Mr. Thayer has found time to cultivate his taste for
literature. In his ideal home, " Edgewood," on an
eminence in the heart of the classic grounds of
" Sleepy Hollow," Tarrytown on the Hudson river,
he has written critical papers for magazines and re-
views ; also "Songs of Sleepy Hollow," many of
which have from time to time been published in the
magazines, being later collected and published by
G. P. Putnam <fc Sons, in 1886. A second collection
of poems will soon be published, also a volume of
critical and other essays. His poems have been fa-
vorably received by the press and public, both at
home and abroad. He is a prominent member of
the Author's Club, of New York city, and served as
its treasurer (1888-91), and as a member of its execu-
tive council in 1888. He also belongs to the Cen-
tury Club. A great lover of the forest solitudes,
he tramps or rides almost daily through leagues of
these untamed stretches, and from this heart life has
largely drawn the inspiration for his poems, many
of which are interpretative of nature and of its deeper
spiritual meanings. Mr. Thayer was married in
1863 to Emma F., only daughter of James W. Hal-
stead, a leading merchant of New York city. They
have four children.
HUDSON, Henry, navigator, was born in
England in the latter half of the sixteenth century.
His Christian name is sometimes given Hendrik.
The date of his birth is unknown, and it is doubtful
•whether his birthplace was Bristol or London,
though he was certainly a resident of the latter city.
He was very probably a descendant of the Henry
Hudson who, with Sebastian Cabot, founded the
Muscovy company, the object of which was to dis-
cover a northerly passage to China, and the last ex-
pedition sent out by the company was the ill-fated
one from which Henry Hudson never returned. He
was familiar with all the Englishmen who had
been interested in explorations in the world, and
had studied the maps prepared by them, before he
himself attempted to find the wished-for passage.
His first voyage was undertaken under the auspices
of the Muscovy company, in the Hopewell, a small
vessel of sixty tons. With ten sailors, and ac-
compauied by his young son, he sailed from Eng-
land, April 23, lf!07. and steering northwest, first
saw land off Greenland. Following the coast and
the ice barrier which prevented him from penetrat-
ing farther north, he reached Spit/.bergen, and then
endeavoring to enter Davis' strait by the north
of Greenland, was again frustrated in his efforts
by the impenetrable barrier of ice. On this voyage
he made observations which led him to originate
the theory of an open sea, free from ice, which he sup-
posed to surround the pole. He returned to Eng-
land in September, and reported the failure of his
expedition, but his achievements had been great
enough to arouse hope of future* success in him-
self and his friends, and in April, 1C08, he made
a second attempt. This time he went no farther
than Nova Zembla, and then returned, to the great
disappointment of the Muscovy company, who then
gave up the quest for a time. Hudson was, how-
ever, invited to continue his efforts under the pa-
tronage of the Dutch East India company, and go-
iiiLr to Holland to complete arrangements for the
expedition, the French ambassador at the Hague,
Pres. Jeauuin, intrigued to obtain his services for
a similar expedition under French control. This
alarmed the Dutch, and they hastened to fit out an
expedition, as commander of which Hudson re-
ceived written orders to stee] "around by the north
side of Nova Zembla," and " to think of discovering
no other routes or passages, except the route around
by the north and northeast above Nova Zembla."
Subsequent historians of the Netherlands declare
that even before starling on the cxpeditic 11 Hudson
i templated disre-
garding his orders,
and showed the geog-
rapher, Plautius, a
map made by C'ajit.
John Smith, on which
was indicated a sea
leading into the west-
ern ocean, north of the
English colony. The
e\;n -i reward Hudson
was to receive if liedis-
covered the desired
passage was not speci-
fied, but the Dutch
company agreed to
pay his widow £80 if
hcilid not return. lie
sailed from Amster-
dam on Saturday,
April 4, 1609, on the
Half Moon, a vessel of eighty tons, with a crew of
sixteen, or perhaps twenty men, some Dutch and
others English. His clerk, Robert Juet, who had
formerly been his mate, kept a diary which is the
authority for the events of the expedition, as Hud-
son's record has been lost. They steered for Nova
Zembla, and on May 5th passed the northern ex-
tremity of the mainland, but after that the ice pre-
vented their progress in that direction. The crew,
who were continually quarreling because of
national differences, became united in discontent
against their commander, and constrained him to
give up the dangerous exploration in the northern
waters. To please them, he then sailed towards the
•west, and searched for the passage indicated by
454
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
('apt. Smith. The Half Moon touched at the Faroe
Islands, at Newfoundland, and at Maine, where she
stopped for repairs, and the crew became involved
in quarrels with the Indians.' They also explored
the mouth of Delaware Bay, hut having encountered
the shoals on the New Jersey shore, did not attempt
to go farther. On Sept. 4th the vessel entered what
is now known as the lower harbor of New York, and
for a week rode at anchor in the bay of Sandy Hook.
While lingering there, one of the crew, an English-
man named Colemau, was killed by Indians, whose
hostility the men had wantonly aroused. About
Sept. 12th they discovered the Hudson river, which
they followed up for eight days in the hope that it
would prove to be a passage-way to the South Sea.
Judging from the computed distances of each day's
progress asset down in Hudson's journal, it appears
that t hey went as far as the present site of Albany and
the ship's boats, as far as where Troy now stands, but
then abandoned their hopes, and on the 20th turned
back towards the river's mouth. Hudson and his
Dutch mate wished to winter at Newfoundland and
to explore Davis' straits in the following spring,
but the rebellious crew would not agree, and in-
sisted on returning home. They sailed for England,
intending to touch there before proceeding to Hol-
land, and on Nov. 7th they landed at Dart-
mouth. Upon his arrival in England, Hudson
found that his efforts to aid a foreign power had
given offense there, and the government detained
both ship and commander until, in the following
July, the Half Moon was sent back to her owners.
Hudson, however, was prevented from returning to
his Dutch employers, and commanded to use his
talents in the interests of his own country. He
sent a report of his discoveries to the Netherlands,
and although he was severely criticised for the course
he had taken, the Dutch were not slow to discern
and utilize to the utmost the mercantile advantages
thus acquired by them. Hitherto they had attempted
to carry on a fur trade in North America, largely by
bribing certain French colonial authorities at Acadia
and alnng the St. Lawrence, but the discoveries of
Hudson gave them a territory of their own quite un-
occupied by any other nation. Moreover, since this
region lay largely within the hundred-mile space,
which King James' charters to the companies of Vir-
ginia and the northern colonies had declared should
be always maintained between the settlements, they
were quite certain to pursue their schemes of trade
and colonization undisturbed. Accordingly, within
four years from the return of Hudson, a Dutch fort
and trading house was established upon the present
site of Albany, and the settlement at New Amster-
dam elTected. Some authorities state that Hudson
offered his service to his Dutch employers, to pursue
further searches for the northwest passage, but
in vain. He therefore returned to the employ of
the Muscovy company, and under their auspices un-
dertook his last voyage. lie sailed April 22, 11)10,
with twenty-three men and his young son on the
Disroverie, a ship of seventy tons. Rounding the
north of Scotland, they sailed through the Orkney
and Faroe islands; they touched at Iceland early in
May. Here the continued dissatisfaction of the
crew grew into serious dissensions, which he could
appease only with great difficulty. This violence
and disorder increased as the voyage continued, sev-
eral ill-judged acts of discipline on Hudson's part
only serving to aggravate the dissatisfaction. None
the less, he was determined to continue his way and,
having doubled the southern coast of Greenland in
June, he proceeded to steer northwest toward the
American continent. The entire summer was spent
in exploring the extensive bay since known by his
name, and winter having come upon them before
the work was completed, they were obliged to re-
main there. Their provisions were rapidly being ex-
hausted, and their daily subsistence was derived
almost entirely from the wild fowl which congre-
gated thither in great flocks. These disappeared
with the return of spring, and Hudson injudiciously
divided the small remnant of provisions brought
from England into equal parts and distributed it to
the crew. When the ship was once more freed from
the ice, the malcontents in the crew, headed by the
former mate and boatswain, whom Hudson had dis-
placed, mutinied and took command of the ship.
Placing Hudson with his son, two officers and five
sick sailors in a small boat, they abandoned them to
their fate. Years afterward, Abacue Pricket, one of
tin1 conspirators, confessed the crime, and an expedi-
tion was sent from England to search for Hudson
and his companions, but no trace of them was ever
found. Hudson left a wife and several children in
England.
ELLIOTT, James, lawyer and author, was born
at Gloucester, Mass.. Aug. 18, 1773. He was a de-
scendant of Andrew Eliot of Beverly, Mass., who
died in 1703. His father, who was a sailor, was
drowned during the infancy of his son, and the
family removed to New Salem. There from the
age of seven the boy supported himself, and for
ci^ht years worked as a servant on a farm, mean-
time acquiring a scanty education, and becoming
extremely fond of reading. In 1791) he obtained eni"-
ployment at Guilford,Vt., where he made the acquain-
tance of a number of literary people, who encouraged
him to publish writings of his own. Three years later
he enlisted at Springfield, Mass., and served during
three years as a non-commissioned officer under Capt.
Cornelius Lyman. Returning to Guilford, he con-
tinued his literary work, took part in local politics,
and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1803.
He then established himself in legal practice at
Brattleboro, Vl. He was a supporter of Nathaniel
Nilcs, and warmly advocated Republican prin-
ciples. He succeeded Lewis Morris in the U. S.
congress; his term expirinu; in 1809. During the
early part of the war of 18i2 he served as a captain
in the army, but soon retired and resumed his law
practice in Brattleboro. He represented that town
in the legislature in 1818-19, and was returned by
Newfane, where he had subsequently settled, for the
session of 1837-38. He also rilled at various times
the olliccs of county clerk, register of probate, and
state attorney, holding this last position at the time
of his death. In 1798 he published a volume entitled
"The Poetical and Miscellaneous Works of James
Elliott," including a diary kept during the Indian
war, in which he took the then unusual stand of an
advocate for Indian rights. Many of the poetical
pieces had appeared first in the New England
"Galaxy" and the Greenfield "Gazette," notably
translations from Horace, and patriotic effusions.
He was married to a daughter of Gen. Dow. His
death occurred at Newfane, Vt., Nov. 10, 1839.
LINDLEY, Jacob, educator, was born in Penn-
sylvania, June 13, 1774. He was graduated at the
College of New Jersey in 1798, studied theology,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
455
and in 1803 became pastor of the Presbyterian Church
at Waterford, O. In 1805 he was made a trustee of
Ohio University, the first college in the United States
founded upon a land endowment from the national
government, and the oldest college in the northwest;
territory. In 17*7, when first the laud was appropri-
ated for the settlement of a colony is what is now the
slate of Ohio, the national congress, sealed at New
York, stipulated for a land endowment loriln- main-
tenance of an institution of learning in the new dis-
trict. The lands lobe devoted to the support of the
university were set apart in 17!l."i, being the town-
ships now called Athens and Alexander, in Athens
county. During the early years of the colony's ex-
istence the local government passed a number of
ordinances concerning the administration of these
lands, and in INIIII an appointed committee laid out
the college grounds, and lots for the residences of
the university faculty. The name first chosen for
the new institution was American University, but
this was changed to Ohio Univcrsiiy in 1SH4, im-
mediately alter the admission of Ohio as a stale. In
this year the final charter of the university was
drawn up, iirra Hiring for the management of the
land endowment, and appointing a hoard of 1 1 usiees.
lly subsequent acts of the legislature the university
was deprived of its chief endowment, and was,
to a larnv deirree, brought under state control, thus
inaugurating in the northwest territory the principle
v. hereby the state assumes a care for higher educa-
tional interests. In 1SOS Mr. Lindley wasappointed
president of the board of trustees, and in the same
year the first building, called Ihe academy, was
erected. This continued for ten years to be the only
building belonging to the institution. It was opened
for instruction in Iso'.l.and .Mr. Lindlcy acted as .sole
preceptor of the three pupils who presented them-
selves for instruction. The first class, consisting of
I wo members, Thomas E win i; and John Hunter, was
graduated in lsl."i. In 1SI7 what is still known as
the " central building" was erected. It contains
most of the recitation and lecture rooms of the in-
stitution, and is now the oldest college I mild ing north-
west of the Ohio river. Mr. Lindlev continued bis
services as preceptor until 18^',', when he was ap-
pointed professor of rhetoric and moral philosophy.
In 18'J4 he was iran.sfcrred to the chair of mathe-
matics, and fulfilled the duties thus devolving upon
him until is:!*, when he severed his connection with
the university, and removed to Mississippi. He died
in Pennsylvania, Jan. 29, 1857.
SCULL, Nicholas, surveyor, was born near
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1687. His professional services
were employed in one of the earliest surveys of Penn-
sylvania, and in 1748 he succeeded William Parsons
as surveyor general of the province. He also served
the government as interpreter of the Delaware In-
dians, and as sheriff of Philadelphia county from
1744 to 1746 and of Northampton county in 1753-55.
A map made by him of the improved parts of Penn-
sylvania was published by act of parliament in
January, 1759. Nicholas Scull's chief claim to re-
membrance was a satire in verse which he called
"Kawanio Che Keeteru," but probably he is better
known to posterity by reason of a chance mention
made of him by his friend Franklin, in whose "Au-
tobiography " he is enumerated as one of the mem-
bers of the " punts," formerly known as the "Leather
Apron Club." He died in Philadelphia in 1762,
leaving three sons, all of whom followed the profes-
sion of their father.
LITTLE, William Myers, diplomat, was born
at Little's Mills, Richmond co., N. C., March 25,
1867, son of John Philips and Fannie (Myers) Little.
The former, a planter by occupation, was a native
of Richmond county, N. C. ; the latter, of Anson
county, N. C. Mr. Little's paternal grandfather,
Thomas Little, came to this country from England
about the beginning of the nineteenth century, and
after residing in South Carolina for a time, removed
to North Carolina, where he cultivated a large plan-
tali. in on the Great Pee Dee river, and was a large
slave-owner. He was married to Elizabeth Le Grand,
of a Virginia family, descended from Huguenots
who came to the Old' Dominion at the beginning of
the eighteenth century. William Little's grandfather,
on his mother's side! was Absalom Myers, a promi-
n. in planter, and for many years a member of the
slate senate- of North ( 'arolina, whose ancestors came
to ili.it stale from the eastern shores of Maryland.
His maternal mandmother, Adaline Boggan, was
the daiighler of ('apt. Patrick Boggan, an officer in
the revolutionary war and com-
mander of the Whigsat I he. "mas-
sacre of 1'iney Bottom," and the
grand-daughter of Col. George
I >a\ id-nil ;i tield otlieer in the tevo
lutionavy war and a member of the
pi..\ inci'al congress of North Calo
lina ( 177li) which framed Ilic con-
stitution of the stair. Col. 1 'avid-
son was I In • grandfather ol I he- late
Sen. Isham (!. and .India- William
II. ll:ii iis. of Tennessee. Mr. Lit-
tle was graduated at the Univer-
sity of North Carolina in 1888,
delivering the valedictory and
obtaining other honors; was tutor
in Knglish at the university, ami
stuilieil law I be re. lie w:i sad mil-
ted to the bar in 1S!I| , and settling
at Charlotte, N. C.. pracliceil his
profession, also serving during
part of the years 1K1I3-94 as edi
t..i of the literary column of the
Charlotte (N. C.) "Observer." In July, 1894, Mr.
Little wa-: appointed U. S. consul at Tegucigalpa,
Honduras, ami on account of his efforts to promote
trade between the United States and that country,
leading export associations and business men have
used t heir influence, to keep him at his post. He has
made a special study of Spanish literature, under
direction of I'rof. A. M. Elliott, of Johns Hopkins
I'niversity; is able to read and write the Spanish
laminate "\\iih ease, and also has some practical
knowledge of French. He has written for the New
York " Eveuhisr Post " and other newspapers articles
descriptive of Honduras, its people and its social
customs. He is a charter member of the Mecklen-
burg Historical Society of North Carolina.
WELCH, Philip Henry, humorist, was born at
Angelica, Alleganyco., N. Y., March 1,1849. He first
engaged in mercantile pursuits and was thus occupied
for a number of years, until he was accidentally led to
write a series of articles while on a visit to Oil City,
Pa., during the petroleum excitement. These were
so well received that he determined to devote his
whole attention to writing. In 1882 he joined the
staff of the Rochester, N. Y., " Post Express," and
contributed to it a humorous column entitled " The
Present Hour." From there he went to Philadel-
phia, and wrote the column " Accideutly Overboard "
for the "Call," a journal of that city" After 1884
he was a member of the New York. "Sun" staff,
writing " Queer Wrinkles. " For a number of years
he was also a regular contributor of jokes to "Puck,"
"Judge," "Life," "Epoch " and " Harper's Bazar,"
and he became widely known and popular through-
out the country as a humorist. He published two
humorous works, "The Tailor-made Girl," in 1888,
and " Said in Fun," in 1889. He died at Brooklyn,
N. Y., Feb. 24, 1889, leaving a widow and several
Children.
456
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
THOMAS, Edith Matilda, poet, was born at
Chatham, O., Aug. 12, 1854, daughter of Frederick
J. and Jane (Sturges) Thomas, the former a teacher
by profession. She is of New England ancestry on
• both sides of the house, and her mother's grand-
father served in the revolutionary war. A few
years after her birth, the family removed to Kenton,
O., and then to Bowling Green in the same stale,
where in 1861 her father died. Soon after this
event, Mrs. Thomas removed to Geneva, O., with
her two daughters, and this last-named town con-
tinued to be their place of residence until 1889.
Miss Thomas' life as an author may be said to have
begun when she was but a few years of age. Her
early efforts had a quality and merit seldom found
in the rhymes produced by children,
and her aspirations were encouraged
by her parents. She was educated at
the Normal School in Geneva, where
she was graduated in 1872, and then
after a brief experience as a teacher
— two terms — she adopted literature
as a profession. While a student, she
had contributed verses to various
Ohio newspapers, and these had been
widely copied ; the marks of inspira-
tion they bore being quickly recog-
nized by lovers of genuine poetry.
The freshness of expression, the
buoyant tone, and the exquisite finish
of her lines set them in strong con-
trast with those produced by most
writers of the time, and among the
first to call attention to these qualities
and to give the new singer a welcome
was Helen Hunt Jackson, who introduced her to the
editors of the "Atlantic Monthly" and the "Cen-
tury," and thus to a larger circle of readers than she
had yet addressed. In the pages of these and other
periodicals herwork has appeared from time to time
ever since; but not put forth with careless frequency,
for she is too conscientious a writer. She has pub-
lished "A New Year's Masque" (1885); "The Round
Year" (1886), prose ; "Lyrics and Sonnets" (1887);
"The Inverted Torch" (1890); "Fair Shadow-land "
(1893); "In Sunshineland " (1894); "In the Young
World" (1895); and "A Winter Swallow" (1896);
the last two for young people. In 1888 Miss Thomas
removed to New York city, and now resides in one
of its suburbs.
BLODGETT, Constantine, clergyman, was
born in Randolph, Vt., Nov. 17, 1802, son of
Benjamin and Mary Blodgett, and was a graduate
of Dartmouth College in the class of 1826. Soon
after graduation he went to South Carolina as a
tutor, and spent a few years there. At this time
the doctrine of nullification was being proclaimed
throughout the South, and Mr. Blodgett, foreseeing
the evils to result therefrom, became an earnest
advocate of loyalty and law. In support of his
views, he carried on a vigorous newspaper corres-
pondence, and his articles were so pungent that he
narrowly escaped a personal assault. While in
South Carolina, he was set apart to the Christian
ministry, and, in 1830, was ordained by the Har-
mony presbytery of that state. Soon afterwards
he returned North, and, in 1833, was settled over
the Congregational church in Newmarket, N. H.
Here he remained for only three years, and then
removed to Pawtucket, R. I., to take charge of
the Congregational church in that town. He was
installed Jul. 27, ls:!i;, and retained an unbroken
pastorate if or thirty-five years, resigniugin June, 1871.
He continued to maintain an intimate relationship
with his church, however, and accepted the desig-
nation of pastor emeritus. Until failing health
compelled him to desist, he preached to desti-
tute societies in Rhode Island and Massachusetts,
and performed parochial duties in the neighbor-
hood. He also took an active interest in the cause
of education, and was an earnest advocate of tem-
perance and of every other cause advancing the
moral and religious welfare of the community. Such
was the consistency of his life, the energy of his
zeal, and his kindness of spirit, that he exerted a
powerful influence. In 1860 Dartmouth College
conferred on him the degree of D.U., and he not
only occupied a high rank in his denomination,
but was held in the highest esteem by the com-
munity at large. During his residence in Pawtucket,
Dr. Blodgett attended 1,300 funerals, officiated at
more than 600 weddings, and attended 170 ecclesi-
astical councils. He was married, Dec. 8, 1831, at
RiceCreek. 8.C. , to Hannah M. Dana, born in Sharon,
Vt. , in 1806. Their children were, Maria, Sarah,
George D., Charles C. , Edward G., and Lucy W.
He died Dec. 29, 1879.
ANGELL, Joseph Kiunicutt, author, was
born in Providence, R. I., Apr. 30, 1794, sou of
Nathan and Amey (Kinnicutt) Augell. Among the
original companions of Roger Williams was a lad
who, according to tradition, was Thomas Angel or
Augell. His name appears in the original compact
signed by the thirteen associates of the founders of
Rhode Island, who became proprietors of the soil of
which they had become possessors. Joseph Augell
entered Brown University in 1809, was graduated in
1813, and then became a student in the famous law
school at Litchfield, Conn. He completed his stud-
ies in the office of Judge Thomas Burgess, and in the
month of March, 1816, was admitted to the hariu his
native city. So far as appears he was regarded rather
as a counsellor than as an advocate during the early
years of his practice. The first production of his pen
was a treatise on the law relating to watercourses. The
volume was issued from the press in 1824, and had
an extensive circulation. In 1826 appeared a second
volume entitled "The Right of Property in Tide
Waters and in the Soil and Shores thereof." Both
these works became standard authority upon the
subjects of which they treat. Eleven years elapsed
and Mr. Angell once more appeared before the pub-
lic as an author. His third work was " An Inquiry
into the Rule of Law which Creates a Right to an
Incorporal Hereditament by an Adverse Enjoyment
of Twenty Years, with Remarks on the Application
of the Rule to Light, and in Certain Cases to a
Water Privilege." The same year, 1837, was pub-
lished "An Essay on the Right of a State to Tax a
Body Corporate, considered in relation to the Bank
Tax in Rhode Island." Mr. Angell commenced, in
1829, the publication of the ""United States Law
Intelligencer and Review." After being published
in Providence for one year it was transferred to
Philadelphia, its editor having charge of it for two
years longer. Three volumes only were published.
Amid the pressure of all his other work he found
time, in 1829, to put to the press another volume,
"A Treatise on the Limitations of Actions at Law
and Suits in Equity." Six editions of this valuable
work were published. A copy of this work was
sent to Lord Broueliam, who iii acknowledging its
receipt said he had "found it, to be by much the
best treatise on this very important subject."
Jointly with Judge Samuel Ames he published in
1832 a " Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations
Aggregate." More than twelve thousand copies,
eiiihiaiT.l in ten editions of this work, have been
sold. Not far from three years later appeared his
"Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment in
Trust for the Benefit of Creditors." In 1849 was
printed an octavo of more than eight hundred pages
•on the "Law of Carriers of Goods and Passengers
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
457
by Land and Water," a volume which he dedicated
to liis friend, John Curler Brown. For a short time
he acted as reporter of the decisions of the supreme
court of Rhode Island. Two more works were pre-
pared by him, one iu 18.54, a "Treatise on the Law
of Fire and Life Insurance," and the other in 185V,
a " Treatise on the Law of Highways." In 1843 ap-
peared an article in one of the daily papers of Provi-
dence which awakened much interest in the com-
munity. It was published iu the " Daily Express"
of March 16th, and is now preserved in a more per-
manent form at the close of No. 11 of the Rhode
Island Historical Tracts, in which number maybe
found a more extended sketch of the life of Mr.
Angell, written by S. S. Rider, A.M. The article bears
the title of "Right of the People to form a Consti-
tution," anil is known in Rhode Island history as
" The Nine Lawyers' Opinion." This document was
signed by nine lawyers, Messrs. Atwell, Angell, Car-
penter, Daniels, Thomas W. Dorr, Eaton, Kuowles,
Dutee J. Pearce, and White. Although the docu-
ment carried with it weight, as the; carefully pre-
pared opinion of gentlemen distinguished in the
legal profession, it failed to secure the end aimed
at, and the Dorr Rebellion, so called, was not a
success. Mr. Angell was never married. His death
occurred suddenly, in Boston, May 1, 1857.
CHILD, Shubael, merchant, was born iu Reho-
both, Mass., Sept. 28, 17711, son of Caleb and Mary
(Cole) Child. His father, a native of Warren, R. I.,
was for many years a noted ship-builder of that town,
and at the time Warren was destroyed by British
troops, had just completed a new house, which was
burned. The family fled to Rehoboth, where they
remained for a short time, and returned to War-
ren soon after the birth of the subject of this sketch.
He was educated in the schools of Warren, and at
an early age was apprenticed to Nathan Phillips, a
printer, with whom he remained eight years. A f ler
learning his trade he began a sea-faring life, and by
rapid promotion soon became a ship-master. In this
capacity he sailed many years for the celebrated
shipping-house of William Wilson, of Baltiinme,
Md. He followed the sea constantly until 1812,
when he established himself iu Baltimore as a job
printer. At the close of the war of 1812, he resumed
his position as ship-master, in which he continued
until 1825. After giving up the positions of captain
and marine merchant, he returned to Warren ami
engaged in the whaling business. His former em-
ployers having unbounded confidence in hisiutegrity
and business capacity, took a large interest in the
ships with him. He retained an interest in the ship-
ping business for many years after retiring from
active life. During his career as captain he visited
nearly all parts of the world, and at the time of the
great famine in Ireland conveyed the first ship-load
of provisions to the starving people. For several
years he held the office of president of the Warren
Marine Insurance Co.. and was also for a time presi-
dent of the Warren Bank. In 1834 he became a
member of the Warren Baptist church, of which he
was ever after an earnest and liberal supporter,
and of which he was for many years auditor.
He married, May 7. 1807, Priscilla B. Child, daughter
of Sylvester and Priscilla (Bradford) Child, who
died'Dec. 2G, 1840. On May 21, 1843, Capt. Child
married Adaliue, daughter of John Croade, of War-
ren, who died May 16, 1875. Capt. Child died Jan.
4, 1876.
ARNOLD, Oliver, attorney-general of Rhode
Island (1760-70), was born iu Glocester, Providence
co., R. I., in 1726, son of Israel Arnold. His father was
a wealthy landholder, and was much in public life.
Desirous that his son should receive a good educa-
tion, he placed him under the care of Rev. Nathan
Webb, the first minister of Uxbridge, Mass. Under
his training, he made good progress in his studies.
The exact date of his admission to the bar is
not known, but he soon acquired eminence in his
profession. In 1762 Mr. Arnold removed to Provi-
dence and opened a law-office ; and. in May,
1766, he was elected attorney-general of Rhode
Island. Several cases, of more thau usual import-
ance, were tried by him while he was attorney-
general, and were said to be conducted with great
ability. He was a diligent student in his profes-
sion, and was blessed with a most retentive memory.
He was much interested in the cause of education,
and took an active part in procuring the charter for
the establishment of what is now Brown University,
and in the welfare of the college he always felt a
lively concern. In 1754 he married Elizabeth, the
daughter of Daniel Brown, of Sandisfield, Mass. ;
several children were the fruit of this union. He
died Oct. 9, 1770.
MOORE, Bartholomew Figures, lawyer and
legislator, was born in Halifax county, N. C., Jan.
29, 1801, fifth son of .Sally Lowe and James Moore,
a revolutionary soldier. He received his early edu-
cation at Vine Hill Academy, and was prepared for
college at Louisburgh, under Prof. John B. Bob-
biii. In 1818 he entered the University of North
Carolina, where he was graduated with honors in
is-.'ii. He then studied law with Hon. Thomas N.
Maun of Nash county, and was admitted to the bar
in 1*23. He began the practice of his profession at
Nashville, N. C., in the latter part of that year,
and continued with indifferent success for several
years. Later he removed to Halifax county, set-
tling upon a farm, and while diligently pursuing
the practice of his profession there was elected a
member of the house of commons, as the state leg-
islature was then called. He served in 1836-40-42
and 1N44, but in 1838 he was defeated by one vote,
by reason of having supported the state subscrip-
tion to the Wilmington and Weldon R. R. Co. In
May. 1848, he was appointed by Gov. Graham, at-
torney-general of the state, and served until 1851,
when he resigned and accepted a
commission to revise the statute law
of the state. Inl854the "Revised
Code " was reported to the legisla-
ture and became a law. This monu-
mental work is the greatest indica-
tion heleftof the excellent and rare
endowments of his mind, especial-
ly of his profound knowledge of
the written and unwritten law of
North Carolina at the date of its
preparation. After Mr. Moore's re-
moval to Halifax, abundant success
crowned the arduous labors neces-
sary to the conduct of a large and
varied practice in all the courts
within his circuit. In 1848 he re-
moved to Raleigh, where he resided
until his death. His son-in-law, John
Galling, became associated with
him in practice in 1871. Strongly opposed to the
secession of the Southern states, he supported his
views openly by letters to the press, to private indi-
viduals and in conversation at all times and under
all circumstances, for which he was much abused
and often threatened with punishment. In 1865
he was invited to Washington to coufer with Pres.
Johnson on the best method for restoring North
Carolina to the Union, and advised that the state
be immediately restored with such changes only as
the circumstances demanded, and that these be
made in the regular constitutional way and by her
own people. He was a prominent member of the
constitutional convention of 1865-66, but this con-
vention met with no success. Mr. Moore was
458
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
revered as ihe father of the bar in North Carolina.
His most celebrated case was the State vs. Will, re-
ported in 1st Devereux & Battle's North Carolina
reports. That brief stands without a superior in the
annals of legal arguments in the state. It settled
then and for all time to come the true relations be-
tween master and slave in North Carolina, and
established the right of a slave to protect himself
against the unlawful violence even of his own mas-
ter. Respect for authority had been the habit of
his life, but in 1868, believing it to be his duty to
take a bold stand against judicial purlizauship, he
drew up the protest signed by so many members of
the bar throughout the state, which was the
foundation of the so-called contempt proceed-
ings, that attracted attention from one end ol
the state to the other. Mr. Moore's ability, learn-
ing, great legal acumen, personal purity and integ-
rity, his sturdy candor, unparalleled courage of
opinion and unflinching devotion to the principles
of civil liberty, gave him a strong hold upon the
respect, and a warm place in the affections of the
people of his state. On Dec. 2, 1828, lie married
Louisa, daughter of George Boddie of Nash county,
who died Nov. 4, 1829. He married again on Apr.
19, 1835, Lucy W. Boddie. Mr. Moore died at his
home in Raleigh, N. C., Nov. 27, 1878.
BROWN, Bedford, senator, was born in Cas-
well county, N. C., in 1791, son of Jethro Brown.
His ancestors emigrated from Bedfordshire, England,
to Virginia, about 1700, settling in Prince Edward
county. His grandfather, John Edmunds Brown,
removed to South Carolina before the war of the rev-
olution, and settled on the Pedee river. He was un-
able to enter the revolutionary army, but was an ardent
patriot and stanch supporter of Marion, for which
the Tories destroyed his property and forced him to
flee the state. He subsequently resided in North
Carolina, where he died. Bedford Brown was edu-
cated at the University of North Carolina, and upon
graduating in the law course was admitted to the
bar, before reaching his twenty-first year. Just :il
the completion of manhood he was
elected to the legislature of his
state, where lie soon became promi-
nent by reason of his power as a
debater and orator. He was an
earnest advocate of Pres. Madison's
course with respect to the war of
1812, his eloquence and tact defeat-
ing the active opposition of many
of his Federal associates in that
rcuanl. He was twice elected
speaker of the house of commons,
and upon being sent to the state
senate was chosen speaker of that
body. In 1828 he was elected
to the U. S. senate, taking his
seat March 4, 1829, the date of
/^ff /7) * / the inauguration of Pres. Jackson,
($ (/u T^&TArrt/ with whom he always maintained
the most friendly relations, both
personally and politically. Mr. Brown was present
at the memorable state banquet when Pres. Jack-
son uttered Ihe since famcrus phrase, " the Federal
Union : it must and shall be preserved." He sup-
ported the policy of Pres. Jackson most fearlessly
and earnestly, takingexception only to the celebrated
"Force Bill," which measure was abhorrent to his
strict state-right principles, and which he opposed in
the ablest speech of his life. In all, Mr. Brown
served twelve years in theU. S. senate, in one of the
most stirring periods of the country's history. His
colleagues comprised such illustrious men as Clay.
Webster, Calhoun, Benlon, James Buchanan, Frank-
lin Pierce, Silas Wright, Felix Grundy, James
Forsythe, Geo. M Dallas and Martin Van Bureu.
Upon Mr. Brown's retirement from the senate in
1841, he for many years was absent from political
life. During the turbulent years preceding the civil
war, however, he was persuaded to return to the
state senate, his known opposition to secession,
coupled with his long political experience, leading
the people to hope that he might help to stay the
tide of threatened revolution. In confirmation of
this he opposed the question of secession, introduced
into the legislature in 1860, so vigorously and fer-
vently, that when, in January, 1861, it was submitted
to the popular vote, it was defeated by 30,000 ma-
jority. In his numerous speeches against secession,
Mr. Brown predicted most clearly the inevitable re-
sults of such a step. When Pres. Lincoln issued
the call for troops, however, Mr. Brown was elected a
member of the southern states convention, at which
time, although most reluctantly, he gave his vote for
secession. He then retired permanently from politi-
cal life to his old family homestead in Caswell county,
N. C. Mr. Brown was from his early manhood
a consistent Jeffersouian Democrat. In early life
Mr. Brown was married to Mary Lumpkin Glenn,
daughter of a wealthy Scotchman of Halifax county,
Va. Four children were born to them: William,
Livingston Brown of North Carolina, Dr. Bedford
Brown of Alexandria, Va., and Laura Glenn Wiun
of Georgia. He died Dec. 10, 1871.
COOPER, William, clergyman, was born in
Boston, Mass., in 1692. Living at a time when the
religious sentiment of New England turned to stern
and sombre doctrines, his own mind followed the
prevailing opinions. In his youth he was an earnest
searcher of the Scriptures, and throughout his col-
lege course at Harvard, and after his graduation
then- in 1712, he zealously continued his religious
studies. He was not ordained until 1716, but in the
meantime he had often preached, and had attracted
such attention that he was invited to join Dr. Ben-
jamin Colman, as colleague pastor, in the Brattle
Street Congregational Church. This he did in 1716,
and continued until his death, preaching before that
body with such zeal and severity, that his hearers
were frequently moved to tears, and many of them
rendered deeply anxious about the welfare of their
souls. " Death, judgment, and eternity " were the
subjects of his sermons, and in his mouth they lost
nothing of their impressiveness and horror. In 1737
he was offered the presidency of Harvard College,
but his heart was in his religious work, and he de-
clined to lay it aside for the more remunerative office.
In 1742 he became involved in a controversy with
the Rev. Jonathan Ashley of Deerfield, on account
of a sermon he had preached on charity, and wrote
a number of tracts maintaining his position. A
number of his sermons were published during liis
lifetime, and amongst other tracts, an interesting one
defcndins: inoculation for smallpox. He died in
Boston, Dec. 13, 1743.
CORSON, Robert Rodgers, humanitarian, was
born at New^ Hope, Bucks co., Pa., May 3, 1831.
He was of Huguenot descent, his ancestors having
Bed from France upon the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes. They settled in Bucks and Montgomery,
and, with few exceptions, the descendants have been
"cultivated in mind and notorious for their love of
free thought; the deadly foes of slavery, and most
of them life-long teetotalers." His father, Dr.
Richard D. Corson, was a leading physician of the
place of his birth, and his mother the daughter of
Thomas P. Johnson, a distinguished lawyer of New
Jersey. Mr. Corson's early education was received
in the schools of New Hope, and at sixteen he was
sent to Treemount Seminary, Norristown; spending
three years under the tuition of Rev. Samuel Aaron.
He lived for several years in Schuylkill county,
near Pottsville. his health being far" from strong.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
459
but iu 1856 he removed to Philadelphia, and until
the war was engaged iiithe business of shipping coal
to eastern markets, occupying at oue time three
wharves on the Schuylkill river, and leasing a coal
mine near Pottsville. During the war he was cor-
responding secretary for the Union volunteer re-
freshment eommittee, which through its two saloons
supplied 1100,000 soldiers on their way through the
city for defence (if the national capital. Having
voluntarily undertaken the task of visiting wounded
and sick s'oliliers in the hospitals in and adjacent to
Philadelphia, ascertaining their names and homes,
and sending lists of such to the governors of their
respective stales, for publication in the papers of ihe
towusatid counties from which they came, lie \\ as ap-
pointed, lirsl by Gov. Buckingham of C'oimeeiiciii,
and afterwards by twelve other executives, military
agent, to carry on the services, which grew to pro-
portions lequiring the aid of tour or live assistants,
especially after a great battle. The value of these labors
was officially recognized, beginning with (iov. An-
drew of Massachusetts, who, as early as December,
18114, appointed him quarter-master general of that
stale, willi rank of lieutenant-colonel, lie was also
made aiil-de camp of Govs. Smith and (Jilinore, of
Rhode Niaml and New Hampshire, and thanks were
voted him by the legislature of the tirst named stale.
After Gettysburg]} the main work of organizing
colored regiments was intrusted him by Maj. Si earns,
who came to Philadelphia from Boston for the pur-
pose, and by his labors and the supervisory com
mittee of sixty prominent citizens, 14,0011 men were
raised without expense to the government. For five
or six years after the war he was corresponding sec
reiary of the Freedmen's Relief Association of
Pennsylvania, supervising at one time 120 schools
for the education of freedmen and colored children,
in Virginia and other states, and he took prom
iuent part in the establishment of a school iu Phil-
adelphia for orphans of colored soldiers. Ill |s;i lie
was one of twelve leading citizens who organized the
Municipal Reform Association, and later was one of
the secretaries of the committee of one hundred. In
1881, in connection with a syndicate of which he was
made general manager and afterwards president, he
purchased the Luray caverns at Luray, Va., into
which he introduced electric lights, the first applica-
tion of electricity to purposes of the kind, and erected
the Luray inn. In 1867 he aided in the organiza-
tion of the Pennsylvania Society for the Preven-
tion of Cruelty to Animals, and was its first treasurer.
In 1885 he was made one of the inspectors of Moya-
mensing prison, and of late years his attention has
been given to prison management, to the question of
municipal reform, and to prohibition. He is a mem-
ber of the board of directors of the " Citizen's Muni-
cipal Association," and of the "Citizen's Municipal
League " and an officer in several of the charitable
organizations of Philadelphia. In 1857 he mar-
ried Rebecca J., daughter of Edward Foulke, of
Gwynedd, a descendant of the early settler of the
name who piloted Welsh emigrants to Montgomery
(then Philadelphia) county. Pa. Having no children,
Mrs. Corson lent herself to her husband's benevolent
efforts during the war, frequently accompanied him
to the battle-fields, and displayed a patriotism that
rivaled his own.
SHERBURNE, Henry, soldier, whose name
is intimately connected with the history of Rhode
Island from the opening of the revolution until
long after the war, was commissioned as major of
the 15th regiment, commanded by Col. Thomas
Church, Jul. 1, 1775, his commission being signed
by John Hancock, president. Almost immediately
he marched to Boston, and his detachment of troops
was one of the first to invest that town. There he
was attached to Col. John Patterson's command.
and he remained in that vicinity until the following
spring, when he was ordered to Canada to reinforce
the garrison at the Cedars, iu the neighborhood of
Montreal; but before reaching the point of destina-
tion, the commanding officer of the garrison in-
gloriously surrendered. Maj. Sherburne was then
but a few miles from the Cedars with one hundred
men. The enemy having no longer to contend with
the garrison, turned upon his command, and soon
In- "as surrounded by British troops and Indians,
to the number of 500 men. After fighting them
nallrmtly for forty minutes, Sherburne was forced to
surrender. The prisoners were turned over to the
Indians, who subjected them to every indignity.
.Many of the men did not live to return. After his
return Col. Sherburne "as
ordered to join the com-
maiider-iu-chief, who was
with the shattered remnant
of Ihe army iu New Jer-
sey. The day after the ar-
rival of his regiment all the
forces present Combined and
made the memorable at-
tack on the Hessians at
Trenton, which was followed
up with equal success al
Princeton. A few days
later congress ordered six-
teen new regiments to be
raised. Col. Sherburne was
L'i\ in the command of one
of these regiments, and
he at once enlered upon
the duty of recruiting.
His letter of instructions over the signature of
\\ ashington, and a long letter to him on the same
subject,"in Washington's own hand, are preserved
in the cabinet of the Newport Historical Society,
where may also be seen Col. Shcrburnc's belt and
cartridge-box. The above regiment was com-
manded by Col. Sherburne until 1781, when the
time for which the men had enlisted expired. Dur-
ing the war Col. Sherburne lost everything that he
possessed, and he accepted the appointment of com-
missioner, to adjust the accounts between the slate
of Rhode Island and the United States. While
holding this office he received the appointment of
commissioner to settle the accounts of the state of
New York with the government, but was forced to
decline it. In 1796 he was made general treasurer
of the state of Rhode Island, and he occupied this
position until 1808. He died in Newport, R. I.,
May 31, 1824.
MIDDLETON, Henry, author, was born in
Paris. France, March 16, 1797, son of Gov. Henry
Middleton of South Carolina. He was educated at
his father's home, Middleton Place, in South Caro-
lina, and at West Point, where he was graduated in
1815. After serving in an engineers' corps, con-
structing defences along the Savannah river, he re-
signed from the army in July, 1816. In 1819-20 he
studied at the celebrated law school at Litchfield,
Conn., and then continued his studies at Edinburgh,
Scotland, returning to the United States in 1822 and
being admitted to the bars of Charleston and Phila-
delphia. He never practiced, however, but devoted
himself to the study of philosophy and political
economy and to authorship. He was the author of
"Prospects of Disunion, "an essay opposing nulli-
fication; "The Government aud the Currency"
(1*50); "Economical Causes of Slavery in the
United States and Obstacles to Abolition " (London,
1857); "The Government iu India " (1858); " Uni-
versal Suffrage," and ot contributions to the press in
favor of free trade. He died in Washington, D. C.,
March 15, 1876.
460
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
WHEELER, Nathaniel, manufacturer and
legislator, was born at Watertown, Litchfield co.,
Conn., Sept. 7, 1820, son of David and Sarah (De
Forest) Wheeler and grandson of Deacon James and
Mary (Clark) Wheeler. The founder of his branch
of the family, Moses Wheeler, born in Kent, Eng-
land, was in" New Haven, Conn., as early as 1641,
and probably was one of the founders of that town.
He removed, in 1648, to Stratford, Conn., where he
carried on his trade of ship-carpenter; also farmed,
and kept the ferry across the Housatonic; became an
extensive landholder, and died in 1698, aged 100
years. Sarah De Forest was de-
scended from a Huguenot family.
of Avesnes, France, some of
whose members fled to Leyden,
Holland, to escape persecution.
In 1636 Isaac, son of .lessen and
Marie (Du C'loux) De Forest.emi-
grated from Leyden to New Am-
stevdam, and there married Sarah
DuTrieux, who bore him fourteen
children. Oneof them, David, set
tied nt Stratford. David Wheeler,
father of Nathaniel, was a car-
riage manufacturer, and the son,
after receiving a common school
education, learned the trade, first
taking up the ornamental part
of the work; but at the age of
twenty one took charge of the
whole establishment, to relieve
his father, who had been carrying on a farm at the
same time. He conducted the business successfully
for about five years, and then began the manufac-
ture of metallic articles, especially buckles and
slides, using hand labor at first, but gradually intro-
ducing machinery. In 1848 he formed a partnership
with Messrs. Warren & Woodruff, manufacturers of
the same kind of articles, and the firm erected a
building for the business, of which Mr. Wheeler took
entire charge. During a business trip to New York
Mr. Wheeler saw the recently patented sewing ma-
chine of Allen 15. Wilson, and contracting with t In-
firm controlling the patent to build 500 of these ma-
chines, he engaged the services of Mr. Wilson as
superintendent. The latter was admitted to the firm
of Warren, Wheeler & Woodruff, which in 1851 was
reorganized as Wheeler, Wilson & Co., and in Octo-
ber, 1853, as the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing
Co., with a capital of X160.000. For lack of ade-
quate facilities, the business having increased largely,
the firm, in 1856, removed to Bridgeport, Conn.,
occupying the old Jerome Clock Co. building, to
which additions were made from time to time, until
now the works cover about eight acres. Mr. Wheeler
was made general manager on the organization of
the company, anil in 1855 was elected president, re-
taining his old office. NrarK s:.oM,0<)0 have been
expended upon experiments Inward the perfecting
of the machines, and since 1850 more than 2,000,000
have been manufactured. Mr. Wheeler took an im-
portant part in forming the combination, in 1856, of
the principal sewing machine companies, the Singer
and the Grover & Baker having begun business
about the same time as the Wheeler & Wilson. Mr.
Wilson represented his district in the state legis-
lature and state senate of Connecticut, and was
one of the commissioners for the building of the
state capitol at Hartford. He was a director of the
New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad and
of the City National Bank; an iucorporator of the
People's Bank; vice-president of the board of trade
and of the board of education in 1885-86. He fav-
ored every project to benefit Bridgeport, and in
every way was an honor to the city. Mr. Wheeler
was twice married: first, at Watertown, Nov. 7, 1842,
to Huldah Bradley, who bore him four children and
died in 1857, leaving a son, Samuel, and a daughter,
Ellen B., wife of Edward Harral; second, to Mary
E. Crissey, who bore him four sons, two of whom,
Archer and William Bishop, with their mother, sur-
vive. Mr. Wheeler died at his residence on Gc'.den
hill, Bridgeport, Dec. 31, is'.i:;.
WILSON, Allen Benjamin, inventor, was
born at Willet, Cortland co., N. Y., Oct. 18, 1824, and
was the son of a wheelwright. At the age of eleven
he was indentured to a farmer, remaining only a
year; but he continued to work on a farm until he
was sixteen, meanwhile learning the blacksmith's
trade. He was next apprenticed to a cabinet-maker
at Cincinnatus in the same county, but soon left the
place, returning to his regular trade, as a journey-
man, and found his way to Adrian, Mich. While
there, and early in 1847, he conceived the idea of a
sewing-machine, never having heard of one, though
in this country Elias Howe had already patented an
invention, as had Bartholomy Thimonuierin France.
Owing to an illness of several months duration, Mr.
Wilson was not able to develop his ideas, although
he had the various devices and adjustments clearly
defined in his mind. In August, 1848, he removed
to Pittsfield, Mass., where he had obtained work,
and soon began to put his ideas on paper in the form
of full-size drawings. The firm with which he was
connected dissolved in February, 1849, but Mr.
Wilson remained with Amos Barnes, who continued
the business, witli the privilege of working evenings
in the shop. On Feb. 3d he began the construction
of his first machine, and about April 1st completed
it, making with it. dress waists and other articles re-
quiring fine sewing. His machine differed from
those invented by Elias Howe, in the fact that, hav-
ing a double-pointed shuttle, combined with the
needle, it made twostitches instead of one with each
complete movement; that is, one stitch on the for-
ward movement and one on the return. In 1849 he
removed to North Adams, Mass., and induced
JnsepU N. Chapin, of that
place, to purchase one-half of
the invention for $200 ; and
w.ith this money Mr. Wilson
secured a patent, Nov. 12.
1850, which covered also the
device of a two-motion feed-
bar, his being the fifteenth
patent recorded for an im-
proved sewing-machine. While
his application was pending,
parties owning an interest in
a machine patented in 1848
I ix John A. Bradshaw, nl
Lowell, Mass., claimed that
the hitter's patent covered a
double - pointed shuttle, anil
threatened to oppose Mr.
Wilson. A compromise was
made by which Mr. Wilson
conveyed to Kline & Lei1.
of New York city, one-
half of the patent. He
also agreed to go into the
manufacture and sale of the machines \\iili
parties, but on Nov. 25th sold them his interest in the
patent, except the right, for New Jersey, and that to
sew leather in Massachusetts, for $2,000. Before
the end nf the year, Nathaniel Wheeler, of the firm
of Warren, Wheeler & Woodruff, of Watertown,
('mm., saw one of the machines in New York city,
contracted with E. Lee & Co. to make 500, and in-
duced Mr. Wilson to remove to Watertown to super-
intrnd the work. Mr. Wilson soon became a partner
in the firm, which had obtained the sole right to
manufacture his machines, and on Aug. 12, 1851,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
461
patented a new machine, in which a rotary 1 k and
bobbin, making an improved lock-stitch, were sub-
stituted for the shuttle. Later, to avoid litigation,
he coiilriM-d a stationary bobbin, which became the
permament feature of Ilie Wheeler A; Wilson sewing-
machine. On the same day. AMI:. 12lh, Isaac M.
Siin'ci- received his first patent on a machine thai be-
came a formidable competitor. A new copartner-
ship was now formed, under the name of Wheeler.
Wilson A: Co, and in 1853 the Wheeler & \Vilson
ManufaeluriiL1 Co. was organized. On Hec. I'.l.
is.,4. Mr. Wilson ]>atented his four-motion feed.
which the machines of other inventors were forced
to adopt. The advantage of his improvements was
that the stitching made the strongest possible seam,
lirin- c\aellv even on both sides, wi'h no threads
showing; above the surface that would be liable to
wear off and cause ripping. The first completed ma-
chine—thai finished in 1851— sold for $125. In
1X50 the linn removed to Bridgeport, Conn. Mr.
Wilson retired from active participation in the btisi
ness in |s:,;;, bnl received a regular salarj and con-
siderable sums of monev on I he renewal of his pal
ents. In lxf>:', he became a resident of Walerbury.
c ., where he engaged in other enterprises. Mi.
Wilson died at W Imont, Conn., April-".*. Isxs.
JAY, William, lawyer, was born in Xew York
city, Feb. 12, is II, son of John and Eleanor (Field)
Jay. The family is of Huguenot extraction; the
original American representative, Augustus ,la\ .
having settled in Xew York in His."). My his mar
riage with Anna Bayard, also a French Protestant
exile, he had one son'. Peter. This Peter Jay, a pros-
pcroiis \\esi Indian merchant, was mat lied to Mary,
a daughter of Jacobus Van Corllandl. by whom
he became the father of John Jay, first chief justice
of the U. S. supreme court (1789-95). William Jay
was ei 1 1 ii -a I ed a i I he Columbia Grammar Scl I, under
Dr. Charles Anthon, and entering Columbia College.
was graduated in 1859. On the outbreak of the civil
war he was appoin'ed a volunteer aide-dec p on
the staff of Maj.-Gcn. John E. Wool, and in the fol-
lowing August was commissioned captain. Later, In-
served a- aide de-camp to Maj.-Gen. George Morrell
and Maj.-Gen. George G. Meade,
commandingtheSlh corps, army
of the Potomac; to Meade's suc-
cessor in command of that corps,
Maj.-Gen. George Sykes. and
again to Gen. Meade, when
commanding the army of the
Potomac. He was present at
the battles of Chauccllorsvillc,
Gettysburg, most of the piincipal
engagements of the Wilderness
campaign; the siege of Peters-
burg, and the final campaign
which terminated at, Appomal-
tox in 1865. Two brevets wen-
awarded him for gallant con-
duct, and he resigned after the
grand review in Washington with
the rank of lieutenant-colonel.
After the war he began the study
of law in the Columbia College
Law School, where he was graduated LL. B. in 18(i7.
On his admission to the bar in the following year he
formed a partnership with Edgar S. Van Winkle,
which continued until thelatter's death in 1882. Col.
Jay then formed a partnership with Flamen B. Cand-
ler, under the firm name of Jay & Candler, which still
continues as one of the foremost in the city. Mr. Jay is
counsel for the New York "Herald"; the Continental
Trust Co., Trinity Church and other large corpora-
tions. Upon the death of his father he came into pos-
session of the ancestral estate, "Bedford House," at
Bedford, Westchester co. , about forty miles from New
Jo
ots
York city, and there resides to the present time (1899).
He was an organizer of the Coaching Club in 1X75,
and its president for twenty years, and is president
of the Meadow Brook Hunt Club of Hempstead,
L. I. Mr. Ja\ -was married, in 1X78. lo Lucy , daughter
of i he late Henry Oelrichs, of New York city, and
has one surviving daughter, Eleanor Jay.
CLOTHIER, Clarkson, men haul, was born in
Philadelphia. Pa., Oct. 5, ixlli, son of Caleb and
Hannah Fletcher (Hallowell ) Clothier and descend-
ant of Ilenrv Clothier, who emigrated to this coun-
try from <;iasionbiiry. Somerset-
shire. England. Hi- father v»as
prominent in the Sociely of Friends
and in Ihe anti-slavery movenn-nl ,
and his mother was descended from
Kobei I Morris, the ^reai Imam-id-
ol' the revolution. He receivi d a
common school education, most
h al Ihe Friends' Central School
and al an early age was placed
in the \\holesale dr\ -goods store
of Wilson. Anderson A: Cernea
Later he entered Ihe employ of
\\ 1, Marsh, Hayward A: Co.; in
January, 1872, became a member
of the" firm of Kiicj, s. \ hi -it *V
Clothier, after which he became
a iated with Slrawbridge \-
( 'lothier, and since is^'.i has been :'
member of Ihe linn. In the active
management of the financial department of this great
business and the direction of the many details con-
in, led with il Mr. Clothier has shown financial and
executive ability of a high order, as well as an ex-
ceptional and necessary versatility. He is is a mem-
ber of ll.s Union League; Mcrion Cricket Club;
Manufacturers' Club; Bachelors' Marge Club, and of
Ihe Pennsylvania Historical Society. He is one of
the managers of the American Sunday-school Union
and of the Presbyterian Hospital; a member of Bryn
Mawr Presbyterian Church, and treasurer of its
board of trusfees. While he is closely occupied with
the business requirements of the firm in which he has
membership and the demands of the social circle in
which he moves, Mr. Clothier still finds time to keep
fully informed on all public questions of moment,
a ml' is frequently called upon to give expression to
his views for the benefit of his fellow-citizens. Espe-
cially is this true of the vexed monetary question, a
subject in which lie is much interested and which
he has earnestly studied. He is a graceful, witty
and forcible speaker, to whom it is a pleasure to
give closest attention, and this is always accorded
him when he consents lo occupy the platform. Mr.
Clothier was married in Philadelphia, Oct. 12. 1875,
to Aenes, daughter of George Oliver and Martha
i MacMnilin) Evans. Her father was a member of
the firm of Evans & Hassall, for many years promi-
nent in the manufacture of military supplies in
Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Clothier have one son
and two daughters.
KIMBALL. William Wallace, manufacturer,
was born in Oxford county, Me., March 22, 1828.
The family derives descent from Richard Kimball,
who emigrated from Ipswich, England, to Ipswich,
Mass., in 1634, and became the progenitor of a fam-
ily widely represented in the states and notable in
peace and war. Several of his descendants partici-
pated in the war for independence, among them
Moses Kimball, grandfather of the present represen-
tative, who on the return of peace located in Maine.
Educated in the district and high schools of his na-
tive state, William W. Kimball entered on his active
career as clerk in a store, and then began teaching.
462
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
In 1848 he engaged in commercial business in Bos-
ton, presently becoming traveling salesman for his
house in nearly every part of the Union. In the
autumn of 1857 he located in Chicago, where, con-
trary to the judgment of many of his friends -who
feared that the demand was as yet insufficient, he
opened a piano and organ warehouse. His success,
however, soon proved that he had not miscalculated
his opportunities, and by 1864 the trade had so in-
creased that he removed his warerooms to the fam< >us
Crosby Opera House on Washingtou street. There
he conducted a growing trade, until evicted by the
great fire of 1871; but with scarcely two days inter-
ruption, he reopened at his own home, with his bil-
liard-room for an office and his stables as shipping
department. Soon after he removed to a new build-
ing on Wabash avenue and 13th street, there continu-
ing until 1878, when he took possession of a new
and commodious building at State and Adam*
streets. In 1882 the business was incorporated as the
W. W. Kimball Co., the manufacture of organs hav-
ing been meantime added to his extensive wholesale
trade, and in 1887 he again removed to a building on
Jackson and State streets, and ia 1891 to Wabash
avenue and Jackson street. Within five years from
the commencement of organ manufacture the Kim-
ball parlor organ was found in every part of the
Union, and formed an important item in export
trade. In 1887 the manufacture of
pianos was first undertaken, and in
1891 the establishment made its final
move to its present commodious quar-
ters, 147-157 Wabash avenue. From
humble beginnings, under apparent-
ly unpropitious conditions, Mr. Kim-
ball's splendid business qualifica-
tions and unfailing enterprise have
created the largest organ and piano
manufactories in the world, his busi-
ness mounting into the millions of dol-
lars annually, and being rated among
the best American products of their
kind. Although, latterly, met by
keen competition, he has not ceased
to strive and prosper — he actually
enjoys competition — and in his active
career of over forty years duration
he has never failed to meet an obliga-
Oue of the brightest points in his
record has been his equable treatment of all faith-
ful employes, and the kindly interest with which lie
has assisted many of them to an independent start in
life. Of charming personality and high social quali-
ties, Mr. Kimball enjoys popularity with a wide
circle of friends and business associates. In 1865 be
was married to Evalyne M., daughter of Hubbell B.
Cove, of Chicago.
YERKES, Charles Tyson, capitalist, was born
in Philadelphia, Pa., June 25, 1837, son of Charles
Tyson and Elizabeth Link (Broom) Yerkes. The
Yerkes family is of Dutch origin, the first settlers of
the name coming to America a few years before the
arrival of the Quaker colony under William Penn.
The Brooms are also of Dutch descent. Charles T.
Yerkes was educated at the Friends' School and the
Central High School of his native city, and began his
business life as a clerk in the flour and grain com-
mission and forwarding house of James P. Perot ifc
Brother. He worked without salary, as in those days
it was a great privilege merely to enter a first-class
house; but on account of close attention to business
lie was presented with $50 at the end of the first year.
In the year 1859 he made his first independent busi-
ness venture, opening a money and stock-broker's
office on Third street, Philadelphia, and three years
later purchased a banking-house at No. 20 South
tion in full.
Third street. The negotiation of first-class bonds was
his specialty, and during the civil war he dealt
heavily in government, state and city bonds. The
high premium made city bonds sell low, owing to the
fact that the interest was payable in currency; and
as under the charter the bonds could not be sold for
less than par, everything was brought to a standstill.
Mr. Yerkes conceived a plan, however, to raise the
price from eighty-five per cent, to par, and carrying
his plan into effect with the anticipated results, the
city was able to raise sufficient money not only to
pay bounties to the soldiers, but for park improve-
ments which were then being made. But this close
alliance wth the city proved ultimately most disas-
trous to Mr. Yerkes; for just as his standing in
financial circles was assured, the panic occasioned by
the Chicago fire caught him carrying a large quantity
of securities and heavily in debt to the city for bonds
sold for it. The custom being to make payments at
the end of every month, the authorities demanded
settlement; but knowing that to pay in full would
be unfair to the balance of his creditors, he sus-
pended and made an assignment. The fact that the
law did not provide for his having possession of the
city's money was tortured into a criminal offense,
and as he refused to give the city preference over his
other creditors, severe measures were resorted to to
compel him to do so. He was firm, however, and
insisted that as he had given up everything that he
possessed, including a large interest in the Seven-
teenth and Nineteenth Street Railway Co., his assets
should be divided pro-rata among his creditors. At
the time of the Jay Cook failure, in 1873, Mr. Yerkes
commenced the recuperation of his fortune. His
business at that period had again begun to grow, and
appreciating at once that Mr. Cook's suspension
meant a serious decline in everything, he sold stocks
heavily before purchasing. Immense and quick
profits were the result, and he soon found himself
once more established. In 1875 he purchased an in-
terest in the Continental passenger railway of Phila-
delphia, with the result that the stock has since risen
from $15 to over $100 per share. His first visit to
Chicago was made in 1880. At that time, although
gold was coming fromEurope by almost every steamer
to New York, money was not plentiful in the me-
tropolis, and inquiry proved that it was going West,
principally to Chicago. Convinced that a new money
centre was being formed, Mr. Yerkes determined to
make investigations for himself. Stopping at Fargo,
N. D., during a trip through the Northwest, he be-
came so interested in the rapid growth of the coun-
try that he joined an improvement syndicate, of
which he later became sole owner. When the spring
opened he built business blocks, dealt heavily in acre
properly, and was successful in organizing the first
fair held in North Dakota. He subsequently sold
most of his Dakota interests, and in the autumn of
1881 went to Chicago and opened a banking-house
at the corner of La'Salle and Madison streets. In
in the East, soon obtained control of the North
Chicago City Railway Co. The company was com-
pletely reorganized, with Mr. Yerkes as president,
and cables were adopted as motive power. He also
succeeded in utilizing the old La Salle street tunnel,
which at that time had been unused for many years,
thereby overcoming the disadvantage of the swing
bridges so long an inconvenience to the people of the
north side. Two years later he closed negotiations
for the controlling interest of the Chicago West
Division Railway Co., which was also reorganized
ami improved. Mr. Yerkes becoming president. In
both undertakings the confidence of his associates
was such that they left him to act entirely as his
, ME*'
PUBLIC -
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
4(53
judgment should dictate. Mr. Yerkes became a fac-
tor in the Chicago elevated railroad systems as leader
in the reorganization of the Lake Street Co., whose
managers had appealed to him for assistance in their
financial straits. Later he undertook to build an,
elevated railroad on the north side of the city, and
in 1897 formed the Union Loop Co., to provide ter-
minal facilities for all the roads in the heart of the
city. This project was carried to a successful issue
after a long and stubborn contention with the prop-
erty owners. One result of extending the various
lines outside the city limits was the increased de-
mand for land in the suburban districts; and in or-
der to facilitate the growth of enterprise, Mr. Yerkes
conceived the plan of a system of suburban roads,
connected with the main surface lines and extending
clear to the heart of the city. Accordingly, eight
different companies were chartered and about 250
miles of track laid. All these corporations were
finally united into the Chicago Consolidated Traction
Co., whose lines literally gridiron the city. Mr.
Yerkes was among the first, to become interested in
the Columbian exposition; was foremost, in the si nig-
gle for its location in Chicago, and from the start,
was generous in contributing to its support. In
recognition of his zeal and interest, he was made a
member of the board of directors, which position In-
held throughout the entire fair period. In this re-
sponsible capacity his force of character and wisdom
of counsel made themselves most evident. During
a trip to Europe he accomplished much in the way
of attracting the attention of the would-be exhibitors
and in inspiring confidence among the foreign na
tions. As a member of the commttee on tine arts his
labors were particularly effective, and to his inlluence
was largely due the elaborateness and great succes-,
of the exhibit in that department. He inaugurated
a thorough search in the art centres of the world for
their best and rarest examples, while from his own
private gallery, one of the finest in the United States,
the loan was both valuable and extensive. Mr. Yerkes
is a quick thinker and a keen observer. In business
life he is a calm, energetic, pushing business man;
in society he is most genial, cordial and gracious.
He is a devoted lover of the beautiful, and in his pic-
tures, of which he possesses a unique collection, and
in his conservatory he finds his especial delight. In
1881 he was m- ^d to Mary Adelaide Moore, of
Philadelplr .., ivuose father, Thomas Moore, was for
a number of years identified with the famous firm of
manufacturing chemists, Powers & Weightman.
PETERS, John Andrew, jurist, was born at
Ellsworth, Hancock CO., Me., Oct. 9, 1822, son of
Andrew and Sally (Jordan) Peters. Of English de-
scent on both sides, his maternal ancestors were for
many generations residents of Maine, while his pa-
ternal ancestors lived in Andover, Mass., and were
closely connected with Hugh Peters, the noted Puri-
tan preacher. His grandfather, Melatich Jordan, was
appointed collector of customs for the Frenchman's
bay district in 1789, and was a descendant of the
Rev. Robert Jordan, an Episcopal clergyman, who
left England about 1642. John A. Peters was fitted
for college at Gorham Academy, and in 1835 entered
Yale College, where he was graduated in 1842.
While an undergraduate he was enrolled in the Alpha
Delta Phi fraternity and the Skull and Bones Associ-
ation, and also became a member of the Phi Beta
Kappa Society. He studied law at the Cambridge
Law School, and was admitted to the bar of Maine
in 1844 at Ellsworth, beginning practice at Bangoi .
He served as a member of the state senate in f862
and 1863, and member of the Maine house of repre-
sentatives in 1864. He was attorney-general of his
native state in 1865-68, and gave so much satisfac-
tion that he was elected as a representative to the
40th, 41st and 42d congresses. On the committees
on patents and public expenditures and the judiciary,
and as chairman, on the part of the house, upon the
joint committee of house and senate on the congres-
sional library, his services were of great importance.
In 1873 he was appointed to the bench of the supreme
judicial court of Maine, and remained in that office
until Aug. 29, 1883, when he was made chief-justice
of the same court, over the heads of others entitled
to the position by seniority of service and in the face
of established custom. Judge Peters is a profound
lawyer, possessed of great experience, of a vast fund
of humor, and is genial and courtly in manner. He
is a member of the Maine Historical Society, of the
New England Historic-Genealogical Society, and in
1891 became a trnsieeof Bowdoin College. The de-
gree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Colby Uni-
versity in INS;!, by Bowdoin College in'l884, and by
Yale in 1H93. He was married. Sept. 2, 1846, to
Mary Ann, daughter of Judge Joshua W. Hatha-
way, of Bailor. She died in 1H47. He was mar-
ried again. Sept 23. lsr>7, to Fannie E., daughter of
Hon. Amos M. Roberts, of Bangor.
SNEED, Frank William, clergyman, was
born near Sedalia, Mo., April 22, 18(>2, son of John
M. and Mary J. (Stewart) Sneed. His paternal great-
grandfather, John Sneed. was a soldier in the revo-
lutionary war and private secretary to Thomas
.lellerson. Through his paternal grandmother he
descends from Col. Robert. Campbell, who com-
manded a regiment at, the battle of King's Mountain,
under his uncle. Gen. William Campbell, whose
wife was a .sister of Patrick Henry. Frank W.
Sueed attended a district school in Pet t is countv
until 1S77, and was prepared for college in a private
academ\ at Sedalia. He then entered Westminster
College, Fulton, Mo., where he distinguished him-
self throughout his course, winning the William H.
Marquess prize for oratory in his junior year, and
being graduated with honors in June, 1885. In the
following autumn he began study in the McCormick
Theological Seminary, Chicago. 111., and received
the degree of B. D. in 1888. Soon after graduation
he was chosen a director on the board of the semi-
nary, and held office to the present time. His first
pastorate was at the Presbyterian Church of River-
side, 111., where he remained four years. He
then received and accepted the
unanimous call of the First. Pres-
byterian Church of Columbia,
Mo., another specially gratifying
tribute, since no member of the
congregation had ever heard him
preach. During his three-year
pastorate there, a new church
building was erected at a cost
of $30,000, and the membership
was considerably augmented. In
January, 1895, " after declining
several flattering calls, Dr. Sneed
accepted the pastorate of the
First Presbyterian Church of
Minneapolis, the oldest Protest-
ant organization in the North-
west. He remained in Minne-
apolis until October, 1897, when
he accepted the call of the Wash-
ington and Compton Avenue
Presbyterian Church, St. Louis, Mo. This is proba-
bly the most important charge among the Presby-
terian churches of the Southwest. The degree of
D.D. was conferred on Dr. Sneed by Westminster
College when he was but thirty-three years of age,
he being the youngest man who ever received so
high an honor from this institution. He is a man of
•winning personality, frank, unselfish and truly con-
464
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
scientious. His preaching is characterized by great
felicity of expression, great earnestness and deep
conviction, and a remarkable eloquence. He is con-
sidered in all quarters one of the most promising
of the younger clergy of the Presbyterian church.
Dr. Sneed was married in May, 1895, to Eulalie,
daughter of Irvine O. Hockaday of Columbia, Mo.,
and a granddaughter of Hon. James S. Rollins.
BEMISS, Samuel Merrifield, physician, was
born at Bloomfield, Ky., Oct. 15, 1821, seventh son
of John and Elizabeth (Bloomer) Bemiss. The fam-
ily was of Welsh origin, founded in America in the
eighteenth century by James Bemiss, a settler iu
Worthington, Mass. At the age of eighteen he be-
gan the study of medicine under his brother-in-law,
Dr. Samuel Merrifield, at Bloomfield, and in 1841
he became the first matriculate of the University of
New York Medical School. There
he studied for one year, then spent
one year under the instruction of
his father and brother-in-law, and
received the degree of M.D. in
1844. On returning to Bloom-
field he practiced as partner of his
former preceptor, Dr. Merrifield,
until 18o4, when he associated
himself with Dr. Joshua Gore. In
isi'j lie was appointed registrar of
Kentucky. In 1853 he removed to
Louisville, Ky., forming a pai inrr-
sliip in medical practice with Dr.
Benjamin Wible; and in the uni-
versity of that place he was ap-
s> . , pointed to the positions successive-
ly. ^y^ •- • '•' ly of professor of clinical medicine,
professor of hygiene and medi-
cal jurisprudence, and professor
of therapeutics and materia medica. In 1861 he en-
tered the service of the Confederacy as acting sur-
geon of the provisional army at Tunnel Hill, Ga.
In the following year he was commissioned full sur-
geon, and during the war was successively on the
medical examining board, assistant director of hos-
pitals, and finally director. From April, 1865, until
the spring of 1860 In- was again at Louisville, prac-
ticing and holding at the university the chair of physi-
ology and pathology; but at the latter date lie re-
moved to New Orleans, La., having been invited to
fill the chair of theory and practice of medicine and
clinical medicine in the University of Louisiana. The'
summer of 1866 he spent traveling and visiting the
hospitals of Great Britain and France. At the time of
the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 Dr. Bemiss was
appointed by Pros. Hayes chairman of a committee
to investigate the origin and spread of the fever, and,
with Dr. Jerome Cockran. prepared a report that was
presented to the Public Health Association in Rich-
mond in November. The committee was then
merged into a board of experts, and in the follow-
ing March the national board of health was insti-
tuted, with Dr. Bemiss as a member, and chairman
of the committee on epidemics. Throughout his
career Dr. Bemiss was a constant writer on medical
subjects, publishing his articles iu the "Reports"
and " Transactions " of various bodies and in the
" New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal," of
which he was senior editor from 1868 to 1883. He
was married to Frances Lockert, and has eight
children.
EVERARD, Sir Richard, last proprietary
governor of North Carolina (1725-31), was probably
a native of Much Waltham, county of Essex, Eng-
land. His earliest ancestor of whom record has
been preserved was Ralph Everard, who lived in
the reign of Henry III. Sir Anthony Everard was
knighted in 1603, and was succeeded by his brother,
Hugh, who held the office of high sheriff in 1626;
Hugh's sou, Richard, was advanced to the dignity
of baronet in 1628; his grandson, Sir Hugh, distin-
guished himself in the Flemish wars, aud was the
father of Gov. Everard, fourth baronet. On the re-
moval of George Burriugton from office as governor
of North Carolina in 1725, Everard was appointed
his successor, aud took the oath of office at Edenton,
N. C., July 17, 1725. His troubles soon began, for
he prorogued the assembly, which stood for popular
rights as against the king's prerogative, and thus be-
gan the hostility which continued through the whole
of his administration, and extended not, only to the
assembly but to many private persons. The most
important event of his administration was the survey
of the boundary of 36° 30' between Virginia and
North Carolina. This line, which had long been in
dispute, was finally settled in 1729 by Edward Most;-
ley for North Carolina and William Byrd for Vir-
ginia as chief commissioners. Some of the surveyors
of this expedition were the first white men to cross
the Dismal swamp, aud the story of survey is told in
a charming, if not very accurate, way by Colonel
Byrd in his " History of the Dividing Line " (2 vols.,
1841). The transfer of North Carolina to the crown
by the proprietors in 1728-29 ended the administra-
tion of Everard. Burrington was again appointed
governor, but did not qualify until the beginning of
1731, and Everard remained in office until that time.
He was probably somewhat advanced in life when
lie became governor, as he had married, in 1705,
Susannah Kidder, daughter of Rt. Rev. Richard
Kidder, bishop of Bath and Wells. He had four
children. His son, Sir Richard, fifth baronet, was an
attorney in North Carolina, and remained there
after his father's return to England. He was a rep-
resentative in the provincial assembly from Beau-
fort county in 1739 and from Bladeu in 1740. He
died March 7, 1742. Sir Hugh, a younger son and
sixth baronet, removed to Georgia, and was married,
but left no issue. Of Gov. Everard's two daughters,
Susannah was married to David Meade, and became
the ancestor (.f the Virginia family of that name, in-
cluding Rt. Rev. William Meade, bishop of Virginia.
Gov. Everard returned to England after his term of
service, and died in London, Feb. 17, 1733.
BURGETT, John M. H., lawyer, was born at
Hartland. Vt., April 28, 1850, son of Daniel A. and
Adeline (Myron) Burgett. He is
descended from one of the old
New England familes, his par-
ents having removed to Illinois
in 1854, and settled near Lewis-
town. Young Burgett was edu-
cated in the schools of that place,
and entered the LTniversity of
Michigan in 1868, being gradu-
ated with the degree of PlT.D. in
1872. Having studied law with
Hon. R. B. Stevenson, of Lewis-
town, and been admitted to the
bar in 1875, he removed the same
year to Chicago, where he has
since been in constant practice,
and has gained great distinction
by his ability and success. He
is noted for" the careful prepa-
ration of his cases as well as for
the force and clearness of his
arguments. For eleven years (1877-87) he was asso-
riatrd with Judge Abuer Smith. His practice has
covered a large range of cases in the state and Fed-
eral courts. He is a member of the Illinois and Oak
Park clubs. Mr. Burgett was married, in 1892, to
Jane Clarke, of Chicago, a descendant of John
Clarke, one of the Pilgrim Fathers.
ny,,, . ,
. %,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
465
McDONOGH, John, philanthropist, was born
in Baltimore, Mil., Dec. 29, 1779; eldest sou of Johu
McDonogh ami Elizabeth Wilkins, his second wife.
His father, who was of Scotch Irish ancestry, and a
native of York enmity, !'»., was a soldier under Wash-
ington in the unfortunate Uraddock expedition (1755),
and again served under his old leader throughout
the revolutionary war. John MeDonogh, Sr., re-
moved to Baltimore about 1774, and engaged in the
manufacture of bricks, besides cultivating some
land in the suburbs of the city. Young John, at
an early age. was placed in tlie house of William Tay-
lor, a wealthy merchant of Baltimore, and before
he obtained his majority, rose to a hiu'h place in the
confidence of his employer. In 1800 be went to
New Orleans as Mr. Taylor's representative. In
1801 he was joined by W. O. Payne another young
man from Mr. Taylor's counting-house, and a pail
nership was formed, under the style of McDonoL'h
& Payne, and by April, 1803, 'Mr. Taylor had
$234,000 worth of property in ilic hands of
these agents. The business depression of that
year led to the dissolution of the copartner
ship, and the forming of new ours which did busi-
ness under the respective names of J. MoDonogh,
Jr., and Sheppard, Brown & Co. With the sale
of Louisiana to the United Stall's, in 1803, trade in
New Orleans increased rapidly, bringing great
wealth to Mr. MeDonogh, much of which he spent
in the purchase of large tracts of land in Louisiana
and Florida. Fora number of years, ending with
1817. he gave himself up to the enjoyment of social
life, moving in the most exclusive society of New
Orleans, and entertained lavishly. Suddenly, no one
ever knew why, he closed his handsome bachelor
apartments, sold his carriages and costly furniture
and retired to a humble cottage on one of his plan-
tations opposite New Orleans, where is now the
suburb called McDonoghville. Here he lived in
simple style, giving much attention to the education
and moral training of his slaves, and devising a
scheme by which they became profit-sharing work-
men, and later, Liberian colonists.
But the great object of his life was
the education of the poor, and the
amassing of wealth was only a
means to this end. He was domi-
nated by the idea that be was a
steward of the Lord, and had no
right to a cent beyond his bare liv-
ing expenses. He continued to buy
rea1 estate up to the time of his
death, and at that time was consid-
ered to be one of the largest land-
owners in the world. He hoped
that the revenue accruing from this
property would be sufficient to
educate all the poor of Maryland
anil Louisiana, and perhaps of
many other spates. His secretive-
ness and his passion for accumulat-
ing money caused him to be re-
farded as a selfish miser, and only a few who knew
im intimately were aware of the kindly nature of
the man, and of the nobility of his ambition. In
his will he directed that all his property should be
invested in real estate, and the income used for
charitable purposes. After certain private bequests
he gave $100.000 to the orphan asylum of New Or-
leans, $100,000 to the colonization society, and the
remainder of the property to be equally divided be-
tween Baltimore and New Orleans for the education
of poor boys. Owing to litigation and other causes,
the property decreased in value, but the sum divided
between the two cities amounted to $1,500,000. The
portion that fell to New Orleans lias been used to
build free schools, and by Jan. 1, 1899, twenty-eight
VOL IX.— 30.
had been erected, besides two at McDonoghville.
Mr. McDouogh was very fond of children and of
flowers, and in his will asked that the pupils of the
free schools nearest his place of interment be per-
mitted annually to plant and water a few flowers
around his grave. Inasmuch as Baltimore was well
supplied with grammar schools, the proceeds of her
fund, in accordance with the terms of the will, were
devoled to the establishment of a farm-school, for
young boys and youths of all castes and color.
"Mr. Mel). ;:h di'ed at his home Oct. 36,1850. His
remains were removed to Baltimore in I860, and de-
posited in (Ireeninount cemetery, where a handsome
monument, surmounted. by a statue, was erected to
bis memory. In 1S98, on his birthday, another fine
monument, the work of Attilio Picirilli, of New
York city, was unveiled in Lafayette square, New
Orleans.' It was the gift of the school children, and
very appropriately, the figures of a boy and girl
bringing liimcrs io crown their benefactor, orna-
ment the pedestal. McDonogh Institute, situated
twelve miles northwest of Baltimore, was opened
with twenty-one pupils in 1873. Col. William Allen
wax its first principal, serving with great acceptance,
and on his death, in 1889, was succeeded by Duncan
C. Lyle, who had been a member of the faculty.
The latter resigned the principalship in 1893, but re-
tained his place as instructor in mathematics and
German, and Dr. James T. Edwards took his place.
In 1897 there was an attendance of 151 boys, and
the school had attained a recognized and honorable
place among institutions of learning. It is beauti-
fully situated on an estate of 835 acres, and is
equipped with the best modern aids to instruction,
and with manual labor departments. Under the
wise management of the trustees, the assets of the
institute have increased to $1,250,000.
EDWARDS, James Thomas, educator and
legislator, was born at Barnegat, Ocean co., N. J.,
Jan. 6, 1838, son of Job and Susanna (Haywood)
Edwards. The father, a well-known and eloquent
preacher, served two terms in the state legis-
lature. His great-grandfather, James Edwards,
fouuht with Washington at the time of Braddock's
defeat and during the whole of the revolutionary
war. Dr. Edwards was graduated at the Wesleyan
University, Middlelown. Conn., in 1860, and then
filled the "chair of natural sciences at Amenia Semi-
nary, Amenia, N. Y"., and afterwards in East Green-
wich Academy, Rhode Island. He devoted himself
to his work with an enthusiasm that was contagious
and inspiring. Besides training his classes in the
lecture roonC he was constantly delivering lectures
before institutes and teachers' associations. In 1862,
he enlisted as a private in the llth Rhode Island
volunteers, but was immediately commissioned
second lieutenant by Gov. Sprague, and was shortly
after promoted to first lieutenant, and later to
adjutant of the parole camp near Alexandria, Va.,
where he rendered valuable services to the paroled
prisoners. After leaving the army, he was made
principal of the East Greenwich Academy, which
466
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
had been established for more than sixty years, and
had doue excellent work. When Prof. Edwards
assumed charge, however, it was burdened with a
heavy debt, which he raised by subscription in a
brief time. While acting as principal there, Prof.
Edwards was elected state senator, being only
twenty-six years old, the youngest member of that
body. During this session he distinguished himself
as a ready debater in an exciting discussion on the
military record and expenditures of the state during
the civil war. He was re-elected in 1866, and again
in 1868, and took an active part in the discussion of
the fifteenth amendment, which was carried in the
senate, but defeated in the house. During his third
term, he was chairman of the committee on educa-
tion; was an earnest advocate of a
prohibitory bill, which was trium-
phantly carried in the senate, but
defeated in the house ; made
speeches upon "the just limits of
the pardoning power," which at-
tracted general attention, and exer-
cised a marked influence in effect-
ing a wholesome reform in the use
of that prerogative by the gover-
nor. Senator Edwards was chosen
presidential elector on the ticket
that elected Gen. Grant president
for his first term. In 1870 he re-
moveil to Randolph, N. Y. , and
became president of Chamberlain
Institute and Female College, a sec-
ondary school endowed by the late
Hon. Benjamin Chamberlain. Al-
though Dr. Edwards was an inces-
sant worker in his own school, to which his best
efforts were given, from 1880 until 1893 he had
charge of the department of experimental science at
Chautauqua. He has been one of the trustees from
the first, a member of the executive board, lecture-l-
and instructor in the College of Liberal Arts. Hr is
a member of several learned scientific societies in
this country. In 1891 Dr. Edwards was elected In
represent the thirty-second district in the senate of
New York state. He was made chairman of the
committees on education and railroads. Three im-
portant bills bear his name: the university bill, which
covers all the higher education of the state; the
library bill, which appropriates $00, 000 annually to
maintain school and township free libraries; and the
school commissioner bill, which allowed women to
vote for school commissioners. Since 1893, Dr.
Edwards has been principal of McDonogh Institute,
near Baltimore. This school was founded by John
McDonogh for the education of poor boys. It has
an endowment of $1,250,000. Dr. Edwards is the
author of the following works : "The Grass Family,"
"The Silva of Chautauqua Lake," "Addresses:
Educational, Political, Scientific and Religious";
"Pen and Picture: A Chautauqua Sketch Book."
He is a prominent public speaker on agriculture,
patriotic, scientific and educational topics, and is,
besides, an eloquent preacher. In 1876 the degree of
D.D. was conferred on him by Allegheny College,
Meadville, Pa., and that of LL.D. "in 1891. Dr.
Edwards was married, in 1862, to Emma A. Baker,
who was preceptress of Chamberlain Institute during
the twenty-two years of his presidency.
CAMPBELL, Allan, mil road president, was
born in Albany, N. Y., Oct. 11, 1815, son of Archi-
bald and Mary Campbell. After receiving an ordi-
nary school education, he studied civil engineering,
for which he had a peculiar taste and talent ; and so
great was his proficiency that he was chief-engineer
of a railroad at the age of twenty-one years. At
first he was employed on the Ithaca" and Owego rail-
road, and then on the Erie canal, and subsequently
on certain improvements which were being made on
the Ohio river. In 1850 Mr. Campbell received a
tempting offer from the Chilian government, and
having accepted it, went to South America, and
built the first railroad ever operated on the continent.
He continued there until 1856, when he returned to
America and became chief-engineer of the New York
and Harlem railroad, from which position he was
raised to be president of the same company, re-
maining in that office for six years. During the
civil war, Mr. Campbell was nuu.e engineer of
the harbor defenses which were at that time con-
structed for the port of New York. When the Har-
lem railroad improvement was undertaken by Mr.
Vauderbilt, in conjunction with the corporation of
the city of New York, Mr. Campbell was made a
commissioner in control of the work, and by the
splendid engineering skill which characterizes the
structure he added greatly to his already enviable
reputation as an experienced and remarkably skill-
ful engineer. During all this time, and for nearly
twenty years, he remained at the head of the engi-
neering department of the New York and Harlem
railroad. He afterwards became president of the
Consolidated Coal Co. of Maryland, an oftice which
he held for several years. A life-long Democrat,
Mr. Campbell had neither sought nor held public
office until, in January, 1874, he was nominated by
Mayor Wickham and confirmed to succeed Gen.
Fitz-John Porter as commissioner of public works.
He took the oath on Jan. 21, 1874, and immediately
entered upon the duties of his office. In December,
1880, he was nominated to succeed John Kelly as
comptroller of the city of New York. Mr. Camp-
bell's influence among capitalists and business men,
derived from their knowledge of his absolute integ-
rity and his excellent skill and judgment, may be
illustrated by the case of the Cumberland Coal and
Iron Co., which, from being a football for Wall
street speculators, became a dividend-paying com-
pany. Mr. Campbell was ap-
pointed a committee of one to
effect a new loan for the com-
pany, which was in bad straits,
blocks of stock being sold in
Wall street at 13, and even
lower. Mr. Campbell called
upon James Brown, of Brown
Bros., and explained to him
the extent and value of the
property, and the purity of the
coal, which Sir Edward Cunard
had said was the best ever
burned by his steamers, be-
ing free from sulphur — which
alone saved several thousand
pounds a year — and before he
had concluded, Mr. Brown
said : ' ' It is not worth while,
Mr. Campbell, to relate any-
thing further ; I am satisfied
that every word you told me is the truth ; I will
take (lie whole loan at par, for twenty years, at six
per cent." Mr. Campbell could have, on that occa-
sion, made a large fortune by buying the stock,
being the only possessor of this information. Instead
of that, he disclosed his knowledge at a meeting of
the directors called for the next day, when the
stock ran up to 65. Mr. Campbell is said to have
been more esteemed in Chili than any foreigner
who had ever established himself there. A leading
man of Valparaiso stated that they lost more than
$li 000.000 in the construction of the Valparaiso
railroad by letting him go. In 1882 Allan Camp-
bell was made the Citizens' candidate for mayor of
New York ; he was, however, defeated. He was a
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
467
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
tlic Geographical Society and the Century Club. In
l^r.! Mr. Campbell was married to Julia Fail-lie,
daughter of Thomas A. Cooper, the tragedian.
Their surviving children were Col. John Campbell,
I'. S navv, reiired ; and another son and two daugh-
ters. He'died in New York city, March IS, 1894.
BRYAN, William Jennings, statesman, was
born at Salem, Marion co , 111., March 19, isiid, son
of Silas Lilian! anil Maria Elizabeth (Jennings)
Bryan. His father, a native of Culpeper counu,
Va., removed to Illinois when eighteen years of age,
and after his graduation at McKendree College,
settled in the practice of law at Salem. For ek'lii
years, from 1852, he was a state senator, then (18t>0-
73) a circuit judge, and was a member of the slate
constitutional convention of 1870, where he intro-
duced a resolution providing that all offices created by
the constitution should be filled by popular election.
In 1873. he was candidate for congress, being defeated
by but 240 vote.), and thereafter, until his death in
1880, devoted himself to professional practice. He
was a line speaker and a man of great intellectual
ability, firm character and well-defined ideas of
right. Being convinced that a country life is the
liesi discipline for growing boys, he located, in 18(>(j,
on a farm on the outskirts of Salem, and there bis
sons were reared amid the pure and healthful sur-
roundings of hard work and rural simplicity.
William J. Bryan was taught at home by his mother
until he was ten, and then attended the public
schools until his fifteenth year; thereafter studying
for two years at Whipple Academy, Jacksonville,
which he left to enter Illinois College. During his
college course he took high standing, being at the
same time prominent in literary and debating soeie
ties, and on his graduation, in 1881, delivered the
valedictory of his class. For the next two years he
studied law at the. Union Law College and in the
office of Lyman Trumbull, and upon his admission
to the bar began practice at Jacksonville. In 1887
he removed to Lincoln, Neb., where he formed a
law partnership with A. R. Talbot, under the style
of Talbot & Bryan. He became active in politics,
making his first public reputation in the campaign
of 1888. He was also a delegate to the state conven-
tion in the same year, and declined the nomination
for lieutenant-governor, which was offered him in
recognition of his distinguished services in the cause
of tariff reform and local Democratic issues, and of
his great ability as an orator. In 1890 he was
nominated for congress by the first district Demo-
cratic convention on a platform written by himself.
and embodying, among other planks, demands for
free wool, lumber, sugar, coal and iron ore on sub-
stantially me same terms as were subsequently first
passed by the house of representatives. The plat-
form also contained a free silver plank. Mr. Bryan
modestly states that this nomination was given him
"because no one else wanted it"; but, contrary to
the expectations of many, he was elected by a plu-
rality of 6,713. In the house of representatives he
first attained distinction by an able speech in course
of the debate on the passage of the Wilson bill. It
was so excellent an example of oratory and scholar-
ship that even Mr. Bryan's opponents were enthusi-
astic in their congratulations, while his friends rec-
ognized in him an able champion of the cause of
tariff reform and true Democratic principles. In
1892, he was reuominated, and making a brilliant
campaign against the Republican candidate, Judge
Allen W. Field, one of the ablest men in the state,
he was again elected. Returning to congress, he
duplicated his former brilliant record, making several
notable speeches on the tariff, the income tax, and
other most important issues; also his famous speech
of Aug. 16, 1893, against the unconditional repeal of
the purchasing clause of the Sherman act of 1890.
During both terms he was a member of the ways and
means committee, and ably assisted some of the
most important measures. He declined a third
Humiliation for congress, but was immediately nomi-
nated for U. S. senator. The Republicans, how-
ever, held the majority in the legislature, and he
consequently failed of an election. In the campaign
of 1S94, Mr. Bryan sent a challenge to John M.
Thurston, the Republican candidate for the senate,
(o a joint debate, which, being accepted, allowed
another eminent triumph for Mr. Bryan's polemical
abilities, in the Omaha coliseum, before 15,000
people. After retiring from congress, Mr. Bryan
devoted much time to national and state politics,
making many speeches in favor of the free coinage
of silver. His reputation constantly increased, until
he came to be recognized as easily the leader of
Democracy in Nebraska. In July, 1896, he was a
delegate from Nebraska to the national convention
of the Democratic party at Chicago, where a bril-
liant speech in defense of free silver caused his
nomination for the office of president of the United
States. Although the platform on whicn he stood
excited vigorous opposition from many sources, Mr.
Bryan declared that it expressed his convictions, and
thai he stood ready to defend every plank. Accord-
ingly, he began one of the most
memorable campaigns ever un-
dertaken by a candidate for
the presidency. His brilliant,
magnetic oratory and theinlen e
fervor of his convictions caused
him to be listened to with re-
spectful attention wherever he
spoke, while his keen logic,
perfect dignity and thorough
mastery of himself and his sub-
ject gave his opponents more
than enough to do in conduct-
ing a successful campaign against
him. Although subjected to
ridicule and the inevitable vitu-
perations of a heated political
contest, not one word was ever
breathed against his personal or
public record in any way. Mr.
Bryan's defeat at the polls by
no means terminated his enthu-
siastic efforts in behalf of free
coinage; for many months thereafter he lectured on
the subject in all parts of the country and contribu-
ted numerous articles and discussions on political
questions to the public press. On the outbreak of
the Spanish-American war, he was offered and ac-
cepted the colonelcy of the 3d Nebraska volunteers.
Owing to the policy of holding large bodies of men
in reserve at various camps, he remained with his
regiment at Tampa, Fla., until the treaty of peace
was signed, Dec. 10, 1898. seeing no active service.
Then resigning, he returned to Nebraska, where he
resumed political activity. The scheme of colonial
expansion introduced by the McKinley administra-
tion on the cession of the Philippine islands by Spain
called forth Mr. Bryan's earnest opposition, on the
ground that it was a dangerous departure from the
conservative rule of popular government — "govern-
ments derive their just powers from the consent of
the governed " — universally recognized from the days
of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Bryan is a strikingly
handsome man, and his strong, intellectual face
lights np with an enthusiasm which is fascinating as
he discusses some issue in which his sympathies are
all enlisted. He is a good listener, and puts a diffi-
dent person quickly at ease. He was married, in
1884, to Mary E. Baird of Perry, 111. They have
three children.
408
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BENEDICT, David, clergyman and author, was
born at Norwalk, Fairfield co., Conn., Oct. 10, 1779,
eldest son of Thomas and Martha (Scudder) Benedict.
His father, a revolutionary soldier and an enterpris-
ing farmer, removed soon after the birtli of his son
from Norwalk to Saratoga county, N. Y. ; afterwards
to New Lisbon, Otsego co. , and in 1833 to Rhode
Island, where he died. David Benedict spent his
early years on his father's farm, with such scant
opportunities for education as a country school of
the eighteenth century afforded. At the age of four-
teen he was apprenticed to a shoemaker at New
Canaan, and for seven years applied
himself diligently to this trade,
working always with a book on a
shelf within reach, and devoting
all his spare moments to reading.
At the expiration of his apprentice-
ship, he obtained employment as a
journeyman in a large shoe estab-
lishment in New York city, where
he remained one year. Having de-
termined on a collegiate course as
a preparation for the ministry, in
1802 he entered the academy of
Rev. Stephen S. Nelson, at Mount
Pleasant, on the present site of
Sing Sing prison. During his two
years there he defrayed his expen-
ses in part by teaching the younger
pupils, one of whom was Francis
Wayland, afterwards the distin-
guished president of Brown Univer-
sity. By the most intense application, he not only
prepared himself for college, but was able, in the
fall of 1804, to enter the junior class of Brown Uni-
versity, and was graduated two years later, delivering
a commencement oration on "Ecclesiastical History,"
which attracted much attention. Immediately after-
wards he was ordained pastor of a Baptist church in
Pawtucket, which had been gathered through the
instrumentality of his labors while a student in col-
lege, aud there he continued over a quarter of a
century. Numerous and powerful revivals were the
result of his preaching, and the church grew to be
one of the strongest of the denomination in the state.
In the early part of his ministry, Dr. Benedict began
to collect materials for his "History of the Baptist
Denomination in America." He traveled extensively
to gather facts from fireside conversations with aged
people, as did Morgan Edwards aud Isaac Backus,
aud collecting here aud there what few pamphlets
aud documents were to be had, traversed nearly
4,000 miles through all the states and territories of the
Union. In the work of final revision, he was assisted
by llev. George H. Hough, afterwards missionary to
India. It was published by subscription, in 1813,
making two octavo volumes of nearly 1,200 pages.
An abridgment was published in 1820. Dr. Benedict
also published: "The Watery War," a poem; "Con-
ference Hymn-Book"; an abridgment of Robert
Robinson's " History of Baptism " (1827); "History
of All Religions" (1824); "General History of the
Baptists Continued" (1848); " Fifty Years Among
the Baptists" (1860), and "History of the Donatists."
This last work, upon which he was engaged almost
at the time of his decease, was published by his only
surviving daughter, Maria M. Benedict, as a me-
morial of his life and labors. In addition to these,
he was a frequent contributor to various papers and
periodicals, some of which he edited. He was a
member of the corporation of Brown University
from 1818 until his death, and, with the exception of
a single year, he attended all the annual and special
meetings, affording an instance of long-continued
punctuality and truly remarkable zeal. He was also
a faithful member of the Masonic fraternity, and
during the anti-Masonic excitement, which so con-
vulsed society in New England and the middle
states, he remained true to his convictions, regarding
the institution as the oldest and best of all human
organizations, and a handmaid and helper to Chris-
tianity. Dr. Benedict was married, May 4, 1808, to
Margaret Hubbel, daughter of the celebrated Dr.
Stephen Gano, for thirty six years pastor of the First
Baptist Church in Providence. They had twelve
children. He died in Pawtucket, R. I." Dec. 5, 1874.
BBACKENBIDGE, Henry Marie, author
and jurist, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., May 11,
1786. His father, Hugh Brackeuridge, an eminent
jurist aud a writer of note, having obtained his own
education under great difficulties, determined that
his son should have the advantages he himself had
lacked, and began his education almost in his in-
fancy. At the age of seven he was sent to a school
at St. Genevieve, in upper Louisiana, to learn French,
returning home three years later to pursue his studies
under his father. Caring only for his studies, he
made rapid progress in classical and modern lan-
guages aud in the sciences. When fifteen, he began
to study law, at the age of twenty was admitted to
the bar, and one year later began to practice in Bal-
timore, Md.; afterwards removing to Somerset,
where lie found time to continue his modern language
studies and to pursue a course of historical reading.
In 1810, he left Somerset for New Orleans, stopping
on his way to visit in St. Genevieve and St. Louis,
where he delayed to collect the materials fora work
on Louisiana, published in 1812. Continuing his
course to New Orleans, he was appointed deputy
attorney-general for the territory of Orleans, after-
wards the state of Louisiana, in 1811, and the next
year received the appointment of district judge. This
necessitating the study of Spanish law, he drifted
from that to Spanish" literature and language, be-
coming deeply versed in both. During the war of
1812 he was able to give important information of
the enemy's movements to the general government;
and in 1814 lie published a history of the war,
which was well received both in America and Eng-
land, and was translated into French and Italian.
When Henry Clay was agitating the question of the
acknowledgment of the South
American republics, Mr. Biack-
enridge came to his assistance,
making numerous translations
from South American papers.aud
writing original contributions on
the subject, chief among which'
was a letter signed "American,"
which was republished in Eng-
land, and was replied to by the
Spanish minister. It was trans-
lated into French by the arch-
bishopot'Malines. About thistime
lie supported the views of the
American government on the sub-
ject of the " boundaries of Louis-
iana," in a dissertation published
in "Walsh's Register," and in rec-
ognition of this and of his other
services was appointed secretary
of a commission to the South American repub-
lics in 1817. Mr. Brackenridge published the
information collected on this journey in a work
entitled "Voyage to South America," which was
commended by^Humboldt, In 1821, Mr. Bracken-
ridge entered the diplomatic service of Gen. Jackson,
then on his way as commissioner to take possession of
Florida: and, through Jackson's influence, was ap-
pointed U. S. judge for the western district of Florida,
which office he filled for ten years. In 1834, he pub-
lished vol. I. of " Recollections of Persons and Places
in the West." In 1840, he was elected to congress,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
469
and in 1841 received his last public appointment, that
of commissioner under the Mexican treaty. Among
his works not enumerated above are : "A" Eulogy on
Jefferson and Adams," delivered at Pensacola in
1820; a series of letters in favor of the cause of tto
nation in the Mexican war (1847); an "Essay on
Trusts and Trustees," and a "History of the West-
ern Insurrection" (1S51I) Mr. Brackenridge died
on Jan. 18, 1871, in Pittsburgh, where he had lived
since 1832.
WOODWARD, Calvin Milton, educator, was
born in Fitchburg, Mass., Aug. 25, 1837, son of Isaac
Burnap and Elizabeth
(Wetherbee) Woodward.
II isgreal grandfather, John
W ood ward , was a soldier of
the Continental army. By
the help of the district
and high school of his na-
tive town, he was able to
tit himself for college, and
was graduated at Har-
vard University in 1860,
leading his class in mathe-
matics, and winning the
Cray piize of $250. In
September following his
graduation, he took charge
of the Broun High School
iu Newburyport, Mass.
In the summer of 1862, he
enlisted as a private, and
was soon chosen lieutenant and then captain of com-
pany A, 48th regiment of Massachusetts volunteers.
He held his command one year in Louisiana, taking
part in the siege and capture of Port Hudson. In
September, 1803, returning to Newburyport, he re-
sumed the position of principal in the high school, but
in 1865 was called to take a position in Washington
University, St. Louis. His ability was immediately
recognized ; in 1867 he was promoted assistant-pro-
fessor of mathematics, and in 1869 became professor of
descriptive geometry and topographical drawing. In
1870, he was elected to the Thayer professorship of
mathematics and applied mechanics. In 1871, he was
made dean of the polytechnic school, and held the
office for twenty-five years. In 1879, he organi/ed
the manual-training school, and is still its director.
But these official positions, much as they have in-
volved in the building up and shaping of a growing
university, by no means fully represent the work
and activities of Prof. Woodward. During the
years 1876-81, he wrote the "History of the St.
Louis Bridge," a publication of great labor and of
corresponding value to all interested in this branch
of engineering. In October, 1880, he took the census
of the city of St. Louis, at the request of a citizens'
committee and with the approval of the government,
the previous official census having been found to be
clearly unfaithful and defective. In 1878-79, he was
a member of the board of public schools of St. Louis.
He has been upon the council of the National Edu-
cation Association since 1888, and was appointed
curator of the State University of Missouri in
January, 1891. Prof. Woodward was very early
interested in public instruction and methods of
teaching. Latterly, the subject of manual training
in connection with common school and secondary
education has occupied much of his attention. The
St. Louis Manual Training-school, of which he is
the director, is the pioneer of its kind, and is still an
object of unfailing interest to educators. Its success
has been so marked and widely known that Prof.
Woodward, who is a ready speaker, has been called
to most of the large cities of the country to expound
and illustrate its principles. In December, 1885, in
response to an invitation signed by the governor of
Massachusetts, the mayor of Boston and many others,
he addressed the citizens of Boston on that subject,
and he has appeared before large conventions of
teachers iu this country and iu England. In 1885,
he visited England by special invitation to speak in
Manchester on education, and to the address he then
delivered the manual training department of the Man-
chester Technical School ascribes its origin. Besides
a pamphlet on "Educational Value of Manual Train-
ing, " distributed by the bureau of education, and other
numerous pamphlets, he has written two books fully
illustrating the subject: "The Manual Training-
school" and "Manual Training in Education," pub-
lished in England and America. In 1898, a work on
"Applied Mechanics" was in course of preparation
by I he professor. He has been president of the St. Louis
Engineers' Club, and has published in its proceed-
ings the following papers: (1) "Tin- Strength of
Fhteh-plate Girders"; (2) "The Efficiency of Com-
pie-sed Air"; (3) "The Theory of Ammonia Re-
frigerators." A fellow of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and a member of
the St. Louis Academy of Science, he has contributed
many papers on different subjects. He is at present
(1899) a member of the board of education of the
city of St. Louis, at the head of the department
committee on instruction. He was married, at
New bury port, Mass., Sept. 30, 1863, to Fanny Stone,
(laughter of William and Hannah (Stone) Bulch.
GODON, Sylvanus William, naval officer,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 18, 1809. He
entered the navy as midshipman in 1N1!I, and was
promoted to be passed midshipman in 1827. Be-
tween the latter year and 1836, with the exception of
a year spent at the national school in Norfolk, he
was attached al different times to the Brazilian,
Mediterranean and Pacific squadrons. He was com-
missioned as lieutenant in December, 1836, served
with the East Indian and Mediterranean squadrons,
and in 1S47 as an officer of the bomb-brig Vesuvius,
participated in the siege and capture of Vera Cruz,
lie performed special duty in 1850, and from 1851
until 1853 was executive officer of the Susquehanna.
He was made commander in
September, 1855, and until 1860
commanded the Mohican, of
the Pacific squadron. He was
promoted to be captain iu 1861,
and assigned to the command
of the Powhatan, with which,
in November, 1861, lie took
part, in Dupont's expedition to
Port Royal, where he was con-
spicuous for his skill and gal-
lantry. He was advanced to
the rank of commodore in Jan-
uary,1863, and in the earl}' part
of 1864 was on special duty.
Later, he was ordered to the
command of the Susquehan-
na, and led the fourth division
of Porter's squadron at the two
battles of Fort Fisher in De-
cember, 1864, and January, 1865. For his services
at Fort Fisher he was warmly praised in the official
reports, and on July 25, 1866, was commissioned
rear-admiral. In 1866 and 1867 he commanded the
South Atlantic squadron, and from 1868 until 1870,
was commandant of the New York navy yard. On
June 18, 1871, he was placed on the retired list. Of
Ad in. Godon's forty-one years of active service,
twenty-four were spent at sea — more than were spent
by any other officer of his grade. He died at Blois,
France, May 10, 1879.
SHAW, Albert, journalist, was born at Shan-
don, Butler co.. O., July 23, 1857, son of Dr. Griffin
470
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
M. Shaw, who for some years practiced medicine in
Indiana, where he was also a member of the legisla-
ture and active in business and politics. Two of his
great-grandfathers were early settlers of the Miami
valley, a few miles from Cincinnati, after the revo-
lutionary war, and Albert Shaw is a representa-
tive of the third generation of his family born iu that
immediate neighborhood. He was carefully educated
by an excellent tutor, and at Iowa College, Griunell,
la., where he was graduated in 1879. He had shown
in college a marked aptitude for literary and politi-
cal studies, and a leaning towards journalism, being
one of the active editors of the college weekly, and
also contributing to the leading paper of the town
of Grinnell. After graduation lie became one of the
owners of this semi-weekly Grinnell paper, the
"Herald," and threw himself with much energy
into the work of mastering everything pertaining to
the editorial, mechanical, and business phases of the
conduct of a country newspaper office. Meanwhile
he was continuing his studies in constitutional his-
tory and economic science under the direction of
Prof. Macy, of Iowa College At the beginning of
1881 he entered Johns Hopkins University as a
post-graduate student iu the department of history
and political science. His work at Baltimore at
once attracted the attention of Prof. James Bryce.
who was at that time preparing his great work,
"The American Common-
wealth," and to him Mr.
Shaw's knowledge of western
political and social conditions
was of service. Mr. Bryce, in
turn, procured for Mr. Shaw
an access to the great English
periodicals, such as the " ( on-
temporary " and "Fortnight-
ly " reviews, for which he has
since written numerous arti-
r$jj>***¥ cies. In the summer of 1883
WJ^t''' U Mr. Shaw became connected
^ with the Minneapolis "Trib
i ^r* une " as an editorial writer, but
\:&fF returned to Baltimore and
P Washington on leave of ab-
sence for the univeisiiv year
1883-84, at the end of which he
\ > >i ik hisdegreeof Ph.D., return-
ing immediately thereafter to Minneapolis to enter
upon his work on the "Tribune." While at Johns
Hopkins, besides various articles in the domain of
political and economic science, Mr Shaw wrote a
book entitled " Icaria : A Chapter in the History of
Communism,' which was accepted as his thesis for
the doctor's decree, and was later published in New
York. It was soon afterwards translated and pub-
lished in Germany, where it won for its author an
enviable lepulation as a student of social movements
in the United Stales. His editorial work in the
Northwest covered a wide range of subjects, and
gavi him an opportunity for a thorough study of
the forces that were makiim for the rapid develop
mint and progress of the great Northwest. He be
came conversant with the industrial and agricultural
developments of the Mississippi valley, and also,
through constant observation ol the practical proh
lems faced by Ihe rapidly growing cities ot I he- West,
he became an ardent si udent of municipal govcm
incut and ol the problems of city life. In 1S88 he
went to Europe io spend a year and a halt in travel,
observation and study. His study ol municipal
Ljovernmenl became well known ill the United Stales,
and upon his return in the fall ot 1SS9 he was in
viled Io ii'ive courses of lectures at Cornell, Johns
Hopkins. Michigan and other universities, while the
"Century Mana/inc " published a series of widely
read articles from his pen on municipal adminiMra
(
tion iu foreign cities. In 189:5 he published • ' Munici
pal Government in Great Britain" and "Munici-
pal Government in Continental Europe." In the
autumn of 1890 he was elected professor of interna-
tional law and political institutions at Cornell Uni-
versity, and was simultaneously invited to establish
iu New York, as editor and general manager, a peri-
odical to be known as the " American Review of
Reviews," and to be conducted on the same general
plan as the "English Review of Reviews," which
had been founded a few months before by Mr. W.
T. Stead; the plan being that the English and Ameri-
can periodicals should be conducted upon a basis of
co-operation, in order to give both a broad interna-
tional character. The professorship was resigned,
and the editorial work in New York was entered
upon early in the year 1891. Mr. Shaw has con-
tinued to edit the "American Review of Reviews,"
and under his conduct it has attained a great circu-
lation, a remarkable influence, and a high degree of
prosperity. Perhaps the most characteristic feature
of the magazine is the opening department, entitled
" The Progress of the World," which usually occu-
pies from sixteen to twenty pages, and is Mr. Shaw's
personal editorial work. This department reviews
each month the principal events of the preceding
four weeks, both American and foreign, and it en-
deavors to interpret the larger movements of the
day in the spirit of the impartial historian. Occa-
sional visits to Europe and travels throughout North
America have enabled him to gather materials for
economic ami political writing, and to keep himself
iu touch with the life of the present day. He has
published numerous magazine articles and mono-
graphic publications, and has delivered many lec-
tures in universities and colleges. During the latter
part of 1898, in addition to his regular editorial work,
I)r. Shaw was engaged in preparing a detailed his-
tory of the Spanish-American war (1899), also, a his-
tory of the' United States from the civil war to the
cl.se of the nineteenth century. He has been a
member of the American Economic Association and
the American Historical Association from the found-
ing of those bodies, is a fellow of the American Sta-
tistical Society, a member of the American Antiqua-
rian Society, and a fellow of the New York Academy
of Political Science (Columbia University). A writer
in the "Outlook" credits Dr. Shaw with "a catho-
licity of feeling and knowledge which very few
Americans possess," and calls attention to the lucid-
ity and directness of his writings. "He is," adds
tliis biographer, " one of the very few journalists in
this country who treat their work from the profes-
sional standpoint, who are thoroughly equipped for
it, and who regard then. selves as standing in a re-
-p.nisible relation to a great and intelligent public.
Dr. Shaw's presentation of news is pre-eminently
full, candid and unpartisan ; his discussion of prin-
ciples broad-minded, rational and persuasive. He is
entirely five from the short-sighted partisanship of
Ihe great majority of newspaper editors. He appre-
ciates to the full the power of intelligent, judicial
statement. His opinions, for this reason, c;m\
ureat weight, and it is not too much to say that he
lias not his superior iu the field of American jour-
nalism." Dr. Shaw was married, Sept. 5, 1893, to
Elizabeth L lard Bacon, of Reading, Pa.
ANDREWS, James J., Federal spv, was born
in Hancock county, W. Ya.. about 1839. Nothing
is known of his family or earl}' history. His parents
are said to have removed to southwestern Missouri,
where he spent his boyhood and was educated. In
the spring of 1S,V.», he left home and settled at Flem-
in^sbiirg. Ky. because, it has been hinted, of losses
ami disappointment at home, but more probably to
sec tin world and earn a livelihood. He began work
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
471
as .•( house and ornamental painter, with the intention
of teaching school as s< as a position could lie
found. (>ii tin- outbreak of the civil war, he joined
a volunteer organization of Fleming county; but, nut
loin: after, for the purpose of Hi her traln'cking gooi's
across Ihc lilockaded lines, which was a very lucra-
tive though lia/ardous business, or of obtaining in-
formal ioii for the Federal ollieeis, he went to Nash-
ville and represented that lie had joined the ( 'onfed-
erate cause. He there formed a business partnership
with a .Mr. YVhiteman, a well-known merchant, and
\\oii universal confidence by bis tact and pleasing
address. Later, he became known as a successful
blockade runner, ami in this way was able to render
considerable aid to the Union. Having succeeded
iu obtainimj; the plans of Fort Donelson. with a c
plctc account of the Confederate forces llierc, lie
rode sixty miles in one- night to carry the iid'orma
lion across the lines. About the same time he con-
ceived a. plan which, for boldness and daring, is
unparalleled in our history; viz., the capture of a
railway trail, in the heart of the Confederacy. As
has been well said: "Tile mind anil heart sink back
appalled at, the bare contemplation of the consc
queuces which would have followed the success of
this act," as in all probability it would speedily have
ended the war. The principal Confederate armies in
Virginia and Mississippi were united by a chain of
railroads running from Memphis, Iluntsville, Chai
tanooiia, Knoxville and Lyuclibnrg, to Richmond,
which constituted a strong line of defenses, ami en-
abled them to concentrale reinforcements rapidly, as
they might be needed. It was the object of the
Federal generals to break this line, and Andrews
proposed to Gen. Buell to capture a locomotive on
the Georgia State railroad, which connected Atlanta
with Chattanooga, and run mi to the latter place,
burning the bridges behind him, especially the large
one at Bridgeport, thus effectually breaking the con-
nection between the enemy's forces. The necessary
arrangements being made, about April 1, isi'rj.
Andrews took eight men south, but the expedition
failed through the non-appearance of the only en-
gineer of the party, and the expedition returned to
the Federal lines. Undismayed by the first failure,
he made a second attempt with a larger force, in-
cluding engineers from the Federal army ; and a party
of twenty- four men, leaving iu small groups on
April 7, 1862. met. at Marietta", G a., on the llth. The
following morning they boarded a train going to
Chattanooga, buying tickets to various points to
allay suspicion, and at Big Shanty ( Kenesaw), Ga.,
while the passengers and train hands were eating
breakfast, they uncoupled the locomotive and three
box-cars, and succeeded in riding off iu full view of
several regiments of Confederate soldiers encamped
at the station, before there was time to realize the
significance of the act. Believing that another
engine could not be obtained within thirty miles,
he cut the telegraph wires at the first oppor-
tunity, and reaching the next station (Kingston)
on about the regular schedule time, lie gave
the plausible explanation that the train was im-
pressed to carry ammunition through to Beauregard,
who needed it at once. This was quite accept-
able, a tank-tender remarking that be would have
given the shirt off his back for Beauregard if he had
asked for it. Only once was Andrews suspected,
and he met the situation with the quiet firmness so
characteristic of his nature. Having been side-
tracked here over an hour to let two extra freight-
trains pass, the switch-tender, when at length the
road was cleared, declared lie would not open the
switch until Andrews showed his authority. With
a short laugh, sa_yiug, " I have no more time to talk
with you," Andrews changed the switch himself,
and, signaling to his engine, jumped on as it ran to
the main track. These special freight-trains were
unforeseen, and the delay proved fatal. Immediately
when the alarm was given at Big Shanty, the con-
ductor, the engineer, the foreman of the car-simps,
who happened to lie on the train, and several others
started in pursuit, at first on foot, then with a hand-
car, and lastly with another engine which they found
at a junction up the road. Andrews placed obstruc-
tions on the track, which the pursuers as speedily re-
moved. He even tore up the rails; but that impedi-
ment was overcome by taking up the rails behind
the second engine and layini: them down before it;
and finally the box ears were uncoupled, only to bo
caught up by the pursuing engine and side-tracked
at I be next swilch. Andrews endeavored to fire the
bridges, bill, a- it bad been raining heavily, the wood
would not bum, even wiih t lie aid of oil. The pur-
suers, having obtained another and more powerful
engine, were slowly and sleadily gaining; but the
goal, Chattanooga, was al -i won. The adventurer
had passed live Mains, all but one either an extra or
behind lime; and now the load was open ahead,
with, as they Ihoughl. miles of obstructed and
broken I rack behind. Then enuine was crowded to
the utmost, but Ihc fuel and oil began to give out,
and when within twenty miles of their destination
thev were forced to abandon their train and lake to
I he' woods. There they separated, but all were cap-
tured finally. Andrews himself
spending several dayson I kout
mountain, where, with his usual
skill and address, lie would have
escaped but for the employment
..I bl Ihounds. When caught,
he was identified by persons who
had known him in the South .and,
with the others, was taken to
i ihattl ^a, where lie \\as COUrt-
marlialed on May -'."iih. His seti-
lenccw.is reserved; lint meant ime,
Gen. Ormsby M. Milcliel ha\ hi",
menaced I 'hat la noo^a.t he prison-
ers were removed, and the next V
month Andrews was hanged at
Atlanta. True to his daring, ad
venturous spirit, be did not die
without a dash for freedom. On
learning his sentence, he planned
with his comrades io escape. They made a hole in the
brick wall, and, with the aid of a rope, were to crawl
out when the guard was away — Andrews first, the
others following. Only Andrews and one other suc-
ceeded, however. His liberty was short-lived. Being
closely pursued with hounds, he was driven several
times into a deep and rapid river, through a dense
thicket, and finally was discovered hiding in a tree.
On his return to prison, he was placed in a dungeon
and heavy chains riveted to his feet, which, it is said,
were never removed Seven of his companions were
tried and executed shortly after; the remainder were
exchanged the next year." Although Andrews failed
in his audacious undertaking, his greatness is none
the less real, and he should be remembered for this
act of personal bravery and daring, that is unequaled
in the history of our country, not excepting Cushing's
bold attack on the Albemarle or the wildest raid of
the intrepid Morgan. Judge Joseph Holt, in his re-
port, says: "The expedition thus failed from causes
which reflected neither upon the genius by which it
was planned nor upon the intrepidity and discretion
of those engaged iu conducting it. But for the
accident of meeting those extra trains, which could
not have been anticipated, the movement would have
been a complete success, and the whole aspect of the
war in the South and Southwest would have been at
once changed." The date of Andrews' execution
was June 7, 1862.
472
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BULL, Richard Harrison, mathematician,
was born in New York city, Sept. 28, 1817, son of
Benjamin and Eliza Bull. He was educated in the
private schools of his native city, and then entered
the University of the City of New York, where he
was graduated with honors in 1837. Immediately
iifterward he matriculated at the Union Theological
Seminary. During his college course he evinced
great talent in mathematics, and after one year in
the seminary he relinquished his intention of enter-
ing the ministry, and on the invitation of his alma
mater became adjunct-professor of mathematics. In
1852 he was appointed professor of civil engineering,
and filled the chair for thirty-three years, being at
the time of his resignation, in 1885, dean of the
School of Civil Engineering. He then received the
title of professor emeritus. Prof. Bull always de-
voted considerable attention to astronomical research,
and for many years determined the standard time
for the port of New York and railroads having ter-
mini in that city. He was also well known and
highly respected in the financial world, and was for
many years president of the New York Savings
Bant, which, upon his retirement from active busi-
ness in 1885, was reputed one of the most prosperous
and successful institutions of its character in the
country. Prof. Bull received the degree of Ph.D.
from the New York University in 1885. He pub-
lished but little, although his ideas
upon many subjects connected
with mathematics were bold, bril-
liant, and oftentimes highly valu-
able to his students. Among his
notable discoveries was a system of
calculating by a duodecimal in-
stead of the usual decimal nota-
tion, and accordingly he invented
signs to extend the units of numer-
ation two places. By this method
Prof. Bull claimed that calcula-
tionsof alldescriptiouswere much
facilitated. He had also conccivcil
a brilliant theory for reconciling
the conflicting cosmogonies of
Genesis and modern theorizers on
an astronomical and mathematical
basis, and at the time of his death
was actively engaged in preparing
a book to set forth his ideas. Dr. Bull was married,
in 1847, to Mary A., daughter of Abraham Schouteii,
of New York city, and had two sons, both lawyers.
The elder, Charles C. Bull, is a prominent member
of the New York bar, and the other, J. Edgar Bull,
has acquired a national reputation in the trial of
patent cases involving large interests before the
several circuit courts throughout the country and the
U. S. supreme court at Washington. He died at his
home in New York city, Feb. 1, 1892. A memorial
window, painted by Maitland Armstrong, has been
placed by his widow and sons in the First Presby-
terian Church of New York, of which he was pre-
siding elder at the time of his death.
HOWLAND, Henry Elias, jurist, was born
in Walpole, N. II., June 30, 1835, son of Aaron P.
and Hulduh (Burke) Rowland. His earliest Ameri-
can ancestor was John Howland, who came over in
the Mayflower, and from whom he is the sixth in
descent. His mother was a descendant of the family
of which Silas Wright was a member. He was
educated in the schools at Walpole and at Kimball
Union Academy, Meriden, N. H., and from there
went to Yale College, where he was graduated in
1 ar'A He then read law with Judge Frederick Vose,
1854.
of Walpole, and continuing his legal studies at Har-
vard Law School, was graduated there in 1857.
Removing to New York, he continued his studies in
the law office of John Sherwood, and in October,
1857, he was admitted to the New York bar. He
was a partner of Mr. Sherwood until 1878, when
he became associated with Henry H. Anderson
in the firm of Anderson & Howland, which con-
tinued until Mr. Anderson's death, in 1896. Mr.
Howland was appointed judge of the marine (now
city) court by Gov. Dix in 1873; in 1875 he was
appointed alderman of New York, and has since
held many other offices of honor and trust. He
is president of the board of managers of the Man-
hattan State Hospital; a member of the corporation
of Yale University; secretary of ih° Century Club,
and has been a member of the council of the Uni-
versity Club since it was formed, and is now its vice-
president. He is president of the Society of the
Mayflower Descendants; president of the New Eng-
land Society; trustee of the New York Free Circulat-
ing Library; has been connected with the State
Charities Aid Association for many years; is trustee
of the old Marion Street Maternity Hospital; presi-
dent of the Society for the Relief of Destitute Blind,
and vestryman in the Ascension Church, Tenth
street and Fifth avenue. He is a member of nearly
all the prominent clubs of New York city, in-
cluding the Metropolitan, University, Century, Union
League, Players', Downtown, Republican, Shiuue-
cock Hills, Golf, Meadow Club of Southampton (of
which he is president), Adirondack League and the
City Bar Association. In 1865 he was married to
Louise, daughter of Jonathan and Sarah R. Miller,
of New York city. She died in 1884, leaving three
children, and in "1894 Judge Howland was married
to Mrs. Thomas B. Curtis, of Boston, Mass.
WADDELL, Hugh, revolutionary soldier, was
born at Li.sburn, county Down, Ireland, in 1734 or
1735, son of Hugh and Isabella (Brown) Waddell.
The father was a friend of Arthur Dobbs, a member
of the Irish parliament, and on his appointment as
governor of North Carolina, young Waddell re-
solved to remove to that province. He arrived in
1753 or 1754, and in advance of Gov. Dobbs, who
did not take the oath of office until Nov. 1, 1754, in
Newbern. Waddell took a high stand in the colony
at once. In 1754 an expedition was planned to aid
Virginia to repel French invasion and to maintain
the rights of Great Britain on the Ohio, and he
joined it as a lieutenant, being promoted soon after
to a captaincy. In 1756 he built Fort Dobbs, where
he was stationed as captain with forty-six officers
and men under his command, and he was chosen to
treat with the Cherokee and Catawba Indians on the
western frontiers. In 1757 he was ordered to march
to the relief of Capt. Paul Demere, who was in
command of Fort Loudon on the Tennessee river,
and accomplished a journey of more than 200 miles
through a wilderness and among savages. It is
probable also that Waddell led an expedition this
year to the aid of South Carolina against the French
and Indians. He became a member of the assembly
from Rowan in 1757; returned to his commandafter
the session closed, and in May, 1758, was promoted
major, and put in command of the three companies
raised for the final expedition against Fort Du-
quesne. He was employed on all the reconuoiter-
iug parties, was promoted colonel, and in 1759 was
ordered to rendezvous at Fort Prince George in
South Carolina, with all the provincial troops and
the militia of Orange, Anson and Rowan counties in
anticipation of a Cherokee outbreak. Waddell next
regarrisoned Fort Dobbs, and put 500 militia on
duty to guard the frontiers. The Indians attacked
Fort Dobbs on Feb. 27, 1760, but were repulsed. In
the following fall he was sent to Virginia to aid Col.
Byrd in striking the upper Cherokees During the
next five years he was active as a leading member
of the assembly, and was interested in mercantile
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
473
affairs as a member of the firm of John Burgwiu &
Co. In 17G5 the Stamp Act troubles began. Wad-
dell was one of the first to take the lead at Wilming-
ton in denouncing the act, and with John Ashe, re-
sisted the landing of the stamps at Brunswick on
Nov. 28th. In 1766, two vessels being seized for
lack of clearance papers duly stamped, :i body of 580
armed men was organized for their rescue, and Wad-
dell was chosen their commander. Gov. Tryoii
wisely surrendered the vessels. Waddell w;is in
command of the military escort which accompanied
Gov. Try ou while running the boundary line be-
tween North Carolina and the Cherokees in May and
June, 1767. As early as 1766 troubles began to de-
velop, which culminated in the regulation \varand
the battle of Allemauce. Many of the inhabitants
of Grauville, Orange, Randolph and neighboring
counties complained of the exorbitant charges of the
county officials. As Gov. Martin put it a IV w years
later, the people were provoked by insolence and
cruel advantage was taken of their ignorance "by
mercenary, tricking attorneys, clerks ami little olli-
cers who hcve practiced upon tlicm every sort of
rapine and extortion." But it must be admitted
that while their organization may have been at first
justified, it degenerated into many indefensible at-
tacks on the whole system of government. The
troubles culminated in a skirmish fought on Alle-
mancc creek, May 16, 1771, in which a number were
killed on each side, while after the battle six were
hanged by Gov. Tryon. Waddell, now made a
brigadier-general, was in command of one division
of the troops sent against the Regulators. Prepara-
tory to the expedition he had been sent to Salisbury
to take command of troops which were to join the
division under Tryon, but the wagon-train of ammu-
nition sent up from South Carolina was captured
and destroyed by Regulator sympathizers near the
present town of Concord, and when Gen. \Vaddell
reached the Yadkiu river he found himself with in-
sufficient ammunition and opposed by a superior
force. He was therefore compelled to retreat, and
hence was not present at the battle of Alleinance.
This service ended his military career. The senti-
ment of North Carolinians has generally been favora-
ble to the cause of the Regulators. They have been
hailed as patriots and as forerunners of the revolu-
tion, but the biographer of Waddell claims that
they were: 1. but a small minority of the people
of North Carolina ; 2. that they contended for
no great principle; 3. that with a few exceptions
there were no men prominent for virtue or intellect
in their organization; 4. that they were not Republi-
cans; 5. that they were Tories in the revolution.
The truth is no doubt to be found between these ex-
tremes. Gen. Waddell was married, in 1762, to Mary
Haynes. He left three sons, and the family has
since his time been always prominent in the state.
He was in the assembly in 1757 and 1760, from
Rowan; in 1762 from Bladen, and again in 1766 and
1771. He was a justice of the peace, and in 1764 one
of the justices who presided over the county court
of New Hanover. He was nominated as a member
of the governor's council by Dobbs in 1762 and by
Tryou in 1771. He died in Bladen county, N. C.,
April 9, 1773. His biography was written by his
great-grandson, Hon. A."M. Waddell (1890).
MOORE, Clara (Jessup), poet, novelist and
philanthropist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb.
16, 1824, daughter of Augustus E. and Lydia (Mose-
ley) Jessup. Her father, Augustus E. Jessup, was
the scientist of an expedition under Maj. Stephen H.
Long, which visited the Yellowstone region in 1816.
He was a native of Berkshire county, Mass., and a
descendant of John Jessup, who in 1635 settled in
Long Island. The Moseley's are an ancient Eng-
lish family, mentioned in " Domesdav Book," and
have several branches in the United States, includ-
ing that in Massachusetts, founded by Mrs. Moore's
ancestor, John Moseley, of Dorchester, 1630. A son
of the emigrant was married to Mary Newbury, of
Boston, and removed to Westfield, Mass. ; was a lieu-
tenant in King Philip's war, and held other public
olliees. Clara Jessup was educated partly at home,
partly at Westtield Academy, and at the school of
Mrs. Merrick, New Haven, Conn. On Oct 27, 1842,
she was married at her fat her's old home, in Massa-
chuseils. to Bloomfield Haines Moore, of Philadel-
phia, and took a prominent place among the leaders
of society, literary as well as fashionable, of that
city. Having much leisure time at her command,
she began to write for the press, contributing to
newspapers and magazines verse and prose purport-
ing to be the work*bf Clara Morcton. One of her
early stories, "The Estranged Hearts," received the
first prize in a competition, where 400 manuscripts
were submitted. Later novelettes, Mlrh as ••Com-
pensation " and "Emma Dudley's Secret, " were simi-
larly successful. Three books, "The Hasty Mar-
riage," "The House of Huntley and Raymond" and
•• .Maliel's Mission," were published without any name
on the title page. When the civil war broke out, Dr.
Bellows, of New York, president of the sanitary com-
mission, named Mrs. Moore lor president of the wo-
man s Pennsylvania branch, which she had aided in
organizing. She declined, but ac-
cepted the position of corresponding
secretary, and with this important
work upon her hands gave up lit-
erature fora time. Sl ie created and
organized the special relief commit-
tee I'or aiding hospital work, and
with Mrs. George Plitt orirani/.od
the committees of women which
conducted the great sanitary fair
in Philadelphia. She also projected
and aided in founding the Union
Temperance Home for children.
After the war she returned to liter-
ary work, using, as a rule, her own
name. In 1873 an anonymous ar-
ticle by her on etiquette, published
in "Lippincott's Magazine," at-
tracted much attention and pro-
voked much unreasonable criti-
cism. In that year, also, she pub-
lished a revised edition of one of her popular works,
"The Young Ladies' Friend"; in 187.">, "Mis
cellaneous Poems"; in 1876, a romance, "On
Dangerous Ground," which passed through seven
editions, anil in 1878 her famous work, "Sensible
Etiquette." Among other works were: " Gondaline's
Lessons and Other Poems" (1881); "Slander and
Gossip," privately printed (1882); "The Warden's
Tale, San Moritz, Magdalena and Other Poems "
(1883); "Social Ethics and Social Duties" (1892),
and several books for children, of one of which,
"Master Jacky's Holiday," more than twenty edi-
tions were published. The proceeds of the sales of
Mrs. Moore's works were spent in aiding philan-
thropic institutions and individuals who were engaged
in literary or scientific pursuits. Among these in-
dividuals was John W. Keely, the inventor, who for
many years was supported by her gifts. Much of
Mrs. Moore's life was passed in London, especially
after the death of her husband in 1878, and there, as
in Philadelphia, her house was a resort for artists,
musicians and authors. Mrs. Moore had three chil-
dren: Clarence B. Moore, of Philadelphia; Ella,
wife of Count Carl Gustaf von Rosen, first lord in
waiting to King Oscar of Sweden and Norway, and
Lillian, wife of Baron Carl de Bildt, Swedish
and Norwegian minister in Rome. She died in
London, England, Jan. 5, 1899.
474
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
ALDRICH, James, poet, was born at Mattituck,
Suffolk co., N. Y., July 14, 1810. He began life as a
business man, and gradually withdrew from his mer-
cantile pursuits to engage in journalistic and other
literary work. In 1840 he established in New York
city the " Literary Gazette." Previous to this he had
been connected with a number of other publications,
notably with the "New World," a weekly journal,
published by Park Benjamin, in which the current
magazine literature of England was reproduced iu
clu-ap form. Epes Sargent and Rufus W. Griswokl
were among his collaborators on it. His poems were
widely popular and found a place in several literary
collections, although the author never collected them
iu a separate volume. A small volume of the
"Poems" was published by his daughter in 1881.
He died in New York city, Sept. 9, 1866.
ALLEN, Georg-e, educator, was born at Milton,
Vt., Dec. 17, 180H, son of Hernan and Sarah (Pren-
tiss) Allen. His father was a lawyer, legislator and
congressman (1826-27, 1832-38), and a vigorous
worker in behalf of the Whig party in his state;
his mother was a daughter of Dr. John Prentiss, of
St. Albaus. He was graduated at the University of
Vermont in 1827, and then served as professor of lan-
guages there for two years (1828-30). Meantime, he
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1831. Sub-
sequently, while serving as teacher in the Vermont
Episcopal Institute, he studied
theology, was ordained to the
ministry of the Episcopal church
in 1834, and was rector of St.
Luke's Church, St. Albans, Vt. ,
for three years. He began con-
tributions to the New York " Re-
view " with an article on "The
Study of AVorks of Genius," and
deleiided Dr. James Marsh against
the attacks of Prof. John Mc-
Vickar, in the introduction to his
edition of Coleridge's "Aids to
Reflection." In 1837 he accepted
the chair of ancient languages
at Delaware College, Newark,
Del., and in 1845 was elected pro-
fessor of the Greek and Latin lan-
guages in the University of Penn-
sylvania, a position he held until
his death. In 1847 he became a
Roman Catholic, and for several
years was counsel for Pope Pius IX. in Philadelphia;
also writing a work entitled " Novena of St. An-
thony of Padua." He took a notable interest in
chess, and gradually acquired the finest library on
that subject in America, now the property of the
Library Co. of Philadelphia. He supplied "Chap-
ters on Chess in Philadelphia " and " The History of
the Automaton Chess-Player in America" for " The
Book of the First American Chess Congress," pub-
lished in 1859. Being also a musician, in 1863 he
wrote "The Life of Philidor, " two copies of which
were printed on vellum, the first book printed on
vellum in America. He made a special study of
military science, and contributed to the "United
States Service Magazine," edited by his colleague,
Prof. Henry Coppee, ami \\asun active member of
the Shakespeare Society of Philadelphia. " As a
profe.ss. ir. " -ays one of his pupils and associates iu
the faculty of the university, " his greatness was that
of genius. He tilled not his chair only, but his
room, by diffusing around him a subtle atmosphere
of culture and devotion to study, which molded the
minds of the most unpromising students. He com-
bined a certain courteous warmth of manner with
great evenness of temper and a perfect control of his
da<s. He infected his pupils with his own en-
thusiasms, and led them to adopt his own high
standard of attainment. Asa student and a scholar,
he was both a complete master of his own branch of
knowledge and a man of the widest and most general
accomplishments." Prof. Allen was married, July 7,
1831, to Man- Hancock Withiugtou, of Boston, a
grand-niece of John Hancock, president of the Con-
tinental congress and first state governor of Massa-
chusetts. She survived him, with their two sous,
Heman and George, noted as musicians, and two
unmarried daughters. He died in Worcester, Mass.,
May 28. 1876, and was buried in the Cathedral ceme-
tery, Philadelphia.
LLOYD, Edward, acting (seventh royal) gover
nor of the province of Maryland (1709-14), was born
at the family seat, " Wye House," Talbot county, in
1668, eldest son of Col. Philemon Lloyd and his
wife, Henrietta Maria Neale, widow of Richard
Bennett, the Puritan leader of Providence. His
mother was a daughter of Capt. James Neale,
agent of the Duke of York in Spain, whose wife,
Anna, was maid of honor to Queen Henrietta Maria
of France, wife of Charles I. Richard Bennett, Jr.,
son of Henrietta Maria (Neale) Bennett, was the
"rich man" of that time. She was "the good
Roman Catholic " wife of two stanch Puritans, and
left her impress upon more than one thousand de-
scendants. She died in 1699, aged fifty years, and
lies buried at "Wye House." Her husband, Col.
Philemon Lloyd, was the son of Edward Lloyd, a
Welshman, who came up from Virginia in 1650 and
settled at Greenberry Point, opposite Annapolis. He
was a Puritan and companion of Richard Bennett,
who "received protection" in Maryland when Vir-
ginia had refused it. Conspicuous in ability, he was
made commander of Anne Arundel, and many of
the early grants of Maryland rent-rolls were secured
from him. He was, with Philip Thomas, a commis-
sioner to return the proprietary records after the col-
lapse of Bennett's rebellion. He removed to the
eaMeni shore, to Talbot county, where he had a
large landed estate, but returned to England in 1668.
His wife, Alice Crouch, the mother of Col. Phile-
mon, having died, he was married to Mrs. Grace
Backerfield, and resided in London until his death.
His will of 1695 describes him as "Edward Lloyd,
nf Hie parish of St. Mary's, White Chappel, county
of Middlesex, merchant, and late planter of Mary-
land." He devised "Wye House" to his grandson,
Kd ward Lloyd, son of Col. Philemon. It is now held
by the seventh Edward Lloyd, of "Wye House."
Col. Philemon Lloyd was in the legislature of 1671
and 16T4; was colonel of militia, justice of the peace,
deputy speaker and commissioner of the lord-pro-
prietary to negotiate a treaty with the Five Nations at
Albany. In 1699 his son, Philemon, Jr., was in the
house of burgesses and secretary of the province;
deputy secretary and judge of the laud court. In
1721 lie was a member of the council ; in 1728-32 was
again secretary of the province. He died in 1732.
Col. Edward Lloyd, heir of "Wye House," was
one of the worshipful justices of the peace or judge
of Talbot county ; member of the lower house from
1698 until 1702, when he TTBS raised to the provincial
council. As president of the council, in 1709, he
was acting-governor from the death of John Sey-
mour until 1714, when John Hart was appointed by
the Protestant proprietary. During his term as
governor the Church of England was established in
America, and MrMahon, in his record of that period
of legislation, wrote: "It is (was) as conspicuous in
our statute-books, even at this day, as the blessed
parliament in that of England. A body of perma-
nent laws was then adopted, which for their com-
prehensiveness and arrangement are almost entitled
to the name of a code. They formed the substruc-
ture of the statute law of the province even down to
the revolution, and the subsequent legislation of the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
475
colony cll'ccted no very malt-rial change, for several
of Ihe important statutes are in force today." Sec.
CaKerl, in his correspondence will] Gov. Lloyd,
touched u|ion all nf the subjects under discussion at
thai time; vi/,.: bills of exchange, abuse of his lord-
ship's manors, rent lolls, town lands, the king's tempo
rarv line, advancement in the value of lands, ar-
rearages of rents, tin; Ohio territory and French
encroachments. At'ler his term as Movernor he re-
I Mined lo the council, and was invohnl in a di-ons
sion upon liis right to claim salary as councillor
while receiviii'4 half salary as governor. The right
to receive liolh was doubteil. In 17OS he was made
major general of militia. Gov. Lloyd was married,
l''eh. 1, KII:',, to Sarah Covinglon, a lieaulilul
(JuakiTcss. Tlieir first son, Edward, died early;
their sec 1 sun, Edward, was born May 8, 1711.
lie. was both colonel anil honorable; a member of
Hie council for a number of years, from 1711 until
ITIi!), with his kinsman, Samuel Chambci laine, as
coadjutor. lie was also a member of Ihe legislature,
in 17:!!l, and during thai year was married to Ann
Kousby. of I'aluxent., sister of Gov. I'laler's wife.
Their daughter, Kli/.abel h. became Ihe wile ol lien
Cadwalader, of Ihe revolutionary army, » ho^e
daii-'hler was married to (Jen. Samuel Kin-nold , of
Fountain Hock, how Ihe sile of Si. .lames College,
Maryland. Henrietta Maria Lloyd, next, daughter,
lid a me. the wife of Ihe distinguished .losepli Hopper
Nicholson, and his son, Richard Bennett Lloyd, of
Hi,' English guards, was married lo the beaut i-
till Joanna Leigh, of the Isle of Wight ; Edward
Llovd, Ihe fourlli, of " \\'ve House," \v:is married to
Elizabeth Taylor. In 17(>0 Edward Lloyd, Hie
third, was made a commissioner In cany into ell'ect
Hie decision of the high court of chancery of Kmj
land respecting the long •disputed boundary bclwern
Maryland and Pennsylvania. Gov. Lloyd, of the
province, died March 20, 1719, and was buried ;il
" Wye House." His widow became the wife of James
Holliday, of Readbourne, Queen Anne co. She
died in London, April 9, 17.55. "The letter thai re
cords her death," says Ihe historian Hanson, "is
stained with tears, anil her character through life
justified such expression."
DARLING, John Adams, merchant, and
manufacturer, was horn in Providence, H. I., May Hi,
1SH2, son of Ziba and Vienna (Ballon) Darling. Ills
father was a native of Belliugham, Mass., and his
mother, a daughter of Levi Ballon, of Cumberland.
K. I. He received a common-school education, and
at the age of eighteen was employed by his brother-
in-law, Thaddeus Curtis, of Providence, in the manu-
facture of brushes. In September, 1823, he became
associated with Mr. Curtis, under the firm-name of
Thaddeus Curtis & Co., and they continued the bu-i-
nessat different places until 1869, when they removed
to No. 10 Peck street, where the business is still
carried on, undertheold firm-name, by Georire II.
Darling, who became a member of the firm Jan. 1,
1850. Mr. Curtis sold his entire interest to his part-
ners in April, 1870, and John A. Darling continued
in the business until his death, having then been suc-
cessfully engaged in the manufacture of brushes for
more than fifty-eight years. Although closely de-
voted to his business, he was ever deeply inter-
ested in the public welfare. He was a director
of the Jackson Bank for one year (1854): a director
of the Mechanics' Savings Bank (1858-(i7); of the
Westminster Bank from f858, and of the Providence
Mutual Fire Insurance Co. from 1854 until his
death, and a trustee of the latter from 1866 to 1873.
lie represented the city of Providence in the state
legislature in 1854, and for several years was an ac-
tive and influential member of the Mechanics' As-
sociation of Providence. In politics he beean as a
Whig, but was a Republican from the formation of
that party. He wasa member of Ihe First Universalist
Society, and with his family was a regular attendant
at its services. Mr. Darling was an energetic and
enterprising citizen, whose liberal aid could always
be relied onin furtherance of benevolent objects. He
was married, Aug. 9, 1824, to Kli/.a, daughter of
Henry Potter, of South Kingston, J{. 1. He died in
Providence. July 14, is;;i.
STANWOOD, Edward, editor and author, was
born in Augusta, Me., Sept. Hi, 1S1I. He is eighth
in descent from Philip siainwood. who was in
Gloucester, Mass., a* early as ]l!,52, where he served
as seleelman in l!i."is. Philip'^ ".real urea! grandson,
Laao Slanw.iod, of Ipswich, was a soldier ill the
revolution. Two of his sons, Jacob and Laao. mar-
ried daughters of Kbene/ei Caldwcll. a pnbiic-
spirilcd ciii/.en of Ipswich. Jacob's daughter, Har-
riet, was the wife of lion. James G. Blame. Isaac'
s Daniel ('. Slanwood, cily clerk of Angnsla for
many years, had a family ol ele\ en children, among
\\hom were Hie presem repre-cntat ive, and Arthur
G sianu 1, assistant-treasurer of the ChicaL'o.
l!iirlim:lon ami Quincy railroad. Edward Slan-
wo.xl. Hie I bird son. was giaduali d at l!o\\ doin < 'ol
1. ge in isiil. While still a college -in.]. m. he bc-
nai; lo report the proceeding* , i! ihe Maiue legisla-
ture for Hie "Augusta Ave and continued the
work until his graduation. Tin- folio wing \ear he
becami assistant-editor of the " Isenin bee Journal,"
acting also a- Hie Augusta correspondent of the Bos-
Ion " Daily Advi-rliscr." In 1MI7 lie went to Boston
as an assisianl on Ihe editorial slalf of ihe "Adver-
tiser, ' and after Ilie .lealh of Mr. Goddard, in 1SH2,
he occupied the edit of s chair for I wo \ears. During
Ihe two decades immediately following ihe civil war
the "Advertiser" was conspicuous for Ihe high
-landard which it maintained. Mr. Slanwood left
the '• Advertiser " in November, l^s:!. and Ihe Janu-
arv following joined (lie slall of the " Youth's
Companion" as an a^iMalil. A lew \eaislatcr he
was advanced to his present po-
sition of managing editor. He
has long been a vigorous writer
on political and ecunnniical
subjects, and has contributed
inaiiv arlicles to various mags
/.ines. His " History of Pre^i-
dential Elections." since its first
appearance, in 1884. has come
to be Ihe recognized authority
on the subject at Harvard and
at other leading colleges. The
"Nation" spoke of it as "most
timely ill its appearance, and
full o'f iustr.iction for those who
will read between the lines."
The Springfield "Republican"
characterized the narrative as
"graphic, rapid, clear and un „
clouded by prejudice." A natu- £• ' , — ~//—
nil outgrowth of this work O-zT^oztx-J >/t«^-
was the course of six lec-
tures which Mr. Stauwood gave before the Lowell
Institute in Boston, in 1885, on "Early Party Con-
tests." As special agent of the eleventh census, he
collected the statistics of and prepared a report upon
the cotton manufactures of the United Slates. In
1897 he wrote a " History of the Cotton Manufac-
ture in New England." "for "The New England
States." He is now (1899) secretary of the Arkwright
Club, a member of the Statistical Society and of the
New England Historic Genealogical Society, and
a trustee of the public library of Brookline, where
he lives. In 1886. Mr. Stauwood became an overseer
of Bowdoin College, which, in 1894, conferred upon
him the degree of Lit.D. He was married, NoV' 16,
1870, to Eliza, daughter of Samuel Topliff, who es~
476
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
tablished the first news-room in Boston. They have
one daughter, Ethel, the wife of Charles Kuowles
Bolton, librarian of the Boston Athenasum ; and a
son, Edward Stanwood.
BALDWIN, Matthias William, inventor and
manufacturer, was born in Elizabethtown, N. J.,
Dec. 10, 1795. His father, William Baldwin, had
accumulated a comfortable property as a carriage-
builder; but this was subsequently dissipated by the
bad management of his executors' leaving his widow
and children in dependent circumstances. Matthias
Baldwin received a good common school education;
but from early youth the bent of his mind was more
toward mechanical contrivance than books. He
would take his toys to pieces to learn their construc-
tion, and turn his mother's rooms into workshops for
the manufacture of his devices, which were always
finished with marvelous neatness and skill. At the
age of sixteen he was apprenticed to the trade of a
jeweler with Woolworth Bros., of Frankford, Phila-
delphia Co., Pa., and in 1817, shortly after the ex-
piration of his term of indenture, removed with his
mother to Philadelphia. Here he was employed by
Fletcher & Gardener, extensive manufacturers of
jewelry on Chestnut street, and soon became one of
the most useful men in the shop. He was never
content with mere blind imitation, and loved to pro-
duce work as perfect as possible.
Soon, orders demanding taste,
thought aud invention began to
pass into his hands, and he rose
rapidly in the esteem of his em-
ployers and fellow - workmen.
After two years of journeyman
work, he had saved sufficient to
enable him to commence the
manufacture of jewelry on his
own account, and his reputa-
tion as a skillful workman im-
mediately attracted custom,
and seemed to promise flatter-
ing success. In the meantime,
he was making constant im-
provements in the machinery
and methods of his trade, in-
venting, among other things, a
new process of gold-plating,
now very generally employed, consisting in soldering
the gold plate to the base metal, aud rolling the two
until compressed to the required thinness. Owing
to a sudden aud unaccountable decrease in the de-
mand for jewelry, he was obliged to think of some
new field of operations, and in 1825 formed a part-
nership with David Mason, a machinist, for the
manufacture of bookbinding tools, machinery and
dies, which had hitherto been exclusively imported.
They afterward added the manufacture of cylinders
for printing calicoes, and shortly completed the great
improvement of etching devices on the steel mills,
which transferred them to the cylinder. The rapid
growth of their business necessitated removal to
larger quarters, and then the employment of im-
proved power. To supply the latter need, Mr.
Baldwin constructed, in 1828, a small stationary
engine of about five horse-power, which was used
continuously in his shop for over forty years. This
engine was not only more complete aud powerful
than any then in use, bu' contained an original im-
provement in the method of imparting rotaiy motion,
which proved the germ of the ponderous marine en-
gines now in use. By degrees, the manufacture of
steam-engines became the most important department
of his business, until in about ten years he was reck-
oned the foremost engine-builder in the country. In
the fall of 1830, the Camden and Amboy Railroad Co.
imported a locomotive from England, which, after a
careful examination, Mr. Baldwin reproduced in a
working model for the Philadelphia museum. En-
couraged by this achievement, he directed his atten-
tion boldly to introducing upon American railroads
a better locomotive than the rude and unmanageable
machines then in use, being particularly interested
in contrivances for generating and economizing
steam. The first locomotive from his shops was
completed after overcoming numerous obstacles,
and tested at a grand public trial, held Nov. 23,
1832. During the next three years he completed
some ten locomotives, containing, among other im-
provements made by him, devices for the adjustment
of the crank, the insertion of the steam-pipe and the
construction of the driving-wheels. With the steady
growth and extension of railroad traffic arose numer-
ous problems, which he met aud grappled with suc-
cessfully. The great difficulty involved by the
original clumsy rigid-frame patterns of locomotives
in turning curves with a heavy train was met by
him: first, with his invention of the six-wheel gear
locomotive, patented in 1841; and later, by his
"flexible truck." Although there were several
competitors in the field when he first began the
manufacture, his work in reality made possible the .
heavy freight traffic of the present day; aud in other
respects the science of railroading has been ad-
vanced by the inventions of his fertile brain. To
his latest day, Mr. Baldwin found his best loved
recreation in repairing watches and constructing
small mechanical devices. But the mastermachiuist
and inventor was noted also for his philanthropy and
earnest piety. He was one of the most active
founders of "the Franklin Institute in 1824, and in
after-life a prominent supporter of its educational
enterprises. A devoted member of the Presby-
terian church, he was widely known as a builder of
churches and missions. His heart and purse seemed
always ready to respond to appeals from deserving
sources. He opened a school for colored children in
Philadelphia, and for years paid the salaries of its
teachers. When, in 1835, an appeal was made for
the support of Pompey Hunt, a negro evangelist, he
himself guaranteed a generous sum to enable him to
continue preaching the Gospel. Mr. Baldwin's in-
terest in the cause of the negro race aud his earnest
advocacy of abolition were of life-long duration, aud
during the stormy times before the civil war, were
very often quoted to his disadvantage by business
competitors. But his life was governed by the con-
victions of his conscience, and, come what might, he
could not be moved. He was a member of the
Pennsylvania state constitutional convention of 1837,
aud voted earnestly against the exclusion of negro
property-holders from the right of the franchise.
He died, at his country home at Wissinoming, near
Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 7, 1866. , n n-
BOEHLER. Peter, Moravian bishop, was born
at Frankfort on-the-Main, Dec. 31, 1773. He was
associated with the Unitas Fratrum while at Jena,
(1731-36), and entered their ministry in December,
1737, being destined to the southern colonies in
America. In London, early in 1738. he met the
Wesleys, and exerted a vital and well-known intlu-
ence on the founders of Methodism. After l\\o
years' nearly fruitless labor on the Atlantic coast
and a brief association with Whitefield, he returned
to England early in 1741, but the next year conducted
a party of fifty-six to Philadelphia. Banished from
Hew York as' a "Papist " in January, 1743, he had
charge at Bethlehem for nearly two years, and then
remained in Europe for eight years, having been
consecrated a bishop in 1748. In 1753 he was again
at Bethlehem, and succeeded in saving the lands of
the church, which had been endangered by mort-
gages. Aflermanv wanderings and a year in Europe,
hr c-nnc back in 1756 as vice-superintendent of the
OF AMKKICAN BIOGRAPHY.
477
American province and assistant to Bisliop Spangen-
bur!;, uud remained until 1764. His last years were
siient in Germany as a member of the directory and
of the elders' conference, with frequent sojourns ia
England. " Memorials" of his life, by T. P. Lock-
wood, appeared in 1868. (See also the "Transac-
tions "of the Moravian Historical Society, series II.)
The Wesleyans have named a chapel after him in
London, England, where he died, April 29? 1774
BLACK-HAWK, or Kara-zhousept-hah,
Indian chief, was born in the present limits of Ran-
dolph county, 111., in 1767. He was the adopted
brother of the chief of the Foxes, and although by
birth a Pottawattomie, was brought up by the Sacs.
lie bore several names ; at the time of the treaty at
Prairie d'u C'hien his name was Hav-ray-tshoan-sharp,
but later, when he was taken prisoner, it was Mus
ca!a misll-kia-kiak. lie was a leader among his
people at the .-me nf fifteen, being already rated as a
warrior, and at. twenty-one became head chief of the
Sac.s. Ilis course from the start was one of opposi-
tion 1o the whites, and the assertion of the rights of
his people even to lands sold by them. It is proba-
ble that his policy was shaped by the false informa-
tion that the Americans were few anil could not
tight. In 1804 the Sacs and Foxes signed a treaty at
St. Louis with (Sen. Harrison, whereby, for an annu-
ity of si. ODD, they transferred to the United States
their lands along the Mississippi river, but Black
Hawk, alleging that the chiefs were drunk at the
time of signing, for several years successfully re-
sisted the ratification of its provisions. A second
treaty was made, however, in 1816, he himself be-
in i; a party, by which the cession of lands was com-
pleted. Seven years later the main body of both
tribes migrated to their new reservation under the
leadership of Keokuk, but Black-Hawk still re-
mained behind. In 1830 the chiefs of the Foxes
were invited to a treaty at Prairie du C'hien for a
settlement of their difficulties with the Sioux. On
the way to attend the treaty meeting nine Foxes wen-
killed by the Sioux, and next year a band of Sioux,
within a mile of Prairie du Chien, were attacked by
Black-Hawk's party and twenty-eight were killed.
The Americans demanded the murderers, but Black-
Hawk refused to deliver them up. By the treaty of
1830 the Sacs and Foxes had sold their country to
the U. S. government. Black-Hawk had nothingto
do with this sale, and the attempt to ratify it dis-
pleased him. When he heard, next year, of his peo-
ple having to remove from his village, by the advice
of the trader, to take up an abode elsewhere, he be-
came the leader of those who were opposed to re-
moval. The Sacs were then on Rock river, and
Black-Hawk agreed to deliver up their lead mines if
allowed to hold their village. Their women and
children, dispossessed, were on the banks of the
Mississippi, without lodges, while the Sacs were en-
camped on the west bank of that river. They de-
termined to repossess their lands. The whites
agreed to let them plant together, but had secured
the best grounds. The women were badly treated.
but still no retaliation was resorted to until the In-
dians were cheated out of their guns. Finally they
were told not to come to the east side of the river,
but Black-Hawk, refusing to obey, recrossed and
took possession. Gov. Reynolds declared Illinois in-
vaded by hostile Indians, although they were only
upon IT. S. lands, and six companies of regulars and
700 militia were ordered there underGeu. Gaines.
Black-Hawk met the general in council and declared
he would not remove, but when all the troops had
arrived the Indians fled, returning only to steal corn
from their own lauds. Gen. Atkinson met them at
Fort Madison, but they retreated up Rock river to
plant on the landsof Black-Hawk's son, the Prophet.
Maj. Stillman followed them; a flag of truce was
sent in but its bearers were taken prisoners ; five
messengers were sent by Black- Hawk, and they were
pursued and killed. The war cry was then raised,
and the Indians rushed on with guns, knives and
tomahawks. Stillman ordered a retreat, which be-
came a rout. Black-Hawk, with seventy men, had
put to flight a detachment of 270. The chief
then proceeded to Four Lakes, at the head of Rock
river, Atkinson pursuing, and 3,000 whites being
brought face to face with 500 Indians, on June 18th,
were defeated after a fierce contest. Gen. Scott was
then ordered to the frontier with nine companies of
artillery, but his troops were smitten with cholera.
Gen. Dodge fell upon Black Hawk's trail on Ouis-
consin, and he, deceived in his support, was forced
to retreat, crossing the river in the night with much
sutfering and disaster. At Blue Mounds, Dodge
and Atkinson united forces in pursuit. Black-
llawk's forces in descending the ( )uisconsin, were
upset in their boats and many were drowned and
Mlliers captured. A steamboat overtook his forces
on Aug. 1st, and he sent two white flags for surren-
der. A company of 150 of his men, without arms,
approached the river, but the captain of the boat
tired bis six pounders into them, and next morning
(!en. Atkinson's whole army was upon them, de-
feating and driving them into the river, to their total
destruction. Black-Hawk again escaped, but this
contest ended the war. The Sioux, with 100 men,
pursued the flying Sacs, and
murdered another 120 of
them. Two young AVinne
bagoes brought Black-Hawk
into camp, dressed in while
deer skin clothes made foi
him by squaws. When taken
before the commander he
said : "You have taken me
prisoner; I am grieved. I
tried to bring you into am-
bush. Your guns were well
aimed. I. saw my evil day was
at hand. Black-Hawk'sheart
is dead, but he can stand tor-
ture; he is no coward — he is
an Indian who fought for his
squaws, against those who
cametocheat. You know the
cause of this war. and y u
ought to be ashamed of it We looked up to the
Great Spirit. Farewell, my nation." Black-Hawk,
with eleven chiefs and fifty warriors, was landed at
the lower rapids. His two sons, Prophet and Nao-
pope, and five principal warriors, were given up as
hostages to be held during the pleasure of the presi-
dent, "at Jefferson barracks, Mo. They were men of
gigantic and symmetrical figures of statuesque pro-
portion; Jack, the eldest, being an embodiment of
ideal manly beauty. Black-Hawk was then about
sixty-three years of age. His disposition was amia-
ble, and he had always displayed the strictest integ-
rity. He was not a chief by birth, but acquired his
position by bravery and wisdom. In his interview
with Pres! Jackson, he said, with true dignity : " I
am a man; and you are another." The presi-
dent directed that articles of dress intended for his
party be exhibited and distributed, and commanded
him to go to Fort Monroe and remain contented.
Black-Hawk replied: " If I had not struck for my
people they would have said I was a woman. Black-
Hawk expects to return to his people." The presi-
dent replied; " When all is quiet you may return,"
and assured him that his women should be protected.
On June 5, 1833, they were set free, Pres. Jackson
again meeting him in Baltimore, and all along the
return route crowds greeted him. In New York he
visited the Seneca reservation. He arrived at Fort
-'
478
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Armstrong in August, 1833, and was met by Indians
•with bands of music. Keokuk was then tlie ac-
knowledged chief of his tribe, and Black Hawk, de-
claring that he would not conform to any one, de-
parted in silence, downcast and broken. In person
he was of magnificent physique and rare beauty.
His head was the envy of the phrenologist; his face
of a classic Roman type. One writer Ihiuks he re-
sembled Sir Walter "Scott; another saw in him the
face of Stephen Girard, and a third saw a marked
•likeness to Pres. Monroe. Black Hawk died at Des
Moiues, la., Oct. 3, 1838. He was buried according
to the custom of the Sacs; his body seated on the
ground; his cane between his knees, grasped in his
hands, with slabs or rails then piled about him.
Later his bones were stolen, but being found in pos-
session of a surgeon of Qnincy, 111., were restored
to his friends.
ENGLIS, John, shipbuilder, was born in Brook-
lyn, N. Y., Nov. 25, 181)8, the son of a Scotchman
who came to America in 1795. He attended public
schools in New York, and on completing his school-
ing, was apprenticed to learn marine construction in
the shipyard of Smith & Dimond, of that city.
There he rose to be a journeyman, and was then
appointed foreman for Bishop & Dimondson, another
conspicuous firm of builders. In 1837 he went to
Lake Erie, and constructed under contract two
steamboats for the northern trade — the Milwaukee
and Red Jacket — which were among the first
steamers used on the great lakes. Returning then
to New York, he opened a shipyard ou the East
river, and devoted his energies entirely to steamboat
building — an industry then in its infancy, and pre-
senting many difficult problems to the marine archi-
tect. These Mr. Englis set to work to solve, and
gradually, from modest beginnings, he came to be
considered the leading steam-
i^., boat constructor in New York.
In the fifty years of his ac-
tive business life nearly all the
great side-wheel steamers for
the trade and travel of Long
Island Sound, and the finest
river steamboats iu the world,
were launched from his yard;
and he also constructed ves-
sels for ocean and lake traffic.
Hi? built in all eighty-nine
vessels, among which were
-.even designed for service in
t'liina — the Plymouth Rock
and AVestern World, con-
structed in 1853 for service ou
the great lakes, which for
years were unequaled either for
speed or beauty; the St. John,
which, when launched on the
Hudson river, was the greatest triumph of the kind,
and marked a new era iu marine construction and
river navigation ; and such others as the Richmond,
C. H. Northam, Tremont, Falmouth, Columbia.
City of Troy and Grand Republic, for river and
sound service; and the ocean steamers City of
Mexico, City of Merida, City of Havana, City of
Vera Crux, City of Atlanta, City of Columbia, Villa
Clara, Gloria and Trinidad. During the civil war
the Englis ship\ar<l was kept especially busy supply-
ing the demands of the army of the North, and the
first of the gunboats delivered to the Federal govern-
ment, the Unadilla, was built in 1861. within a
period of forty eight days. Mr. Englis constructed
for use on (lie Long Island sound the Newport, 340
feet in length, 44 feet beam, and 14 feet depth of
hold, which made the trip to Newport in eight
hours, a record not beaten even by the gigantic ves-
sels now ou that route. Another notable achieve-
ment was the building and launching of the steam-
boat Columbia iu forty-two days. Mr. Euglis ac-
quired a large fortune by his industry, and invested
it mainly in navigation enterprises. He was a mem-
ber of the General Society of Mechanics and Trades-
men, and promoted every movement for the welfare
of the working classes. He was married, in Febru-
ary, 1832, to Mary A., daughter of Abram Quaeken-
bush, of New York, and had one son, who succeeded
in the management of the shipyard. He died in
Brooklyn, ICY., Oct. 25, 1888.
ENGLIS, John, Jr., shipbuilder, was born in
New York city, Feb. 17, 1833. son of John and Mary
A. (Quackenb'ush) Englis. He attended the public
schools in New York, but, being iu poor health, dis-
continued his studies at seventeen years of age, and
began his career in his father's shipyard. In 1852
he went to Whitehall, X. Y., and there constructed
the first steamer (the Canada) for Lake Champ-
lain. The next year he went to
Buffalo, and constructed the
Western World's Plymouth
Rock. In 1854 he joined his
father, the firm name being John
Englis & Son, and continued
business at the yards at the foot
of Tenth street,' East river, New
York city, at which place he
assisted iu building many steam-
ers, both for the rivers of this
country, China, Cuba, South
America and the coast trade with
Canada. In 1872 the firm moved
its yards to their present loca-
tion' at Greenpoiut, Brooklyn.
Among the steamers constructed
by John Englis & Son were the St.
John, Daniel Drew, Dean Rich-
mond, Newport, Old Colony,
Saratoga, City of Troy, C'. H.
Northam, Columbia, Grand Republic, Tremont,
Forest City, Star of the East, Katahdin, Cambridge,
Falmouth, John Brooks; the steamships City of
Mexico, City of Nerida, City of Havana, City of
New York, i'itv of Atlanta and City of Columbia.
The steamer Adirondack was constructed under his
supervision in 1896. In 1882 the two sons of John
Englis, Jr., were admitted to the firm, which took
the name of John Englis vfc Sous; thus three genera-
tions were in business together. After the death of
John Euglis and William F. Euglis the business of
shipbuilding underwent a great change, the use of
wooden vessels, except for shoal-river navigation
bein"- done away with. John Enslis, Jr., retired
I n>m the firm in 1892, and has devoted his time to
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
479
the operation of the various lines in which he has
held a large interest, as well as various financial
in-i Millions and corporations. He is a vice-president
and general manager of the Maine Steamship Co., be-
tween New York and Portland, Me.; vice president
ul' the 1'orthind Steamship Co., between Boston and
Portland ; vice-president of the New Jersey Steamboat
(People's) Line, between New York and Albany;
vice-presideni and managing director of the Brooklyn
Ferrv ( '<>. , of Xew York, operating the ferries at the
foot of Broadway, Brooklyn, and Greenpoint avenue,
I trunk I vn. "|J has been a director of the llth \Vard
Bank of New York for many years; a director of the
Brooklyn Heights Railroad Co., Norwalk Steamboat
Co. and Eighth and Ninth Avenue Railroad Co..
New York city; a trustee nf the
Homeopathic Hospital ; a member
of the Society of Mechanics and
Tradesmen ami New York Metro-
politan Museum of Art. In 1854 he
was married to Jeannette A. , dau ^ li •
ter of John Carrick, one of the
oldest shipbuilders on Lake Erie.
He had two sons, one of whom
died in 1891, and four daughters.
ENGLIS, Charles Morti-
mer, shipbuilder, was born at
Raveuswood, Long Island Citv,
N. Y., Dec. 14, 1857, son of
John and Jeannette A. (Carrick)
Englis. He attended school at
Mt. Washington Institute, New
York city, where he was gradu-
^ ated in 1873, and entered New
York University in the class
of 1877; but having in view the shipbuilding busi-
ness, remained in the university but one year, enter-
ing his father's shipyard (John Englis, Jr.,) in 1874,
at the age of seventeen. He soon became so proficient
in all branches of the business that, in 1882. he be-
came a member of the firm, composed of his father
and grandfather, under the firm name of .John
Englis «fc Sous. John Englis, Sr.'s, death in 1SH7
and the retirement of John TSnglis, Jr., in 1892, left.
him the sole remaining member of the firm, and the
business of shipbuilding was conducted try him under
the old firm name of John Englis & Sons. Among
the vessels constructed after the reorganization of
the firm in 1SS2 were: the C. H. Northam, City of
Columbia, Tremout and Adirondack. The steamer
Adirondack was constructed by Charles M. Englis
in 1896, with all her fittings, decorations and outfit
complete. In addition to the shipbuilding interest,
Charles M. Euglis has been identified with numerous
financial institutions and enterprises. He is presi-
dent of the Wallabout Bank of Brooklyn; of the
Citizens' Steamboat Co., of Troy, N. Y., and of the
Brooklyn and Queen's County Suburban Railroad
Co. , of Brooklyn. He is director in the New Jersey
(People's Line) Steamboat Co. ; Maine Steamship
Co. ; the Portland Steamship Co. ; New York and
Norwalk Steamboat Co.; Union Ferry Co., and
Brooklyn and New York Ferry Co. He served
twelve years in the 7th regiment, N. G. S. N. Y. ; is
a member of the chamber^ of commerce; New York
Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen; St. Nicholas
Society of Brooklyn; trustee of the Homeopathic
Hospital of Brooklyn; member of the Metropolitan
and Union League clubs and Down Town Associa-
tion, of New YTork; of the Hamilton, Oxford, Cres-
cent, Riding and Driving clubs, of Brooklyn; of the
Troy Club, of Troy, N. Y. ; the Century Club, of
Ogdensburg, N. Y., and of the Thousand Islands
Club, of Alexandria Bay. He is president of Oak
Island Fishing and Gunning Club, of St. Lawrence
river, and is commodore of Chippewa Bay Yacht
Club. Mr. Englis was married, in 1S!C>, to Maude
Louise, daughter of Horace Pratt, of Minneapolis,
Minn., who at the time of his death was president, of
the Minneapolis Mills. They have one son, John
Englis, 3d.
HARDING, Amos Joseph, underwriter, was
born in Morrow county, O., May 3, 1839, son of
Chauncy Commodore and Rachel (Story) Harding,
lie is a descendant of John Harding, who emigrated
from England in 1(>23, and settled at Weymouth,
.Mass., later joining Roger Williams at Providence,
R. I., where he became prominent, in the Baptist
church. His great-grandfather, Abraham Harding,
removed to Orange county, N. Y. ; thence to the Wyo-
ming valley, Pennsylvania. His son, Amos, settled
at Clifford, Susquehanna CO., Pa., in 1800, removing
to what is now Morrow
county, O.. in 1*17, and
\\;i- the father of Chauncy
Commodore Harding. Mr.
Harding's mother, Rachel
Story, was descended from
William Story, who emi-
grated from Norwich, Mm
folk co., Enidand. in 1638,
and settled at Ipswich, Mass.
Her grandfather, Joseph
Siorv, removed from Essex
comity to Oxford county,
Me., late in life, and died
there in 1826. Her father,
Nehemiah Story, born at Bil-
lerica, Essex co., Mass., in
IT*',!, was married to Kaehcl,
daughter of William Low,
of ilopkiuton, N. H., in
1801. Amos Joseph Harding
ua- educated at Ohio < m
tral College, and removing
to Nebraska City, Neb., was for four years engaged
chiefly as a surveyor of government lands; his win-
ters being passed in clerical work and in the study
of law. He served in the civil war as judge-advo-
cate of the districts of St. Louis and of North Mis-
souri, and for six months as solicitor for freedmen's
courts in the district of Kentucky, Tennessee and
North Alabama, during which he established and
held in Nashville the first court ever held in Tennes-
see wherein the black man could testify against the
white. The principal battles in which he was en-
gaged were Fort Douelson, Shiloh and Cape Girar-
deau. He was twice promoted and brevetted for
gallant and meritorious service during the war. Mr.
'Harding built up one of the most successful local
agencies for fire and life insurance in the West. In
ISiiS he accepted a field position with the Home In-
surance Co. of New York, and continued with this
company in connection with his local business for
about lour years. In 1872 he accepted the western
special agency of the Phoenix of Brooklyn. During
the four years he remained with this company its
business increased over 400 per cent, in his territory,
with a loss ratio of not exceeding forty per cent. Later
he became western manager of the Springfield Fire
and Marine Insurance Co., whose cash capital at that
time, January, 1876, was $750,000, with total assets
& /
480
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
of $1,390,000; premium receipts amounting to
$605,775. At the present time its capital is $1,500,-
000; total assets nearly ,$5,000,000, and net premiums
over $2,000,0110. To this remarkable growth the
western department, under Mr. Harding's manage-
ment, has very largely contributed. As an under-
writer he is conservative, aggressive, and a firm be-
liever iu organized cooperation. He was one of the
founders of the Union of Western Managers, organ-
ized in 1879, and has been vice-president and presi-
dent of that organization. He took a prominent part
in the political affairs of his county and state while
residing iu Nebraska, and was a delegate to every
Republican state convention from 1867 to 1875; was
president of the State Soldiers' and Sailors' conven-
tion iu 1868; was a delegate to the Republican national
convention of that year, which nominated Gen. Grant
for the presidency, and was commissioner of registra-
tion (1868-71). He was a member of the Grand Lodge
of the Order of Good Templars in both states, also a
representative from Nebraska to the Grand Lodge
of North America in May, 1867, at Richmond, Ind.,
and Baltimore, in 1872. He is a member of the A. F.
and A. M. ; the Military Order of the Loyal Legion;
a life member of the Society of the Army of the
Tennessee, of which he has been vice-president; the
Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion, and a Knight Templar. Mr. Harding was mar-
ried at St. Joseph, Mo., Nov. 20, 1864, to Eliza
Helen, daughter of James H. and Margaret (Wal-
lace) Cowden. They have three sons and one
daughter.
MILLER, Albion Kendall, merchant and
navigator, was born at Thomaston. Me., April 30,
1835, son of George and Julia (Robinson) Miller, of
Scotch-Irish descent. His earliest American ances-
tor was Noah Miller, who moved from the Massa-
chusetts colony to Maine early in the present century,
and served as a major iu the revolutionary war.
His son, Joel Miller (1774-1849), was long warden of
the state prison; state senator (1828), and judge of pro-
liaic(1836). Albion K. Miller was
six years of age when his father
died, and his educational advan-
tages wyere slight. At the age of
thirteen years he shipped as cabin
boy on the bark Nimrod, com-
manded by his uncle, George \W
Robinson. On returning, lie
entered an academy at Thomas-
ton, and later became a student
at Comer's Commercial College,
Boston, where he completed the
course in navigation with honors
in 1853. He next shipped on the
bark Eglantine for Liverpool,
making his return voyage in the
Edward Stat'ey, at its close
being promoted third officer.
Landing at New Orleans in
September, 1854, he was ill for
several weeks with yellow fever,
and then working his passage to New York, he
shipped as second officer of the Georges, bound for
Sydney, Australia. On this voyage they touched at
many ports in the south Pacific, China sea and
Indian ocean, and after his return to Boston he
shipped as first officer on the N. Boy n ton, in which
he made two trips to New Orleans. Later he com-
manded the same vessel for four years (1858-62);
was then commander of the John O. Baker, in the
East Indian trade, until 1869. In that year he re-
tired from the sea and joined the commission firm
of Ross, Skolfield & Miller, of Liverpool. In 1871
he located in New Orleans, and organized the firm
of A. K. Miller & Co., the most extensive shipping
agents of that city. Mr. Miller is president of the
New Orleans chamber of commerce; president of
the Maritime Association and of the American Ship-
ping and Industrial League, as well as permanent
vice-president of the national board of trade. He is
a member of the Pickwick and Commercial clubs
and an honorary member of the Continental guards
and the Washington artillery of New Orleans. On
July 2, 1862, he was married to Mary Ellen Leonard,
of South Braiutree, Mass., who for seven years ac-
companied him on his voyages. They have one son,
George A. Miller, born on the ship John O. Baker
in the Indian ocean.
LYTTON, Henry Charles, merchant, was bora
iu New York city, July 13, 1846, of English parents.
He received his early education in the public schools
of New York, and at the age of
fourteen was graduated at the
Free Academy (College of the
City of New York), and en-
tered at once upon a business
career. He spent nine months
in a law office; then became en-
try clerk in a wholesale dry-
goods house, afterwards occupy-
ing the position of book-keeper
in a manufacturing concern. He
next spent three years in St.
Louis with a large retail house,
and returning to New York, re-
mained in that city until he was
twenty-one years of age, when he
went to Michigan, and spent ten
years in a retail business in part-
nership with his brother. After
this he returned to New York,
where he remained three years
more, until he was offered a part-
nership and sole management of
a large retail business iu Indian-
apolis. In 1887 he opened in Chicago what is called
"The Hub." a store devoted entirely to men's
and boys' attire, which, after the short period of
eleven and a half years, has developed into the
largest store of the kind in this country, if not in the
world. Although starting this business in what then
seemed a poor location, as a proof of Mr. Lytton's
foresight it is now the center of the business part of
Chicago. He has built up his enormous business by
his unique and judicious methods of advertising and
modern progressive business methods. Mr. Lytton
is a philanthropic and public-spirited man, each
summer distributing among the poor large quantities
of ice, and for ten years every winter he has given
to each of 1,000 of Chicago's poorest families one
half ton of coal. He was the first person who offered
to subscribe to the World's Columbian exposi-
tion of Chicago, taking a large amount of stock in
the company. He is a member of the Union League,
Washington Park, Hamilton and other clubs of
Chicago, and of the National Arts and Lotus clubs
of New York city. He is vice-president of the
bureau of justice and a life member of the Chicago
Art Institute. His only daughter was married to a
famous Swiss artist, August Reusiger, who made fine
portraits of Pres. McKinley, Vice-pres. Hobart,
Pope Leo XIII., and many other celebrities.
COPELAND, Lucius Frederick, lawyer,
author and lecturer, was born iu Rochester, Monroe
co., N. Y., July 20, 1841, son of Lloyd and Olive
(Rowley) Copeland. His first American ancestor
was Lawrence Copeland (1589-1699), whose son
William, married Mary Bass, granddaughter of
John Alden and Priscilla Mullens, who came to
America in the Mayflower. The family has been
remarkable for longevity and physical and in-
PUELIC LIBRARV,\
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
481
tellectual vigor. It is recorded that Joseph, son of
William, was the father of twelve children, whose
united ages at death aggregated 1,032 years. Several
of the family won revolutionary fame. .Mr. Cope-
land's lather' was a soldier in the Mexican war, and
was killed at the battle of Buena Vista; his mother
was the daughter of Jeduthau Rowley, whose
father was one of the earliest settlers of western
New York. He was "bound out" when nine
years old to a distant relative, who proved to
lie a severe and tyrannical master, and until Hi
years of age led a life of toil and bitter priva-
tion, with onlv three months' schooling in each
year 1'nalile longer lo endure the hard life he was
leading, he ran away, walking over 200 miles to the
plantation of a maternal
great uncle, where he re-
mained, working days and
studying nights, in his
eagerness lo acquire an
education. In two years,
by incessant toil, he was
able to enter the Uni-
versity of Virginia The
civil war intervening, he
left the university and at
the wish and through the
liberality of his uncle and
patron, lie went abroad,
traveling for I w o \ears
and a half through all
parts of Europe, China,
x . $f Japan and other Oricn-
( ,' tal countries. Keturning
1 ^ to America in 18(1:!, he
entered the I'nion army,
serving on the staff of the military governor of
the District of Columbia. In 18n'"> he removed to Si
Louis, Mo., and engaged in business for a year. In
ISI'ili he went to New Mexico with u parly of explor-
ers, from which he returned without a dollar. In
1871 he went to New York, and engaged in journal-
ism, lie was for a time special correspondent of the
New Yoik " 1'osi," New York "Sun "and Chicago
"Times," traveling through the South, writing lel-
h is on " Reconstruction " events and other topics.
Meanwhile having studied law, he was admitted to
the bar in 1S74, and in a marvelously short time
found himself possessed of a lucrative practice. In
ISTii he opened a law office in Berrien county,
Mich., and began an active career as lawyer and
politician, soon becoming a recognized leader of his
party. His activity in the campaign of 187(1. mak-
ing over eighty speeches, and controlling and direct-
ing conventions, drew to him the notice of several
leading Indiana politicians, and in 1878 he removed
to South Bend, Ind. Here, as elsewhere, he at
once became prominent, gaining a remunerative law
practice, and attracting attention as one of the ablest
slump speakers of the state, his speeches being mod-
els of conciseness, powerful logic and fascinating
eloquence. During the prevalence of the yellow
fever in 1879, being desirous of aiding in the work
of sending relief to the stricken people of the
South, he delivered a series of lectures in southern
Michigan and northern Indiana for their benefit.
This drew attention to him as a most captivating
platform orator and lecturer, and in 1880, at the so-
licitation of Schuyler Col fax, his friend, and others, he
was induced to abandon the law for the lyceum.
His success was instantaneous and pronounced, and
within a year he found himself among the most fa
mous of the lecture guild, having more calls to lee
lure than he could possibly answer, and for the
many years since has never been able to fill all the
engagements asked for by lecture associations and
committees throughout the country Col Copelandis
Vol.. IX.— 31.
considered one of the most popular, witty and instruc-
tive lecturers in America, and is known from the At-
lantic to the Pacific to all lecture-going people. In bis
nineteen years of lecturing, ending in 18U9, he had
delivered 3,964 paid lectures, not lo mention hun-
dieds of addresses besides. His style is at once logi-
cal anil convincing, and yet vastly entertaining; of
wide and varied experience, of ripe scholarship and
vast information, familiar with social life and cus-
toms of peoples of all lands, his subjects are well
chosen; he instructs as well as entertains. What
conduces largely to his popularity besides, no doubt,
is his iireat and rich fund of humor and anecdote,
enlivening his discourses, while in no wise detract-
ing from their usefulness, llis lectures are of
hiijli i -al tone as well. He is the author of many
valuable newspaper articles, widely read in former
vears; also of several choice' productions, both of
pio-eand poetry, among them, " Observations of a
Talking Pilgrim"; "Sic Transit, Gloria Mundi";
" Centennial Hymn ": " The Tribe of Samuel," and
others. He was married to a daughter of \Villiam
Mead, of Berrien county. Mich , and since ISSli has
resided in Han isburg, Pa. They have one son and
one daughter.
SOUEK, Louis Joseph, soldier and merchant.
WHS born in New York city. .Nov. 'i'l. 1844. son of
( 'oniad and Maria (Stater) Soiier. lie was educated
at a public school, and began business life as a clerk
in New York. On the oiitlneak of the civil war he
enlisted in the liilli New York regiment, and saw
service in Virginia and West Virginia. On the re-
turn of peace, he seitled in New Orleans, and en-
gaged in the general produce business. He has
been a delegate to all Republican slate conventions
and nearly all the national coin cnl ions since 1870,
anil is now the oldest surviving member of the state
mural committee, on which he lias served continu-
ously since isiis. lie repiesenied the parish of
.\\o\eiies in the general assembly
for eight years (1870-78). In 1*73
he was appointed a brigadier-
general and commanded the 3d
In ijade of the Louisiana S. N. G.
during the turbulent outbreaks
and rioting of that period. In 1S74
thegovernorof thestateappointed
him a commissioner to the Vienna
exposition. Iul878Pres. Hayes
appointed him appraiser at the
port of New Orleans. He was re-
appointed by Pres. A it burin 1882,
and tilled the office until l*si;,
then resigning on the accession
of Pres. Cleveland's appointee.
In 1893 he was selected during
the Harrison administration us
chief deputy collector of internal
revenue to carry out the provi-
sions of the sugar bounty law.
Upon the repeal of this law. the
planters, believing it to be ret n Ac-
tive, so far as the standing crop was concerned, em-
ployed Gen. Soner as their attorney to work up the
necessary data to secure from congress the amount
due them He established the sugar bounty bureau,
a stupendous undertaking, but the result was highly
successful. Since 1896 Gen Souer has been presi-
dent of the Sugar Bureau Weighing and Testing
Co., Ltd.. and was among the first to find a market
for the residuum of centrifugal molasses, which is
now so extensively used throughout the North and
West, in the manufacture of vinegar and canned
goods. In 1898 Pres. McKinley appointed him
collector of internal revenue, which position he now
holds. He was married, in 1869, to Susan, daughter
of Capt. Charles Foster, of Mobile, Ala.
482
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
ROBINSON, Charles Seymour, clergyman
and author, was born at Bennington, Benuiugtou
CO., Vt., March 31, 1829. His grandfather was one
of several brothers, natives of Massachusetts, who
aided in founding Bennington, and the family
claimed descent from John Robinson, of Leydeu,
pastor of the Pilgrims when in Holland. He pre-
pared for college at Union Academy, East Benuiug-
tou, was graduated at Williams in 1849, thei taught
school for a year at Holyoke, Mass., and was prin-
cipal of Washington Academy, Cambridge, N. Y.,
for another year. He spent a year in study at Union
Theological Seminary, New York city; two years at
Princeton Theological Seminary, and on June 14,
1855. was ordained by the presbytery of Troy, N. Y.,
and installed pastor of the Park
Presbyterian Church of that
city. In 1 860-68 he was pastor
of theFirst New School Presby-
terian Church, Brooklyn, N.Y.,
formerly under the charge of
Dr. Simuel H. Cox. He
served his flock with great ac-
ceptance until 1868, when the
pastoral relation was dissolved
in order that he might go
to Europe with his wife, w In.-e
health was impaired. He was
invited to take charge of the
American Chapel in Paris,
and to organize its congrega-
tion into a church, and he left
this post of duty only when
the city was besieged by the
German army. Returning to
New York city, he became
pastor of the Eleventh Pres-
byterian Church. The congregation, originally wor-
shipping in Fourth street, removed to Fifty-fifth
street, and finally located on the corner of Madison
avenue and Fifty-third street, where it erected a
handsome building, to commemorate the union of
the old and new school branches of the Presby-
terian church. The edifice, dedicated in 1872, cost
$160,000. Thereafter it was known as the Me-
morial Presbyterian Church. Although its pastor
was poor in his youth, and obtained his education
with difficulty, he gave, during his pastorate, fully
$70,000 toward defraying the debt incurred by his
congregation, while his gifts to other religious and
charitable purposes during that period were twice
as great. In 1871 he returned to Paris to reorganize
the American Church, and spent three mouths in
this service. In 1887 he resigned the pastorate of
the Memorial Church, but preached nearly every
week in different churches and edited a journal
called "Every Thursday." He soon received a call
to the pastorate of the Thirteenth Street Presbyterian
Church, and was installed April 26, 1891. As the
congregation was financially weak he would accept
no salary. " Every Thursday " was united with the
"Christian at Work," but Dr. Robinson continued
in the editorial chair. In 1892 he became pastor of
the New York Presbyterian Church, at 128th st .vet
and Seventh avenue, and ministered thereuntil lf-98.
Dr. Robinson's preaching, like his writing, was both
graceful and vigorous. In the department of lioini-
letics he won as high praise as in that of hymnology.
He was strong as a pastor as well as a preacher, his
genial, inspiring manners making him universally
welcome. Through extended tours in Egypt and
the Holy Land he acquired a thorough and varied
amount of information that was worked up into lec-
tures. In 1876-77 he was editor of the " Illustrated
Christian Weekly." He was known to the church
at large by his many compilations of hymns for
church use. The first collection for his congregation
in Brooklyn was "Songs for the Church" (1862).
Of "Songs for the Sanctuary" (1865) more than
500,000 copies were sold. Among others were:
" Psalms and Hymns " (1875); " Calvary Songs for
Sunday Schools" (1875); "Spiritual Songs for
Church and Choir" (1878); "Spiritual Songs for
Social Meetings" (1881); "Spiritual Songs for
Sunday Schools" (1881); " Laudes Domini " (1884);
" New Laudes Domini " (1892). He also published
"Short Studies for Sunday-School Teachers"
(1868); "Bethel and Penuel " (1873); "Studies in
the New Testament " (1880); " Studies of Neglected
Texts" (1883); " Sermons in Songs" (1885); " Sab-
bath Evening Sermons" (1887); " The Pharaohs of
the Bondage and the Exodus" (1887); "Simon
Peter, His Life and Times" (2 vols., 1888). In 1867
Hamilton College conferred on him the degree of
D.D., and Lafayette College honored him with the
degree of LL.D. in 1885. Dr. Robinson was mar-
ried at Troy, N. Y., in 1858, to Harriet Read
Church, who died iu 1896. One of his daughters
is the wife of Rev. Franklin Gaylord, pastor of
Trinity Congregational Church, Tremont, N. Y.
He died in New York city, Feb. 1, 1899, and was
buried at Bennington, Vt.
GALES, Joseph, editor, was born at Ecking-
ton, Yorkshire, England, in 1761. He came of poor,
but honest and respected parents, and at the age of
thirteen was apprenticed for a term of seven years
to learn the trade of bookbinding and printing. On
account of the cruelty of his master he ran away,
and later apprenticed himself iu Newark. Having
mastered the trade he established himself at Shef-
field, Yorkshire, as a printer and publisher, and iu
1787 issued the first number of the Sheffield "Reg-
ister," a weekly journal, which soon won esteem and
a wide circulation in the West Hiding of Yorkshire.
He was aided in his editorial work by James Mont-
gomery, the poet, then a young man. When in
1782 parliamentary reform became an issue in Eug
lish politics, Gales espoused the cause with great en-
thusiasm, advocating by tongue and pen annual in-
stead of septennial parliaments and manhood suf-
frage. Serious riots occurred, as a result of which
many of the agitators were" exiled or imprisoned :
some fled to America and others were executed. An
insurrectionary letter, written by one of his printers,
having been traced to his office, Gales found it
necessary, in 1794, to take refuge on the Continent.
He went first to Amsterdam and thence to Ham-
burg. The English establishment was sold to
Montgomery, and although the paper reappeared in
a milder form as " The Iris," it did not escape the
odium attached to the " Register, " nor its editor a
state prosecution. Sailing for America in 1795,
Gales was captured by privateers, but released
through the address of his wife and landed iu Phila-
delphia. There he obtained employment as a printer,
and his skill in making shorthand reports of the con-
gressional debates, previously but poorly reported,
created a sensation and made him prominent. He
purchased the "Independent Gazeteer" from the
widow of Col. John Oswald, and conducted it suc-
cessfully until iu 1799 he removed to Raleigh, N. C.
His Philadelphia paper was sold to Samuel Harrison
Smith, who in 1800 followed the federal government
to Washington, and there continued it as the " Na-
tional Intelligencer." Immediately on his removal
to Raleigh. Gales founded the Raleigh "Register,"
the first number of which appeared Oct. 22, 1799.
By constant merit, sober sense and moderation he
so'on won public confidence and respect, and his
paper remained for two generations a power in the
state. About 1834 he removed to Washington, D. C.,
where he was chief manager of the affairs of the
American Colonization Society Gales was married
in 1784 to Winifred, daughter of John Marshall, of
OF AMERICAN BIOiiUA I'll Y.
483
Newark-ou-Trent. Their eldest son, Joseph (ink's,
Jr. (1786-1860) was editor of the " National Intel-
ligencer " for fifty years. His third son, Weston R.
Gales, succeeded to the management of the Raleigh
"Register," which passed at his death, in 1848, to
his son, Seaton Gales (1828-1878). It survived the
civil war, but was suspended about lst>8. Joseph
Gales died in Raleigh, N. C., Aug. 21, 1841.
HOPPIN, Augustus, caricaturist and illustra-
tor, was born in Providence, R. I., July 13, 1828, son
of Thomas Coles and Harriet Dunn (Junes) llo|i|>in.
His father, a leading merchant of Providence, was
the sou of Capt. Benjamin Hoppiu, of the Conti-
nental army; his mother was a daughter of Capt.
William Jones, also of the Continental army, of I In-
marine corps of t lie Continental navy and governor
of Rhode Island (1811-17). His was an artistic
family: his brother, William .1. Iloppin, was one of
the founders of the Century Association of New
York, an author on art Mibji -els, and ( 1876-86) sec-
retary of the U. S. legation in London; another
brother, Tl ias Frederick, designed the chancel
window of Trinity Church, N'ew York, and modeled
the first piece of sculpture ever ca>t in liron/e in the
United States; a third brother, Washington, pos-
sessed great power as a caricaturist, but turning his
attention to medicine, became a noted physician of
Providence. Augustus Hnppin recehed his early
training in the schools of Providence, and was gradu-
ated at Brown University in 1848. lie at once
entered the Harvard Law School, and after complet-
ing the course was admitted to the Rhode Island bar.
He soon abandoned practice, however, and devoted
himself to caricature drawing, for which, from an
earl}' age, he had shown marked talent. Visiting
Europe in 1854 and 1855, he broadened and developed
his artistic tastes, and gathered material for delight-
ful books of travel with original illustrations.
Thereafter he devoted his attention to illustration,
producing drawings which at once attracted the at-
tention of artists. He had known George William
Curtis from childhood, and when the "Potiphar
Papers" were published, the portraits of Mr. and
Mrs. P. and Kurze Pascha, with the rest of those,
delightful character sketches, were drawn by Mr.
Hoppin, who afterwards illustrated others of this
series. For " Young America," the first attempt
in this country at a rival of London "Punch,"
Mr. Hoppin furnished some of the most powerful
illustrations; as also to its successor, "Yankee No-
tions." He was a frequent contributor to
"Putnam's " and other magazines. When "Put-
nam's Monthly" was merged into "Emerson's
Magazine," he designed what was then con-
sidered one of the most beautiful title pages
ever produced in an American book. His peculiar
outline drawings are best seen in the "Autocrat of
the Breakfast Table," and Lowell's " 'Zekel's Court-
ship." He was also one of the earliest contribu-
tors to "Harper's Weekly," and much of his best
work is found there. He" illustrated the "Life and
Sayings of Mrs. Partiugton." "Knitting Work by
Ruth Partington" and "Jubilee Days," which was
published during the great Gilmore peace jubilee in
Boston. As an author, his first effort was " Carrot
Pomade," with illustrations (1864). His European
sketch books bore the titles: "On the Nile" (1871);
" Ups and Downs by Land and Water," (1871), and
" Crossing the Atlantic" (1872), and he was also the
author of an anonymous romance, entitled "Married
for Fun," and of some books for childten, including
"Two Compton Boys" and "Recollections of
Auton House." Perhaps one of his most character-
istic works was his illustrations to "Old Grimes,"
in which the humorous and chivalrous tenderness of
his personality were finely blended. Mr. Hoppin
was a gentleman of exquisite refinement, his bearing
marked by a courtliness and rare grace of manner.
He died in Providence. R. I., April 1, 1896.
GUINEY, Louise Imogen, poet and essayist,
was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 7, 1861, only child
of Patrick Robert and Janet M. (Doyle) Guiney.
Her father, who was a lawyer by profession, served
gallantly in the Federal army through the civil war,
and in 1864 was brevetted brigadier-general of volun-
teers. At the time of his death (1877), caused by a
terrible wound in the forehead received at the battle
of the Wilderness, he was register of probate and in-
solvency for the county of Suffolk, Mass. Miss
Guiney's education was obtained in public and
private schools in Boston; she was graduated at
Elmhurst Convent of the Sacred Heart in Provi-
dence, R. I., and continued her studies under I ut.org
at home. From childhood old English literature has
had a peculiar fascination for her. and her own writ-
ings exhibit in their buoyant, healthful tone the in-
fluence of the Elizabethan authors, although far
from being imitations. Long before the age when
aspirants for literary honors begin to publish she
had produced essa\ s and verse ot marked originality,
and us soon as she chose to semi out her work for
publication it was accepted by such periodicals as
"The Atlantic Monthly" and "Harper's Maga-
zine." With the exception of a few years spent in
England, Miss Guiney has passed most of her life in
Boston and its suburb, Auburndale, and during 1894
she had charge of the post-ollice at the latter place.
She has published "Songs at the Start" (1884);
•• Goose-quill Papers" (1885); "The White Sail and
Other Poems "(1887); " Brownies and Bogies "(1888);
" Monsieur Henri: a Foot Note to French History,"
a memoir of the Vendean hero, Henri de la Roche-
Jacquclein (ls'.»2): " A Roadside Harp" (1893); "A
Little English Gallery " (1894); " Lovers, St. Ruth's,
and Three Oilier Talcs" (1X%); •• Patrins " (1X117);
"England and Yesterday"; "A Book of Short
Poems " (issued in London only, 1899), and "The
Martyrs' Idol," a collect ion of poems (1899). She has
edited "The Divine Comedy " of Dante, translated
by T. W. Parsons (lsn;!i; "James
Clarence Mangan: His Selected
Poems, with a Study by the Edi-
tor " (1897); Matthew Arnold's
poems in the Riverside Literature
series, and has made one trans-
lation: " The Secret of Fousrereuse "
(1898). "This variable poet has
many moods," writes one of her
friends. " Her songs change with
the impulse swaying her heart.
She is a marvelous mixture of ten-
derness and tremendous power of
gayetyand gravity. She is change-
able as a chameleon, keeping her
admiring public always on the qui
vive as to what will be her next
mood, for no matter what it
may be, Miss Guiuey has always
the 'courage of her convictions.'
'A Roadside Harp" is full of delightful sur-
prises, full of flashing sunshine and passionate tears,
betraying her effervescent Irish blood. She is all
' fire and dew.' Her poems are alive with feeling,
betraying every heart beat of the writer, awakening
a quick reply in the soul of the reader." Miss
Guiuey is fond of outdoor recreation and sports, long
walks with a friend or a dog, canoeing, suowshoe-
ing. in short, of anything that brings her into touch
with nature. She is familiar with several languages,
and has unusual gifts as a letter writer.
ABBOT, TheophilusCapen, educator, was born
in Vassalboro, Me., in 1826. He received his early
educational training in the public schools of his na-
v£
484
THE NATIONAL (' V( '!.( H'.EDIA
live slate, and at the age of fifteen entered Water-
ville College, Waterville, Me. (now known asColhv
University). When he was graduated, in 1845, he
took a course at Bangor Theological Seminary, but
afterward relinquished his intention of preaching.
For a short period he taught iu an acadeinv, then for
several years iu a seminary in northern Maine, spend-
ing his vacations usually at Waterville in graduate
study. After this he went abroad for a year, and in
185IJ returned to Michigan, where he taught for a
few months al l.erricn Springs, Berrien co., after-
wards accepting the priucipalship of the Ann Arbor
high school, one of the im-
portant educational institu-
tions in Michigan. During
his first year at Ann Arbor he
was chosen to the chair of
English literature at the Agri-
cultural College, founded in
1857, in Lansing, Mich.; and
in the following year he en-
tered upon his duties iu this
college, where the remainder
of his great work, extending
over nearly thirty years, was
to be done. In 1S6H he was
transferred to the chair of logic
and mental philosophy, which
he held until his death. Dur-
ing 1858-61 he was the treas-
urer of the college, and during
1861-63 was the secretary of
the board of control. In 1868
he was unanimously elected to the presidency of the
college, which place had been left vacant" by i he
resignation of its first president, Joseph R. Williams,
in IN.V.I. and for more than twenty-five years Mr.
Abbot, through all the struggles of the college from
poverty to wealth and intluence, controlled ils policy
and guided ils fortunes. His college work was most
confining and arduous, and for the much needed
res i he look his family to Kurope, in 1874. In issri
failing health compelled him to withdraw from
the presidency, retaining only the position of pro-
fessor of ionic and menial philosophy. To him
more Ihan lo any oilier man belongs the honor of
placing this institution in the fore must rank of the
schools of its day, and his name will always be iden-
tified will; the college as ils molding spirit. Dr.
Abbot was married, in ISliO. lo Sarah Men-vices, who,
in 1S5X, was preceptress of Ihe Ann Arbor Hinh
School. They had one son and one daughter, lie
died, Nov. 7, 1892.
MADOCKAWANDO, Penobscot chief, was
born in Maine about 16UO, and was an adopted son
of Assaminasqua, a chief of the Kcnnebecs, whose
territory lay cast of Ihe Penolwcot river, within Ihe
limits of the colony .if Acailia. His tribe was ai
peace with the English colonists until exasperated
by depredations wrought on their lands. Then en-
voys dispatched to confer on the matter were im-
prisoned and their arms confiscated, an action which
still further aggravated the ill feeling. At a council
of his chiefs with the English, the "father said: "It
is not our custom, when messengers come lo treat of
peace, to sei/.e upon their persons, as Ihe English
ha\e done with i'oiirleen of our men. setting guard
over them and taking away their guns. This was
the cause of our leaving both our fort and our corn,
lo our great loss." The act was disclaimed by the1
Knglish, who sail I the pe-rpelrators we're not of them;
but though the English proclaimeil peace with the
Penobscots, Ihe1 lirsi chief scarcely understood as
much. Madockawando asked : • W'hat arewetoelo
for powih'r and shot wlie-n our corn is cousumeel'/
What are we lo eiei for winter supplier? Are we to
perish, e>r abanelon them and tiy to the French?"
The English commissioners replied: "We will do
what we can with the governor. Some might, be
allowed for necessity." Madockawando replied:
" We have waited, and now expect yes or no." The
English were afraid to sell them powder, for thev
suspected it would go to the western Indians, and as
it was not in their power to give it, Ihe council was
ended, and hostilities followed. At the close of the
war of 1675 the Penobscots had taken sixty English
captives. As Madockawaudo's ambassador was in
captivity the war was continued, though his prisoners
were treated well. During the war between Ihe
French and English he was urged on to hostili-
ties by the former. In 1691 he went on an expedi-
tion to York with 250 men. some of whom were
Canadians, lie laid York in ashes, killed seventy-
five, among them Rev. Mr. Dummer, and took
eighty live prisoners. Some escaped to the garrison,
but the captives were taken to the wilderness. Ma-
dockawando then made an attack on the garrison,
charged it, but lost many. He then sent a Hag de-
manding capitulation. This was refused, and the
Indians, having spent all their powder, retired at
night. In 17:>(>an attempt was made to [trove that
Madockawando was not the chief sachem of the
Penohscois, which during his lifetime no one ques
tinned. One of his daughters became the wife of
liar leSl. Casline. After Madockawando's death
and the war between the French and English had
ceased the eastern chiefs submitted. No wariior
was ever more humane than Madockawando when
lie commanded. His enemies have been his biog-
i i fillers, and their accounts of him show that he en-
tered into the war with the English with great reluc-
tance1; but, once at war, proved to be no common
foe. It was the repeated depredations of the whites
ihat brought him to the front. His preservation and
liberation of Thomas Gobbet were humane. He also
saved the life of Mrs. Dummer, the wife of Rev. Mr.
Dummer, at York. Judging from the amount of
money paid him for sundry tracts of land, lie seems
to have had control of the entire Penobscot territory.
Ihe fierce. Moxus, his successor, though another
chief, Winoggonet, was named, became the war
chief of the nation. Madockawando died in 1698.
ROBERTS, Robert Richford, M. E. bishop,
was born in Frederick county, Md., Aug. 2. 1778.
His father, of Welsh ancestry, was a poor farmer,
who left the plough to fight in the revolutionary
war, and was with Lafayette at the battle of Brandy
wine and with Washington at White Plains. His
mother was of Irish descent, and owing to various
causes, chietly financial, younir Roberts' education
was derived mainly through her, I hough he had
some eight months' regular schooling. In 1785 the
family removed to I.igonier valley, Westmoreland
co.. Pa., and there, at the age of fourteen, he was
seriously all'ccled by the preaching of a Methodist
exhorlcr, all hough he had been taught to regard Ihe
seel with disapprobation, bis parents being members
of the Church of Kngland. lie was his father's chief
dependence in the cultivation of the farm, but his
work was accompanied by serious meditations anil
study. Following the promptings of the Spirit, he
became a class leader, and not long after began to
e\hort. At the age of twenty he was profoundly
all'ected by the remarkable vision of a local exhoi'ler
concerning him, the preacher having beheld a divine
Presence, which declared that Roberts was chosen to
proclaim the Gospel. The young man was obedient
to the hcavcnlv vision, and, clad as he was in the
garb of a backwoodsman, journeyed a number of
miles lo preach his trial sermon. This ama/.cd his
hearers by its eloquent language, and was saiil to be
worthy "of gray hairs ami broadcloth." From that
time on he was popular wherever he appeared. In
1802 he was licensed to preach at Holmes' meeting-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
485
house, nr:ir Cadi/., O., and about that time was ad-
mitt ed tu Ihe Baltimore conferenecaud put in charge
of a circuit, including Carlisle, I'a. He continued
his efforts al self-culture, and in INI 14 a friend said of
him: " I I is mural character is perfect and his head a
eoniplclc magazine." He was elcclcd bislio]) May
14, 1*16, and then emigrated with his family — lie had
married at the age of I wen I y — to I he wilds, if Indiana.
where a loir cabin had been erected lor him. When mil
journeying from place to place, he devoted himself
lei ihe cullivalioii of the soil, anil, because of his in-
dustry and frugality, was able to some extent to en
joy the luxury of ^ivini:, Al the lime Ihc move-
ment for lay representation in the general conference
began to make headway, resulting in Ihe formal ion
of the Melhodisl I'niteslanl church, I here was much
bitter denunciation of the bishops as autocratic and
usurping; but no railing accusation was brouuhl
against lijshop Koberls. whose good sense and deep
pietv disarmed all prejudice. He was called by Ihe
Indians "the grandfather of all the missionaries."
In his simplicity, dignity and earnestness he was
equally at hoi.ie in the wigwams of savages and in
Ihc pulpits of metropolitan cities. He died in
Laurence county, Iiid., .March '3ti, IHlii, and was
buried on the grounds of I)c Pauw University. A
"Life," by Rev. Charles Kllioll, ap]iearcd in is',;;
TERRILL, William Kufus, soldier, was born
in Covington, \'a., April 21, ISI'l. He was ap
pointed to Ihe 1'. S. Military Academy in IHl'.l, en-
tering in July of Ihal year, and was graduated in
the class of 1853. Although assigned to I he 3d iirlil
lery, he remained at the academy, serving as assist -
ant professor of mathematics until .lulv. 1*51. He
was on duty in Kansas, under Col. E. V. Sunnier,
during the troubles of 1854-55, and from 1*55 to
1S61 was assistant in Ihe I'. S. coast survey. On the
outbreak of the civil war he was promoted captain,
and assigned to the 5lh artillery, Aug. 14, INIil. His
tirsl battle was Shiloh, where his battery, part of Ihc
6th brigade, Col. W. H. Gibson, -,'d division, Gen.
A. D. McCook, in the army of Ohio, under (Jen.
Buell, occupied the extreme left of the line. The
success of the Federal forces was only assured when
Terrill's battery of 24-pound howil/.ers, which had
just arrived from Savannah, Tenn., dashed up to ihe
support of Grant's faltering line, and with two oilier
batteries turned the Confederate ri<_'ht. Ilius saving
the day. This gained for him a promotion as brig-
adier-general of volunteers on Sept. 9. 1862. His
next battle was Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862, when Ir-
commanded a brigade in (Jen. James S. Jackson's
3d division of Gen. McC'ook's corps, a command
largely made up of raw troops. He was opposed by
Cen. B. F. C'heatham's division, which opened fire
and followed every advantage, soon driving Jack
son's division from the field; but not until Gen.
Jackson had fallen at, the head of his troops, while
vainly endeavoring to rally them, and Gen. Terrill
was mortally wounded, His brother, Gen. James
Barber Terrill, fought on the Confederate side in the
civil war, and was killed at Bethesda Church. Va. ,
May 31, 1864. Gen. William II. Terrill died at Per-
ryville Ky., Oct. 8, 1862.
' ROCHESTER, Nathaniel, patriot and pio-
neer, was born in Westmoreland county. Va., Feb.
21, 1752, of English descent. His ancestors had
lived for three generations in Virginia, but his par-
ents removed to Qranville county. N. C., in 1763.
There in 1768 the son became a clerk in Hillsboro.
and at the age of twenty formed a business associa-
tion with John Hamilton, who was afterwards
British consul in the Middle States. He was in 1775
a member of the committee of safety of Orange-
county, N. C., where it was his business to encom
age the revolutionary spirit, procure arms and
ammunition, make collections for Boston, which was
then blockaded, and prevent the use of East India
leas. In August, 1775, he was a member of the pro-
vincial congress al Hillsboro, and was appointed
major of militia, paymaster lo the minute men and
ciiliiia and a justice of the peace. lie was major
and paymaster in February, 1776, in the M 'e's
deck campaign, which resulted in the defeat and
capture of (Jen. Alexander McDonald, the royalist
champion among Ihe Scotch Highlanders of the
upper Cape Fear. I hus crushing' the Tory element
until Ihe state was invaded by Cornwallis in 17*0-
*1. In April, 1776, Rochester was chosen a member
of the provincial congress, which met in Halifax to
form a constitution |,,r the state, but, as is well
known, Ibis work was transferred lo Ihc congress at
the same place in November following'. He was
also a member of this body, and served on several
committees. In May. 1776. In- presented a repmi
with bills of indiclmenl against the Tory leaders of
the slate, including I hose captured at Moore's
( reck. |!y legislative appointment, in 1777 he be
came a member of the committee to manage Ihe iron
works, that had then passed into the stale, and
earnest elTorts were made lo manufacture arms for
Ihe slate troops. Rochester journeyed by wagon lo
Pennsylvania I" gel bar iron for Ihe factory, and a
report made the same year depicts the dillicullies
under which I lie pal riots labored. lie was deputy
commissary general in 1776; commissioner to buy
provisions in 1776 and 1779, and as such visited
most of the seaport towns in Virginia and North
Carolina lo procure mililarv stores and clothinu tor
Ihearmy: was treasurer of Ihe Hillsboro district in
K7!l; clerk ol the court of Orange county in 1778,
and a member of the assembly in 1777 and 1779.
Meantime, in 177*. he had entered into a business
partnership with Col. Thomas Hart, father-in-law of
Henry Clay, but on Ihc British invasion of tbeCaro-
linas in 1780 they removed to Hagerslown. Md
Later a business establishment was opened in Phila-
delphia, bul the partnership being dissolved, Roch-
ester settled in ilagcrslow n, where he established
nail and rope factories, served in the Maryland as-
sembly, and as postmaster, judge of Ihe counlv
court, and as pi evidential elect-
or in 1*0*. [u September, 1800,
with Col. William Fil/.hugh,
Maj. Charles Carroll and Col.
Hilton, he made a horseback
tour of the Gem-see country,
of western New York, wheie
the parly made large pur-
chases of land near Dans-
ville, in Livingston county.
In 1*02 Col. Rochester pur-
chased the Allan Mill tract,
covering a part of the site of
the present cily of Rochester,
and in May 1*10. closed his
bu-iii"ss in Ilagcrstown and
removed 'o Daiisville, X. Y.
There he built and conducted
saw, flour and paper mills and
cultivated an extensive farm.
He removed in 1815 to Bloom-
tield, in Ontario county, and in 1818 took up his
residence on the siteof the present city of Rochester,
then known as Falls Town He was a presidential
elector in 1*16 and in January, 1*17. was secretary
to a convent ion held in Canandaigua which urged
the construction of the Erie canal; was the first
clerk of Monroe county, which he had been instru-
mental in forming; was a member of the assembly,
and in June, 1824, became president of the first
bank in Rochester In 1788 he was married to
Sophia, daughter of William Beatty. of Maryland,
He died iu Rochester, N. Y., May 17, 1831.
486
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BEAUMONT, John G., naval officer, was born
in Pennsylvania, Aug. 27, 1821. He entered the
navy as midshipman, March 1, 1838, at the age of
seventeen. By his diligence and prominent abilities
he was advanced, until at the end of thirteen years
(1851 ) he had risen to be master; was promoted lieuten-
ant, Aug. 29, 1855; commander, in July, 1862, and
captain, in 1872. He commanded the Aroostook, of
the North Atlantic blockading squadron, in the ter-
rific encounter with the Confederate batteries at Fort
Darling; was attached to the South Atlantic squad-
ron in 1862-63, and engaged, as commander of a
monitor, in attacking the fortifications in Charleston
harbor. He also took a prominent part in the cap-
ture of Fort Wagner. He was then appointed to
command the steamer Mackinaw, of the North At-
lantic squadron, in both the attacks on Fort Fisher,
and his vessel suffered severe injuries from the
enemy's shot and shell. Captain Beaumont died
Aug. '2, 1882.
HASWELL, Charles Haynes, engineer and
author, was born in New York city. May 22, 180!l,
son of Charles and Dorothea (Haynes) Haswell. His
father was a native of Dublin, by profession in the
diplomatic service: his mother was a daughter of
Richard Haynes, of Barlwdoes. The Haynes family
had been royalist gentry, adherents to the cause
of Charles L, and, after the battle of Worces-
ter, settled in Barbadoes, where
they distinguished themselves in
the leading social and politi-
cal circles. Mrs. Haswell had
three brothers — Hon. Robert
Haynes, speaker of the house
of assembly of Barbadoes and
lieutenant-general of the royal
forces on the island ; Edmund
Haynes, a planter; and ('apt.
Henry Hayues, of the royal
navy. Charles Haynes Haswell
received a classical education at
academies of Jamaica, L. I., and
New York city, before enter-
ing upon a course of training
which fitted him for the profes-
sion of a marine engineer. Hi;
entered the service of the LT. S.
navv as its chief engineer in
1836; was on active duly at home, on the seas, and
in Europe, Africa and South America, and designed
and superintended the constmction of some of the
first steam vessels ever used in the TJ. S. naval ser-
vice. The first steam launch ever completed was
designed and constructed by him in 1887. In 1845.
he was commissioned engineer-in-chief. He re-
mained in the naval service for fifteen years; then
retired in 1851, and in New York city entered upon
a successful career in the profession of marine en-
gineer, to which he added, in 1852, that of civil
engineer. In originality of conception and thorough
knowledge of his difficult profession he has excelled,
and liis many achievements have brought him recog-
nition from European as well as American sources.
He served as engineer on the New York city board
of health, and as a trustee of the Brooklyn bridge.
In 1844, he introduced an important innovation by
first applying zinc to prevent oxidization in marine
boilers and in the holds of iron vessels. In recogni-
tion of his scientific achievements. Emperor Nicholas
of Russia presented him, in 1853, with a diamond
ring. He took part in civil politic-sin New York,
serving on the common council from 1854 until 185S,
the last year as president. During the civil war be
re-entered the naval service; was attached to the ex-
pedition of Gen. Burnside to North Carolina, in 1862,
as chief engineer, and was present at the bombard-
ment and capture of Koanoke Island and at oilier
naval events of this campaign. Mr. Haswell pub-
lished, in 1843, an "Engineer's Pocket Book, "which
acquired a reputation in America and Europe, and
in 1898 had run through sixty-two editions. It was
followed by "Mensuration" (1860); "Mechanics'
Tables" (1862), and "Reminiscences of an Octoge-
narian" (1897). He was one of the earliest mem-
bers of the American Society of Civil Engineers;
the Institution of Civil Engineers and of Naval
Architects, of England; the Engineers' Club, of
Philadelphia; of the New York Academy of Sciences;
is an honorary member of the Boston Society of Civil
Engineers and the American Society of Naval En-
gineers, and corresponding member of the Society of
American Institute of Architects and the New York
Microscopical Society. He is now consulting engi-
neer of the board of public improvements of New
York. He has taken an active interest in yachting,
and served for many years as chairman of the regatta
committee of the New York Yacht Club. He is also
a member of several social and political clubs. He
was married, in 1829, to Ann Elizabeth Burns, of
New York, and has three daughters and thiee sons.
HOLT, Dan, manufacturer and merchant, was
l)orn in East Haven, Conn., in 1802, sou of Phile-
mon and Desire (Smith) Holt. His father was a
farmer, and his mother a daughter of Benjamin
Smith, of East Haven. He was of Puritan and revo-
lutionary stock, being of the sixth generation from
William Holt, who settled in New Haven in 1644.
His grandfather, Dan, from whom lie got his singu-
lar name, bore arms in the revolution. Dan Holt
was educated in the schools of his native town, and
about 1820 entered active life as a dealer in hard-
ware. He went to Baltimore about 1838, and bought
tin- I lien secret of hermetically sealing provisions in
cans for long voyages, by the process now univer-
sally carried on. With this secret, he came into the
possession of a small cannery employing a score of
men; but soon, recognizing that there was a wider
field for the trade in oysters, began shipping them,
packed in ice, to the West. Thus he became the
pioneer in the great industry which has so enor-
mously developed in Baltimore. His business
rapidly grew to large proportions, employing several
hundred men in the Baltimore works; in the wagon
express across the Alleghenies, between the termini
where the mountains then interrupted the Baltimore
and < >hio railroad, and at various distributing points
Ihrounhout the West. The industry Mr. Holt
founded \\.-is an important factor in effecting the
extension of the railroad over the mountains; but,
within a yearafler that result had been accomplished,
an accident on the railroad brought him to his death
in the very region his wagons had often safely trav-
ersed. He was but fifty years old, and just enter-
ing upon the enjoyment of enviable results from the
n'l-eat industry he had built up, and of the respect
of the community it has so much benefited. One
peculiarity of his business genius was that it re-
quired no time for reflection. His answer to any
proposition concerning his large and varied interests
was immediate, and generally correct. Like many
men of large enterprise, he had a large heart— was
very charitable and public-spirited, and was greatly
beloved by bis many employees. Mr. Holt was
married, in 1838, to Ann Eve. daughter of Christo-
pher Siebold. of New Berlin, Pa. They had seven
children, four sons and three daughters. One of the
former is Henry Holt, the widely known publisher
and writer of "New York city. Mr. Holt died,
March 27, 1853.
HOLT, Henry, publisher and author, was bora
in Baltimore. Md.. Jan. 3, 1840, sou of Dan and Ann
Eve (Siebold) Holt. His father, a man of rare
enterprise and ability, was the founder of the Balti-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
487
more business of canning and transporting oysters to
the West, now such u vast industry in that city and
its immediate suburbs. Henry Holt was educated
for a few years in schools near bis native city, but
longer at Gen. Russell's in New Haven, and, enter-
Ing Vale College, was graduated A.B. in 1862. He
thru iv:id law in the Columbia Law School, New
York city, being graduated in 1864. His intention
of coming to the bar seems, however, to have been
relinquished before the completion of his course of
study, for, while still a student, he embarked in the
publishing business as part owner with George P.
Putnam in the "Artist's Edition" of Irvine's
"Sketch Book." Later, he purchased a part intere-i
with Mr. Putnam in the "Rebellion Record, " a
book which enjoyed wide popularity, and was the
first to bear Mr. Holt's name as publisher. In ls|'»ii
he formed a partnership with Frederick Lcypoldt.
which continued for live year*, under the style of
Leypoldt ifc Holt, being succeeded by Leypoldt,
Holt it Williams, then by Holt A: Williams, until
1873, when it assumed its present form. Henry Holt
& Co. Meantime, Mr. lloll has been continuously
active as a .writer, editor and translator. His first,
work was a translation of Kdmond About's "The
Man with a Broken Ear" (1867). He has since
written considerably on social and economic' matters
for the "Forum" and other magazines, and is also
author of some anonymous work which has passed
through several editions. He was very active in
promoting international copyright, by addressing
I lie senate committee and publishing several articles
in the periodicals. He is a member of the Century.
University, City and Yale clubs, the Sons of the
Revolution, and the leading art and scientific associa-
tions of New York. He organized the important
library of the University Club, and is a trustee of
the Geographical Society and the University Settle-
ment Society, of which lie was chairman during its
first four years. Mr. Holt is a gentleman of great
chai m of manner and scholarly tastes, and has a deep
nppieciation of literary and artistic excellence. At
his home in New York and his country residences at
New Hochelle, N. Y., and Burlington, Vt., he has
entertained some of the most prominent authors,
artists and educators of the day. In 1863, he was
married to Mary Florence, daughter of James Selbv
West, of New York, of which marriage a sou and
two daughters survive. Mrs. Holt died in 1879, and
in 1886 Mr. Holt was married to Florence, daughter
of Charles Corey Taber, of New York. Of this mar-
riage, there survive two sons and one daughter. His
eldest son, Roland Holt, a graduate of Yale College
(1890), is now associated with him in business.
PENNYPACKER, Samuel Whitaker, ju-
rist, was born at Phoenixville, Chester co., Pa.,
April 9, 1843, son of Isaac Anderson and Anna
Maria (Whitaker) Pennypacker. His father was
an eminent physician of Philadelphia, and pro-
fessor of practice in the Philadelphia College of
Medicine, and bis grandfather, Matthias Penny-
packer, was a member of the state assembly anil of
the constitutional convention of 1837; his mother
was a daughter of Joseph Whitaker, a Pennsylva-
nia iron-master. The family is of Holland-Dutch
extraction, and he is descended from Hendrick Pan-
nebecker (1674-1754), an educated man, surveyor of
lands for the Penns, and a conspicuous figure in the
early days of the province. Among other ancestors
of Judge Penuypacker were Abraham Opden
Graeff, Hermanuus Kuster, Hendrick Sellen, Peter
Conrad, Cornelius Tyson, Hans Peter Umstat, Dutch
and German settlers of Germantown; Samuel Rich-
ardson, judge and provincial councilor of Pennsyl-
vania, prior to 1700; John Bevan. another provincial
jurist; Benjamin Scott, provincial councilor, of New
Jersey, and Maj. Patrick Anderson, of the Continen-
tal army. He also traces descent from John of
Gaunt, and Edward III. of England. Samuel W.
Peunypacker was educated at the Grovement Semi-
nary, Phcenixville, and the West Philadelphia Insti-
tute, where he was prepared for Yale College. In
1863, he went to the front as a member of the 26th
Pennsylvania emergency regiment, which met the
first on-laiii:ht of the Confederate forces at Gettys-
burg, and earned the distinction of a monument on
the battle-field, i laving read law in the office of
Hon. Peter McCall. and in the law department of
the I'niversity of Pennsylvania, he was admitted to
the bar in 18(16, and immediately entered active
practice. In 186s, he wa" elected president of the
Law Academy of Philadelphia. Together with
E. G. Platt and Samuel S. Hollingsworlh, he edited
a " Digest of the English Common Law Reports"; he
prepaied four volumes of much importance, known
as " IVnnypnckcr's Supreme Court Cases," a volume
of Pennsylvania colonial cases, and has aided in the
preparation of tort v volumes of "Weekly Notes of
Caves." During ISM; s'l he was a member of the
board of public education of Philadelphia, and was
conl roller of public schools for the 291 li ward. In
ls*7, he was admitted to practice in the U. S. su-
preme court. In June. INSII, he was appointed by
(lov. Beaver to till a vacancy on the bench of
the court of common
pleas caused by the
elevation of Judge
James T. Mitchell to
the supreme court,
ami in the following
autumn was elected
to the same office by
the practically unani-
mous vote of both par-
lies, for a term of ten
years. During two
years of his service he
has been president
judge of the court.
Judge Pennypacker
has made extensive
investigations into the
early history of Phil-
adelphia and vicin-
ity, and is author of thirty-seven different books
and papers on related subjects, several of which
have been translated into Dutch and German. His
library contains about 7,000 printed books of early
Pennsylvania, of which 260 are from the press of
Benjamin Franklin, while his collection relating to
the German colonization of Pennsylvania is unex-
celled. In 1883, at the celebration of the bi-centen-
nial of the beginning of German emigration to
America, at the American Academy of Music, Phila-
delphia, he delivered an historic address, for which
he received the official acknowledgment of the Ger-
man emperor, through Prince Bismarck. Judge
Pennypacker has been a trustee of the University of
Pennsylvania for several years. He is also slate
commissioner for Valley Forge reservation. He is
connected with the Pennsylvania Historical Society
as vice-president and member of the council; he
has been president of the Pennsylvania German
Society; president of the Netherlands Society of
Philadelphia; vice-president of the Colonial Society ;
president of the Philobiblion Club, and a member of
the American Philosophical Society. He is also
identified with the Pennsylvania Society, Sons of the
Revolution, as founder and manager; with the So-
ciety of Colonial Wars ; the Society of the War
of 1812 ; the Deutsche Pionier Verein ; Deutsche
Gesellschaft; Canstatter Volksfest Verein; the Union
League Club ; he has been post commander of
4SS
THK NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Fred Taylor Post, No. 19, G. A. R., and president
of the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Regiment As-
sociation. He is one of the vice-provosts of the Phila-
delphia Law Academy, and one of the supervisory
committee on the restoration of Independence Hall.
He received the degree of LL.D. from Franklin and
Marshall College.
PAIGE, Lucius Robinson, author and busi-
ness inn n, was born at Hard wick, Worcester co.,
Mass., March 8, 1802, ninth and youngest child of
Timothy and Mary (Robinson) Paige. On his
father's side, he was a lineal descendant of Elder
William Brewster and Gov. Prince, of Plymouth
colon)'; on his mother's, of Gov. Thomas Dudley.
His great-grandfather, Nathaniel Paige, was one of
the original proprietors of Hardwick, owning one-
fourth of its territory. His grand father, Col. Timothy
Paige, was a member of the committee of corre-
spondence and an officer in the militia; was in com-
mand at Bennington, and also
served at West Point in 1780. Tim-
othy Paige, Jr., father of Lucius,
was one of the minute men who re-
sponded to the first call to arms in
1775, and joined the army at Cam-
bridge. He was a representative
to the general court for seventeen
years. Lucius Robinson Paige
made diligent use of the opportu-
nities atl'onled by the common
schools in his native town, supple-
menting them by a few terms in
Hopkins Academy at Hud ley. He
commenced preaching- June 1,1823,
and on the tenth day of the same
month received the fellowship' of
the Southern Association of Uni-
versalists. After successive pastor-
ates in Springfield, Rockport and
Cambridge, he retired, in 1839. from
pastoral service, but continued to preach occasionally
for many years, until the precarious condition of his
health compelled him to desist. In addition to
numerous publications, in various periodicals and
otherwise, lie published: " Selections from Eminent
Commentators" (1833) ; " Questions on Select Por-
tions of the Gospels. Designed for the Use of Sab-
bath-Schools and Bible Classes" (1838); and in the
same year a "Centennial Address" at Hardwick; a
"Commentary on the New Testament," in six
volumes, the first of which was published in 1844
and the last in 1870; a "Historv of Cambridge (1877);
and a "History of Hardwick'' (ls*3). In 1850, he
received the degree of A M. from Harvard Collide,
and in 1801 that of D u. from Tufts College, of
which he had been a founder. He was elected
member of the Mass;:,>huseu:, Historical Society in
1844, of the New England Historic Genealogical
Society in 1845, of the U'om^ter Society of'An-
tiquil.y in 1876, of the Phi Beta Kappa Society in
1877, of the American Antiquarian Society in 1878,
and at sundry times corresponding or honorary
member of historical societies in many places. Mr.
Paige became a Freemason in 1824, a'nd a little Inter
an Oddfellow, and passed through all the grades
of office, from the lowest to the highest. From time
to time he rendered his fellow-citixens some service
as an assessor of taxes, auditor, city clerk, treasurer
of a savings-bank (sixteen years), cashier, and after-
wards president, of a bank of discount, justice of
the peace and representative. Mr. Paige was mar-
ried four times: first, to Clarinda, daughter of Eze-
kiel Richardson, of Brook field; second, to Abby R.,
daughter of Joseph Whittemore. of Charlestown;
third, to a daughter of Barnabas Comins, of Charles-
town, and widow of Solomon Richardson, of Brook
field; fourth, to Ann M., a daughter of Robert W.
Peck, and widow of Hon. David T. Brigham, of
Keokuk, la. Mr. Paige died at Cambridge, Mass.,
Sept. 2, 1896.
DUNN, Robinson Potter, clergyman and edu-
cator, was born in Newport, R. I., May 31, 1825,
son of Dr. Theophilus C. and Elizabeth (Potter)
Dunn. His mother was a descendant of Martin Pot-
ter, who settled at South Kingston about lt>60.
Robinson Dunn was prepared for college in the
schools of Newport, and then entered Brown, where
he was graduated in 184:!, at the head of liis class.
He continued his relations with the university as
librarian and as instructor in French until Decem-
ber, 1845, when he entered Princeton Theological
Seminary. One of his classmates there. Dr. William
M. Paxton, of New York, has borne witness to his
character and attainments, as follows : "He was
greatly beloved for his kind, genial fellowship,
whilst he was admired for his fine talents and schol-
arly culture. He was, beyond question, the most fin-
ished, accurate scholar at that time in the institution.
... In his fidelity to all the duties of a student, he
was a model." He finished his theological course in
May, 1848, and on Nov. 1st was settled over the
Presbyterian church at Camden, N. .1., which re-
luctantly parted witli him four years later, when he
returned to Providence. The chair of rhetoric and
English literature in Brown University was held by
him from 1852 until his death, a call to fill the chair
of English literature and elocution being declined in
1860. Soon after he removed to Providence the
Central Congregational Church was formed, and, as
there was no Presbyterian church in the city, he
connected himself with the Central Church, where
he taught a Bible-class of young ladies for years.
Dr. Dunn contributed to the "Presbyterian Quar-
terly Review," and several of his discourses were
published. He was twice married : first, in 1848, to
Maria, daughter of John Stilleof Philadelphia, who
died June 23, 1849 ; and, second, in 1855, to Mary
Stiles, daughter of Hon. Alfred Dwight Foster of
Worcester, Mass., who, with one son, survived him.
Dr. Dunn died in Providence, R. I., Aug. 28, 1867.
BALLARD, Harlan Hoge, educator and
founder of the Agassiz Association, was born at
Athens, O., May 26, 1853, son of Addison Ballard, pro-
fessor of logic in the University of New York,
and Julia Perkins (Pratt) Ballard, the author. He is
a direct descendant of William Ballard, of Audover,
Ma^., who came to America in the ship James in
1636, and of many ancestors of a later generation,
who distinguished themselves in the revolutionary
army, among them of Joseph Bennett, who fought
at Lexington. Mr. Ballard studied at Williams Col-
lege, becoming there a member of the Phi Beta
Kappa fraternity, and was graduated in 1874. For
the following six years lie was principal of the high
school at Lenox, "Mass. ; then he revived the old
Lenox Academy, and conducted it until 1886, when
lie gave up teaching. Later he became librarian
of the Berkshire Athenaeum at Pittsfield. Mass. In-
heriting from his mother a taste for the study of
natural science, Mr. Ballard founded and established,
in 1875, a society the object of which should be to
promote such stud}1, giving it the name of the
Agassiz Association. It was incorporated in 1892,
and in the "Hand-book" which he prepared the
purpose of the association is defined as "the pro-
motion of scientific education; the advancement of
science: the collection in museums of natural and
scientific specimens; the employment of observers
and teachers in the different departments of science,
.•UK! the general diffusion of knowledge." Chapters
of the association have been formed in about a
thousand towns and cities throughout the United
States and Canada, and there are several affiliated
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
489
branches in England, Australia, Russia. Tasmania
and New Zealand, all united with one name and one
purpose, — exchanging specimens mid corresponding
willi one another on matters of common interest, —
and oilier chapters are invited to affiliate. .Mr.
Ballard has been president of the society since its
foundation, and its increasing importance is largely
due to his labors. As president, he is one of the
editors of the literary organ of the society. "The
Popular Science News." anil he lias also edited, at
various periods in his career, the "Swiss Cross,"
"Santa Claus" and "Observer," and for six years a
department ill " St. Nicholas." He is i he author of
" I'ieees lo Speak " and "Model Composition Cards";
joint author with Hon. S. Proctor Thayer of
"American Plant Book" and "Barnes1 Headers";
and author of " One Thousand Blunders in KnglKh
( 'orrecled "; "Three Kingdoms"; "\Vords, and
Him- to Put Them Together"; "The World of
Mailer: A Guide lo the Study of Chemistry and
Mineralogy"; "Open, Sesame"; and "Reopen,
Sesame." Mr. Ballard is the inventor of the so-
called " Klip Binder." lie is a fellow of the Amen
can Association for Ihe Advancement of Scicnoi-.
secretary of the Berkshire Historical and Scientific
Socielv, and a member of many other associations,
both learned .-mil social. He was married, at Lenox,
Mass., Aug. 20, 1879, to Lucy Bishop, daughter •>!'
John N. and Lucy (Bishop) Pike, and granddaugh-
ter of lion. Henry W. Bishop.
FINK, Albert, civil engineer, was born at Laii-
terbach, Germany, Oct. 27, 1827, son of Andreas and
Margaret (Jacob) Fink. He was educated as an en-
gineer ai the Polytechnic School at Darmstadt. In
1S-III lie came to America, and entered the service of
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, in the engineering
department. He was active and ambitious, and
under the direclion of tin- distinguished engineei.
Benjamin H. Lai robe, made rapid progress. Within
three years he had advanced to the position of chief
assistant-engineer. At this period Hie art of hridgc-
building in this country was in ils infancy. Mr.
Fink was one of the pioneers in the construction of
iron bridges, and led the way to the present perfec-
tion in that art. He introduced iron on a large scale
into the construction of bridges and viaducts on the
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, which still stand as a
witness lo his skill as an engineer. Among his more
important works is the bridge over the Ohio river at
Louisville, Ky. , one of the largest in the country,
which was completed in 1872. In 1857 he beca un-
connected with the Louisville and Nashville rail-
road, first as assistant engineer, and upon its comple-
tion to Nashville, in !*.">!), as chief engineer and
superintendent of the road and mechanical depart-
ment, in which capacity he served until 1865, when
he was made general-manager, and later vice-presi-
dent of the company, occupying the office until 1875.
During the four years of the civil war the Louisville
and Nashville railroad, which was the only road in
the West over which the Federal armies and sup-
plies could be transported into the South, was con-
stantly subject lo attack by the Confederate armies,
and within its territory many of the fiercest conflicts
of the struggle were fought, the road being alter-
nately in tue hands of the Federal and Confederate
troops, the latter frequently destroying the com-
pany's rolling-stock, bridges and other property.
Mr. Fink's resources were severely taxed during this
trying period to maintain communication between
the North and its armies in the South. As vice-
president and general-manager of the Louisville and
Nashville Railroad Co., after the war Mr. Fink
undertook a minute investigation into the cost of
railway transportation, and made a report, which
was regarded as a complete and masterly analysis of
the subject. Realizing the importance of reform in
the management of railway freight and passenger
departments, and deeming it imperative that greater
harmony should exist between railroad companies,
that reform might be brought about, he considered
I In- solution of the problem of sufficient importance
to devote his whole time to the subject, and was
largely instrumental in organizing, in 1875, the
Southern Railwayand Steamship Association, which
has been in successful operalion ever since. Hebe-
came commissioner of that association in October,
1S75, and retained the olliee for six months. The
object of Ihe association was to establish tariffs over
the whole system of soul hern transportation lines
whose rales wi-rc interdependent, and to see that
these tarill's were maintained alike lo all shippers
without the ) iay men I of rebate or resort to secret de-
vices. Prior to 'hat time il bail been Ihe practice to
hold meetings of the officers of the various companies
from time to time, for the purpose of agreeing upon
tarill's; but before tin -e meetings dispersed, no one
was charged with Ihe responsibility of seeing that
such agreements were carried into effect. Mr.
Fink established a permanent bureau in Atlanta, Ga.,
which practically united twenty-live transportation
lines, with one executive officer called commis-
sioner, a position which he held for six months, in
order to put the association ill full working order,
lie was authorized to -eel hat. Ihe agreements were
properly observed and carried out. If any questions
arose upon which the various companies could not
a^ree, they were submitted to his decision as arbi-
trator, so that all questions which might arise be-
tween Ihe railroad companies and possibly lead to
disastrous rale-wars were judi-
ciously settled. These associa-
tions i.f railroad companies now
e\is| all over the country, and
are doin^ a iiood work, in Ihe
inleresl of both the railroads and
the public. Mr. Fink was next
called upon by the trunk lines —
which had during the years ]s;.~>
and ls7<i been engaged in violent
rale wars — to establish a bureau
in which the four sireal New-
York lines were the original prin-
cipal parties — the New York
Central, the Erie, the Pennsyl-
vania and the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad companies. This
oi-L'ani/.aiion was called the
Trunk Line Commission. It dealt
at the beginning with the traffic
from the Atlantic seaboard to
the western states only. By
degrees it was extended to em-
brace nearly all the railroad companies east of the
Mississippi and north of the Ohio rivers, including
the Canadian railways, under the organization which
is called the Joint Committee. Their objects were
the same — to agree upon tarill's and settle any ques-
tions of difference, which might lead to warfare, by
arbitration. It took several years of hard work to
ei uuplete this organization. While rate-wars are not
entirely unknown in the territory east of the Missis-
sippi river, there has been a great deal of good accom-
plished by the organized cooperation of between fifty
and sixty railroad companies, which might otherwise
lie continually at war among themselves. He was a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
of which he was president in 1878 ; of the Union Club
of New York city, Pendennis Club of Louisville, Ky. .
and other organizations. In 1869 he was married
to Sarah, daughter of A. D. Hunt of Louisville, Ky.,
and they had one daughter, Ellen, the wife of David
M. Milt'on. Mr. FinkTdied April 3, 1897.
490
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
MERGENTHALER, Ottmar, inventor, was
born ia Wurtemburg, Germany, May 11, 1854, third
son of J. G. and Rosina. (Ackerman) Mergenthaler.
His father was a teacher in the public school where
he was educated until, at fourteen years of age, he
was apprenticed to a watch-maker. He left Ger-
many mainly to escape military duty, and came to
America in October, 1872, remaining in Baltimore
until he had opportunity of obtaining work in Wash-
ington, D..C., with the firm of A. Hahl & Co., on
electrical instruments. In 1875 he removed with
the firm to Baltimore. He has devoted nearly his
whole life to the development of his inventions re-
lating to methods of superseding hand composition
of type, and in 1876 he began work on a machine
which, eight years later, developed into the lino-
type, which is regarded from a commercial stand-
point as one of the most successful inventions of
this age. His patents are numerous and important
in their scope, covering broadly the production
of a line of type (hence the name
" linotype") from a temporarily as-
sembled and justified line of mat-
rices. By the operation of a key-
board, very similar to the keyboard
of the typewriter, matrices of type
are delivered one after another
into a receiver, and assembled in
a line of the desired length, like
the ordinary type in a composing-
stick. The line is automatically
"justified" and transferred to a
mold, where an impression is
taken from molten type-metal
kept in a melting-pot, producing
a solid bar of type the length of
a line. The machine then auto-
matically withdraws the matrices,
removes the mold, planes the
cast-metal line, ejects and de-
posits it on a galley in proper
order with those preceding it, and ready for the
press. As soon as the line <>f matrices and spaces is
withdrawn from the mold, the machine automatic-
ally picks them up, and distributes each matrix to
its proper magazine from which it started, ready to
repeat the process as often as it is required. The
number and variety of the automatic functions
•which this linotype machine performs is most
astonishing, and "they proceed in due order with
the precision and regularity of clockwork. It
has given to the world an entirely new system of
composing mailer for the press, and the courts have
decided tiial Mr. Mergenthaler must be classed as a
pioneer inventor, and his patents interpreted accord-
ingly. In July, 1886, the first linotype was placed in
the composing- room of the New York "Tribune," to
be used in its regular daily work. This innovation was
soon adopted by the Louisville "Courier Journal,"
the Chicago "News," and later by the Providence
"Journal." Although therehave been predictions of
failures on all sides, the machines have never failed
to do their work. To-day over 7,000 of these wonder-
ful machines are in regular operation in various
offices of the United States and Great Britain, doing
substantially all the work of composition which had
previously been done by hand, with great economy
of time, labor and cost. In recognition of the great
merit of his invention, Mr. Mergenthaler was
awarded the Elliott Cresson gold medal by the
Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. Mr. Mergen-
thaler was married, in 1881, to Emma Lachenmayer,
of Baltimore, Md. They have four children.
HUDSON, Henry Norman, Shakespearian
scholar and author, was born on a farm at Cornwall,
Vt, Jan. IS, 1814. He attended district schools and
engaged in labors on the farm uuiil he was eighteen
years old, and then went to Middlebury, where he
spent the following four years, apprenticed to a
coachmaker. At the end of that time, determining
to pursue an academic course, he resumed his
studies, and entering Middlebury College shortly
afterwards, was graduated there in 1840. From
1840 to 1843 he was engaged in teaching in Ken-
tucky and Alabama. It was during these years in
the South that he read, for the first time, the plays
of Shakespeare ; and these proved such a fascinating
study to him that he prepared a course of lectures
on Shakespeare, which he delivered in Huntsville
and Mobile, Ala. Encouraged by the success which
he there met with, he went to Cincinnati, O., and
there his lectures again proved so popular that he
subsequently delivered them in Boston, New York
and Philadelphia, before publishing them in book
form in 1848. While in Boston, he was induced,
through the influence of the Rev. Dr. William Cros-
well, to become a member of the Episcopal church,
and he took orders in 1849. His reputation as a
Shakespearian scholar having been established by his
lectures, he was invited to prepare a new edition of
Shakespeare's plays, which occupied him from 1850
to 1856, and was finally issued in eleven volumes,
with a biography and notes. Duyckinck says that
"the chief points in the edition are a thorough revi-
sion and restoration of the text according to the an-
cient copies ; notes carefully selected and compactly
written, and an introduction, historical, bibliographi-
cal and critical, to each play." In 1853-54 Mr.
Hudson was also engaged on the editorial staff of
the New York " Churchman." He also wrote volu-
minously for other periodicals, and in 1857-58 edited
"The American Church
Monthly," writing exten-
sively for its columns. In
1859-60 he was pastor of a
churchin Litchfield, Conn.;
and in the following year
delivered a course of lec-
tures on Shakespeare in sev-
eral cities of the northern
states. During the civil
war he was a chaplain of
the Federal army, first, in
Smith Carolina, and after-
wards with Gen. Butler's
forces. He published a
letter in the New York
"Evening Post," deroga-
tory to Gen. Butler, and for
that offense was placed un-
der arrest. At the close
of the war he published an account of the disagree-
ment, entitled "A Chaplain's Campaign with Gen.
Butler " (1865). He was subsequently editor of the
"Saturday Evening Gazette" for two years ; a chair
of Shakespeare, then having been established in
Boston University by an admirer of his work, he
lectured there for several years. In 1872 he pub-
lished his most important work, entitled "Shakes-
peare : His Life, Art and Characters ; with a His-
torical Sketch of the Origin and Growth of the
Drama in England." Of this the reviewer in the
" Athena-urn " said : "It deserves to find a place in
every library devoted to Shakespeare. . . . Mr.
Hudson, we' may add, is so painstaking that we can
readily pardon his being rather prosaic in style and
expression. . . . Every play is described in this
book, and the characters are analyzed at great
length." He also published " Studies in Words-
worth" (1874) ; "Sermons" (1874); "Text-book of
Poetry, with Sketches of Authors' Lives" (1875);
"The Complete Works of William Shakespeare,"
Harvard edition (1880-81) ; "English in Schools: A
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
491
Series of Kssays" (1881) ; "Essays on Education,
English Studies, and Shakespeare " (1883). He died
at Cambridge, Mass., Jan. l(i, 1886.
MOORE, Henry J., merchant, was born at
lla\ana, X. Y., Feb. 22, 1802. lie began his busi-
ness career as a furniture manufacturer in Havana,
but soon after removed to Ithaca, and then to Troy.
In |s:il{ he located in Texas, where he remained for
two years, then returning to New York state, but in
1839 he established a store in Victoria, Tex., and
there continued until constant Indian invasions de-
termined him to remove to Cincinnati. (>., in 1*4',!.
In Cincinnati he engaged in beef-packing for the
foreign trade, but having become more and more in-
terested in steamboat transportation, hi- removed to
St. Louis in 184.'), and from that city ran some of the
largest boats that ever navigated the Mississippi.
Among the famous boats of his line were the Sul-
tana, \Vvandoite, Pocahoutas and Hannibal — the last
named 'made the record time, three days, twenty-
three hours and three minutes, between St. Louis
and New Orleans. In 1S5S) Mr. Moore joined the
firm of John J. Roe it Co., pork packers and gene
nil commission merchants, and long one of the
most popular and successful houses of the city. For
several years previous to his death he was a stock-
holder in several of tin- foremost banks of St. I.oui-.
I 'pon the foundation of the St. Louis Merchants'
i:\change, in lSli'3, Mr. Moore was chosen lirst presi
dent and, according to the constitution, held the
office tor one year. This organization was particu-
larly notable at I he time for its consistent adherence
to the Federal government in its efforts to suppress
secession. It came into being as a department of the
St. Louis cliamber of commerce, founded in |s;:!(i,
and as the tirsl general trading association in the
country, naturally absorbed the old Millers' F,\-
Change, founded ill 1849. Its first building, eree-led
on Commercial street, was succeeded by the present,
splendid structure on the block between Tine and
Chestnut, Third and Fourth streets. It is now an
active, progressive body of over 2,000 members,
representing every commercial, manufacturing and
financial interest in the city, whose agents congre-
gate daily in the great hall for the transaction of
business with city firms, and by means of telegraphic
communication, ' with all the principal cities of
'"I ST'^FWlf^Psi^^^^is
ffffWT^^ WJ* ^w^^rW^littpniif '
America and Europe. Also, through its board of
directors, it exercises a careful supervision of public-
affairs, both local and national, and exerts its full
influence in the promotion of every enterprise look-
ing to the welfare of the city, state, and the Missis-
sippi valley, as well as in matters of national import,
and thus voices public sentiment and directs public
thought in all matters pertaining to public welfare.
The organization still feels the benefit of Mr. Moore's
executive ability, which was largely efficient in
directing its affairs toward permanence in the days
of its inception. Mr. Moore died in St. Louis, Feb.
7, 1875.
COFFIN, Charles Emmet, banker and broker,
•was born at Salem, Washington co., Ind., July 13,
1849, son of Zachariah and Caroline (Arm'field)
Coffin, and seventh in descent from Tristram Coffin,
who emigrated from England in 1642, and became
one of the ten original owners of the island of Nan-
tucket in 1(159. William, great-grandson of Tris-
tram, emigrated to North Carolina before the revo-
lution, and his son. Matthew, fought under Gen.
Nalhanael Greene in his southern campaign. His
son. Marmaduke, was one of the pioneers of Indiana,
settling in Washington county about the time of the
state's admission into the Union. The eldest sou of
Marmaduke, Zachariah. was horn in Indiana, and
for a number of years operated a tannery at Salem,
and was magistrate of the county. lii.s wife, to
whom he was married in IM-lli, was a niece of Paris
C. Dunning, later state governor. Charles Coffin
spent his early childhood in Salem, and attended the
school founded by the late: Hon.
John I. Morrison. At the ane of
twelve he removed to Blooming
ton, the scat of the stale uni-
versity, and spent nearly four
\earsal school there, serving as
drummer-boy in the militia, un-
der (.Jen. 1 Inches, during I he in-
vasion of the state by the Con-
federates, uiiderlicn. Morgan, in
]si;;',. in istj.-, Mr. Coffin began
to \\ork for himself, in order to
help his parents, who hud lost
much of their property in conse-
ipience of tin' financial depression
cause. 1 l.\ the civil war; and
in 1S07 went to Indianapolis,
where he entered the real c-tate
office of Wiley ifc Martin, the sen
ior member being ('apt. William
Y. Wiley, one of the oldest ical
estate dealers in I he city. He re-
mained with them for six years, and during that
lime studied at a night la« school, and ill 1871 was
admitted to the bar. Findingthe outlook more prom-
ising in the field he was already in, he continued
in the real estate business, putting to good use, how-
ever, his legal knowledge. On the death of Capt.
Wiley, in "1873, he opened an office and seven
years later associated with himself Charles E. Hollo-
way, under the firm-name of 0. E. Coffin <t Co.,
whose success is unparalleled in the business annals
of the city. Mr. Coffin is a self-made man in all
respects, and although not yet old enough to be
classed among the "fathers of the city," he is one
of the progressive residents of Indianapolis. He is
president of the Indianapolis Savings and Invest-
ments Co. ; a stockholder in the I'nion Trust Co.; a
member of the board of trade and a director of the
Commercial Club. He is a trustee of the Meridian
Street Methodist Episcopal Church ; a director of the
Art Association; of the New England Society; of the
Indiana Historical Society, of which he is also treas-
urer; and a member of the Marion, Country and Co-
lumbia clubs. Mr. Coffin is a contributor to various
newspapers and periodicals, and would be constantly
employed if he were to respond to all the demands
made upon him. Having made a study of whist for
many years, in 1894 he published the "Gist of
Whist," intended to supply beginners with simple but
complete instructions. It is now in its sixth edition,
and has reached a sale of 16.000 copies in four years.
Mr. Coffin was married, in 1875, to Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Cornelius B. Holloway, of Danville, 111. She
died, July 8, 1893, leaving one son, Clarence Eugene.
He was again married, Sept. 20, 1897, to Mrs. Mary
H. Fletcher, daughter of Capt. Richard E. Birch, of
Indianapolis.
WALKER, James Alexander, soldier and
congressman, was born in Augusta county, Va., Aug.
27, 1832, son of Alexander" and Hannah (Hinton)
492
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
Walker. His father and mother were also born in
that county, and spent their lives there, and their
remains now lie in the burying-ground near the his-
toric " Stone Church." The first American ancestor
of this family, John Walker, went from Wigton,
Scotland, to Ulster county, Ireland, and from thence,
after a few years, emigrated to Pennsylvania about
the year 1730, and a little later, with a number of
others, to Hockbridge county, Va. The valley of
Virginia was as yet a wilderness, and these Scotch -
InMi settlers not only endured all the usual hard-
ships of pioneers, but became a bulwark between the
Indians and the more eastern settlements. Alexander
Walker, the great-grandfather of James, was the
father of twenty-one children, most of whom grew
to niMiilioixl and womanhood. The}* settled in Ken-
tucky, Alabama, Missouri, Illinois and other stair*
and territories. James A. Walker attended a neigh-
borhood school until the year 1848, when he entered
the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, remain-
ing four years. For two years after this he worked
as a civil engineer on the Covington — now Chesapeake
and Ohio — railroad. In 1854 he studied law at the
University of Virginia ; began the practice of his
profession in November, 1855, at the county-seat of
Pulaski county, Va., and in 1859 was elected attor-
ney for the commonwealth for Pulaski county. At
the beginning of the civil war he was captain of a
fine volunteer company, the Pulaski Guards (after-
wards company C, 4th Virginia infantry); and in
April, 1861, Capt. Walker was promoted to theotlice
of lieutenant-colonel, and was assigned to the 13lh
Virginia infantry, of which A. P. Hill was colonel.
In March, lsii'3, h<> was again promoted, becoming
colonel of the 13th Virginia infantry, vice Hill, pro
moted brigadier-general. In May", 1863, a third
promotion raised him to the rank of brigadier-general,
and by <Jen. JaeU^i.n's d\ ing request, was assigned
to the command of the "Stonewall "brigade. Atthe
"Bloody Angle," in May, 1864, he was severely
wounded. In July following, his arm yet in a sling,
he was put in command of
the reserve troops guarding the
line of the Richmond and
Southsicle railroads, which
roads were the feeders of Gen.
Lee's army. In January, 1865,
he reported to Gen. Lee for
active service.and was assigned
to the command of Early's
division, which lie surren-
dered at Appomattox. Gen.
Walker was with Jackson in
liis famous valley campaign,
and participated in all the bat-
tles of the army of northern
Virginia. He was present ai
Bull Run, Front Royal, Win-
chester, Cross Keys, Port Re-
public, Games' Mill, Malvern
Hill, Cedar Run, second Bull
Rim or Manassas. Ox Hill,
Fredericksburg, second Winchester, Gettysburg,
Payne's Farm, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania
Court-house, Fort Stedman, Petersburg, Sailor's
Creek and Appomattox. After the war Gen. Walker
resumed practice in Pulaski comity, and rose rapidly
to the position of one of the leading lawyers of that
section of the stale. In isii'.i he was nominated by
the Conservative parly of Virginia for the office of
lieutenant-governor. Virginia wasat .ml time under
military rule, and was known as military district No.
1 ; the state ticket nominated, not proving acceptable
to the authorities at Washington, was withdrawn. In
ls;-2 Gen. Walker was elected a member of the house
of delegates of Virginia, declining re-election at the
end of hi-- term. In 1S77 be was made lieutenant-
governor on the lii ket with Gov. Holliday. In 1894
lie was elected to the 54th congress from the ninth
district of Virginia, and was re-elected in 1896. Gen.
Walker was married, near Staunton, Va., in 1S58. to
Sarah A., daughter of Maj. William and Margaret
Pouge, and has had four sous and two daughters.
BLOUNT, William Alexander, lawyer, was
born in Clarke county, Ala., Oct. 25, 1851, son of
Alexander Clement and Julia (Washington) Blount.
His paternal ancestry is of English extraction, the
family in America being descended from James
Blount, who settled iu Virginia in 1(>(>9, and his mother
descends from Lawrence, cousin of George Washing-
ton. Mr. Blount's father, a native of North Carolina,
and a well-known lawyer iu
Alabama and Florida, lost the
greater part of his property by
the civil war. The son received
very meagre educational ad-
vantages in the way of regular
schooling, being able to attend
hut one year at St. Louis, Mo.
However, by virtue of his na-
tive industry anil ambition he
was able to prepare himself for
college, and entered the Uui-
\cisjty of Georgia (Athens,
Ga. ), in 1870. Hei e he received
the degree of A.B. with first
honors in 1872, and amply
demonstrated his ability and
high scholarship by winning
the university medal for essay-
writing in his junioryear. Dur-
ing 1872-73 lie acte'd as tutor
in mathematics and English to his alma mater, at the
same time completing the law course with thedegree
nl I.L.B. Returning then to his home in Pensacola,
Fla., he began practice in the office of Charles W.
Jones, later U. S. senator from Florida, and such
was his industry and high professional ability that at
the age of thirl}' live he was ranked second to none
at the bar of the slate, and is widely known in the
southern states. He has never sought noraccepled
political ollice. nor taken any prominent part in
politics ; the only public trust he has hitherto con-
sented lo hold was as a member of the Florida con-
stitutional convention of 1885, in which he rendered
notable services in revising the organic law of Ihe
state. He has frequently been offered important
judicial positions, among them the chief-justiceship
'of the supreme court, but has as frequently declined
on account of the pressing nature of his professional
obligations. He was. however, appointed by the
governor in 1888 chairman of the commission which
for the first, time in the history of the state was called
lo revise the statute law. In this capacity, despite
the engrossing demands of his profession, the accuracy
and excellence of the work done by him attested his
ability and thoroughness. The work occupied three
years. For the last fifteen years he has been city
'a Homey of Pensacola, and has for fourteen years
been attorney for the state of Florida of the Louis-
ville and Nashville railroad. He has also for a long
time been attorney for all the railroad companies
entering Pensacola, as well as for the city street rail-
road system, water and gas companies, and for si
of i lie large corporate and business interests of -\ st-
ern Florida. In 1886 he formed a partnership with
his brother, Alexander Clement Blount, Jr., under
the style of Blounl i Blount. which still continues
in the' successful practice of law. Mr. Blount h:-s
found little time for work not distinctly a part of bis
profession. In June, I.y78. he was married to Cora
N'.. daughter of Fernando J. Moreno, and has six-
children.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
493
*
_/j^(»8*- -" v "**• -
OLIVER, Robert W., first chancellor of the
University of Kansas (1865-67). See Index.
FRASER, John, second chancellor of the !',ii-
versity of Kansas (1868-74), was horn in Croinarty.
Scotland, about 1823. He was educated at the
University of Aberdeen, and before leaving won
there the Huttonian prize for proficiency in mathe-
matics, offered every ten years. He also' excelled in
classical studies, and showed all the carncslncs- :in<l
devotion to intellectual pursuits which characterizes
ilic best of Scotch scholars. After graduation he
\\cnl to the Bermuda Islands to teach in the Hamil-
ton Institute, passing the time during the long jour-
ney by sailing vessel in reading through the Greek
ami Latin classics. After spending some years in
Bermuda, failing health induced him to go'to New
York, where he had been appointed principal of a
private school ; but there he became so involved in
money difficulties that he was obliged to pawn his
library, including the volumes that constituted the
Huttonian pri/.e. In 1850 he secured a position in
Connellsville, Pa., as private tutor to two boys, ami
there he organized a private school. In 1855 lie was
appointed professor of mathematics in Jefferson Col-
lege. This position he held for seven years, making
his influence an inspiration to deeper study not only
for his own students but also for those pursuing the
classics and other courses. Rev. George W. Chalfant,
a former pupil, wrote of Mr. Fraser: "His classical
training was simpty superb. He not only knew the
great authors, but he loved them. Beyond any man
the writer ever met he possessed what may he called
a 'Greek soul.' Never until meeting him did his
younger colleague learn what beauty of style existed
in the classic authors, what power of expression in
the grammatical forms, what rhetoric in the order of
work." Prof. Fraser also delivered a course of lec-
tures on physical geography, showing himself famil-
iar with the methods of scientific research. He
raised money for the first telescope used in a
western Pennsylvania institution, and himself super-
intended the erection of an observatory. In 1863 he
enlisted as a private at Canonsburg, and served the
Federal cause throughout the civil war, winning
promotion to the rank of captain of the 140th Penn-
sylvania volunteers in August, 1862; to that of lieu-
tenant-colonel in the following month, and in July,
1863, to that of colonel. During the charge of Han-
cock at Spottsylvania he was wounded by a shell,
and in September, ISIi-l. he was captured and held
prisoner at Libby Prison; at .Macon, (Ja.; Roper's
Hospital, Charleston, S. ('., and finally at Camp
Sorghum, Columbia, S. C. While imprisoned, with
many others, at Roper's Hospital, under fire of the
guns from the northern Heel, he cheered his fellow-
prisoners by delivering for their amusemenl a course
of lectures, notably on Shakespeare's plays. He
was finally exchanged, and returning to the 140th
Pennsylvania volunteers, was made brevet-brigadier
general in March, 1865, and was mustered out the
following May. He then became president of the
Slate College at Bellefonte, Pa. ; from there passed to
the head of the Kansas Slalc University, and on
June 17, 1868, entered upon his offi-
cial duties. Robert W. Oliver, whom
lie succeeded, had been chancellor
for two years (1865-67), but had
had nothing to do with instruction,
his relations to the university having
'.ecu of a business nature. With the
advent of Gen. Fraser, a change in the
headship of the institution occurred,
and the chancellor became the pn-si
dent of thefacully. Partlyowingtopo-
litical complications, partly to the fact
that although possessing executive
ability he lacked the power of harmon-
izing discordant interests, his career
waslesssuccessful than his f riendshad
hoped. He resigned, April 15. 1874,
but remained in charge until the ap-
pointment of his successor. During his connection
with the university he served as state superintendent
of instruction. His last position was in the Western
University of Pennsylvania, at that time a some-
what narrow field for a man of his talents and
attainments. Only a few in that great industrial
community knew what a noble soul was wearing
itself out in work far below the capacity of this
great teacher. He died at Allegheny, Pa., of small-
pox, in June, 1878, leaving a widow but no chil-
dren.
MARVIN, James, clergyman and third chan-
cellor of the University of Kansas (1874-82), was
born in Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y., Aug. 17, 1820. His
boyhood and youth were spent on his father's farm
494
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
in his native township, and his education was ob-
tained there in the common schools and in Keeseville
and Alfred academies. He engaged in teaching dur-
ing the winter season ia rural districts until 1849,
and then entered Allegheny College, where he was
graduated in 1851. He was chosen professor of
mathematics in Alfred Teachers' Seminary, New
York, and in 1854 accepted the superintendency of
city schools in Warren, O. He returned to Allegheny
College, in 1862, as professor of mathematics, and
after twelve years' service in his alma mater was ap-
pointed chancellor of the University of Kansas, Law-
rence. Kan. Eight years and eight months in this re-
sponsible position closed nearly thirty-three years of
almost continuous duty as an instructor. In the
autumn of 1883 Dr. Marvin accepted the superin-
tendency of Haskell Institute, a new school under
the U. S. government, and devoted to the education
of Indian youth. Eighteen months' work in organ-
izing the school convinced the superintendent that
this service required younger blood, and he accord-
ingly resigned. In early life he had united with the
Methodist Episcopal church, and was licensed to
preach in 1847. After a brief period of rest from
his arduous labors in the Indian school, he was called
to the pastorate of the First Methodist Episcopal
Church of Lawrence, where he had resided since
coming to Kansas. This charge was continued with
great acceptance over five years, during the last two
of which a new church ed'irice costing $40,000 was
erected. He retired from active service in 1891. In
1865 the degree of D.D. was conferred on him by
Alfred University, and in 1883 that of LL. D. by the
University of Kansas. He was married to Arnrina
Le Suer, July 14, 1851. They have one son. Prof.
F. O. Marvin, and one daughter, Mrs. Prof. Wilcox.
LIPPINCOTT, Joshua Allen, clergyman and
fourth chancellor of the University of Kansas (1883-
89), was born in Burlington county, X. J., Jan. 31,
1835. He is a lineal descendant of Richard Lippin-
cott, who left the family home in Devonshire, Eng-
land in 1639 to settle in America. He was a Quaker,
and many of his descendants continue in the same
faith. The family name is one of the oldest of local
origin in England, their motto being, "Upright in
prosperity or adversitj'." Joshua Allen Lippiucott
passed his boyhood and youth in Burlington county,
N. J., and his early educational advantages were
those of the country school. He was always
anxious for a collegiate education, and opportunity
unexpectedly offering, he entered Pennington Semi-
nary, where he was prepared for Dickinson College,
being graduated with distinction at the age of twenty
three, lie immediately began leaching, having been
ullrrcd 1 1 ic professorship of mat hematics and German
at Pennington Seminary. Four years later he ac-
cepted the position of superintendent of the public
school- in Scranton, Pa. His success was so marked
that lie was soon called to a more important position
in the New Jersey state normal and model schools at
Trenton. In lS(j."i lie was admitted to the Wyoming
conference of the Methodic F.pi-copal church, and
while doing his educational work frequently acted
as pastor and answered continued calls to the pulpit.
After having filled the pulpit of Asbury Church.
Hackeusack, N. J., for two years, he accepted the
professorship of mat hematics and astronomy in
Dickinson College. This position he retained until
1883, when he resigned to become chancellor of
the University of Kansas. The remarkable develop-
ment of this institution during his incumbency is a
testimonial to his great administrative ability. The
position, however, was not wholly to his taste, and
he yielded to a desire for closer relations to his
church, and in 1889 resigned to accept the pastorate
of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Topeka,
Kan. From this pastoral relation he was called to
the Arch Street Methodist Episcopal Church of
Philadelphia, Pa. He has since resided in that city.
In 1882 Franklin and Marshall College, of Lancaster,
Pa., conferred upon him the degree of D.D., and in
1886 the University of Michigan honored him with
the degree of LL.D.
SNOW, Francis Huntington, fifth chancellor
of the University of Kansas (1890- ), was born at
Fitchburg, Mass., June 29, 1840, son of Benjamin
and Mary B. (Boutelle) Snow. His father was a
prosperous merchant and manufacturer, whose first
American ancestor, Richard Snow, of Wolmrn. Mass.,
came to America in 1645; his mother was the daugh-
ter of David and Ruth B. (Huntington) Boutelle. One
of his paternal ancestors was Richard Warren, of the
Mayflower, and his great-grandfather, Luke Richard
son, fought in the war of the revolution, being a lieu-
tenant olf his company. His maternal grandfather,
David Boutelle, was a soldier in the war of 1812.
Among his maternal ancestors was Gen. Jabez Iluut-
ingtou, of Norwich Conn., a prominent officer in the
war of the revolution. Francis II. Snow was graduated
at Williams College at the head of his class in 1862,
and at the Audover Theological Seminary in 1S06.
After graduation at Williams, and before attending
Andover Seminary, he taught for one year as prin-
cipal of the high" school in his native town. After
leaving Andover Seminary he
preached for a while, although
not regularly installed as pastor
of a church. He was elected pro-
fessor of natural sciences in the
University of Kansas at the time
of the foundation of the univer-
sity, in 1866. Tliis position he
held until July, 1890, when he was
made chancellor and president of
the University of Kansas, which
position he still holds (1899). In
1881 he received the degree of
Ph.D. from Williams College,
and in 1890 the degree of LL.'p.
fiom Princeton. In 1886 the legis-
lature of Kansas appropriated $50,-
000 for the erection of a build-
ing for Prof. Snow's depart-
ment, which building was formally dedicated as the
"Snow Hall of Natural History." Chancellor Snow
is the author of many scientific papers, and is a suc-
cessful lecturer on scientific and educational subjects.
To his tireless exertion and intelligent direction the
building up of the large natural history collections
belonging to the University of Kansas is due. In
the entomological collections, which are hardly sec-
ond to any college collections in the country, are in-
cluded over 200liew species of insects discovered by
Prof. Snow. A score of species have been named in
his honor. The scientific work, however, which has
given him greatest prominence of late is his experi-
ments with a view to lessening the ravages of tin-
chinch bug by the artificial dissemination among
them of a contagious disease. In 1889 he established
the fact that certain contagious diseases caused by
the growth of parasitic fungi could be artificially
spread among chinch bugs in corn and wheat fields.
Special appropriations made by the state of Kansas
have enabled the experiments to be prosecuted, and
the elleetiveness of the remedy has been thoroughly
substantiated.* By estimates made by the farmers
of Kansas themselves, a saving of over one half a
million dollars was effected in the state in three
years by the "chinch bug disease" work of Prof.
Snow. Prof. Snow is a member of the Congrega-
tional church, but is a thorough believer in the theory
of evolution. He sees no inconsistency between
OF AMERICAN BIOGBAPHT .
495
the doctrines of tlie C'hrisli;ui religion and the priu-
ciples of evolution, and may In- termed u scientific
Christian, lie is a man of marked perseverance and
of singular clearness of intellect mil vision. A single-
ness of purpose, coupled with his characteristic per-
sistence, has resulted in the achieving of much i.i
tli.' face of the obstacles incident to the life of a new
college in a new country. Under his administration
tin: University «( Kansas lias grown rapidly, and
stands now aiming the first i>f mir American state
universities. Chancellor Sin >w was married, in I Nils,
to Jennie A., daughter of I Inn. .Inhn Aiken. nf An-
dover, Mass.; granddaughter nf I'res. Applelnn, of
Bowdoin College, and a descendant nf Samuel
Symonds, lieutenant-governor nf .Massachusetts Bay
ei'lnny in 1673. They have five children, the nidcst
of whom, a son, iuherts his father's taste for natural
history, and is now (1899) assistant professor of en-
tomology at Lelaud Stanford University.
BLACKMAB, Frank Wilson, educator, was
born in Erie county, Pa., Nov. 3, 1854, sou of John
S. and Rebecca (Mershon) lilackmar. His father, a
farmer, was a son of a native Scotchman who emi-
grated to New England, and afterwards settled in
llerkimer county, N. Y. ; his mother was the dan^li
ter of John Mershon, whose Huguenot ancestors
emigrated to Mew Jersey in the eighteenth century,
but removed to Erie county in ITIlli, and settled in
what was then almost a wilderness. The name,
originally Murchaud, was that of a distinguished
French family; but in America the crude French
pronunciation of the English seiilers was followed
in the spelling. There were horn to John and Re-
becca Blackmar ten children, six daughters and four
sous, Frank W. being the youngest son. Charles
and Henry, the older sons, served in the civil war.
Louise, the oldest daughter, went as a missionary to
India, where she now resides at Sironcha; Ellen, the
fourth daughter, went to India with her husband,
A. J. Maxwell, who, after serving seven years as a
missionary, died from the cholera. Sbe returned to
America ami published several books, including "A
Bishop's Conversion," "A Way of Fire" and
"Three Old Maids in Hawaii." She was subse-
quently married to Capt. A. S. Baker, of the U. S.
navy, now commander of the battleship Oregon,
stationed at Manila (1899). Frank Wilson Blackmar
was educated in the public schools of Pennsylvania,
the Edinborough (Pa. (State Normal School, the Uni-
versity of the Pacific. California, and Johns Hop-
kins University, Baltimore. He was professor of
mathematics in the University of the Pacific (1882-
N>>; a graduate student of Johns Hopkins University
(1886-89); instructor in history (1887-88); fellow in
history and politics (1888-89). In 1889 he was
elected professor of history and sociology in the
University of Kansas, and has been an earnest edu-
cator in the school-room and among the people, lec-
turing and writing on educational, economic' and
historical topics. He took an active part in the uni-
versity extension movement, which at one time
spread with such vigor over the West. In 1897, in
the organization of the graduate school at the Uni-
versity of Kansas, he was elected dean of the school.
In 1899 the title of the chair was changed to that of
sociology and economics. Among his publications
are: "Spanish Institutions in the Southwest";
"Spanish Colonization in the Southwest"; "The
Story of Human Progress"; "Federal and State Aid
to Higher Education," and "Economics." He is
preparing (1899) a work on "History of Higher
Education in Kansas." Besides these are numerous
pamphlets on economic, social and historical topics.
Prof. Blackmar was married at San Jose, Cal., in
1885, to Mary S. Bowman, who died March 4, 1892,
leaving one sou and two daughters.
BEBNADOU, John Baptiste, naval officer,
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in November, 1858,
son of George W. and Helen (Hay) Beruadou. His
grandparents, Jean Baptiste Beruadou and Jeanne
Adrieune Henuette Fontaine, both natives of France,
emigrated to America early in the nineteenth century
and settled in Philadelphia, where ihey were married.
He was appointed to the U. S. Naval Academy,
Annapolis, Md., by Pres. Grant, in 1876, becoming
midshipman in 1882; ensign, junior grade, in 18b3;
full ensign in 1884; lieutenant, junior grade, in 1802;
and lieutenant in 1890. Through many years of
practical observation and experiment he became an
expert in torpedo work; and, when the torpedo-lit at
Wiiislnw was under construction, personally superin-
tended every detail nf her building. He was in
charge as inspector on her trial trip, and when sin-
Has pin in commission, wasappointed to command
her. Being sent to Cardenas, May 11, 1898, to learn
the position anil strength of the Spanish gun-boats
known iii lie in that harbor, the Winslow, with the
gun-boat Wilmingtmi and the converted revenue-
cutter Hudson, was speedily discovered by the
Spanish gunboats, which rained a shower of shell
upon them. One of these striking the Winslow on
the starboard beam exploded in the boiler-room,
disabling the engine and earryiim away the steering-
gear. Within five minutes she was struck in twenty
places, and, completely disabled, was at the mercy
of the enemy. Five men were killed and four
wounded; among the former Ensign Worth Bagley,
the'inh American naval officer killed in action in the
war. Lieut. Bernadoii was wounded in the thigh by
a fragment of shell. The Winslow had one boiler
pierced and one engine wrecked by the enemy's fire,
but managed to work out of the shoal water, then
being taken in tow by the Hudson
and hauled out of range. On recover-
ing from his wound, Lieut. Bernadoii
was the recipient of warm praise
for the gallantry and coolness which
he exhibited in the brief, but de-
structive, and very one-sided combat .
He is the originator and developer
of the smokeless powder used by
the U. S. navy.
TBACY, "Jeremiah Evarts,
lawyer, was born in Windsor, Vt.,
Jan! 31, 1835, son of Ebenezer ( lai
ter and Martha Sherman (Evarlsi
Tracy. His first American ances-
tor was Stephen Tracy, who emi
grated from England, settling in
Plymouth. Mass., in 1623. His
father was the editor and pro
prietor of the Vermont "Chron-
icle," a religious newspaper, which
for over thirty years wielded a powerful and ex-
tensive influence throughout and beyond the state.
His son, the subject of this sketch, received his early
education in the public schools, and having decided
to adopt the legal profession, entered the office of
his uncle, Hon. William M. Evarts, of New York
city. He continued his studies at Yale College, where
he" was graduated in 1857 with the degree of LL.B.
Being admitted to the bar of New York state, Mr.
Tracy at once became an assistant in the office of his
uncle, Mr. Evarts, with whom he entered into part-
nership June 1, 1859, and he has ever since remained
a member of his business firm, engaged in the prac-
tice of his profession in New York city. Mr. Tracy
was one of the founders of the Bar Association of
the City of New York, and is a member of the New
York State Bar Association and of the New York
Law Institute. He was married, Sept. 30, 1863, to
Martha Sherman, daughter of Rev. David and Mary
Evarts) Greene, and has nine children.
496
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
SEALY, George, banker, was born at Kingston,
Luzerne co., Pa., Jan. 9, 1835, sou of Robert and
Mary (McCarty) Sealy, who were devout Presby-
terians. At the age of fifteen lie became a clerk in a
couutry store, where lie remained for three years.
When he was twenty years of age his father died, leav-
ing but little property; and he became .station agent
at Kiugstou, for the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg
railway, his salary being ,f 50 a month. He remained
in this position about four years, and deciding to join
a brother in Texas, and in order to qualify himself
to take a higher place than he had yet filled, he en-
tered a commercial college in
Pittsburgh. He next found a
place in the employ of Ball,
Hutchings & Co., dry-goods and
commission merchants in Gal-
veslon, his brother, John, being
one of the partners, and his rise
was rapid. At the outbreak of
the civil war he was unwilling
to lake up arms against the
Union, but entered the Confed-
erate army under compulsion,
and from the time of his enlist-
ment, in 1862, until the day of
his discharge he refused pay for
his services, and declined every
offer of official preferment. This
military period ended, Mr. Sealy
resided for a time at Matamoras,
Mexico, representing his firm
in the transaction of ils lame
volume of trade with European
ports. In 1860, through Mr.
Sealy's instrumentality, Ball, Hutchings & Co. be-
came a banking-house, and in 1867 he was admitted
to a partnership. Ball, Hutchings & Co. became
identified with important railroad transactions, chiefly
through his foresight and progressive spirit. In 1877
the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Co., whose
line had been extended into Fort Bend county,
found itself unable to proceed, being without money
or credit. Galveston had subscribed liberally toward
the buildiug of the road, and to protect the interests
of the merchants of that city, Mr. Sealy organized
a syndicate to carry on the work. By 1886 the road
•was extended to Fort Worth, to San Augelo and to
Dallas, and about the same time, by an arrangement
with the Airliison, Topeka and Santa Fe Co., the
Gulf. Colorado and Santa Fe road completed its
road to Paris, Tex., connecting there with the St.
Louis and San Francisco road, and to P'.ircell, I. T.,
connecting with the Atchison Co., which assumed
the management of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa
Fe. .Mr. Sealy was president of the company until
the transfer was made, and is now vice-president.
He is also a director of the Southern Kansas and
Texas railway; treasurer of the Galveston Cot I on
Exchange, Galvestou Rope and Twine Co., Galves-
ton Maritime Association, Galveston Free School
board, Galvestou Protestant Orphans' Home and
Evening Tribune Publishing Co. He is president
of the Wharf Co., and director in the Galveston Gas
Co., Cotton and Woolen Mills Co., Cotton Ex-
change, Texas Land and Loan Association, Rembert
Roller Compress Co., Southern Cotton Compress
Co., Bluefields Banana Co., Electric Light Co., and
of the Galveston agency of the Galve.-lon Meat Ex-
porting Co., besides many other corporations. In
the movement for a deep water harbor at Galveston
he brought to bear the influence of these great cor-
porations, and did as much as any man, if not more,
to secure the needed legislation by congress. In 1872
Mr. Sealy was elected alderman of Galveston, and
instituted a number of reforms, which resulted in
restoring the city's credit, and were so salutary in
general that they were adopted by other cities in the
state. Mr. Sealy was married, at Galveston, May
12, 1875, to Magnolia, daughter of P. J. and Caro-
line (Womack) Willis. The}' have five daughters
and three sons.
STUBBS, William Carter, chemist, agricul-
turist and educator, was born in Gloucester county,
Va., Dec. 7, 1846, son of Jefferson W. and Ann
Walker Carter (Baytop) Stubbs, of old English fam-
ilies, which settled in Gloucester in the seventeenth
century. His father (1811-97), whose portrait now
adorns the walls of the county court house, was pre-
siding justice of Gloucester county for thirty years,
and for forty years president of the Gloucester Char-
ity School. All his life he was prominently con-
nected with the Methodist Episcopal church, South.
William C. Stubbs was educated in his own home by
the best private tutors. He entered William and Mary
College in I860, but this, on account of its nearness
to the scenes of the war. was closed in 1861, and he,
therefore, continued his studies at Randolph-Macon
College, and was graduated in 1862. The following
autumn he joined company D, 24th Virginia cavalry,
and served as an officer of this company until the
surrender at Appomattox Court House, April, 1861).
In October of the same year he returned to his
studies, and was graduated at the University of Vir-
ginia in 1868. With him were his two elder brothers,
Maj. James N. Stubbs, state senator and attorney at-
law of Gloucester county, Va., and Dr. T. Jefferson
Stubbs, professor in William and Mary College,
Williamsburg, Va. In 1869 he was made a professor
in the East Alabama College, and in 1872 professor
of chemistry in the Agricultural and Mechanical
College of Auburn, Ala. In 1878 he became slate
chemist of Alabama. In 1885 he assumed the charge
of the sugar experiment station in Louisiana, estab-
lished and endowed by the planters of that state.
Soon after he was appointed a professor in Louisiana
State University, and director of the state experi-
ment station. Baton Rouge. In 1886 he was ap-
pointed by the legislature state chemist of Louisi-
ana, and ' in 1887 director of the North Louisi
ana experiment station, at Calhoun. In 1892 the-
state legislature made appropria-
tions for a geological survey of
the state, giving the work into his
hands, which he still continues.
He also still supervises the "Au-
dubon Sugar School, " established
in 1892, and placed under liisdirec-
tion. The appreciation by the pub-
lic of Prof. Stubb's services and
earnest labor is shown by the in-
creasing appropriations made bi-
ennially to the cause of agricul-
ture by "In1 legislature of Louisi-
ana; and it has been a service
of delight to Prof. Stubbs to
watch i he growth of agricul-
tural agencies from small be-
ginnings, until to-day it is said
that Louisiana is better equipped
in facilities for advancing her ^
agricultural interests than any
other state in the Union. Prof. Stubbs has pub-
lished over 100 bulletins upon agricultural subjects,
and is quoted everywhere as an authority on south-
ern agriculture; also has published works on sugar
cane and the manufacture ai>d chemistry of sugar,
and these are considered standards in every tropical
country where sugar cane is cultivated. He is an
enthusiastic Southerner, and his energies are given
to the development of the wonderful natural resources
of that section of the country. He is a life member
of the Virginia Historical Association, as well as a
member of the administration council of the Southern
OF AMERICAN IHOGRAPHY.
497
Historical Association of Washington, D. C. lie is
a member of camp No. 9 of Confederate Veterans,
and also is brigadier-general on the staff of Gen.
John B. Gordon, commander in chief of Confed-
erate Veterans. Prof. Stnbbs was married, in ls;:>.
to Eli/abclh Saunders, daughter of Henry 1). and
Mary Low(Saunders) Blair, of North Alabama. The
Blairs were early settlers in South Carolina, and
were of Huguenol and Scotch Irish descent. They
have no children. Their home, of historic and tradi
tional inleresl, is beautifully located under ihe
spreading live oaks of Audubon park, New Or-
leans, La.
MACRAE, George Wythe, banker, was born
near Warrcnlon, Va.. May 2s. . ls:;s, son of Bailey
Washington and Sarah .lane (Si u-
arl ) Macrae, of Scottish descent
His father, a man of superior
character and education, was a
lar;:e plantation owner, and his
mother was a daughter of Wil-
liam Stuart, of Virginia. George
W. Macrae was tutored in schools
of his nalive town until, in |S|!I,
his family removed to ihe ncii'h-
horhood of Clarksville, Tenn.,
where he studied in the Masonic
University of Tennessee (]S,~>:!-
54). In 1854 he began active
life as clerk in a store al ( 'larks-
ville, Tenn., and removing, in
I S.V.I, to Memphis, became as
socialed with Dr. I). T. Porter
in the wholesale grocery biisi
ness, under the firm name of
I'orler & Macrae. The busi-
ness was interrupted by the war of 18(i2, and during
the next nine years Mr. Macrae was variously en
gaged until, in 1ST1, he again became associated with
Dr. Porter's firm, which, in 1882, again assumed its
original name and style. This firm, which was
finally dissolved iu 18!l(i, was always noted for its
prosperilyand si raiiihl forward business dealing. Mr.
Macrae has been president of the Memphis National
Bank since 1894; is president of the Chickasaw
Cooperage Co. since 1890, and is a stockholder, di-
rector and treasurer of the Artesian Water Co. of
Memphis. He is a member and an elder of the I'rc-
byterian church, and is an earnest supporter of iis
doctrines and benevolent activities. Mr. Macrae is
one of the foremost business men of Memphis, and
is widely noted for sound judgment, great executive
ability and unfailing integrity. He has been twice
married : first, on Sept. 13, 1866, to Fannie Morris,
of Clarksville, Tenn., who died, Feb. 1, 1870. lea\
ing one daughter, now Mrs. Walter White, of Mem-
phis; second, on March 2, 1881, to Blanche, daughter
of Dr. B. W. Avent, a prominent physician of Mem-
phis, Tenn., by whom he has bad five children .
SEARING. Laura Catherine (Redden), au-
thor, was born iu Somerset county, Mil., Feb. 9, 1840.
From her earliest years she showed signs of superior
mental gifts, but at the age of ten a severe attack of
cerebro-spinal meningitis left her both deaf and
dumb. She had not, however, lost her memory of
sounds or the sense of rhythm, and by degrees re-
covered the power of speech. When still very
young, she began to write both prose and verse, and
her productions were published in the local press, at-
tracting much attention by their undeniable merit,
as well as by reason of the unusual circumstances
under which they were written. On the removal of
her parents to St. Louis, Mo., she became a pupil at
the State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. She
was a regular contributor to the St. Louis "Re-
publican" in 1860, writing under the pseudonym
Voi>. IX.— :«.
"Howard Glyudon," and during the civil war re-
sided at Washington, L>. ('., as special correspond-
ent. The years ]M;,"i-(is she spent in Europe,
studying the German, French, Spanish and Italian
languages, meantime acting as foreign correspond
cut lotneNew York "Times." On her return to
America, iu 1868, she settled in New York city, and
became associated uiih ihe "Evening Mail," con-
tinuing a contributor to iis columns until IST'i.
While in that city she enlisted the interest of Alex-
ander Graham Bell and others who were endeavoring
lo improve tin- methods of instruction for deaf-
mutes, and with their assistance learned to speak
willi extraordinary ease. She was married, in 1S76.
to Edward W. Searing, a prominent New York
lawyer. In addition to her contributions to periodi-
cal literature. Mrs. Searing has published " Idyls
of Bailies, and Poems of the Rebellion" (1864); "A
Little Boy's Story " (translation from Mine. Julie
Govraud. Isii'.O; ••Sounds from Secrei Chambers "
I is;:; I; " Brother a in I Sister" (INTO); and a pamphlet
• •milled "Notable Men of the Thirty-seventh Con-
gress" (ls<;2>. In issiishe removed to California.
MILES, William Raphael, soldier and law-
ver, was born near Banlslown, Ky., March 25,
1817. son of John and Sarah (Howard) Miles.
His father was a farmer of Nelson county, Ky. ; his
mother was a daughter of Edward Howard, of
Kentucky. His grandparents on both sides were
among the pioneers of his native slate, having come
from Maryland. William R. Miles received his
primary education in the scl Is of Nelson county,
Ky., and was giadnaled al Si. Joseph's College,
Kardsiown. Ky., in is:!l>. lie then studied law un-
der Judge Benjamin llaidin, of Bardslow n, and at
the same lime tilled a professorship in the college.
On his admission to Ihe bar. in ls:;ii, lie removed lo
Ya/.oo county. Miss., and began the practice of his
profession. Within a few months he formed a part-
nership with Judge E. C. Wilkinson, whose reputa-
tion and professional prestige quickly filled the office
with businessaiid laid the founda-
tion of a successful practice for
Ihe linn. It fell to Mr. Miles
exclusively upon the Judge's re
lirement within a year's time,
and he continued with unabated
prosperity until 185:!. He also
figured considerably in politics,
having been, iu 1844, a repn -m
lalivc I rom Yazoo county in the
Mississippi legislature ; iu 1840
slale senator for Yazoo and Madi-
son counties, and iu 1852 elector-
al-large on the Whig state ticket.
Meant! he had purclissed 10,-
000 acres of land ill the Yazoo
valley, and. with a lorce of 250
slaves, conducted a cotton planta-
tion for several years. At Iheout-
break of the civil war he entered
the service of the Confederacy,
and raised and organized a le-
gion, composed of infantry, artillery and cavalry,
and known as Miles' legion. He used his own means
so far as they went, then borrowed a large sum to
complete it on the government's guarantee of repay-
ment. His command was mustered into service but
performed no important duty until the siege of
Port Hudson, where it achieved conspicuous notice
for valor and good discipline. It was surrounded
five days after the fall of Vicksburg, and Gen.
Miles remained a prisoner over a year. Receiving
permission to return home he left Johnson's island
Oct. 15, 1864, and while passing through Richmond
on the way. he received a commission as brigadier-
498
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
general, aud re-entered the military service. In
! April, 1865, he was one of the Confederate commis-
sion to arrange the final paroles for the surrendered
armies. The return of peace found him without
means, his property ruined, aud the outlook the
blackest, with a deht of $210,000 at ruiuous rates of
interest, aud no present prospects of earning a liveli-
hood. However, with a courage truly worthy an
old soldier, he bravely faced the situation, and in
1865 resumed law practice in Yazoo City, Miss. ;
completing the education of his sons, and", after a
ceaseless struggle of twenty years; completely dis-
charging his immense indebtedness. By force of his
continued application, strict integrity aud high pro-
fessional qualifications, he eventually accumulated
another fortune, aud in 1894 retired to his planta-
tions at Mileston, Miss., where he has since continued
to reside. Gen. Miles is highly respected among all
classes of the community, and is widely known as a
typical gentleman of the old school; frank, courte-
ous and lavishly hospitable. When in the arena of
politics before the civil war, it was well said, "even
a Democrat found it difficult to vote against William
R. Miles, even though a candidate of the Whigs."
Gen. Miles has been married twice ; first, in 1847,
to Fannie M., daughter of John Mayrant, of
Jackson, Miss. ; second, in 1870, to Mary Rebecca,
daughter of Col. James J. B. White, of Yazoo City,
Miss. By the first marriage he had three sons ;
William R. Miles, Jr., who became a Jesuit priest
aud rose to the highest eminence before his early
death, in 1890 ; Theus N. Miles, a cotton planter ef
Mississippi, and Edward H. Miles, a member of the
religious order of the Marist Fathers in Louisiana.
BENEDICT, William Sommer, lawyer, was
born in Gainesville, Sumter co., Ala., Feb. 11,
1843, son of Philip and Catherine (Sommer) Bene-
dict. His earliest known paternal ancestor was
Philip Benedict, who, early in the
seventeenth century, settled in Mau-
heini township, Lancaster Co., Pa.
William S. Benedict's great-grand-
father, John Leonard Benedict, was a
soldier in the revolutionary war. His
maternal great-grandfather served
under Washington at Gen. Brad-
dock's defeat and also during
the revolutionary war. Mr. Benedict
received his education in the public
schools of New Orleans. After his
graduation in 1858 at the high
school, he was a clerk for a few
months in a book-store, afterwards
engaging in business connected with
steamboats at New Orleans, until
1863, when he took a clerkship in
the U. S. district court for the
district of Louisiana. While hold-
ing different positions in court he
studied law and was admitted to the
bar in April, 1865. That year he
became assistant in the law firm of Durant & Ilornor,
then, by reason of its extensive practice, the most
prominent in the state of Louisiana. On the re-
tirement of both the partners, Mr. Benedict became
associated with the son of Mr. Horuor, under the
firm name of Hornor & Benedict. This firm
continued about fourteen years. Mr. Benedict offi-
ciated at one time as acting attorney-general of the
state of Louisiana. He is a prominent Mason, having
held most of the offices in that order, and is past
grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of the state
of Louisiana. Mr. Benedict was married, Aug. 11,
1870, to Jaue West, daughter of Charles W. Hornor.
She is related to the celebrated painter, Benjamin
West. Their son, Percy S., is a successful lawyer.
WASHBURN, Edward Abiel, clergyman
and author, was born in Boston, Mass., April 16,
1819, son of Abiel and Paulina (Tucker) Washburn.
He was descended from John Washburn, of Eve-
sham, Worcestershire, England, who. in 1631, emi-
grated to New England, settling at Duxbury, Mass.,
but about 1665 removing to Bridgewater. Edward
A. Washburn studied at the Boston Latin School,
and entered Harvard College, where he was gradu-
ated in 1838. He then studied theology at Audover.
Mass., and New Haven, Conn., aud, in 1842, having
been licensed to preach by the Worcester association
of Congregational ministers, labored acceptably
about six months. The following year he entered
the Episcopal church, and on July 12, 1844, took
orders as a deacon, being ordained in Trinity
Church, Boston, by Bishop Eastburn. On Oct. 9,
1845, he was admitted to the priesthood in Grace
Church, Boston, by the same bishop. Meantime, in
1844, he had become rector of St. Paul's Church,
Newburyport, Mass., one of the oldest in New Eng-
land, and there remained seven years. After travel-
ing in Egypt, Syria, China and India, in 1851-53, he
succeeded Dr. Arthur Cleveland Coxe (later bishop),
as rector of St. John's Church, Hartford, Conn.,
where he remained nine years, also serving as pro-
fessor of church polity in the Berkeley Divinity
School at Middletowu. ' In 1862-65 he was rector of
St. Mark's Church, Philadelphia, where he was
highly successful, and in April, 1865, became rector
of Calvary Church, New York city, again succeed-
ing Dr. Coxe, who had just been elevated to the
episcopate. In this charge he continued until his
death, and ever held a prominent place among the
learned and eloquent clergymen of the metropolis.
He was an enthusiastic churchman, and was allied
with the liberal or broad school. He had a natural
taste for theological studies, yet his researches in
other fields were extensive. In 1871 he was a mem-
ber of the deputation of the American branch of
the Evangelical Alliance, whose members personally
presented a memorial to Prince Gortschakoff as the
representative of the emperor of Russia, in behalf
of religious liberty in that empire. During the con-
ference of the Evangelical Alliance in New York
city, in October. 1873, Dr. Washburn read au able
paper on "Faith and Reason, "and before the cou-
feience of 1S79 one on "Socialism." He was also
a member of the committee on revision of the New
Testament. His chief published works are: "The
Social Law of God; sermons on the Ten Command-
ments" (1875); "Sermons" (18,82); "Epochs in
Church History "(1883); " The Beatitudes aud other
Sermons " (1884). The degree of D.D. was con-
ferred upon him by Trinity College in 1861. Dr.
Washbum was married in 1853 to Frances Lindsly,
daughter of n well-known physician of Washington,
D. C. They had one daughter. He died in Xew
York city. Feb. 2, 1881.
SIMMONS, James Fowler, manufacturer,
was born in Little Compton, R. I., Sept. 10. 1795,
son of Davis Simmons. His early years were spent
on his father's farm aud in Newport. He al tended
the public schools in winter, and while living in
Newport was a pupil for three months in Mr.
Tower's private school. In 1812 he went to Provi-
dence, and soon after removed to North Scitunte,
where fora time he was book-keeper for the Scituate
Manufacturing Co. Having closed his engagement
with this company, he not long after received au ap-
pointment as superintendent of the Rocklaud Fac-
tory in Scituate, and subsequently had charge of the
Wanskuck Mills in North Providence, and began
the manufacture of yarns. After this he went to
Manville and to Olueyville. In 1822 he built a mill
at Simmonsville, in Johnston township, aud there
successfully continued the business of mannfactur-
OF AMERICAN BIOdRM'II Y.
41H)
ing. Early in life Mr. Simmons became promi-
nently active in politics and was chosen to represent
the town of .Inlinsion in ihc general assembly every
year from 1827 to 1840, with the exception of the
years !S;iO and 1834. Although among the reprc
seiitativcs were some of the alilest men of the state,
he took high rank at once, his speeches being lis-
tened to with respect, and his judgment, on matters
which he had made the subject ol special examina-
tion being defer red to by candid men of all parlies.
When committees were' sent to Washington from
manufacturing corporations in New England to look
after their interests and to urge the necessity of :i
protective tariff, Mr. Simmons occupied a prominent
place on such delegations. So also in the LMV:I|
financial crisis of 1837, when committees chosen
from the large cities were sent from New York to
consult on the state of affairs, he was chairman of
lhij committee scut from Providence. In 1841 he
was elected I'. S, senator from Rhode Island, and
remained in oltice until 1SJ7. lie identified himself
with those who were in favor of protection as
against tree trade, and was the warm personal friend
of Henry Clay. When his term expired he was a
candidate for re-election, but was defeated in conse
quence of having advocated the liberation of Thomas
W. Dorr from prison. Subseipicntlv, in 1S.">1, he
was again defeated, but in 18.~>7 was once more a sue
cessful candidate. In Augusi, |Si;-,>. he resigned his
office and returned home to look after his private
affairs. Mr. Simmons was twice married: first, on
Oct. 21, IS^I), to Eliza, daughter of Judge Samuel
Randall, of Johnston, by whom he had four sons
ami one daughter; second, in IS)!."), io Sarah Scoil,
daughter of Maj. Simon Whipple, of Smithtield, by
whom he had four sons. lie died al .lolinslou, R. I",
July 19, 1864.
ALDEN, Edmund Kimball, clergyman and
secretary, was born at Randolph. Mass., April 11,
1835, son of Ebenezer Alden, and eighth in descent
from John Alden. He was graduated al Amhersi
College in 1844, and studied theology at Andover
Theological Seminary, being graduated in 1848.
After a pastorate for four years of t he ( 'ongrcgational
Church at Yarmouth, Me., and of five years at
Lenox, Mass., in 1859 he entered upon the pastorate
of Phillips Congregational Church, Boston, Mass.,
and so continued until he was elected corresponding
secretary of the American Board of Commissioners
for Foreign Missions in 1870. During his last years
he was especially prominent before the religions
public as the advocate of a policy in the examination
of candidates for the missionary service, at the hands
of that organization. This necessitated making in-
quiries of candidates as to their views of the scrip-
tural doctrine of the decisive nature of the carthly
life in fixing the destiny of the human soul for eter-
nity, as against the theory known as the "Andover
Hypothesis," that there maybe a probationary ex-
perience lor the human soul after the death o'f the
body. So far the views advocated by Rev. Dr. Al-
den in the matter have been substantially upheld by
the board. He received the degree of D.D. in 1866.
He died in Boston, Mass., April 30,1896.
HE ARSE Y, Henry James, soldier and'editor,
was born near Thompson's week, in the parish of
West Feliciana, La., Nov. 21, 1840, son of James
Price and Caroline (Generally) Hearsey. He re-
ceived his education in private academies at Bayou
Sara and St. Francisville, La., and studied law for a
while in the office of Mr. U. B. Phillips. He early
began his journalistic career, as he was only twenty
years of age when he established the Feliciana
"Constitutionalist." He was soon invited to goto
Woodville, Miss., an important political centre
at that time, to become editor of a Democratic
paper, then the Woodville "Republican," and in
this position urged the secession of the state of Mis"
sissjppj. At the breaking out of the civil war he
joined the Wilkinson Rilles. which afterwards be-
came a part of the Kith Mississippi regiment, and
served first as private, afterwards being promoted to
to orderly sergeant, as regimental and brigade
assistant -quartermaster, and was on the staff of
Trimble, Featherstone, Posey and Harris. In 1870
Maj. Hearsey went to Shreveport, where he revived
the old Shreveport "News"; later on he estab-
lished, with ('apt. John S. Lewis, the "East Texas
Bulletin" of Marshall. Tex., and still later, with
('ol. A. U Battle, A. II. Leonard and Charles Lewis,
the Shreveport "Times." In 1874 he wrote the first
articles in favor of an open and aggressive revolt
against negro domination and
siill'rane, NIC resiih of which
movement was a uTeal politi-
cal victory in the Red River
\alley over tin-opposing pai I \ •.
In 1870 hi' became the editor
of the New Orleans " Demo
cral." Mr. Hearsey was
strongly in favor of the calling
of the coiisliiiiiiiinal coii\en
lion in 1879, and advocated
the repudiation of the " Carpel
l!a.' " debt of the stale. Since
isso I,,. jK|s' been eililor of the
" Daily States." lie has al
ways been a stiici slates' rights,
laritl-for- revenue-only Demo
crat. He wasa personal friend
of Jell'erson Davis, having
been complimented by him a
few months before the latler's
death for his stanch adherence to the principles
upon which the southern Confederacy was founded.
In 18!)8 Maj. Hearsey was the candidate for printer
of the consiituiional convention, and was elected by
a practically unanimous vote of the < vention. af-
ter having received the cordial endorsement of the
whole press of Louisiana, without respect, to part}-,
though with many of his confreres he had had at
different times heated and often violent contro-
versies. He was also warmly indorsed by manv of
Ihc papers of Mississippi and' Texas. He" was mar-
ried, in St. Francisville. in 187s. to Martha Mary
Morris, a lady of Irish extraction and granddaughter
of an eminent Ep'scopalian minister.
GREEN, Rufus Smith, president of Elmira
College (1893- ), was born at Sidney Plains, N. Y.,
April 1, 1848. He prepared tor college at the Gil-
bertsville Academy, and in his fifteenth year entered
the sophomore class at Hamilton College, where,
after an interval of teaching in Norwich Acade-
my, he was graduated with honor in 1867. The
succcedinu three years were spent in teaching at
Cooperstown and Penn Yan and in study at the
University of Berlin. During 1870-73 he studied at
Auburn Theological Seminary, after which he held
successive pastorates in Presbyterian churches at
Westtield, N. Y.; Morristown, N. J. ; Buffalo, N. Y.,
and Orange, N. J. In 1883 the honorary degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him by his alma mater,
and in 1893 he accepted the presidency of Elmira
College. Dr. Green's usefulness in church affairs
was shown by his appointment, in 1891, as chairman
of the general assembly's special committee work on
systematic beneficence. Here, as in whatever else
he has undertaken, he was at once signally success-
ful. Personally, he is a man of noble and dignified
bearing, a ready speak jr, and possessed of remark-
able administrative ability. He is a member of the
Sons of the American Revolution. On July 23, 1873,
he was married to Lucy Anna, daughter of Rev.
£><>()
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
Samuel Robinson, and a former student of Elmira
College. They have three daughters mid one son
living, their eldest sou, a most promising youth of
seventeen, having been drowned. Aug. 2, 1892. In
tribute to his memory, Dr Green published (1893)
"An All round Boy: The Life and Letters of Ralph
Robinson Green." which has been called "a fit com
panion to 'Tom Brown at Rugby." Dr. Green is
also the author of "Both Sides: Jonathan and
Absalom" (1888): "History of Morris County New
Jersey, and many pamphlets
SCHADLE, Jacob E7 physician was
born in Clinton county, Pa , June 23, 1849 He is
of German- American parentage, and spent the early
years of his life in his native state, having been edu
bated at Millersburg State Normal School. He WHS
superintendent of the public schools of MirHins-
burg in 1875 In 187(5 he began the study of medi-
cine, and was graduated at Jefferson Medical College
in 1881 He practiced his profession in the coal re
gions of Pennsylvania, having had a six years' resi-
dence in Shenandoah. It was during this lime that
he successfully treated an epidemic of smnll pox,
which broke out in the town, an interesting account
of which can be found in the •' Medical Summary "
of 1884 Desiring to work in special medicine, Dr.
Schadle, the following year, became a student in
rbinology and laryngology, un
der Dr. Sajous, of Philadelphia,
and later, upon his return to
Shcnandoah and to general prac-
tice, devoted much time to the
study and treatment of nose and
throat diseases. In 1887 he re-
moved to St. Paul, Minn., and for
ten years limited his practice to
that chosen specialty. His suc-
cess was immediate, and has been
continuous. Various honors have
been bestowed upon him from
time to time, beginning with an
appointment by the board of
health in 1884. He was elected
to the vice-presidency of Jeffer-
son Medical College Alumni
Association in 1898, and to the
chairmanship of the American
Laryugological, Rhinological,
Otological Association in 1897. In 1896 he became
clinical instructor in laryngology at the University
of Minnesota, and clinical professor of the same in
1897. As chief of staff and member of the board of
trustees of the St Paul Free Dispensary, he has
generously aided in the upbuilding and maintenance
of that institution. His own department therein is
unsurpassed in its equipment. The doctor's con-
tributions to medical literature have been both in-
teresting and valuable, and have been very widely
quoted. In the " Medical and Surgical Reporter"
of December, 1885, will be found his report upon
several cases of mushroom poisoning, in which he
used atropine successfully in very large doses. This
was tue first use of the drug as an antidote in mush-
room poisoning, and it has since been generally
recognized as the remedy pare.rn I/* /«•< Dr. Schadle
was the first to call attention to the remote secondary
and terminal effects of cocaine upon the genital tract
in an article entitled " The Effects of Cocaine on the
Genital Organs," published in the "Philadelphia
Medical Register'' (1889). Other notable papers are :
" A Report of Case of Successful Treatment of Total
Adherent Soft Palate." in the "Journal of the
American Medical Association" (1895): "Torticollis
and Adenoid Growths," in the "Journal of the
American Medical Association" of June 6, 1886:
"Post-nasal Adenoid Hypertrophy." in the " Laryn-
goscope 'of July, 1896: 'The Etiology and Diag-
nosis of Empyema of the Accessory Sinuses of the
Nose," in the "St. Paul Medical Journal," (Janu-
ary. 1899), and "Accessory Thyroid Tumors at the
Base of the Tongue," in the '• Laryngoscope " (June,
1889). Rewrote "Diseases of the Naso-Pharynx "
for " Sajous' Annual," Vol. VI. He is the inventor of
several valuable and ingenious instruments for use in
nose and throat work; among these are snares for the
removal of fibroid and other growths from the naso-
pharynx and nasal passages, and a very efficient
lymphotome for the removal of adenoid vegetations
n't the vault of the pharynx, an automatic syringe for
intratracheal injection In 1897 he went to Europe to
study, spending fifteen mouths, for the most part in
the German centres of medical instruction. Upon his
return be added to his specialty diseases of the ear.
To the practice of his specialties he has brought a
broad training in general medicine, a straightfor-
ward adherence to the ethical laws of his profession,
great natural powers of accurate observation, quick
perception, practical application and a remarkable
dexterity, which, combined with business sagacity
and a professional enthusiasm born of an ardent love
for scientific pursuits, makes his success very easy
to understand. Dr. Schadle was married, at Minims
burg, Pa. in 1878, to Jane Ray, daughter of Dr.
David H. and Sarah Miller. They have no children.
GRAY, David, poet and journalist, was born in
Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 8, 1836. When twelve
years of age he came to America with bis parents,
who settled on a farm on a Wisconsin prairie.
Reared there with little schooling, the boy, together
with his greatest friend, the son of a neighboring
farmer, acquired in leisure moments a knowledge
and appreciation of literature by reading a few
treasured volumes of classics which they possessed.
They also wrote verse, in imitation of their favorite
poets, and read these effusions to each other in the
leisure granted them in the intervals of farm work.
The early verses of David Gray possess a singular
charm from the hopefulness and joy in life which
tlirv express. \Vlien he was twenty years of age he
left the farm and went to Buffalo, obtaining there a
position as secretary in the library of the Young
Men's Christian Union, and afterwards seeking em-
ployment of various kinds. After a period of dis-
henrtening struggle for a livelihood, he became a
reporter on the Buffalo "Courier." This was not
congenial work, for his aims were higher, and while
conscientiously fulfilling bis duties, he gradually
lost his early hopefulness, so that the poetry, which
he continued to write, became marked by a melan-
choly tinge of regret. As he rose to important posi-
tions on the newspaper be became more and more
absorbed in the labors of his office, and, losing his
youthful ambitious, by degrees the poet was absorbed
in the journalist. From 1865 to 1868 he traveled in
Italy, the land of his dreams, and in England, Ger-
many, Sweden, Russia, Switzerland and the East,
and described his experiences in a series of letters
to the "Courier," which, being written amid con-
genial surroundings were among the best of his pro-
ductions. Mr. Gray in time became managing
editor, and then editor in chief, of the "Courier,"
and made it the leading Democratic journal of
western New York until his retirement in 1882. He
was a stronir anti slavery Democrat, and uncom-
promisingly opposed political corruption and trickery
in his own party as well as in that of the opposition.
In Buffalo for many years he enjoyed a peculiar dis-
tinction, founded both upon his literary talents and
his generous high mindedness. He was an intimate
friend of Samuel .T. Tilden. and immediately after
the election of 1876 wrote the famous editorial. " Keep
Cool," which expressed Mr Tilden 's policy. This
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
501
was ar address IK Democrats, closing \viih tin- words:
" Remember that the country is greater limn parly.
The tiling will come out all right if we only have
patience. Justice will be dune: the right will
triumph. Keep Cool ! " Mr. Gray supported Grover
Cleveland when lie became mayor of Buffalo, and
was line of Ihe originators of Ihe movement to nomi-
nate him for governor. When Mr. Cleveland be-
came president lie was tendered a distinguished
diplomatic position, which ill-health made it im-
practicable IK accept. What distinguished Mr. Giay
almost as much as his work was his charm of per-
sonality, lie was well known and sought after by
many of the foremost literary men of hi.s time. Col.
John Hay dubbed him publicly "the loveliest of bis
sex." He was an intimate friend of John G. Hol-
land, Bayard Taylor and Hay were hi.s traveling
companions in Kurope, he was one of the earliest
ami warmest friends of " Mark Twain." Mr. (} ray's
poems had a wide circulation in magazines and in
the press, and after his death were collected, with
Kthers of his wrilinus, ,-uid published with a memoir
as "Letters, Poems and Selected I 'rose Writings of
David Gray," by Josephus Lamed (1888). Of tin-
poems in this volume the "Nation" says: "One can
only say of them that they show the spark of poetic
feeling, a few of them are much belter than Ihe rest,
and in those which still i;low with the contemporary
passion of the war, one feels the pulse of the nation.
but the work of unripe years has too large a share
in the collection, and even in maturer compositions
the verse is too obviously the echo of those poets
whom Gray loved." In 1882 Mr. Gray's health
broke down, and he spent Ihe next two years in
Europe. Returning to Buffalo, he was tendered the
secretaryship of the Niagara park commission as a
recognition of his elTurts in behalf of the Niagara
state reservation project. He later became secretary
of the Buffalo park commission. In 1869 he was
married to .Martha Terry Gutherie, of New Orleans
He was fatally injured in a railway accident near
Biuuhamtou, N. Y . March 10. 1SSS. and died on
the 18lh.
GREENE, Albert Gorton, author and jurist.,
was born in Providence. It. I . Pel). 10, 1802, son ol
John H and Elizabeth (Beverly) Greene. His early
ancestors were among the first settlers of Warwick,
R I., and succeeding generations produced many
men of prominence His middle name was derived
from that distinguished member of his family,
Samuel Gorton, founder of a peculiar sect known iis
Nothingarians. He studied at the University Gram
mar School, Providence, and in 1817 entered the
sophomore class of Brown University. After his
graduation, in 1820, he studied law in the office ol
Hou John Whipple. was admitted to the Khode
Island bar in 1823, and practiced his profession until
1832, though at the same time devoting his leisure
hours tr :he indulgence of his scholarly and literary
tastes and taking a deep interest in the intellectual
welfare of his native state. In 1832 he was elected
clerk of the city council and clerk of the municipal
court, and it therefore became necessary for him to
relinquish his legal practice. During the first year
of his tenure of office he issued a quarterly magazine
entitled the "Literary Journal." but this venture
was not successful, and was soon discontinued. He
was chosen judge of the municipal court in 1858,
and administered the duties appertaining to the
position until failing health compelled him to retire
from active life in 1867. Judge Greene was by
predilection a scholar, and not" only delighted in
accumulating learning himself, but was always
interested in any movement for the advancement of
general knowledge. His zeal for the educational
interests of the state took practical shape in the
original school bill of Rhode Island, which he con-
ceived and drafted; and lie aided in founding both
the Providence A I In-ineiim and the Kliode Island
Historical Society, the latter ot which he afterward
served as president for fourteen years, until his
death. His private library ^rew until it contained
about 20, 000 volumes, and lie began the collection of
American poetry, now known as the Harris collet1
lion, in Brown University His fugitive poems have
never been collected, and a number of them remain
in inanusci jpt , among the best known of them being .
"l)ld Grimes is Dead," "The Baron's Last Ban
ipiet," "The Militia Muster," "Adelheid," "Ah,
Think Not that the Bosom's Light." His only prose
work of note was a hiMon of the 'Jersey Prison
Ship." Judge Greene « as married, in 1824, to Mary
Ann. daughter of Benjamin Clifford, of Providence
Three of his four (laughers survived him The
closing months of his life were spent with his
daughter, the wife of Rev. Dr. Samuel While ')un-
can, at Cleveland. ()., where he died .Ian '.',. isiis.
BARROW, Pope, law\ei, was i,,,ni jh Ogle
thorpe county, Ga., Aug. 1, 1839, son of David
Creiishaw and Sarah Eli/.a (Pope) Barrow His
father, a planter, was for many years a tiuslee of the
University of Georgia, and a member of the stale
senate. His grandfather, .lames Harrow, was a sol-
dier in the revolution and took part in the battles of
Braiidywine and Gcrmnnlown. the lighting near
New York, and later in the cam
paign in the South. His last wife
and the mother ol his children
was Patience Creiishaw, of Vir-
ginia The grandfather of James
Barrow, Thomas Barrow, was
born in Lancashire, England, and
emigrated to Virginia in HisO, set
llinu1 in what was then known
as the Northern Neck of Vir-
ginia, he afterwards removed to
what is now Southampton county
Pope Barrow . after a good elemeu
tary education in the schools of
his native county, attended the
University of Georgia. He en-
teied the ( 'onfedeiale army as a
lieutenant, and was taken prisonei
near the close of the war, when
he was a captain and aide on the
staff of Maj Geu Howell Cobb He has been a
member of the legislature of Georgia; a member of
the constitutional convention of Georgia of 1877 and
of the U. S. senate, having been elected to the sen-
ale by the Georgia legislature to till the uuexpired
term of Hon. B. H. Hill. His interest in public
questions has been shown in various stale and
national conventions of importance Mr. Barrow
has been twice married first, in March, ISI17, to
Sarah Church, daughter of Colonel Lewis Stevenson
Craig, of the U. S army; she died, in 1881, leaving
five children, second, in 1884, to Cornelia Augusta,
daughter of Henry Rootes Jackson, they have tour
children
EDDY, Daniel Clarke, clergyman, was born
in Salem, Mass , May 21, 1823. He was graduated
at the New Hampton Theological Institute in New
Hampshire in 1845, and was called to the pastorate
of the First Baptist Church in Lowell, Jan. 2, 1846,
being ordained in the same month. In 1854 he was
elected on the Know-nothing ticket representative
to the Massachusetts legislature, and was unexpect-
edly chosen speaker of the house. Although with-
out previous experience in presiding over delibera-
tive assemblies, he discharged the duties of his
office so satisfactorily that a unanimous vote was
passed thanking him for " Ihe promptness, ability and
urbanity with which he had performed the duties of
presiding officer." In 1856 he was installed as
503
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
pastor of the Harvard Street Church, Boston, and
in 1862 accepted a call to the Tabernacle Church,
Philadelphia, Pa. After two years there he re-
turned to Boston on the invitation of the Baldwin
Place Church, which was subsequently removed to
Warren avenue, and an almost entirely new congre-
gation gathered. He occupied a pulpit iu Fall
River, Mass., for a short period, and was afterwards
settled iu Hyde Park and Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr.
Eddy wrote a large number of books, some of which
have had a very extended circulation. Among
them are: "Young Man's Friend" (1849); "The
Burman Apostle; a Life of Judsou "(1850); "Roger
Williams and the Baptists "; " Unitarian Apostasy ";
"Europa; or, Scenes in the Old World " (1851);
"The Percy Family" (1853); "Angel Whispers"
(1853); "Heroines of the Missionary Enterprise"
(1854); "City Side" (1854); "Young Woman's
Friend" (1855); "Waiting at the Cross" (1859);
"Walter's Tour in the East" (1861). Dr. Eddy
made an extended tour of Europe in 1850, and going
abroad again in 1861, traveled through Turkey aud
the Holy Land. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., in
1896.
STRICKLAND, Peter, U. S. consul, was born
in Montville, Conn., Aug. 1, 1837, son of Peter aud
Laura (White) Strickland. His ancestors on both
sides of the house were among the earliest settlers
near New London, Conn. ; the Stricklands having
been established as one of the most reputable fami-
lies iu that vicinity since 1670. Both families were
originally English, and both preserve traditions of
descent from noble lines, although no efforts have
been made to establish their claims. With the ex-
ception of one year spent in New London, where he
attended school, Mr. Strickland lived on a farm in
Moutville with his parents until he was nearly fif-
teen years of age. Then, after teaching a district
school for a winter term, he chose a seafaring life,
and in the course of the next few years passed
through all the grades in the merchant service; was
second mate of a large ship while yet under twenty;
chief mate at the age of
twenty, and master only a
short time later. When the
Paraguay expedition was
being fitted out, he was de-
sirous of going with it; but
an accident by which, at
the age of seventeen, he lost
the forefinger of his right
hand, prevented him from
being accepted in the navy
then anil also later during,
the civil war. Hewas.how-
ever.much at seaduriug the
civil war, and on one occa-
sion was only saved from
capture by the Alabama by
the stormy weather aud the
approach of night. Mr.
Strickland became inter-
ested in business in Africa at the close of the civil war.
Previous to that time he had been sailing mostly in
large ships to Europe, the West Indies and to South
America. He made, as master and supercargo, be-
tween 1865 aud 1878, more than forty voyages from
Boston to the coast of Africa, and only once met
with any disaster, and that was comparatively slight.
Having commenced business after 1878 in Africa as
a merchant, he was solicited by the government
during the administration of Pres. Arthur to estab-
lish a consulate at Goree Dakar, the chief seaport
of the flourishing French colony of Senegal, and he
has continued to hold the position ever since, being
still engaged in the_ promotion of American interests
in that part of Africa. Mr. Strickland has written
^ f
•J
occasionally for the press, and was the author of a
book called "A Voice from the Deep, " written in
behalf of seamen. He was married, in 1861, to Mary
L. Rogers, of New London, Conn., by whom he
has had four children, two sous and two daughters.
The two daughters are still living. One of the
sons died in infancy and the other, George, was ac-
cidentally drowned at the age of twenty-two, near
Cape de Verde, while on his way to Saint Louis, the
capital of the colon}', where he had been vice-consul
for more than a year.
HALL, Christopher Webber, geologist, was
born in Wardsboro, Windham co..Vt., Feb. 28, 1845,
son of Lewis and Louise (Wilder) Hall. His father,
who was a farmer, was born in Halifax, Vt., and his
grandfather, Justus Hall, removed from Eufield,
Conn., to Vermont about the beginning of the nine-
teenth century. Christopher W. Hall was educated
at Lelaud and Gray Seminary and at Chester (Vt.)
Academy, and in 1871 entered Midtllebury Col-
lege. By teaching winters and working in his
summer vacations, he was graduated with his class,
having taken during his course a botanical prize,
several appointments on the Waldo foundation, and
a commencement honor. His future career was
largely determined by his tastes and successes in
college in the line of mathematics and natural his-
tory. For the first year after his graduation he was
principal of Glens "Falls Academy, Glens Falls,
N. Y. In 1872 he went west and for one year occu-
pied the position of principal of the high school at
Mankato, Minn. After this, until 1875, he was su-
perintendent of the city schools of Owatonna. Minn.
During 1875-77 he pursued a course of study at the
University of Leipzig, and in 1878, after his return
to America, devoted several months to lecturing on
general zoology and geology in Middlebury College.
The same year he returned to Minnesota, where he
became instructor in geology at the University of
Minnesota, afterwards being promoted to the pro-
fessorship of geology, mineralogy and biology. He
was afterwards relieved of the chair of biology by
the establishment of new departments, and has ever
since been identified with the phenomenal growth of
the institution. In 1892 the resignation of Prof.
William A. Pike, dean of the College of Mechanic
Arts, necessitated a reorganization of the technical
work of the university, and Prof. Hall was appointed
dean of the work reorganized under the name of
College of Engineering, Metallurgy and the Mechanic
Arts. This position w is held until 1897. Then a
year's leave of absence in Europe enabled him to
devote himself to literary work. He has been the
author of various papers, chiefly upon educational
and geological subjects. He has had an extensive
field experience as an assistant geologist on the
geological and naturalhistory survey of Minnesota
(1878-81) and as assistant U. S. geologist from 1883
until the present time (1899). He has done most ex-
haustive and thorough work in his explorations
within the area of the crystalline rocks of central and
southwestern Minnesota. He has been the secre-
tary for the past twelve years of the Minnesota
Academy of Natural Sciences; has for several years
edited its " Bulletins, "and contributed many scieu
tific papers to their pages. Prof. Hall has been
twice married: first, July 27, 1875, to Ellen A.,
daughter of Hon. Mark H. Dunnell, of Owatonua,
Minn., who died in Leipzig, Feb. 27, 1876; and,
second, Dec. 26, 1883, to Mrs. Sophia L. Haight,
daughter of Eli Seely, of Oshkosh, Wis., who died
July 12, 1891, leaving an infant daughter, Sophia.
GUILD, Curtis, editor, was born in Boston,
Jan. 13, 1827. His father, Curtis Guild, of South
Dedham, Mass., was a graduate of Harvard Univer-
OF AMERICAN I5IOGRAPHY.
503
sity and a well-known merchant of Hosion; his
mother was u daughter of Ezra Hodges, of Maine, a
ri \oluiioiiary soldier. His father's business re-verses
prevented his contemplated course at Harvard, and
ai the age of sixteen he became a clerk in the mer-
cantile house of Barnard, Adams & Co., of Com-
mercial wharf, Boston. In 1847 lie secured a posi-
tion in the otliec of the Boston " Journal." where his
abilitv as a writer soon caused his transference to the
reportorial stall', lie also became a regular con-
tributor to the " Knickerbocker Ma^a/ine of New
York, then edited by Lewis Gaylord Clark, and to
several other literary periodicals. At the end of two
years he joined the stall' of t hi- " Kvenini: Traveller,"
ami in l*">n he was admitted to partnership in the
firm. Si ion afterwards the " Traveller " endeavored
to esialilish regular morning and evening editions, to
be similar in character to the New York "Tribune,"
and, in order to accomplish this result, the "Daily
At las "and "Chronicle " were pun-hascd and con-
solidated. The costly and complicated experiment
was, however, in advance of the times, and ended
unhappily in the linancial crisis of 1857-58. Guild
extricated himself from the embarrassment, and on
Jan. 1, 1859, began to issue the Boston "Commercial
Bulletin," a journal of entirely new features of his
own invention. In his travels through the \Ve-sl In-
had observed that none but New York papers had
reached the hotels and offices of western cities, and
the idea of a commercial paper, to be issued from
Huston and advocating New England interests, then
tirsl occurred to him. His paper contained extended
and special reports of merchandise markets, a record
of the business changes of the United Slates, depart-
ments relating to the insurance business, manufac-
turing interests, and other matters to which com-
paratively little attention was given by oilier jour-
nals. It was well received from its first appearance,
anil unwearied zeal made it a permanent success.
During the copper mining excitement of iwiil and
the petroleum excitement of 1864 he visited the re-
gions in question, and by his thorough examinations
made himself a recognized authority, whose opinions
were accepted throughout the country. On Jan. 1,
isiili, the paper was enlarged from" four pages of
eight columns to four pages of nine columns each,
and, enlarged for the second time in 1886, it, became a
broad sheet of forty columns, which was changed to
au eight-page sheet April 12, 1890. His letters to
the " Bulletin " during a European tour in 1867 were
afterward published, under the title of "Over the
Ocean." and met with immediate success; and his
descriptions of another tour in 1873 were published
under the title of "Abroad Again." Later on, in
1888, a third volume, entitled "Britons and Mus-
covites," giving the writer's experience in Russia,
was published. Since then Mr. Guild's publishers
have collected and issued his poems, under the title
of " From Sunrise to Sunset"; also a volume entitled
"A Chat About Celebrities." He was a member of the
Boston common council (1875-76), and of the board of
aldermen in 1879. He is a graceful public speaker,
as was proved by his public oration at the anniver-
sary of the battie of Lexington in 1892, and his
address to Charlotte Cushman, on ber final re-
tirement from the stage, at the Globe Theatre, Bos-
ton. Mr. Guild was'ir, 1882 and 1883, president
of the Commercial Club of Boston, and has been
president of the Bostonian Society since 1882. His
library contains several valuable sets of "extra illus-
trated " works, notably " Irving's Life of Washing-
ton," extended to twelve large volumes by the inser-
tion of original autograph letters, broadsides, proc-
lamations, etc.; " Parton's Life of Franklin," simi-
larly treated, and a copy of "The Court of Napo-
leon," interleaved with many rare prints and auto-
graph letters of Napoleon, Josephine, others of the
Bonaparte family, and many distinguished marshals,
generals and public men of the tirst empire. Mr.
Guilel was married, in September. 1858, to Sarah
C. , granddaughter of Gen. David Cobb, aide to
({en. Washington. He has two sons. Curtis, Jr.,
and Courtenay, both graduates of Harvard Uni-
versity.
EATON, Thomas Treadwell, clergyman and
eelilor, was born at Murl'rcesboro, Tenn.. Nov. 16,
1S4.">, son of Joseph H. and Esther(Treadwell) Eaton.
He was in the sixth generatieui from John Eaton,
who emigrated from Wales in Kisi;. His father was
president of Union University, at Murfre-esboro,
Tenn., and there be pursued his studies until his
father's death, in ls5'J. In the folio wing year he en-
tered Madison I'niversily, now
Colgate University, at Hamilton,
N. Y., of which institution his
uncle, Dr. George- W. Eaton, was
president. The outbreak of the
civil war, in 1861, interrupted his
studies. He returned home, trust ing
that the fratricidal contest would
be of short duration, but being dis-
appointed in this hope, hceli-emed
it his eluty, in 1S64, to take up
arms, and entered the Confederate
army in the 7th Tennessee cavalry.
After the surrender at Gainesville.
Ala,, May 7,18l>.->. he taught school
for a year in Rutherford county,
Tenn., prior to entering Wash-
ington and Lee University, Lex-
ington, Ya.. where he was irradu-
ale-il in 1S67, taking the Wash-
ington Literary Society's medal, and being chosen to
deliver Mm college oration. Reluming home, Mr.
Eaton became professor of mathi-maties and natural
science in Union University. In the meanwhile he
studied law. and was admitted to the bar in 1869.
Shortly afterwards, however, feeling called to the
ministry, he abandoned law, returned to his profes-
sorial duties and devoted all his leisure to the study
of theology. On Feb. 13, 1870, he was ordained in
Murfreesboro, and in the fall of 1872 became pastor
of the Baptist church at Chattanooga. Three years
later he removed to Petersburg, Va., to take charge
of the First Baptist Church. After six years' suc-
cessful ministration, he went to Louisville, and be-
came pastor of the Walnut Street Baptist Church
there. During Dr. Eaton's eighteen years of pastoral
labors over 3,000 new members joined the church,
the present congregation of which numbers some
1,600 souls, being the largest white church of any
denomination in the South. Over $500,000 has been
contributed during this period to religious and benevo-
lent objects, while four colonies have been sent out.
Dr. Eaton's record is one of constant activity and
successful work. He has preached during revivals
in various places; has, through his efforts, saved
three colored churches from ruin, and secured the
cooperation of all Baptists north and south in work
among the colored people; has settled difficulties of
long standing in more than one white community,
and lias found time to pen various literary produc-
tions on doctrinal subjects, marriage and missions,
besides contributing to periodicals. Dr. Eaton is a
very rapid thinker and speaker, and it is said of him
that no reporter has ever been able to take down one
of his sermons or lectures. In 1880 the degree of
D.D. was conferred upon him by Washington and Lee
University, and in 1886 that of LL.D. by the South-
western Baptist University. In October, 1887, he
became editor-in-chief of the "Western Recorder."
In June, 1872, he was married to Alice, daughter
of Judge William Roberts, of Nashville, Tenii., and
has two children.
504
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
STICKNEY, Edward Swan, banker, was born
in Newlmrvport, Mass., Oct. 7, 1824, sou of Enoch
and Sarah VV.(Knapp) Stick ney. He was a descendant
of William Sticknev, of Hampton, Lincolnshire,
England, who emigrated to New England in 1637.
When his father died, the care and support of his
mother and a younger brother
and sister devolved upon him,
and his studies were cut short.
Before lie was twenty-one
\ ears of age he had held posi-
tions of trust and responsibility
in the offices of the Boston,
Concord and Montreal railroad
and in the old Mechanics' Bank
of Concord. In 1855 he went
to Chicago, where he entered
the establishment of John S.
Wright, a manufacturer of agri-
/ cultural implements, remaining
there until 1859, when he \je-
came manager of the clear-
ing-house, then newly estab-
lished to correct the unstable
currency in circulation in the
West. After a service of sev-
eral years at the head of that in-
stitution, he became a member
of the banking-house of Drexel & Co., in which he
assumed important responsibilities, and with which
he continued to be connected until 1868, when the
Stock Yards National Hank was organized. Of this
bank he was cashier, and in 1873 president, speedily
making it one of the recognized great banking insti-
tutions of the city. In 1869 he was married to
Elizabeth, daughter of A. W. Hammond, of Massa-
chusetts. and of Puritan descent. Mr. Stickneypos-
sessed one of the rarest and largest collections of
etchings and engravings in this country, which now
adorns the walls of the Art Institute of Chicago.
His large library was bequeathed to the Chicago His-
torical Society by his widow, who died in 1897. Mr.
Stickney was a member of the Chicago Historical
Society, the Commercial Club and other organiza-
tions. ' He died in Chicago, 111., March 20, isso.
HULL, Alexander C., journalist and states-
man. was lioni in Marion county. Ark., April 20,
1858, son ot '.John K. and Matilda A. (Killough)
Hull. His paternal great-grandfather, Thomas Hull,
inherited an estate called Free
Hall in Londonderry, Ireland,
from his father, John Hull;
but becoming involved in the
rebellion of 1798 was obliged to
leave the country. Accompa-
nied by his family he emigrated
to America, settling in Mary-
land, and after twelve years
went west, where he died. His
son, John C. Hull, was married
to a graudneice of Charles
Thomson, the secretary of the
Continental congress: his son.
Hon. JolmE. Hull, became one
of the prominent and wealthy
men of Marion county, Ark.,
and was killed while in the
Confederate service in 18113. At
the age of eighteen Alexander
C. Hull engaged in business
pursuits, and in 1.878 was ap-
of Boone county. From 18*0
Baxter county "Cili/.en." and
then during Cleveland's lirsi administration he dis-
charged the duties of chief clerk of the I". S. land
office at Harrison I'pon retiring I nun this position
he resumed the journalistic profession, and for ten
pointed deputy clerk
to 1883 he edited th
years acted as editor and proprietor of the Demo-
cratic journal known as the Boone "Banner." He
served for years in the Arkansas Press Association
as historian, executive committeeman and recording
secretary, and in 1893 he attended as state delegate
the National Editorial Association assembled at
Chicago. In October, 1893, he was appointed state
expert accountant to examine and report on the con-
dition of the state treasurer's office, and he dis-
charged the responsible duties of the position with
marked ability. In June, 1896, he was nominated
by a large majority for secretary of state and was
elected in September of that year. Since his instal-
lation in office, Mr. Hull has come to be considered
one of the most efficient and satisfactory officials of
the state. He was married, in 1884, to Lucy M.,
daughter of A. B. Cory, a prominent journalist,
of Harrison, Ark., and has four children.
BLANDY, Charles, lawyer, was born at Knock,
county Clare, Ireland. Aug. 18, 1847, son ot Edmund
Francis and Jane (Faviefl) Blandy. At that time
his father was in charge of important government
interests temporarily stationed in that part of Ireland.
When still very young he removed with his parents
to Worcester, England, where he commenced his
education at the public schools, and later at the
Worcester College, and later when the family re-
moved to Manchester, England, he completed his edu-
cation at the public school,
at Owen's College of that
city, and by private tutors.
Having visited America he
determined to make it his
home, and in 1867 he en-
tered upon the siudy of law
in New York city. In 1873
he was admitted to the bar,
and at once entered into
active practice, making a
specialty of court business,
and during the first rive years
was to be seen almost daily
engaged in tryinsr every
descripi'on of //A///;-/'/ .< liti-
gation. In 1882 he attracted
the attention of William C.
Whitney, then corporation
counsel, who invited Mr.
Blandy to become one of his
assistants, and accepting the
office, he held it during
Mr. Whitney's term, as well that of his successor.
George P. Andrews, afterwards judge of tin-supreme
court. In 1ss.~i he resigned to resume private practice;
formed the firm of Blandy & Hatch, and rapidly
built up a large and profitable business. In is'.i'o
William II. Clark was appointed corporation coun-
sel. when Mr. lilamly again became an assistant to
try the more important jury cases and to conduct
dock department litigations. Later on he was in-
inMed with prospeclive legislation affecting the
city's interests. He continued in office until the pas-
saire of the first power -of removal bill in IS!)."), when
his chief. Mr. Clark, was legislated out of office,
and Mr. Blandy again resumed private practice.
forming the firm, of Blandv. Mooncy «fc Shi|>man.
When the (Irealer New York charter went into
effect in 1898. Tammany Hall again came to the
front, and on Jan. 1, is'.ts. as assistant to Corporation
Counsel \Vlialen, Mr Blandy was given charge of
all causes affecting the city to the point of their
dci isioi '.vlii-ii they pass into other hands In all
positions Mr. lilamly has been a most conscien
tious. courteous public servant. Exact in the de
tails <>f his cases, lie is formidable as an antair
onist, and regarded by both bench and bar as one
\^/
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
505
of the best (-((nipped lawyers in the city, lie lias
always been a Democcat anil a loyal adlieient of
Tanuiitiiiy Hall. lu religions faith lie is an L'pisco-
palian, and an attendant of St. Andrews Church,
Harlem, lie is a member of the Democratic. Har-
lem, Arkwright, Sagamore and Lawyers' club- o|
the Thirteen Club; the Medico Legal Society, and of
the siatc liar Association. During his active prac-
tice he has been identified with a larv/e iiuniberol'niosi
important cases, anil the literature of the profession
hears abundant evidence of his industrv. Mr.
lilandy was married, Oct. 22, 1885, to Li'la May,
daiigh'lcr -if William Hardy, of this city, an old
drv goods inerclianl, ny whom lie lias three SODS and
a daughter.
LATHAM, John Campbell, banker, was born
at Hupkinsville, Christian co., Ky., (let. 22, 1844,
son of John ( 'ampbcll and Virginia (< llass) Latham.
His father, a native of Hussellvillc. Ky.. was for
some years president of the I lopkinsville ItauU and
a man of superior business capacity, tilling many
posilions of trust; his mother was a daughter of
David (Jlass, of Richmond, Va., a physician of
slaiidini! and an officer in the war of 1812. The lirsl
American representative of the Latham I'amiK \\a-
.lames Latham, who came from L'ngland and settled
in Culpepper county, Va. John C. l.alliani, !>d, was
ediicaled al private schools in his native county.
I'pon the outbreak of the civil war, although but
seventeen years of age, he enlisted in the ( 'ont'cderate
army, and participated in
all the early movements of
the army of Tennessee In
November. 18C2, he was
detached for duty on the
staff of (ii-n. 1 lean regard,
and served in various capa
cities, principally as secr<
lary. in all liis raiii]>aigns
until the close of the war
Mr. Latham returned home
and engaged in the dry-
goods business until 1870,
when he removed to New
York city. The next \ear
he formed the hanking
firm of Latham, Alexander
& Co., still (IS'.HI) one of
the most active and suc-
cessful III Wall s| cert. TO
Mr. Latham's inde fat igal ill-
energy and far sighted
wisdom is due the excellent name and signal success
of the banking house over which he presides. Be-
sides general banking, the firm has for years done a
very large cotton commission and investment busi-
ness. Mr. Latham is a man of forceful personality and
unalterable fixedness of purpose, quick of judgment
and uncompromisingly loyal to his convictions. He
lias done much for the material improvement of his
native town, and takes great pride in its advance-
ment. In 1887 he erected, at Hopkinsville, Ky., a
magnificent monument to the unknown Confederate
dead, which is one of the handsomest in the South.
He was married, Nov. 19, 1874, to Mary L., daugh-
ter of Thomas H. Allen, of Memphis, Tenn.
K A I N KR, Joseph, president of the Provincial
Seminary of St. Francis de Sales, was born at Kal-
tern, in southern Tyrol, Austria. Feb. 10, 1845, son
of Joseph and Genevieva (Pernstich) Raiuer, tenants
of the domain of Baron Peter Giovanelli. lie took
an eight years' course, under Franciscan instructors,
at the gymnasium of Bozen, and during the same
period studied at the Johanneum, an institution
founded by Tschiederer, the prince-bishop of Trent.
In 1864 he entered the University of Innsbruck,
where he studied theology for two years under Hur-
ter, Nilles and Jungman, professors of the Jesuit
order, who enjoy a national reputation as eminent
writers and instructors. In 1806 he accepted an in-
\it.iiion to come to America, from Rev. Dr. Joseph
Sal/.mann, founder of the Provincial Seminary of St.
Francis de Sales, Milwaukee, who had visited Inns-
bruck to secure workers for
the missions in this country.
Arriving in New York, he
proceeded at ..nee to St.
Francis, Wis.. his new home,
where he completed his theo-
logical studies in the Sales
ianum, and being ordained
priest, Sept. 4, 18(17, was at
once appointed to the chair
of languages in the institu-
tion presided over by Dr.
Sal/.maiin. lie was instruc
tor in Greek, Latin, German
and French, and later in He-
brew. English and liturgy.
In 1S*7. on the pminolion
of his predecessor. Very
Rev. Aun'Usiine Xeininger,
to the otliee of chancellor
of the archdiocese of Mil-
waukee, he was chosen president of the seminarv
w here he had labored so long and so faithfully.
While performing the arduous duties of teacher and
rector Father Rainer lias found time to write various
books, which are highly appreciated in Catholic
circles. In 18711 In- wrote the •• Life and Times of
the Very Rev. Dr. Joseph Sal/.mann"; in 1878.
"Greek and English K.xen ise Hook," which is used
as a text hook in several American colleges; in 1SS1I,
a little work of a devotional character, "Short Con-
ferences on the Office of the Immaculate Conception,"
and on the occasion of the golden jubilee of Pope
Leo XIII. a collection of his Latin and German
poems, entitled "Jubilee Solids." was published in
Frcilmrir, Germany. He has also written Latin
poems on Columbus, Washington and other notables.
BARRET, Thomas Charles, senator and
planter, w as born in Nacogdoches, Tex., March 20,
IsiiO, sou of William W. and Mary Catherine (Smith)
l.arrct. His father, a merchant and extensive land-
owner of Texas, became a captain in the Confederate
army durinsr the civil war; his mother was a daugh-
ter of Leaiidcr T. Smith, one
of the earliest settlers of
Texas, and niece of Thomas
J. Rush, who was a eon
spieuous figure in the early
history of Texas. Thomas
0. Barret was educated in
the schools of Shreveport,
La., where his parents hail
settled after the war, and in
1880 he entered the Univer-
sity of the South, Sewanee,
Tenn., there remaining as
pupil and teacher for five
years, and attaining high
rank. After finishing his
collegiate course, he re-
turned to Shreveport, La.,
and entered ou the study
of law in the office of Alex-
ander >fc Blanc-hard, lead-
ing lawyers of that part of the state. After his
admission to the bar, Mr. Barret settled in Shreve-
port, where he has achieved great success in his
profession. He has also devoted some time to politics,
being now (1899) a prominent and influential Demo-
cratic leader in state and national politics. In 1896 he
500
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
was the nominee of his party for state senator,
•was elected, and now occupies that office with great
credit to himself and most acceptably to his constitu-
ency. He has shown himself to be a legislator and
statesman of a high order. In the senate of Louisi-
ana he is chairman of the committee on elections,
qualifications, registration and constitution; is a
member of the committee on the judiciary; that
of agriculture, commerce and levees, and that of
health, quarantine, drainage and charitable insti-
tutions. Before his election he was for eight years
treasurer of Caddo parish (county) of which Shreve-
port is the county seat, and treasurer at the same time
of the school board, in which position he inaugurated
a new system in the management of parochial fi-
nances. " Mr. Barret is one of the largest planters
on the Red river in Louisiana, and is vice-president
of the Cotton Growers' Association of the state. As
a campaign speaker he is graceful, fluent and logical.
He was married, Jan. 27, 1887, to Lillian Quarles,
only daughter of Col. James M. Hollingsworth, one
of Louisiana's greatest Democratic leaders.
LEE, James Wideman, clergyman, was born
in Gwinuett county, Ga., Nov. 28, 1849, son of
Zachry J. and Emily EL (Wideman) Lee. His parents,
members of the Methodist church, were deeply re-
ligious, and brought up their children with a quiet
but rigid discipline. James W. Lee spent his early
life in the quiet and seclusion of his father's planta-
tion, securing his elementary education in the district
schools of the neighborhood, afterwards gaining a
higher training in the Methodist college of his state,
Emory College, Oxford, Ga., where he took a credit-
able stand, and allowed the peculiar bent of his mind
to manifest itself. He very early showed a de-
cided taste for metaphysical studies, in which he laid
the foundation for the remarkable power of general-
ization displayed afterwards in his published works.
In 1874 he was admitted to membership in the North
Georgia conference, and soon showed unusual quali-
fications for pulpit work. His unquestioned piety,
his great simplicity of nature, his evident conviction
upon the great fundamental doctrines of Christianity,
gave him an enviable place in the hearts of his
people. His unique personality
declared itself in his studies and in
his pulpit efforts. From the very
beginning lie discarded conven-
tional methods in thinking, writing
and practicing, and he also showed
to a remarkable degree a knowl-
edge of affairs. His home for
the past six years has been in St.
Louis, Mo., whither he was trans-
ferred by his bishop in 1893. For
four years he was pastor of St.
John's Church, St. Louis, and is
now the presiding elder of the St.
Louis district of the M. E. church,
South. Dr. Lee has made valu-
able contributions to literature,
notably his "The Making of a
Man;" "Earthly Footsteps of the
Man of Galilee," and " Romance of
Palestine," the last the result of observations dur-
ing a tour in the East. He is always in demand
on the platform or in the pulpit at the most promi-
nent "Chautauquan" and philosophic schools of this
country. He is whole-souled, patriotic and broadly
catholic, generous and sympathetic. He is now
(1899) editor of the " American Illustrated Methodist
Magazine." Dr. Lee was married, in 1S75, to Emma
Ledbetter, of Cedartown, Ga. They have six chil-
dren.
LEOVY, Henry Jefferson, lawyer, was born
in Augusta, Ga., May 17, 1826, son of George and
Hannah (Jackson) Leovy. His father, a native of
England, who came to America when sixteen years
of age and served with the U. S. army in South
Carolina in the war of 1812, was for many years a
large rice planter in South Carolina. On the out-
break of the Mexican war, in 1846, Henry J. Leovy
joined a volunteer force for service under Gen.
Taylor in the army of the Rio Grande; but it was not
accepted, and he served the government in a civil
capacity until the close of the war. He then began
law7 studies, under Judge Thomas B. Monroe, at
Frankfort, Ky., and at the end of two years, having
been graduated in common law,
took a course of lectures in civil law
in the University of Louisiana, where
he was graduated in 1849. Short-
ly after his admission to practice
in New Orleans, La., where his
family had resided for many years,
he formed a partnership with Judge
Robert N. Ogdeu, one of the lead-
ers of the state bar. He imme-
diately built up an extensive and
profitable practice, and attained
wide reputation as a well equipped
and skillful lawyer. In 1856, on
the formation of the present muni-
cipality of New Orleans through
the consolidation of the numerous
separate suburban districts, he was
selected by the city council to
codify the city laws. This work
involved much research through
official newspapers and court reports, and when com-
pleted included also a history of Louisiana law.
Meanwhile, he made a brilliant reputation as man-
ager of the New Orleans " Delta," one of the leading
journals of the state, which in 1857 he had purchased,
with Paul E. Bonford and others. Early in the civil
war lie entered the service of the Confederacy, and
served, first, on the staff of Gen. J. Patton Anderson;
then, going to Richmond, Va., he accepted Pres.
Davis' appointment as commissioner to adjust dis-
putes between civil and army authorities in south-
western Virginia. Later, he was assigned to duty as
judge of the military court of that district, with the
rank of colonel of cavalry. After Gen. Lee's sur-
render, he accompanied Pres. Davis' party on their
escape into Georgia, whence he accompanied Judah
P. Benjamin, secretary of state, to Florida. He was
finally paroled at Tallahassee. The war over, he
resumed practice in New Orleans, and has since de-
voted himself to his profession. During 1870-72 he
was city attorney, and since 1872 has served as at-
torney for a number of railroad, express and insur-
ance companies. In 1854 he was married to Eliza-
beth Adair, daughter of Thomas B. Monroe, of
Frankfort, Ky., long I". S. district, judge, and later
member of the Confederate congress, and at one
time professor of law in the University of Louisiana.
Her grandfather, Gov. John Adair, of Kentucky,
commanded the Kentucky troops at the battle of
New Orleans, and served "in the U. S. senate. Mr.
Leovy has three sons and one daughter.
WRIGHT, George Edward, journalist and
author, was born in Perrvsburg. O., April 15, 1851,
son of Albert D. and Clarinda (Snow) Wright. His
father was a noted educator in the state of New
York, the founder of the well-known teachers' insti-
tutes and the author of various school-books. One
of his ancestors, George Wright, served as lieutenant
in the Continental army, and his mother was a
grandchild of Sparrow Snow, who was lineally de-
scended from Elder Brewster, leader of the May-
flower party. George E. Wright was educated in
Rock ford, 111., where his mother had gone a year
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
507
-r
list committee.
after her husband's death, and later he attended
Brh.it College and Cornell University. Having ac-
quired the trade of type-setting in the office of the
University Press, in addition to his regular class stud-
ies, he engaged iii newspaper work at Kilburn City,
Wis., in 1870. In 1871 he secured a position as re-
porter on the Chicago "Times," and during the
following winter he served as editor and manager of
the Rockford (111.) "Daily Register," although but
twenty years of age. In 1874 he became connected
with the Chicago " Tribune" as descriptive and gen-
eral reporter, and soon achieved such popularity
that in 1876 he was sent by the
"Tribune" as special corre-
spondent, to the Centennial ex-
hibition in Philadelphia. The
following year he was dis-
patched to Europe as special
correspondent of the " Trib-
iine"during t he Rnsso-Tiirkish
war. Returning to Chicago in
1878 he became one of t he rcgu-
lareditorial stall' of the ' ' Trib-
une." He relinquished jour-
nalism the next, year lo enter
the stock and bond business,
and in 1SS'> founded the present
Chicago stock exchange, being
elected its first secretary, and
has served continuously up to
the present lime ( 1S!)!I) on its
governing committee, being
also chairman of flic slock
In 1888 he became impressed with
the ideas promulgated by the Theosophieal Society,
and was elected president of the Chicago branch,
which position he has held lo the present time.
Under his wise and skillful management that branch
of the society has nourished and grown to a large
membership. He has an extensive library, and has
been au indefatigable student of oriental, theo-
sophical and occult literature. In his leisure hours
he has studied into many of the occult sciences, es-
pecially astrology, having cast over 300 horoscopes,
including those of many persons of note and fame.
Since 188!) lie has edited "Chicago Securities," au
annual containing the official statements of the cor-
porations whose interests are largely centred in Chi-
cago, published by the Chicago Directory Co. In
addition to his lectures and other literary works, Mr.
Wright published in 1897, "On the Outer Rim;
Studies iu Wider Evolution." He is a member of the
Chicago Athletic Association, and of the Society of
Descendants of the Mayflower. He was married, in
1879, to Jennie May, daughter of Robert W. Peck-
ham. They have no children.
HALLOCK, Charles, editor, author and natu-
ralist, was born in New York city, March 13,
1834, sou of Gerard and Eliza (Allen) Hallock.
The family was founded iu America when Peter
Hallock (or Holyoake) became one of thirteen
colonists, led by Rev. John Young, of Hingham,
Norfolk co., England, who lauded in New Haven,
Conn., Oct. 21, 1640. He subsequently received
from Gov. Dougau, under James II., a part of
40,000 acres of land lying between Southampton
and Moutauk Point. Through his mother he is de-
scended from Rev. Thomas Mayhew, governor of
Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, under a grant
from Lord Sterling iu 1614. Of their descendants, one
branch became Quakers, and to this Fitz-Greene
Halleck, the poet, belonged; others comprised among
their numbers eminent fighting men, distinguished
in the American revolution and since, both on land
and sea. During the revolution Joseph Halleck fell
as commander of a privateer; William commanded
picket boats on Long Island sound; another William
owned and commanded a vessel sunk by the Eng-
lish ship Snow, and had two sons, Jeremiah and
Moses, who were also soldiers iu the revolution.
During the civil war many members of the family
' Jit in support of the Union, notably Maj.
foils;
Gen. Henry W. Halleck. Charles Hallock was
graduated at Amherst College in 1854. He served
two years as assistant editor of the New Haven
" Register," and from ls5(i until the outbreak of
the civil war was associated with his father, who for
thirty-six years was editor of Hut " Journal of Com-
merce." Subsequently he was associated with the
' 'Teli graph," "Humorist" and "Courier" of St.
John, N. B. .and became engaged in business as a
broker iu St. John, Halifax anil New York city. In
INi'pX he was the financial editor of "Harper's
Weekly "; he was secretary of the Blooming Grove
Park Association 1870-72. and director of the Flush-
ing and (Jueens ('< ty Bank in 1873. Meanwhile,
being- a keen sportsman, and not only enthusiastic but
scientific in this pursuit, he had gained, through
numerous writings on the subject, a considerable
reputation as a traveler, explorer, collector and
naturalist, especially in ichthyology, and a reliable
authority on all manner of field sports. In iNtili,
through an article in "Harper's Magazine" on
the ••salmon river" Restjgouche, he introduced
anglers to a new area of sport, and incited the ( 'ana
diaus to protect and cultivate their prolific fishing
waters. I it-sides many magazine articles, h, I,,
written " Recluse of the < >conee " ( lS.">4l; " Fishing
Tourist " (]873i; ••('amp Life in Florida" (1S7U).
"The Sportsman's Ga/elh-ei and General Guide;
The Game Animals. Birds and Fishes of North
America, together with a Directory of the Principal
Game Resorts of (be Country" (1877); "Vacation
Rambles ill Michigan" (1877); "American Club
List and Glossary" (1878); "Dug Fanciers' Direc-
tory and Medical Guide" (1880); "Our New
Alaska; or, ThcSeward Purchase Vindicated (1886);
" Medico Gvmnaslic Self Cure" (18*8), and "The
Salmon Fisher" (1890). In 1873 he founded a
magazine devoted to field
sports — "Forest and
Stream" — of which he
was editor-in-chief until
1880. He originated the
International Association
for the Protection of
Game in 1874, and what
is known as the "Hal-
lock Code " is used as
a basis for intelligent
legislation in many states,
while, by sending out
expeditions to Lake Oke-
chobee and the west coast
of Florida, under F. A.
Ober and Dr. C. G.
Kenworthy, in 1874-75,
he directed public at-
tention anew to the
"Laud of Flowers." In
1880 Mr. Hallock built
the Hotel Hallock, and laid out
Hallock, Minn. Four years later
superintendent of the Minnesota exhibit at the
World's fair at New Orleans. At as late a period
as 1889-90 he was associate editor of "Nature's
Realm and American Angler." and of the "North-
western Field and Stream " (1896-97). Mr. Hallock
is a member of the National Geographical and Bio-
logical societies and of numerous scientific bodies.
He has been associated with many industrial schemes
of economic value, including the cultivation of the
osier willow and of the sunflower for its oil product ;
the town
he served
of
as
508
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
the manufacture of shell concrete; southern and
western immigration; the establishment of cream-
eries in North Carolina; of summer homes in Massa-
chusetts, and of game preserves in many parts of
the country. He was married, in 1855, to Amelia
J.. daughter of Oliver T. Wardell, of New York
citv.
EBEKHART, John Frederick, educator,
was born iu Hickory township, Mercer co. , Pa.,
Jan. 21, 1829, son of Abraham and Esther (Amand)
Eberhart. His father (1797-1880), a man of great
intelligence and inventive genius, was one of the
early settlers of Mercer county, where he erected
the first saw-mill and engaged in agricultural pur-
suits; his mother was a daughter of Frederick J.
and Rebecca (Holder) Amand, descendants of Ger-
man Meunouite settlers of York county, Pa. The
Eberhart family is an ancient aud prominent one in
Germany, principally iu Wiirtemburg, numbering
several noble stocks and many names of historic
memory. The earliest representatives in America
were three brothers, as is.commonly reported, Joseph,
Peter and Michael, who emigrated from Switzer-
land or Germany in 1727. The line of descent under
present consideration is traced from Michael Eber-
hart, who settled within the present confines of
Lehigh county, Pa., and was a "farmer of no small
dimensions"; through his son, Paul Eberhart, born
in 1727, during his parents'
voyage to America, a farmer
in Northampton and West-
moreland counties, and through
his son, Christian Eberhart
(1773-1839), a farmer of West-
moreland county. Pa., and
his wife, Anna Maria Sny-
der, parents of Abraham Eber-
hart. John F. Eberhart was
educated at the district school
of Big Bend, Venan.no co.. Pa.,
whither his parents had re-
moved in 1837, and at the age
of sixteen began teaching a
country school near the present
site of Oil City, Franklin co. ,
Pa. Having perfected him-
self in drawing and penman-
ship, he found in teaching
these branches an additional
source of income. Later he attended for two terms
at Cottage Hill Academy, Ellsworth, O., and then
entering Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., was
graduated in 1853. He defrayed the expenses of his
college course by teaching and farm work during
the summer months, and while excelling in scholar-
ship, also developed remarkable physical strength ;
it is .said that he once lifted a brass cannon, weigh-
ing 900 pounds, at the Meadville Arsenal. In Sep
leinlier following his graduation he became principal
of Albright Seminary, Berlin, Pa., an institution
conducted by the Evangelical Association. Intense
application to his duties so seriously affected his
health that he was obliged to relinquish active work
for several months. In April, 1855, he arrived in
Chicago, but after a short stay went to Dixon, 111.,
where he spent the summer in outdoor occupa-
tions, shooting and fishing, and later conducted the
"Transcript," a local political newspaper, forseveral
months. The winter of 1855-56 was occupied in de-
livering a course of ten popular illustrated lectures
on subjects in chemistry, physics, meteorology and
astronomy before schools and colleges, and on the
basis of the wide reputation thus acquired, he was
enabled to make large profits in the following year
as traveling representative of Ivison ifc Phinney and
A. S. Barnes & Co., publishers of school-books and
supplies. New York city. His deep interest in edu-
cational matters, however, led him, in 1857, to grasp
an opportunity to acquire possession of the "North-
western Home and School Journal " of Chicago,
which he edited ably for the next three years. Dur-
ing the same period he devoted much time to estab-
lishing and conducting teachers' institutes and lec-
turing on educational topics throughout Iowa,
Wisconsin and Illinois. His prominence and deep
interest in all educational matters led to his election
in 1859 as school commissioner of Cook count}'.
This office, however, through bis efforts and the
able cooperation of Newton Bateman, state superin-
tendent of public instruction, was enlarged in scope
and power, and renamed county superintendency of
public schools. During the ten years of his incum-
bency Mr. Eberhart visited every school in his juris-
diction at regular intervals, and such was his interest
that the standard of instruction was greatly raised.
He established the Cook County Teachers' Institute,
still a flourishing organization, and in order to meet
the crying need for qualified teachers, founded in
1867 the Normal College of the county, which now
(1899) has enrolled nearly 1.000 pupils. In addition
to these services he attended all legislative sessions
for sixteen years in interest of school laws, many of
which he drafted, and was largely instrumental in
establishing the Illinois State Teachers' Association
and the State Normal University. As president of the
Cook county board of education he was the means
of introducing kindergarten instruction into the
Normal School, and largely advanced the kinder-
garten movement in Chicago. His unceasing efforts
won for him the familiar designation, "father
of the Cook county public schools." As super-
intendent of public schools he examined over
5.000 teachers, among them Bishops Charles H.
Fowler and John II. Vincent, Pres. Blanchard of
Whealou College, and Frances E. Willard. Miss
Willard used to call him her "literary godfather."
as he had supervised her early literary work. Three
Illinois stale superintendents of education were also
once members of his institutes. When Seiior Sarmi-
enta became president of the Argentine republic, he
offered Mr. Eberhart the post of chief minister
of education. He, however, declined this and also
several invitations to college professorships, be-
lieving that the confinement would be hostile
to his health, and in 1869 resigned his office
to engage in active business. The field of real
estate speculation, in which he had already made
some encouraging ventures, appealed to him as the
most promising at the time. So rapidly did he
achieve success that by 1873 his wealth was estimated
as at least $1,000,000. The great panic of 1873-78
largely decreased his profits, but since then lie has
steadily progressed, until at the present time he is
regarded as one of the most extensive realty operators
in Chicago. Among his distinguished friends wen-
Horace Maun, Elihu Burnett, John G. Saxe, and
Abraham Lincoln, the last named having been
attorney for the Illinois state board of education
in the establishment of the State Normal School,
and deeply interested in its work. Mr. Eberhart
was educated under Methodist influences, and has
always been earnest in Christian work, and is now a
prominent mem her of the People's Church of Chicago,
whose pastor, Dr. Hiram W. Thomas, is a former
pupil and a close friend. Mr. Eberhart is a wide
reader and a scholar of no mean proportion in several
branches of knowledge. He is a member of the
American Institute of Instruction; of the National
Teachers' Association, and other organizations, social
and literary. On Dec. 25, 1864, he was married to
Matilda Charity, daughter of Joseph C. Miller, of
Chicago. They have had six children, of whom two
sons, John J. and Frank N., and two daughters,
Mary E. and Grace J., still survive.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
509
MABIE, Charles Elias, insurance president,
was burn ;il 1'nion River, Slieboygan no., Wis.,
July 1, IS.")."), son of Daniel K.ainl Ann Kli/.a (Hyall)
Mabie. lie is a grandson of Lihbeus Mabie, born in
IT'.Mi at Maho|ia, N. V.; n great i: rand sou of Peter
Maine, born in 1781, ami In- Iran's his ancestry back
lo Seigaieur Pierre Mabille ile N'evr, of the province
of Annieis, France, who held high rank in the
army. Tlie name is an aneieii! one, and i- !M\en as
Neb'v by tlie writer, Caspar of Nervy. One of his
ancestors, Serg. Caspar .Mabie, look part in the de-
fon-e with the Protestant parly in Hie massacre of
St. Bartholomew, and subsequently, on Aug. 24,
I ">;•.>, look refuge in Algiers. Peter Caspar Mabie
fled from France to Holland in 1584 lo escape perse
ciition, anil later, sailing for Amer-
ica in I he ship New Netherlands,
landed on Manhattan Island in
May. HU:!; thus becoming one of
jgr , I lie founders of New York city.
* «V, All Ihe Mabies in the United
States are descended from this
emigrant, and the tirst child of
ihe family born in America (Nov.
0. 1 (>")(),) was Ivoris Home- Cas-
par. Daniel K. Mabie (born in
ISIS) was Ihe eldesl of a large
•'amily of children, lie was a phy-
sician of high standing, first, in
Putnam county, N. V.; later in
Wisconsin, whither he removed
in is.")."), and Finally, after 1S71, at
I'eeatonica anil Wilmington, 111.
His son, Charles Elias. acquired
his education in the public schools
_ of Pecatonica, and at the asje
~* of iiineleeii be-all business lite
as a lire insurance solicitor, next became a life
insurance solicitor, and in 1H7S accepted the position
of general agent for the Equitable Life Assurance
Society, of New York city. In 1SS1 he organ-
ized the Life Indemnity and Investment Co , of
Iowa, of which he was elected secretary and man-
ager, with headquarters at Sioux City, and in isijl
became presideiil . In I*!)) Ihe company became
the Iowa Life Insurance Co. He reorganized
the company on its present basis as an old-line
insurance company, and his keen business fore-
sight, dirccled the removal of its general offices
to Chicago ill 1S!»4. The company was greatly
licnelilcd by the change, and has had a growth tar
greater than Mr. Mabie's assistants and the board of
dircclors dared hope for. It. has now (1899) $13,-
iii HI, i ion of insurance in force, and the assets exceed
$500,000. In December. 1898, Mr. Mabie was
elecicd president of the Northwestern Life Assurance
Co.. of Chicago, thus putting upon his shoulders
another heavy burden. This company has $50, 000,-
000 insurance m force, and its assets exceed $1,500,-
000. it. is conducted on the " stipulated premium "
plan. The business of both companies is rapidly
growing under Mr. Mabie's direction. Politically,
he is a Republican, with independent, tendencies; is
a member of the Hyde. Park, Hamilton and Mar-
quette clubs, of Chicago; a. Free Mason, and enjoys
a wide popularity on account of his pleasing man-
neis and recognized graces of character. He is a
widower, and has two daughters. Litta and Doro-
thea.
TAYLOR, John, U. S. senator, was born in
Orange county, Va.. in 1750. He was graduated at
William and Mary College in 1770, and then studied
law with the famous Chancellor Pendleton. He
also served in the revolution. He was several
limes in the state house of delegates, was an elector
in 1797, and filled parts of unexpired terms in the
U. S. senate in 1793-94, 1803, and 1822-24. He is
cliiclly noted for presenting in the Virginia legisla-
ture the memorable resolutions of IT'.ls, drafted by
Jefferson and slightly modified by Madison. Jeffer-
son gave the original copy lo (i. Nicholas, who
broii'jht them forward in the Kentucky legislature.
I in \ were called forlh by the alien and sedition
law-, and were directed against the Federalists.
They arc famous in American history as the earliest
formulation of the extreme doclrine of states rights,
as asserted by the South Carolina nullitiers in 1831-
:M and applied by the secessionists in 1801. Mr.
Taylor published "Arator," a series of essays on
agriculture, which went through at least six editions;
and four political tractates: "An Inquiry into the
I'. S. (ioveininenl " (1H14); "Construction Con-
Strued" (1820); ••Tyranny I'mnasked" (1S22). and
" New Views of the Constitution " (is:.1;;). .leiierson
considered these books "indispensable to the stale-
man or the philosopher." Mr. Tavlor died in ( 'aro
line county, Va.. An;!. 2<>. 1834.
WARVELLE, George William, jurist and
author, was born in Kenosha. Wis., May '.'>. Is.")',', .son
of William and Kli/a (<!oii\ ) Warvelle. His father
was one of the pioneer settlers of Wisconsin, having
emigrated to the slate from England in isfli. He
received an academic educalion, ai.d al nineteen be-
gan the study of law. In 1S7(> he was admitted to
practice, and remained m Kenosha until ISSl.when,
desiring a wider field for his abilities, be leinovcd to
Chicago, 111., where he has since resided. He is a
widely known authority upon the law relating to
real property; is a I'mccful and eloquent speakei,
and ranks among tin- ablest of the jury lawyers of
the Illinois bar. lie is a member of liie American
liar Association and other legal and learned societies.
In 1896 he was appointed dean of the Chicago Law
School, a position he still retains. In 1N7'.I he estab-
lished Ihe Kenosha "Cornier," which be edited for
two years, he has also been connected with the staff
ol legal and oilier journals. P.esides more or less
ephemeral contributions to the press, he has written
a number of legal treatises, which have been favor-
ably received. His principal
works are. a I realise on " Ab-
stracts and Examinations of
Title"! L883); " Th.-< iri-inand
Opi ration of the Homestead
Laws"(1887); the "Law of Ven-
dor and Purchaser" (1890);
"Principles of the Law of Heal
Property "(1896);an elementary
work for students, now used as
a text -book in many law-
schools, and "An Introduction
to the Principles of Jurispru-
dence and Legal Procedure"
ilsiili), also for students. His
books on "Abstracts" and
"Vendors" are pioneers upon
thosesubjectsin American legal
literature, and cited in all the
courts of the country. Soon
alter attaining his majority
he joined the fraternity of Free Masons, and has an
international reputation with the craft as a Masonic
scholar and writer. He has received all the degrees
of the order, and for years has been prominent in
ils councils. Among his monographs on Masonic
history and archaeology are: a "History of the
( 'rvpt'ic Rite" (1895), a "Sketch of the Constantinian
Orders" (1896); a "Compendium of Freemasonry
in Illinois" (1897); " Notes on the Chivalric Orders'
(1SJIS). In the prosecution of his studies and re
searches in Freemasonry ana cognate subjects be
has collected one of the largest and most valuable
libraries of books relating to these topics to be found
in the world. It has lately been placed in charge of
510
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
the Masonic authorities of Chicago, who have pro-
vided a suitable home for it. and it is now open for
free use to the public, under proper restrictions. In
organized charitable work he is most active; is one
of the foundere of the Illinois Masonic Orphans'
Home and president of the Illinois Masonic Home
for the Aged; he is an active member of the Illinois
Club, of Chicago, and of other social organizations;
has always avoided participation in politics, and de-
clined all offers of public preferment. He was mar-
ried, Dec. 30, 1877, to Lydia Bangs, of Kenosha,
Wis. They have five children.
HOWELL, Jeremiah Brown, senator, was
born in Providence, R. I., Aug. 28, 1771, son of
David and Mary ( Brown) Howell. His father (1747-
1824) was a member of the Continental congress
(1782-85); U. S. attorney-general (1789); district
judge of Rhode Island (1812-24), and professor of
law at Brown University (1790-1824). He was fitted
for college at the grammar school of William Wil-
kinson, one of the most distinguished educators of
his day, and entering Brown University, was gradu-
ated in 1789. Having been admitted to the bar, he
practiced in Providence, and being elected to the
U. S. senate in 1810, served for six years (1811-17).
As a senator in the state legislature, and afterwards
as a member in the U. S. senate, he was a vigilant
watchman of the rights of the people, and always
supported those great Republican principles which
he considered best promoted their good and the
honor and welfare of his country. He received the
degree of A.M. from Dartmouth" in 1791. For many
years be was brigadier-general, commanding the
Rhode Island militia. He was married, Oct. 17,
1793, to Martha Brown, of Providence, by whom he
had ten children. He died in Providence, R. I.,
Feb. 6, 1822.
HAINES, Charles Delemere, congressman,
was born in Medusa, Albany co., N. Y., June
9, 1856, son of David Tompkins and Emma A.
(De Maugh) Haines. The Haines family have
for severaf generations lived in Albany county and
been prominent in the local history of the section;
several of them were active partici-
pants in the war of the revolution.
Ex-Vice-president and Gov. Dan-
iel Tompkins was of this family.
At fourteen years of age, young
Haines became a telegraph opera-
tor in the office of the New
York Central and Hudson River
railroad at Hudson, N. Y. Four
years later he was promoted to
lie dispatcher on the Eastern rail-
road; at nineteen years of age he be-
came assistant superintendent, and
in 1879 was elected to the super-
intendency. In 1880 lie turned
his attention to the construc-
tion of street and steam railroads,
associating with him in business
his four brothers, David S., John D., Elmer T.
and Andrew G., under the firm name of Haines
Brothers. David S., after being prominent as one
of the great Bell telephone promoters and railway
l>n'M(U'nts, retired, and now lives at Sandy Hill,
N.Y. ; John D. died of pneumonia while building the
street railway at Newburgh, N. Y., in 1886, and after
having built and been president of several short-line
street railway companies; Elmer T. is now (18!)!l)
of the firm of Haines Brothers, with offices at Kinder-
hook, N. Y., and in New York city, and is presi-
dent and treasurer of several corporations. In
1896 he was a candidate for congress from the 19th cou-
fressional district, N. Y.. as a National gold Democrat,
ut was defeated. Andrew G., the youngest brother,
owned valuable telephone territory in Mexico, and
while a mere boy became president and manager of
telephone and railroad companies, now being special
partner of his brothers in the railroad business. In
1898 the firm had constructed and owned over forty
street and steam railway systems in fifteen states, in-
cluding the Glens Falls, Sandy Hill and Fort Ed-
ward; the Burlington and Wiuooski; the Rutland;
the Seneca Falls and Cayuga Lake; the Seneca Falls
and Waterloo; the Ne wburgh ; Ithaca; Schenectady;
Rome ; Ogdensburgh ; Danbury and Bethel ; Or-
lando; Winter Park; PortJervis; MonticelloandXew
York; Jamestown and Lake Erie; Belleaire; Macon
and Surburbau; Hamilton and Kingston; Lockport,
Langdon and Northern; Owosso and Coruuna; Ann
Arbor and Ypsilanti and Hoosac Valley. In several
of these coporations Charles D. Haines was president
and active manager. In 1898 he had controlling in-
terest in the Kinderhook and Hudson railroad ; owned
the St. Catherine's and Niagara Central railroad; the
celebrated Lebanon Springs, and the great Colum-
bia Hall at Lebanon Springs; the Hannibal Cave,
and the electric railways at Hannibal, Mo., and is
one of the largest owners of the Lebanon Springs
railroad operating between Chatham, N. Y. and
Bennington, Vt. He was presidential elector in 1896,
and has been delegate to state and national conven-
tions. In 1892 he received the regular Democratic
nomination for representative in congress for the
19th New York district. He was elected, and served
throughout the 53d congress. Being again nomi-
nated in 1894 he was defeated by Frank S. Black. He
is an example of what a young man can accom-
plish with energy, skill, hard work and executive
ability, starting out without money or influence, and
pushing his way into the foremost ranks of railroad,
men. Mr. Haiues was married, April 14, 1875, to
Lida, daughter of Judson Kingsley, of Sandy
Hill, N. Y.
HARBISON, Joseph Leroy, librarian, was
born in North Adams, Mass., Oct. 12, 1862, son of
John LeRoy and Ellen Maria (Hawks) Harrison. On.
the paternal side, his grandfather, John Harrison,
was a native of Yorkshire, England. His great-
grandfather, Jacob Van Dyke, served in the war of
1812, and his great-great-grandfather, John Van
Dyke, in the war of the revolution. On the mater-
nal side the ancestry dates back to John Hawks, who
A\:I-. known to be in Windsor, Conn., in 1640, and to
have moved to Hadley, Mass., in 1659. Col. John
Hawks, of Fort Massachusetts fame, was a mem-
ber of the same family. Joseph L. Harrison re-
ceived his education at Drury Academy and
Drurvlligh School, North Adams; Casadilla School,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
511
Ithaca, N. Y. (1882); Cornell University, Ithaca, N.
Y. (class of 1886); University of Heidelberg, Ger-
many (1890), and New York State Library School,
Albany, N. Y., where he was graduated B.L.S. in
1S9I1. ' During 1885-88 he was on the editorial staff
of the New York " Commercial Advertiser," and for
one year after this was assistant Washington corre-
spondent of the New York "Commercial Adver-
tiser," New Y'ork "Commercial Bulletin" and
Philadelphia "Evening Telegram." The years
ISS'.I-'.H) he spent in stud}' and travel in Europe. He
was sub librarian of legislation in the New Ymk
State Library in Albany, N. Y., until 1S94. when
he became librarian of the Providence Atheim-um
of Providence, R. I. He is the author of " The
Great Bore: A Souvenir of the Hoosac Tunnel"
(North Adams, IMS]); "Guide to the Study of James
Abolt McNeill Whistler" (with AV. G.' Forsyth)
(Albany, 1895), and is compiler of "Cap and Gown:
Some College Verse" (Boston, 1893); "With Pipe
and Book: A Collection of College Verse" (Provi-
dence, 1X97); "Comparative Summary and Index
of Slate Legislation in 1893" (with W. B. Shaw)
(Albany. 1894), and "Comparative Summary and
Index 'of Stale Legislation in is!i4"(jn part) (Al-
bany, ISll.'i). lie has been a contributor to "The
New England Magazine," New York "Tribune,"
etc. He is a member of the Hope Club. Art Club,
Rhode Island School of Design, Rhode Island His-
torical Society and Psi Upsilon Club, all of Provi-
dence; Psi Upsilon Club of New York city; the
American Library Association ; the Massachusetts
Library Club, and of the New York State Library
School Association. He was president of the New-
York State Library School Association during IMI.'I-
96 and vice-president of the same durini; Is'.iT lis;
vice-president of the Massachusetts Library Club
during 1898-99, and member of the cooperation com-
mittee of the American Library Association during
1894-95.
MAGINNIS, Arthur Ambrose, manufac-
turer, was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1815, sou of
Daniel and Margaret (Reed) Magiuuis. He was edu-
cated in the public schools of
his native city. In 1839 he
removed to New Orleans, La..
where he established himself
in the lumber business, afier-
wards branching into various
other enterprises. He was
the first person in New Or-
leans to start in the manufac-
ture of cotton seed oil on a
la rue scale. AVith his me-
chanical skill, great energy
and excellent sense, he made
this a very successful and
profitable enterprise. To him
is due the introduction
and invention of the many
improvements in the ingen-
ious and extensive machinery
employed in converting an
article that had been pre-
viously thrown away or used
as a manure into so many valuable forms and uses.
In 1856 he was elected president of the Canal Street
Ferry Co., and built the first modern ferry used on
the Mississippi river. As a citizen he was greatly
esteemed in the community for his liberality, public
spirit and for all the social and domestic virtues.
Mr. Magiuuis was married in Baltimore, Aug. 7,
1*39, to Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of John and Sarah
(Affleck) Armstrong, who survived him, with nine
children. He built the Maginnis Oil and Soap
Works, and after his death the Maginnis Cotton
Mills were built by his sons, J. H. and A. Ambrose
Masinuis. He died at Ocean Springs, Miss., Aug.
19, 1877.
MAGINNIS, Arthur Ambrose, 2d, manu-
facturer, was born in New Orleans, La., Aug. 30,
1848, son of Arthur Ambrose and Sarah Elizabeth
(Armstrong) Maginnis. He attended the public
schools of his native city, until 1862, when he
joined the Confederate Guard regiment, state troops,
with which he continued in active service until the
evacuation of New Orleans in April of that year,
when the regiment was sent to Camp Moore, and
disbanded. At the time of his enlistment he was
but fourteen years of age, and
from this fact ha-* hern called Ihc
" Youngest Confederate." He
re-entered the service in 1863
with the Miles Legion, with
which he continued until De-
cember. 1S64, when he was dis-
charged for physical disability.
Then returning to New Orleans
he entered the employ of the
La fa \ette Warehouse Co., and
in 1SIJ7 went to New YorU
city as manager of the cotton
seed oil factory at Coscnb, ( 'onn.
In 1871 he became associated
\\ilh the rirm of A. A. Magin-
nis i Sons, which was after
wards merged into the Ma-
ginuis Oil and Soap Works.
He is now (1899) president of
the Maninnis Cotton Mills; the
Lafayette Warehouse Co.; Ibe
Planters' Fertilizer Manufacturing Co.; the Hermi-
tage Planting and Manufacturing Co., and resident
vice-president for Louisiana of the American Surety
Co. of New York. He was the organizer and is a
member of the Southern Yacht Club, and a member
of the Pickwick, La Verite and Louisiana Jockey
clubs.
PETTIGREW, James Johnston, soldier and
author, was born in Tyrrell count}*, N. C., July 4,
1828, son of Ebenezer Petligrew, a congressman in
1835-37, and grandson of Charles Petligrew, who
was bishop-elect of the Episcopal diocese of North
Carolina. He was educated in the schools of his
native state, and was graduated in 1847 at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina with the highest honors
obtained by any student at that institution. Shortly
after this, at the request of ( 'om. Maury, principal of
the national observatory, Washington, D. C., he ac-
cepted a professorship in that institution. In the
following year he resigned and removed to Charles-
ton, S. C., and was admitted to the bar in 1849.
In 1850 he went to Berlin, Germany, where he
read law in the office of his distinguished kins-
man, James L. Petigru, and after two years of
study, he traveled extensively over Europe. While
in Spain he was for several months secretary of
legation to the U. S. minister. He published a vol-
ume, entitled "Spain and the Spaniards" (1861), as
a result of his study and experience in that country.
After his return from Europe in November, 1852, he
practiced law in Charleston, S. C., with eminent
success. In 1856 he was elected to the legislature,
and became conspicuous for his minority report in
opposition to the slave trade. Foreseeing the civil
war, he went to Italy in 1859, and applied for a posi-
tion in the Sardinian army, but the speedy termina-
tion of the war prevented the granting of his peti-
tion. On his return to Charleston, he organized and
thoroughly drilled a rifle regiment, and with it took
possession of Castle Pinkney, in December, 1860, as
soon as South Carolina had seceded. With this com-
mand he was shortly afterwards transferred to Mor-
ris island, where his remarkable engineering skill
512
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
was displayed in the construction of formidable bat-
teries to guard the harbor. He declined the posiliou
of adjutant-general of South Carolina, but in the
summer of 1861, accepting command of the 22d
North Carolina regiment, went into active service in
Virginia. During'the fall of 1861 and the following
winter he was stationed at Evansport, on the Poto-
mac, and his work in constructing and guarding the
fortifications, which for many months prevented all
communication by water with Washington, were re-
garded as masterpieces of military engineering by the
highest authorities. In consideration of his services,
be was urged by Pres. Davis to take the position of
brigadier-general, which he finally accepted. He
took an active part in the Pennsylvania campaign in
the spring of 1862, and at the battle of Seven Pines,
in June of that year, was severely wounded and
taken prisoner. Being exchanged at the end of two
months, he returned to service, and was assigned to
the command of a new brigade, composed entirely
of North ( 'arolinians. After brilliantly distinguish-
ing himself in the eastern part of North Carolina,
early in 1863 he was placed in command in Rich-
mond, which he defended against Gen. Stoneman's
raid. Pettigrew's brigade, except one regiment, ac-
companied (Jen. Lee's army into Pennsylvania, and
bore a very conspicuous part in the three days' battle
at Gettysburg. While engaged in defending the rear
of Gen. Lee's army. Gen. Pettigrew was mortally
wounded in a skirmish on July 14, 1863, and died
near Winchester, Va., three days later.
HALL, Frank Lorenzo, lawyer, was born at
Bridgeport, Conn., July 4, 1850, son of Lorenzo and
.Mary Jane (Hnbbell) Hall. He is a descendant in
the eighth generation on his father's side of Francis
Hall, who came from Kent county, England, to the
New Haven colony (Conn.), in Rev. Henry Whit-
field's company of emigrants. He is a descendant
on his mother's side in the eighth generation of Rich-
ard Hubbell, who emigrated to the New Haven col-
ony (Conn.), in 1645. In 1685 Richard Hubbell was
one of the proprietors of the township of Fail field,
Conn., to whom the Fail-field patent was granted,
"being seven miles in breadth along the sea, and in
length from the sea into the wil-
derness twelve miles. " Frank L.
Hall removed with his parents to
Akron, O.. in 1857, and was edu-
cated at Harcourt School, Gain-
bier, O. He entered the fresh-
man class of Keuyon College in
1867, and a year later entered
the freshman class of Yale Col-
lege, where he was graduated in
1*i'.'. In the autumn of this year
he entered Columbia Law School
of New York city, and was
graduated LL. H. in' 1874, being
admitted to the bar I hat same
year. He then became a mem-
ber of the law department of
the Central Railroad Co. of New
Jersey, and was associated with
Hon. Benjamin Williamson, ex-
chancellor of the Mate ol Xew
Jersey, and with Robert W. de
Forest, Esq., with the latter of whom, together with
his brother, Henry W. de Forest, he afterwards en
tered into partnership, and continued in this relation
until 1S<)0, since which time he has had no partnership
connections. The law reports of the courts of the
state of New York and of the various United States
courts show him to have been prominently connected
with much important litigation, involving the inter-
pretation and application of the laws pertaining par-
ticularly to corporations and the care and manage-
ment of estates. He was one of the organizers of the
University Club in 1879, and one of the founders of
the Psi Upsilon Club, both of the city of New York ; a
member of the executive council, the graduate gov-
ernment board of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity; member
of the Yale Club of New York city; the Down Town
Association; the Bar Association of the city of New
York; the American Historical, New England and
St. George's societies. He is president of the Balti-
more and Delaware Bay Railroad Co., and director
in several other companies, and is a member of the
South Side Sportsmen's Club of Long Island.
LILLIE, John Hoyt, electrician and inventor,
was born at Montrose, Susquehanna CO., Pa., April
13, 1813, son of Isaac and Julia Anne (Hoyt) Lillie.
His grandfather, Abraham Lillie, a
native of England, came to Boston
at an early day, and engaged in ship-
building. John H. Lillie remained
at home until his sixteenth year,
when he removed with his parents
to Owego, N. Y. In May, 1832, he
accompanied an uncle on a tour to
the "Far West" (Illinois). They
arrived about the time the inhabi-
tants were taking steps to organize
Chicago as a town, and Mr. Lillie
and Mark Beauvian volunteered as
census takers, also making out
the list of names, 1,650 in number.
After spending several months in
the interior of Pennsylvania, he went
to Columbus and Cincinnati, O. ,
and having studied medicine under
Prof. Locke in the latter city,
obtained a license to practice in
1839. It was at this time that his
interest in electricity was aroused. He began with
some experiments in testing instruments, and made
delicate electrometers, with which he verified his
belief in the electrical origin of cyclones. He also
made investigations in electro-therapeutics and
electric lighting and insulation, carrying on his ex-
periments about the time that Morse was develop-
ing the electric telegraph. In 1841 Mr. Lillie settled
in Joliet, 111., and there continued his investigations,
building a circular railroad twelve feet in diameter,
on which an engine was driven by electricity. To
have his invention patented was the next step to be
taken, and having no money, he decided to exhibit
his model and lecture on electricity, which he did in
Chicago and Peoria. In the latter place he had as
an auditor Sen. Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, who
gave him letters of introduction to Prof. Henry, of
the Smithsonian Institution, and others in Washing-
ton, and also assisted him financially. Prof. Henry
aided him in obtaining his patent, although it was
not issued until 1850, and engaged him to make a
ilnplieate model of the engine for the Smithsonian
Institution. His claim of "newness" was, first,
the employment of induced electricity, including
electro magnets to be used as a motive power in
connection "with the prime mover, and to neutralize
the secondary currents of the principal magnets
formed by the direct current from the battery.
Owing to the expense of generating electricity by
the old style of battery, Dr. Lillie saw that a different
method of generating the motive power would have
to be devised; atd as he could get no financial aid
from the government, he started out on another lec-
turing tour, visitinu' Xew York, Boston, Philadelphia
and New Orleans, where he met P. T. Baruum. Mr.
Barnum bought a model of the railroad for his
museum in New York city, paying for it $250; but
this transaction proved a mistake, since the public
assumed that the invention was simply another
" humbug." Unable to carry out his plans, in 1S50,
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
513
Dr. Lillie removed frnm Joliet, 111., to Hornellsville,
N. Y., where he continued his experiments to pro-
duce an electric light by usinir line platinum wire,
which would oft en burn. This was shown in Ifoehcs-
ter :inil other ]il:ices ia connection with his lectures,
in which IK; predicted that the lime would Comi
\\heii our dwelling-houses would be lighted t>\ i lee
Iricitv. His health failing, he retired from the lec-
ture "tield for a time, returning in 1S.">K, when he
traveled with a panorama of New York city, and
auain in ixi>3, when he much1 a trip with a pano
rama of the c-ivil w ;ir. In lx">l he obtained a eily
charter for Hornellsville. In ISlii, selling his realty
holdings in that city, he located in lioehe.sier, N. Y.:
and in ISIJM went to San Francisco, removing
in is;:! to Santa Rosa, C'al. In 1*70 lie con
dueled a carload of California tourists to the Centen-
nial exhibition in Philadelphia, and in 1S7X, and
airain in iNMi, he visited Knrope; after his return, in
the latter year, becoming a resident of L'« Angeles.
There be'invested heavily in real estate, mid now
I IS'.i'.h owns several tine pieces of properly, including
the Hotel Lillie. lie has been twice married: first .
Sept. 10, ls:)7, to Charlotte Bradley Curtis, of Mont
rose, Pa., who died at Rochester, N. Y., June ti,
lxi;;i. sei-ond, .luue 13, 1SS4, to Anna Marie Bardi.
By bis first wife he had five children, of w hom two,
a son and a daughter, still survive: Gilbert Belcher
Lillie, of Los Ant:cles, who enlisted at Pres. Lincoln's
first call for volunteers, and was discharged June fi,
18(>5, having received a gun-shot wound at the hands
of Mosh\ s guerillas while scouting in Virginia; and
Sarah Jane, wife of Henry Graves Bennett, one of
the original settlers of Pasadena, Cal.
MAHONEY, Joseph P., lawyer, was horn at
Oswego, N. Y. , Nov. 1, 1864, son of Michael and
Mary (Canty) Mahoney, natives of Ireland. When
he was three years of age, his parents removed to
Chicago, which ever since has been his home. He
was educated iu the public schools, and studied law
in the office of Jewell, iV Nor-
ton, being admitted to the bar
at the early age of twenty, on
condition that he would not
take out a license until he be-
came of age. From the lime
be began practice be advanced
steadily, having as natural ad-
vantages, in addition to litne-s
for the profession, a pleasing
address and fluency as a speak-
er. In 1887 he was appointed
master in chancery by the cir-
cuit court, and served eight
years as master of that court.
Activity in politics as a Demo-
crat, and genuine interest in
the welfare of his fellow citi-
zens in the 5th senatorial
district led to his election
to the state legislature in
1884, three days after becoming of age, and after
three consecutive terms in the house, was elected to
the state senate, where he is now serving his third
term. He was the youngest man ever elected to the
legislature, but in the amount of work performed he
was not outdone by bis elders. He has twice been
Selected leader by his party in the senate. He was
one of the most zealous supporters of the Convict
Labor Bill, preventing the competition of prison
with outside labor, and was the author of the bill
giving the west town of Chicago authority to issue
bonds to the amount of $1,000,000 for park and
street improvements preparatory to the World's
Columbian exposition. In all respects bis course as
a legislator has given great satisfaction to his con-
VOL. IX.— 33.
$«**£ tfftte£rtied
<J *
stitiients and has reflected credit on them for their
| I judgment in selecting him as their spokesman.
He was appointed to the hoard of education in 1891
by Mayor Washburn, a Republican, but resigned
alter being confirmed by the council. Senator Ma-
boney was married at Dallas, Tex., in 1899, to Nonie,
daughter of Capt. B. N. Bon-n.
AMERMAN, Lemuel, congressman and law-
yer, was born near Danville, Monlonr CO., Pa., Oct.
29, 1846, son of Jesse Cook and Caroline (Strohm)
A merman. He was sixth in descent from Derick
Anierman, a native of Amsterdam, Holland, who
emigrated to New York, and for a number of years,
from Kill."), owned and operated ferries between New-
York and Iloboken. Albert
Amerman, his great-grandfather,
removed from New Jersey and
settled in Northumberland coun-
ty, I 'a., in Is(M), purchasing a
tract of land, on which he re-
sided until his death, in Iv.'l.
lie served in the revolutionary
war. participating in several
engagements until the battle of
Monmoiith, where he lost, his
knee-cap. Henry, son of Albert
A merman, when a small boy ao
eompanied his father to Pennsyl-
vania, where he was married to
Susanna Cook, of Montgomery
County. Lemuel Amerman was
educated in the public schools
of Montour county and at
Danville Academy, and after
t\\o rears spent in teaching, entered Bucknell Uni-
versity, Lewisburg, Pa., where he was graduated
with highest honors in 1870. For three years there-
after he was professor of ancient, languages and
Knglish literature in the Slate Normal School, Mans-
lielil, Pa. He then began to read law in the office
of I lie late Lewis C. Cassidy, ex attorney general of
Pennsylvania, and Pierre Archer, Jr., of Philadel-
phia. He was admitted to the bar in 1X75, and iu
is|t; settled in Scrantou, where he practiced his pro-
fession until the time of bis death. From 1878-81
he was solicitor of Lackawanna county, and then for
two years represented Scranlon in the house of
representatives, Harrisburg. While in that position
he drafted and secured the passage of several impor-
tant laws regarding the mining of anthracite coal.
In 1886 Gov. Pattison appointed him reporter of the
decisions of the state supreme court, and he prepared
five volumes of reports, instituting an immediate re-
form on the current methods by promptly issuing
the reports, instead of waiting for a year and up-
wards after the decrees were delivered. This was
of great advantage, and called forth high commen-
dation from many of the most prominent jurists in
the state. In 1887 Mr. Anierman was elected comp-
troller of Scrantou, and iu 1893 was elected repre-
sentative for Lackawanna county in the 52d congress,
where, among other important services, he aided in
securing the passage of the act requiring railroads to
equip their cars for freight and passenger service
with automatic couplers and air brakes. Mr. Amer-
man's religious convictions were very strong. He
was a life-long member of the Baptist church. For
seven years he superintended a large and enthusias-
tic Sunday-school iu connection with the Penn
Avenue Baptist Church, Scrantou, where for years
he was the moving spirit and recognized leader. He
became the first superintendent of a new mission
chapel, which he was instrumental in founding, and
which be had carried on iu a private dwelling until
it overflowed its confines and demanded enlarged
quarters. Just as this work was in process of sue-
514
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
cessful accomplishment Mr. Amerman suddenly died.
The chapel, now called the Amerniau Memorial
Tabernacle, is carried on by the munificent generosity
of his widow. There to-day a multitude of children
are taught life's lessons out of the book he loved.
Mr. Amerniau was a self-made man. Commencing
at the lowest rung of the ladder, he climbed steadily
upward to a position of highest influence and honor.
His natural ability as a lawyer, combined with his
keen foresight as a business man, enabled him to ac-
quire a competence. With the broad views of a phil-
anthropist, he did not allow his wealth to lie idle, but
used it in the promotion of public enterprises. His
practice was very extensive. In 1888 he received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Bucknell University.
Mr. Amerman was thrice married : first, in Septem-
ber, 1879, to Susan, daughter of Laureus Wallaze,
of Philadelphia; secondT in June, 1883, to Mary C.
Van Nort, of Scranton; and third, in July, 1890, to
her sister, Ella May Van Nort. He died at Bloss-
burg, Pa., Oct. 7, 1897.
GRAFF, Frederic, civil engineer, was born in
Philadelphia, May 23, 1817, son of Frederic and
Judith (Swyer) Graff. His great-grandfather, Jacob
Graff, came from Germany to Philadelphia in 1741;
his grandfather, Jacob Graff, 3d, was a builder, and
his father ( 1774-1847) designed and constructed the
water works of Philadelphia, and was its chief engi-
neer until his death. It was his wish that his sou
should engage in mercantile pursuits; but a short
experience in a large hardware house satisfied the
young man that this occupation was not congenial,
and entering on the study of engineering, he, on
April 6, 1842, became an assistant engineer on the
Philadelphia water works. On his father's death, in
1847, he was made chief engineer, and held that
position until 1856. He was again elected to the
office in 1806, and served for six years, after
which he declined re-election. He was the manager
of the Port Richmond Iron Works of Philadelphia
(1860-63); associated with II. R. Worthington in the
development of pumping machin-
ery for water-works (1873-77), and
during the next ten years was fre-
quently called on as an expert in
engineering matters connected with
the water supply of cities, espe-
cially as regarded pumping machin-
ery. In March, 1873, he became
a member of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, and was presi-
dent of the society in 1885. He
visited Europe twice, making on
the second occasion, in 1878, quite
an extended tour. The record of
Mr. Graff's professional career, em-
bracing as it did the entire recon-
struction and enlargement of the
water-works of Philadelphia, which
in its day was one of the great en-
gineering works of the country, cov-
ers but a small portion of the ser-
vices he rendered his native city. In 1851 he pre-
sented to the city government the suggestion of es-
tablishing a park upon the banks of the Schuylkill
river, which resulted in the development of the great
Fainnount park system, in which he wa^ aeti\eh
engaged as one of the park commissioners. He was
a member of the Franklin Institute from 1839 until
his death, being one of its managers for six years and
vice-president for three years; was one of the found-
ers of the Zoological Society and Gardens of Phila-
delphia, and after 1882 was its president; was presi-
dent of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia in 1880,
and was for six^ years president of the Photographic
Society, of which he was one of the founders. As a
devout adherent of the Protestant Episcopal church
and an earnest worker, many important interests,
both religious and civil, were intrusted to his man-
agement. Mr. Graff was married to Elizabeth,
daughter of Capt. John Mathieu, of Philadelphia,
who survived him. He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
March 30, 1890.
KUHNE, Percival, banker, was born in New
York city, April 6, 1861, son of Frederick aud Ellen
Josephine (Miller) Kuhne. His father, a native, of
Magdeburg, Germany, was a prominent banker of
New York, and for over sixteen years, until the close
of the Franco-Prussian war, was representative of
most of the German states now forming the empire of
Germany; his mother was a daughter of George J.
Miller, of New York, and a descendant of an old aud
aristocratic English family. Perci-
val Kuhne was educated in the
schools of his native city, and con-
tinued in Germany his preparation
for a business career. Upon his re-
turn home in 1884 he entered the
banking house of Knauth, Nachod
& Kuhne, founded by his father, to
whose interest, both in New York
and Leipzig, he succeeded in 1893.
This connection brought Mr.
Kuhue prominently before New
York's financial circles, and coup-
led with his exceptional business
ability, rapidly determined his im-
portant cooperation in the affairs of
several large corporations. He is
a member of the New York cham-
ber of commerce; was a founder and organizer of
the Colonial Trust Co., of which he is a trustee; a
member of the executive committee ; a member of the
finance committee, and a trustee of the Citizen's Sav-
ings Bank; also a trustee in the Lincoln Safe Deposit
Co. and Colonial Safe Deposit Co., and is closely iden-
tified with the affairs of several other prominent in-
stitutions. Mr. Kiihne has ever been a stanch
Republican, believing firmly that the prosperity of
the country rests upon the principles of his party
and their maintenance in power. He is a veteran
of company K, 7th regiment, N. G. N. Y. ; a Mason
of degree in Holland Lodge, No. s. F. «.t A. M.,
and a member of the Union, Metropolitan, Union
League and Calumet clubs of New York city. He
is an active supporter of the New York Botani-
cal Garden; New York Zoological Garden; Ameri-
can Academy of Political and Social Science; Metro-
politan Museum of Art, and other similar societies
for public amusement and instruction. In 1893 Mr.
Kuhne was married to Lillian Middletou, daughter of
Hamilton R. Kerr and granddaughter of John Kerr,
founder and first president of the Broadway and
Seventh Avenue Railway Co. Through her maternal
great-grandmother, Margaret (Worthington) Smith,
Mrs. Kiihne is a lineal descendant of Nicholas Wor-
thiugtou, who took the oath of allegiance to King
Charles in 1678, and whose family is traced back in
Burke's "Peerage" to King Henry III.
HASKINS, Charles Waldo, accountant, was
born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1852, son of
Waldo Emerson and Amelia Rowan (Cammeyer)
Haskins. His father, a native of Boston, was long a
resident of Brooklyn, and by occupation a broker;
his mother was a daughter of Charles Cammeyer, a
merchant of New York. The Haskins family is of
New England colonial stock, the original represen-
tative having been Robert Haskins, who settled in
Boston, early in the eighteenth century. By his wife,
Sarah Cook, he became the father of Capt. John
Haskins (1729-1814), familiarly known as "Honest
John." who was a captain in the old Boston regi
ment from 1772, and in association with Samue.
OF AMERICAN- BIOGRAPHY.
515
Adams, Josiah Quincy, Edward Case, Joseph War-
ren and others an active mover in the Sons of Lib-
erty, and a leader through the revolutionary struggle.
His wife was Hannah Uphani, of Boston, a descend
ant of John Uphani, founder of the American fain
ilv; of John Howland, of Mayflower faun-; of l!o-c
liunster, sister of Henry Dunstcr, first president of
Harvard College, and of Thomas Oakes, cousin of
Rev. Urian Oakes, its fourth president. By her
he had a son, Robert Haskius, who was married to
Rebecca.daughter of Rev. William Emerson. chaplain
in the patriot army (d. 1776); his sister, Hulh. was
married to Rev. William Emerson, 3d (1769-1811),
of First. Church, Boston, becoming the mother of
Ralph Waldo Emerson, and their son, Thomas Has-
kins, married to Mary Soreu, of Boston, was the
grandfather of the present representative. Educated
in the public schools and the Brooklyn Polytechnic
Institute, where he was prepared for the profession
of civil engineer, Charles Waldo Haskins, preferring
commercial pursuits, in 1869 obtained employment
in the accouutiug department of Frederick liutlcr-
field & Co., of New York city. After live years
with this firm he made a two years' trip abroad for
study and travel, and on his return entered the bro-
kerage business in the office of his lather. In 1886
he opened an office as expert public accountant, and
in 1895 formed a copartnership with Kli.jah W.
Sells, under the style of Haskius & Sells, which still
( ix',19) continues. Mr. Haskins is one of the leaders
of the modern science of accountancy and a pioneer
in its practice in New York. In the earlier part of
his career he kept the accounts for the construction of
the Xew Yotk, West Shore and Buffalo railroad by
tin1 North River Construction Co. , at the same time
acting as auditor of the railway company's disburse-
ments. He organized the system of accounts of t he
Manhattan Trust Co., of which he was secretary for
several years, and in the exercise of his profession
has occupied many such responsible positions, as
comptroller of the Central of Georgia Railroad Co.;
of the Ocean Steamship Co. , and
of the Chesapeake and Western
Railroad Co., and as receiver of
the Augusta Iron Co. Upon the
passage" of the New York state
law, establishing a commission
for the examination of candi-
dates desiring to become certi-
fied public accountants, Mr. Has-
kius was appointed on the board,
and elected its first president. He
is also president of the New York
State Society of Certified Pub-
lic Accountants. In 1893 he
was engaged by a joint commis-
sion of congress, in connection
with his present partner, E. W.
Sells, to investigate the execu-
tive departments of the TJ. S.
government, a work which occu-
pied two years, and was, in the
words of the committee's chairman, "in many re-
spects the most important undertaking of the kind
in the history of the country." Their reports recom-
mending methods of simplifying and expediting
public business were so satisfactory to the govern-
ment that they were promptly adopted, and laws
were passed putting the recommendations into effect.
Preparatory to the consolidation of Greater New
York, he headed the commission which was ap-
pointed to examine the accounts of the city of
Brooklyn, a work which he accomplished with char-
acteristic thoroughness. By virtue of his ancestry,
Mr. Haskins is a member of the Sons of the Ameri-
can Revolution ; the Mayflower descendants ; the
Society of Colonial Wars; Military Order of Foreign
Wars, and America's Founders and Defenders, and
by virtue of his high personal qualities has held sev-
eral high offices, such as secretary of the Xew York-
State Society Sons of the American Revolution
(1893-94), and treasurer general of the national soci-
ety (1892-99). He is also a member of the Manhat-
tan, Riding and Westcliester Country cluli^ of Xew
York city; the Metropolitan of Washington, and the
Piedmont of Atlanta, Ga, In 1884 he was married
to Henrietta, daughter of Albeit Ilavemeyer, a
wealthy New York merchant aud brother of Wil-
liam F. Ilavemeyer, mayor of the city (1848^49,
l*;:i-74). They'have two daughters, Ruth, born,
1887, and Noeline, born, 1894.
NORTON, Frank Henry, journalist and au-
thor, was born at Hiugliam, Mass., March 'JO, 1s:!ii,
fourth son of Maj. B. Hammatt and Augusta i Ware)
Norton. His father was for twenty-
one years U. S. consul at, I'ictou,
Nova Scotia, and was sixth in direct
descent from Nicholas Norton, who
emigrated from Somersetshire, Km:
land, to the island of Martha's \ ine
yard in 1632. On his mother's side he
i-de-cended from the Wares of Ma — a-
chiiselts, noted Unitarian clergymen,
one of whom, William \\aie. was
the author of "Zenobia." "Anrelian"
and "Julian, "historical novels. Mr.
Xorton \\a- educated at thcDwighl
School, Boston, aud at. the Piclou
Academy, where he took the medal
for mathematics. He removed to
New York in 1850, and entered the
book store of his brother, rharle-, I',.
Norton, remaining in that business
until 1855, when he entered the AMor
Library as assistant librarian under Dr. Joseph G.
Cogswell, and with Willard Fiskc, afterwards pro-
fessor in Cornell University, as his associate. He
remained in the library until 18(i5, rising to the grade
of assistant superintendent, aud resigned to enter the
profession of journalism. He was connected edi-
torially with "Noah's Sunday Times"; the Xew
York "Commercial Advertiser"; Frank Leslie's
publications, and for ten years was on the editorial
staff of the New York "Herald," in New York,
London and Paris, at the same time contributing
extensively to periodical literature. In 1870 Mr.
Norton visited California, Mexico and Central
America, aud in 1883 traveled for six months through
Holland and Belgium as commissioner for the Bos-
ton foreign exhibition, which was held in that year.
In 1888-89 he was in London and Paris in the service
of the New York ' ' Herald. " Besides his journalistic
work, he has written voluminously for Appleton's
"American Cyclopedia," the "Library of Universal
Knowledge" and White's "National Cyclopaedia of
American Biography," to which latter work he has
contributed over 1,700 biographical sketches. Be-
tween 1870 and 1874 he wrote eight plays, which
were produced in New York, New Orleans, Phila-
delphia, St. Louis and other cities, including:
"Maude's Faith" and "Leonie; or, Love Wins,"
melodramas; ' 'Alhambra" and "Cupid and Psyche, "
burlesques, etc. In 1880 he wrote the " Life of
Major-General Winfield Scott Hancock," and in 1883
the "Life of Alexander H. Stephens." He is also
the author of the "Illustrated Historical Register of
the Centennial Exhibition, 1876, and Paris Exposi-
tion, 1878 "; "Romance of the Life of Daniel Boone "
(1883), and "The Malachite Cross" (1894). Mr.
Norton retired from active journalism in 1891, and
has since devoted himself mainly to study in mathe-
matics aud astronomy, for which he has always had
a predilection.
516
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPEDIA
DICKSON, John Fenwick, railroad manager
and manufacturer, was born in Newry, county
Armagh, province of Ulster, Ireland, March 14,
1832, second son of William and Sarah (Fenwick)
Dickson. His family is of the Scotch-Irish
race, than which none other has stamped its im-
press more indelibly upon the character of our
common country, nor has done more for its material
wealth and progress. His ancestral line is traced
back to Cromwell's time, when (1657) representatives
of the family went to Ireland among the invaders
who colonized Armagh anil other northern counties.
There the Dicksous still continue to reside, having
been to the present time very largely engaged in
agriculture and the manufacture and bleaching of
linens. John F. Dickson received
a fair education, but spent his early
years on his father's farm. The
unhappy political and industrial
outlook of his country subsequent
' to the saddening scenes of 1848
turned his thoughts to the growing
' opportunities offered in America,
and in 1850 he emigrated to New
York city. Acting under the
advice of the Rev. James Shields,
his former pastor in Ireland, who
> had preceded him to the United
States, he became an apprentice
in the steam engine business in the
novelty works of Stillman, Allen
& Co., of New York city, then the
most important firm of its kind in
the United States. In 1855 he
went West, arid was prominently
connected with the locomotive de-
partments of the Terre Haute and Richmond, Illinois
Central and the Chicago and Rock Island railroads,
and also with the Kentucky Locomotive Works, in
Louisville, Ky. Becoming somewhat weary at last
of the monotony of purely mechanical pursuits, he
entered commercial business, which he followed
with varying fortunes until 1869. He was then in-
duced to go to Texas to take charge of the Southern
Pacific railroad, which had recently parsed into the
hands of some of his friends. The enterprise pros-
pered under his care in a most remarkable manner,
and was merged into the Texas Paciiic. of which he
was also general superintendent, under the presi-
dency of Col. Thomas A. Scott, of Pennsylvania.
He resigned the position in 1874 in favor of a nephew
of Col. Scott's, leaving over 400 miles of railway,
full}' equipped with all necessary buildings, engines
and rolling stock, together with a large force of well
drilled employes, as the outcome of the forty miles
with which he commenced in 1869. Meantime,
while he still was general superintendent of the
Texas Pacific, his attention had been attracted to
certain peculiarities of the charcoal pig-iron made
from the native brown hematite ores so liberally dis-
tributed over the northeastern couniies of Texas.
The strength and chilling tendency of this iron were so
unusual that he was strongly impressed with its adapt-
ability for car wheels, and, after his resignation, he
founded the manufacturing enterprise, which he has
continued from 1880 until the present time (1899).
The wheels made by the Dicksons (father and sons)
have gained a national reputation in every way,
and occupy a rank second to no other cast wheel
made. Mr. Dickson was the pioneer in demonstrat-
ing the now recognized superiority of Texas iron for
this purpose, and has created an immense source of
future profit for his state. The capital stock of the
Dickson Car Wheel Co., of Houston, Tex., is owned
exclusively by himself and the members of his own
household. It is the largest and most successful
iron-working institution in Texas, and has a capacity
for casting 50,000 wheels per annum, besides a large
tonnage of general castings and machinery. On
Sept. 6, 1855, he was married to Louise Owsly Mc-
I>nugall, of Louisville, Ky. Her father, a native of
Glasgow, Scotland, was one of the firm of Glover,
McDougall it Co., the well-known founders and
engine-builders of Louisville, and was thoroughly
identified with every movement tending to the moral
and intellectual development of his adopted city.
Universally respected and beloved, his death by
accident, in 1848, shocked and grieved his townsmen
as no other death had ever done. Her mother,
Iluldah Cawthon, was a woman of most lovely dis-
position and character, far above the average of her
sex; she was born in Virginia, and died in Louis-
ville, Ky., in 1864, universally regretted. Their
daughter partakes largely of the best elements of
character peculiar to each of her parents, and has
proved herself a model wife and mother. Mr. Dick-
sou, with his wife and the ancestors of both as far
back as known, were and are members of the Scotch
Presbyterian church. A large family of children
have been born to them, but of these only four sur-
vive: Henry Havelock, George Moseby, Sarah Belle
and John Fenwick, Jr., five others having died in
infancy, and William Lachlan and Marshall Mar in
early manhood.
SCOTT, John Zachary Holladay, lawyer,
was born at Belair, Spottsylvauia CO., Va., March
14, 1843, sou of James McClure and Sarah Travers
(Lewis) Scott. His paternal ancestors were Scotch-
Irish, and his maternal, English and Welsh. One
of his great-grandfathers, Zachary Lewis (third of
the name), was a colonel in the Continental army;
another, Waddy Thomson, was a captain in the
same service. Mr. Scott pursued a classical course
through preparatory schools of high grade, and he
entered the University of Vir-
ginia in 1860 ; but his studies
were interrupted by the out-
break of the civil war, and in
June, 1861, he left the uni-
versity to enter the Confeder-
ate army, enlisting, originally,
in the cavalry of Wise's legion,
and serving in Western Vir-
ginia, under Wise, Floyd and
Lee. During the campaign of
that year he participated in
all the cavalry operations and
in frequent but unimportant
engagements. In the early
spring of 1862 his command
was sent to reinforce Ma-
gruder, then confronting Mc-
Clellan on the peninsula, and
was there organized into the
10th Virginia regiment of cav-
alry, Scott belonging to com-
pany F. As part of the rear
guard, it was in close and con-
stant contact with the enemy
on Johnston's retreat from Yorktown, and was
sharply engaged in the battle of '"illiamsburgh.
Within a few days thereafter Mr. Scott was pros-
trated with typhoid fever, and disabled from taking
part in the seven-days' battles around Richmond. In
August he rejoined 'his command, then permanently
incorporated with the cavalry of the army of northern
Virginia, and, with the exception of some months
spent at Point Lookout, Md., as a prisoner of war,
took part in all its operations until a few days before
the surrender at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. He was
included in Johnston's capitulation at Goldsboro,
April 26, 1865, but in the hope that the struggle for
independence might be prolonged west of the Mis-
sissippi, he went there, only to find that military de-
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
517
partment also surrendered. lie then set out for
Sdexico, with the purpose of engaging with the
French forces against anticipated imeiicrcnoe from
tin- 1'nited States; but till prospects of such a colli-
sion disappeared, and in October, 181)5, lie loealed al
Gahoston, Tex., where be has since resided. He
first worked as clerk in several cotton commission
bouses, devoting liis spare time to the study of law,
and oil Jan. 12, 1869, was admitted to the bar.
Thereafter he practiced alone until March, 1873,
when be entered into a partnership, under the style
of Flournoy, Sherwood & Scott, lie is now (ISU'.H
the senior member of the law linn of Scott ifc Levi.
Mr. Scott was married, at Galvestnn, Tex., Dec. is.
1873, to Lucy Prentiss, daughter of Richard Brooke
and Helen (Prentiss) Doswell. Of their eight chil-
dren .six still survive.
BELL, Alexander Melville, educator, was
born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 1, 1SP.», son of
Alexander Hell, a prominent instructor in elocution
in London, and author of
several well known lext-
books, plays and poems.
The son was largely edu-
cated at home, attending
school at Dundee for a
, lime. In 1842 lie an
/ Dounced the formulation of
• a new theory of articula-
tion and vocal expression.
1 Although his father did
/ not endorse all his conclu-
sions, h 'corded them
a i:eneral approval. Mr.
Bell taught classes iii con-
nection witbtbeuniversity,
and also with I lie new
college at Edinburgh
(1843-65), when the death
of his father called him
to London. In 1868 Prof. Bell gave his first course
of lectures in the United Slates before the Lowell
Institute, Boston, Mass. At that time he held t he ap-
pointment of lecturer on elocution in University
College, London. In 1870 he returned to the United
States by invitation from the Lowell Institute and
delivered a course of twelve lectures, and in the fol-
lowing year bad the honor of supplementing this by
a third course. Prof. Bell in 1870 took up bis resi-
dence a I Tut el. i HcighK Brant ford. Ontario, Canada,
and held the professorship of elocution in Queen's
College. Kingston; also giving courses of lectures in
Montreal. Toronto, London and other Canadian
cities. He officiated as a member of the board of
instruction in the school of vocal physiology, estab-
lished in Boston by bis distinguished sou, Dr. Alex-
ander Graham Bell. In 1881 Prof. Bell permanently
located in Washington, D. C., and engaged in liter-
ary work. He has justly been designated the " Nestor
of elocutionary science," and the profession have fre-
quently sought from him personal advice. His
numerous publications treating of elocution, vocal
physiology, and defects in speech, dating from ls-15
to 1898; also on phonetics and visible speech, 1866 to
1898, and on phonetic shorthand writing, 1852 to
1857, are accepted authorities on these subjects. In
1885 Prof. Bell was elected a fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, and is
an active member of the Modern Language Associa-
tion, and of various scientific and educational organi-
zations in the United States. He also holds a fel-
lowship in the Educational Institute in Scotland
and in the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.
CAMPBELL, Bartley, dramatist, was born in
Allegheny City, Pa., Aug. 12, 1843. He entered a
lay, produced
a long and
and " How
Eneland
Pittsburgh law office as a student at the age of
thirteen, but his tastes lay in other directions, and in
is.'is I,,, became a reporter on the stall' of the Pitts-
burgh "Leader." He founded the Pittsburgh "Mail"
in IsiiS, and the following year removed to New Or-
leans, La., where be was editor for a lime of the
'Southern Magazine." In INTO he was the official
reporter of the Louisiana house of representatives.
He became a writer of plays in Is71, and " Through
Fire,' his first play, was acled for four weeks.
"Peril," a comedy, was produced in 1*72, and was
followed by "Pate," " Risks," "Van, the Vir-
ginian," "Gran L'ale " and "On the Rhine," all of
w hich were more or less successful. " The Big Bo-
nan/a," adapted from a German pi
in San Francisco, in 1S75, enjoyed
profitable run. " Heroine in Rags
Women Love" were brought out
in 1S76. "Clio" was written in ls;s. and "Fair-
lax in 1879. In "M\ I'ariner," produced in the
year last named, Mr. Campbell aebie\cd his most
memorable success. It ran for many weeks in Xew
York city, was exceedingly popular wherever pro-
duced, and made the fame of the plavers who per-
sonated the leading characters. ( liber plays written
b\ Mr. Campbell are : " The Galley Slave " (1879) ;
"Matrimony" (1880); "The White slave," -My
Gcraldinc " and " Pai-quita." lie was for a time the
manager of the Fourteenth street Theatre in New
York city, but became inline in ISSd. His pla\ a are
strong but crude, and lack finish and repose'. He
was a man of genial disposition and generous im-
pulses. Iledied in the insane asylum al Middlclowu,
X. Y., July 30, L888
CURTIS, Edward, physician, was born in
Providence, R. I., June 4, |s';;s, son of George Cur-
Ms, a banker, and at one time a niemberof the Rhode
Island legislature, of which body
he was three times chosen speaker.
The family's first American ances-
tor was Henry Curtis (or "Cul-
iri.s. " as then spelled), who emi-
grated from London, England, to
\Valerlown. Mass., in 1635. His
son, Ephraim, was the first settler of
the city of Worcester, Mass., and
as lieutenant did gallant service in
the Brookfield fight, Aug. 2, 1675, in
King Philip's war. On the mater-
nal side Edward Curtis is directly
descended from Samuel Willard,
seventh president (vice-president)
of Harvard College. Two of his
maternal ancestors were physicians,
and a third, Ensign Stephen Paine,
served in the revolutionary war.
Young Curtis received his colle-
giate education at Harvard, and was
graduated in 1859. His medical studies were begun
during the following year in New York city at the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, and were completed
at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he ob-
tained his degree in 1864. While still a student, in
1861, he first practiced his profession as a medical ca-
det of the U. S. army. After graduation he pur-
sued his career as assistant surgeon until his resigna-
tion from the army in 1870. during which time he
served in hospitals in Georgetown, D. C., in West
Philadelphia, and in the field with the army of the Po-
tomac, and in the Shenandoah valley. In 1870 Dr.
Curtis established himself in New York city. Heisan
honorary member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society
(Harvard) and of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, and a member of the Military Or-
der of the Loyal Legion of the United States; the New
York Society of the Sous of the Revolution, and the
New York County Medical Society. From 1873 to
518
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
1886 he was professor of materia medica and thera-
peutics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons
in the city of New York ; from 1870 to 1876 he was
on the surgical staff of the New York Eye and Ear
Infirmary ; was honorary microscopist of the board
of health, of New York city, from 1874 to 1893;
and since 1876 has been one of the medical directors
of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the
United States. Among his contributions to medical
literature are: "Catalogue of the Microscopical Sec-
tion, U. S. Army Medical Museum " (1867); "Man-
ual of General Medicinal Technology" (1883); " Re-
port of Pathology of Diphtheria to Board of
Health" (1878); with various articles on materia
medica, in cyclopaedias and hand-books of the medi-
cal sciences. On Nov. 16, 1864, Dr. Curtis was mar-
ried, at Chester, Pa., to Augusta Lawler, daughter
of Davis Bevan Stacey and Sara Van Dycke, and
great-granddaughter of Capt. Davis Bevan, who
served with distinction in the revolutionary war.
CHURCH, Samuel Harden, author and his-
torian, was born in Caldwell county, Mo., Jan. 24,
1858, second son of William and Emily (Scott)
Church. Both parents were of Scotch descent; his
father, a farmer and manufacturer, and afterwards
treasurer of the Pittsburgh and Oakland Street Rail-
way Co. ; his mother, a daughter of Walter Scott,
a kinsman of the novelist,
who emigrated from Scot-
land to Pennsylvania in
1819. Representatives of
the Church family removed
from Scotland to Ireland
in the seventeenth century,
anil thence, in 1798, Dr.
William Church, nephew
of Sir William Church, the
head of the family, emigrated
to Lancaster county, Pa.
His father having died in
1863, Samuel H. Church
and his brother were obliged
to find employment as soon
as they were old enough
to be useful. He, how-
ever, was able to resume his
studies after his thirteenth
year at the preparatory
school of Bethany College in West Virginia, and
there for two years profited by the companionship
and intellectual influence of Pres. Pendleton, to
whom he attributes the passion for study which he
there developed. He continued to he an ardent
student of history and literature after leaving col-
lege, and while following various callings began to
write for publications. First engaged in mercantile
pursuits in Pittsburgh, he later was clerk of the
general solicitor of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. for
four years, and afterwards of its general superin-
tendent. He remained in the employ of various
officials of the company, residing alternately at Pitts-
burgh and Columbus, until he became superintendent
of transportation in Columbus, and, later, secretary
ic Pittsburgh. While living in Columbus, he was
aide-de-camp on the military staff of Gov. Hoadly,
with the rank of colonel. Meanwhile, after numer-
ous lesser writings had appeared in newspapers and
magazines, heat the ai;v of twenty published his first
novel, "Horatio Plodgers; a Story of To-day." In
a season of industrial strikes he published in the
" Century Magazine" for October, 1886, "A Plan
for Harmony," containing a practical suggestion for
responsible contracts between employers and em-
ployed. On frequent occasions he was called upon
to address audiences, and became noted as an
interesting lecturer— his most popular effort dealing
with "Early English Books and Heroes." Finally,
in 1894, he established his position as one of the first
of American historians, bypublishing his noted work,
"Oliver Cromwell: A History." This was at once
recognized as authoritative. The " Spectator, " re-
viewing it, said: "On the whole it is one of the
safest and one of the most reasonable views of the
great protector ever put forward, and we know of
no study of Cromwell's work and personality which
we can more heartily recommend to those who want
to see Cromwell as he really was." The "Horse
Guard's Gazette " remarked on the excellent
account furnished by Mr. Church of the military
side of Cromwell's career. "He appears, " writes
the critic, "to have neglected no means by
which to arrive at the most complete and ac-
curate account of the various conflicts of the pro-
longed parliamentary war. We doubt whether
a better description, on the whole, of the leading
battles of the civil war has ever been furnished
than in this work. Altogether the production is
a thoroughly satisfactory piece of literary work.
It will, we predict, hold the field for a long time as
the best complete life of the great protector yet pub-
lished." An immediate effect of the work was to
set on foot an agitation for the erection by the Eng-
lish government of a monument to Cromwell. Mr.
Church had remarked that he had "no monument
in England, nor could have one with the sanction of
the government," whereupon Mr. Herbert Gladstone
informed him of the existence of a private monu-
ment at Manchester; and in August, four mouths
after the appearance of the book, introduced a bill
in parliament to erect a public statue at Westmin-
ster. The hill was, however, defeated by the Irish
vote; Mr. Morley, the home secretary for Ireland,
withdrawing the bill and declaring Cromwell's Irish
campaign" a blunder and a crime." In 1899, on the
300th anniversary of the Protector's birth, the dis-
cussion started by Mr. Church's book culminated in
the erection of a statue in the house of parliament.
Popular celebrations were held throughout England.
In 1895 Mr. Church visited England, and was enter-
tained courteous!)' by the leaders of political, literary
and social circles of the United Kingdom. In his own
country appreciation was shown for his literary
achievement by the honorary degrees Litt.D. and
M.A. being conferred upon him by two universities,
Yale and Pennsylvania. Mr. Church published
in 1897, "John Marmaduke: A Romance of the
English Invasion of Ireland in 1649." This work
passed through eight editions in the first year and
has been most favorably reviewed. His next im-
portant work was " Beowulf," an epic poem in heroic
style.' Inl896 he delivered an address as spokesman
of a body of railroad employes to Mr. McKiuley on
the threatened danger of free silver coinage, and this
the president-elect sent to the press for publication.
Mr. Church is a trustee of the Carnegie Institute,
Pittsburgh, Pa. He was married, in 1898, to Bertha
Jean, daughter of James McII. Reinhart, of Pitts-
burgh, Pa"
TERRY, Benjamin, educator, was born at St.
Paul, Minn., April 9, 1857, son of John Carlos and
Emily (Wakefield) Terry. The Terrys, it is said,
are of old crusader stock. The American family
descends from three brothers who came from Lon-
don in 1635 and settled in Springfield, Mass., and at
Southold, L. I. Their descendants were prominent
during earlier colonial times and through the revolu-
tion. When the Northwest Territory was opened
several of the name moved into Ohio and located at the
present site of Cincinnati, and in 1849 three brothers
went from Ohio and settled in the newly-organized
territory of Minnesota. The eldest of these, John
Carlos, who had followed the army of Taylor through
the campaign in northern Mexico as a newspaper
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
519
correspondent, lie^an in St. Paul the publication of
"The Miunesotian," one of the first newspapers of
the state, which has since developed into " The
Pioneer Press, " to-day perhaps the best known paper
in the Northwest. The second brother, Elijah, was
a clergyman and missionary to the Indians for tlu
American Baptist Home Mission Society at Pembina,
where lie was murdered. The third brother, Benja-
min, volunteered in the civil war, and accompanied
his regiment, the 6th Minnesota, to the frontier to
suppress the Sioux rising; of 1803, being there killed.
Mrs. Emily Wakefield Terry was the daughter of
Hon. John A. Wakefield, who bore a part in the
founding of three of the great western common-
wealths— Illinois, Minnesota and Kansas. He began
his career as a civil engineer,
and some of the principal
towns of Illinois were laid
out and named by him. Ho
served in the Black Hawk
war, of which he has left,
perhaps, the only history.
He was a member of the
party sent by the government
to the relief of Fort Dearborn,
arriving too late to avert the
massacre. In Minnesota he
was one of the first justices of
the territory, and in Kansas
was a fearless leader of the
Free-soil party, taking an ac-
tive part in wresting the terri-
tory from the hands of the slave
power. He was for several
terms a member of the state
legislature, and at one time a
prominent candidate for the
U. S. senate. Judge Wake-
field was one of those energetic, unconquerable
spirits peculiar to the West — intensely patriotic, and
inspired by a profound faith in the future greatness
of his country. The grandson, named from the sol-
dier uncle, began his education in the public schools
of St. Paul. In 1874 he was graduated at the St.
Paul high school, and in the fall entered the fresh-
man class of Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y.
After his graduation, in 1878, he entered the divinity
school of the university. The year 1879-80 he spent
at the Rochester Theological Seminary; but, return-
ing to Hamilton the following autumn, was gradu-
ated with his old class in 1881. On Aug. 31, 1881,
he was ordained to the ministry at Perry, N. Y., and
regularly installed as pastor of the First Baptist
Church. At the end of two years he was called to
a larger and more important church at Fairport,
N. Y., and in the winter of 1885 succeeded Prof. J.
J. Lewis, deceased, as professor of history and
literature at Colgate University, his election being
based solely upon his college record. Although
without experience as a teacher, he promptly ac-
cepted, and set about preparing himself for the
duties of his new position. He sought first to know
what teachers in other universities were doing, and
to reorganize his department upon the best ideals.
Then, fully accepting the maxim that the best way
to learn is to teach, he boldly added to the courses
in history, Bourses in Roman, constitutional and in-
ternational law, besides Anglo-Saxon and English
literature. After six years at Colgate he obtained
leave of absence of a year and a' half, which he
spent in study at Freiburg and GiJttingeu, and in
the spring of 1892 received the degree of Ph.D. from
the former institution. While Prof. Terry was
abroad the new University of Chicago began to take
definite form in the minds of its projectors, and when
the first sessions opened, in the fall of 1892, Prof.
Terry was installed as a member of the historical
faculty. In 1894 he was made dean of the senior
colleges, which position he still holds, in addition to
his duties as professor of rnediseval and English his-
tory. During the seven years of service at Chicago
he has been much in demand in the West as a lec-
turer and writer upon educational and historical
subjects. Prof. Terry was married, in Troy, N. Y.,
June 1, 1881, to Mary, daughter of Dr. George C.
Baldwin, for forty-one years the eminent pastor of
the First Baptist Church of that city, a first cousin
of Vice-Pres. Schuyler Colfax and a direct descen-
dant of Col. Colfax and Gen. Schuyler, of revolu-
tionary fame. Prof, and Mrs. Terry have three
children.
MALONE, Sylvester, R. C. priest, was bora
at Trim, Ireland, May 8, 1821. His father was
a respectable country merchant and his mother was
a woman of remarkable force of character, who
lived to the age of ninety-four years. One of his
brothers became an engineer in his native town, and
another a well-known physician in Brooklyn, N. Y.
At an early age Sylvester entered an academy pre-
sided over by Mathew Carroll, an ex-fellow of
Trinity College, Dublin. When in 1838 Rev. An-
drew Byrne, afterwards bishop of Little Rock, Ark.,
went to Ireland to seek aspirants for the priesthood
to labor in the American mission, young Sylvester,
then under seventeen years of age, accepted the in-
vitation and sailed with him for Philadelphia. From
there he went to New York and was introduced to
Bishop Hughes, who sent him to the temporary sem-
inary at Le Fargeville, which was removed, in 1840,
to Fordham, N. Y. He was ordained priest in 1844,
by the late Cardinal McCloskey, at the first ordina-
tion ever held by that prelate, and was immediately
sent on a mission to Williamsburg, where he labored
for two years to clear off a heavy debt from the lit-
tle wooden chapel where he ministered. This done,
he set about erecting a new church, and after much
trouble and many trials the corner-stone of St. Peter
and St. Paul's was laid on May
11, 1847, by Bishop Hughes.
A year later he dedicated the
building which was the first
church in the Gothic style
erected by the Roman Catholics
in New York state. In 1849
Father Malone met with a
series of misfortunes sufficient
to crush the strongest heart. He
was prostrated by cholera, then
by ship fever; after wards a fire
bereft him of house, home,
books and all his earthly pos-
sessions; yet in 1854 he could
point to the fact that, during
the ten years he had passed with
his flock, he had paid off the
debt on the old church, built a
new one, erected a handsome
parochial residence, a paro-
chial school, the Academy of
St. Joseph, and established a church library and
literary association for the benefit of his young men.
He then went to Rome, invited together with the
American Catholic bishops, by Pope Pius IX. to
celebrate the proclamation of the dogma of the Im-
maculate Conception. During the civil war Father
Malone was an enthusiastic worker in the Federal
cause and at its close made a tour of the South. In
1881 he was obliged to seek a change of air and
scene on account of the condition of his health. He
went to England and traveled over continental
Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land. In 1894, his
jubilee year, he was chosen by the legislature a re-
gent of the University of the State of New York.
He is still engaged in religious and charitable work.
520
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
BURKETT John William Newton, banker
and editor, was born in Woodruff county. Ark.,
Jan. 26, 1854, son of Madison and Emily (Welch)
Burkett, both of Tennessee. He was educated in
the public schools of Arkansas, and at the South-
western Baptist University, where he was graduated
with ttrst honors in 187.8. He began the study of
law under Judge Howell E. Jackson, but his health
not permitting its continuance, he engaged in com-
mercial pursuits, only to be obliged" to relinquish
them also. In 1891 he assisted in organizing the
Jackson Banking Co., of which he has since served
as president. In 1895 he began his connection with
the "Daily and Weekly Sun," soon afterwards be-
coming proprietor and editor, and under him this
newspaper lias risen to con-
siderable importance, and
become an influential fac-
tor in the state. He sold
out in the autumn of 1898,
and took charge of the
Jackson "Dispatch," a
weekly paper of great in-
fluence, and is now edi-
tor and publisher. In 1896
Mr. Burkett was a dele-
gate to the Democratic na-
tional convention at Chi-
cago, and has served as
chairman of the Demo-
cratic congressional execu-
tive committee; as treasurer
of the city of Jackson ;
president for several years
of the board of trade un-
der the influence of which Jackson grew from a
village to a oily of 16,000 inhabitants; and has been
identified with all local, educational and financial
enterprises. He is an active member of the Southern
Methodist Church and a Mason in high standing.
For one year he was first vice-president of the Ten-
nessee Press Association, and was chosen its presi-
dent in June, 1898. In the same year he was tem-
porary chairman of the state Democratic conven-
tion at Chattanooga. In 1879 Mr. Burkett was mar-
ried to Callie W., daughter of John Bobbins, of
Chester county, Tenu. They have three children.
HOWE, James Lewis, chemist, was born in
Newburyport, Ma*-;., Aug. 4, 1859, son of Francis
A. and Mary Frances (Lewis) Howe. His parents
were both natives of Pepperell, Mass., his father
being a prominent physician of Newburyport and
his mother a daughter of James Lewis, a lawyer by
profession. His ancestors on both sides were of
Puritan extraction, and settled in Massachusetts
early in the seventeenth century. Several of them
participated in colonial wars and in the revolution.
Having been educated in the common and high
schools of his native town, he was graduated at
Amherst College in 1880. Then going abroad, he
spent two years in scientific stud}' at the universities
of Berlin and Giittingen. devoting special attention
to chemistry under Wiililer, Iluebner, Liebermanu
and Liebreich, and was graduated Ph.D. at Gottin-
gen in 1882. Returning to America, he taught for
one year at Brooks Military Aradrmy. Cleveland,
O., and then became professor of chemistry at the
Central University of Kentucky. Richmond, Ky. In
1886 he received the honorary degree of M.D. from
the Hospital College of Medicine of Louisville, of
which he was dean and professor of chemistry for
seven years (1887-94), through the same period' also
filling the position of scientist to the Polytechnic
Society^ of Kentucky. During his residence in
Louisville he delivered courses of lectures each win-
ter, under the auspices of the Polytechnic Society,
on scientific subjects and of a popular character,
illustrated by experiments, stereoptican views and
selected specimens. Since 1894 he has been profes-
sor of chemistry at Washington and Lee University,
Lexington, Va. Prof. Howe has contributed
numerous papers to the "American Chemical
Journal," "Journal of the American Chemical
Society," "Science" and other scientific and religious
periodicals. He is also author of " Bibliography of
the Metals of the Platinum Group " (1897), published
by the Smithsonian Institution, and co-author with
Prof. F. P. Venable of "Inorganic Chemistry Accord-
ing to the Periodic Law" (1898). He is a member
of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, in which he has been secretary of the
chemical section, secretary of the council and general
secretary; a member of the American Chemical
Society; of the Chemical Society of London, and of
the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft of Berlin. On
Dec. 27, 1883, he was married to Henrietta L. Mar-
vine, of Scranton, Pa. They have three children.
LAZARUS, Henry Lawrence, jurist, was
born at Syracuse, Ouandaga co. , N. Y., July 6,
1853, son of Henry Lawrence anil Annie (Isaac)
Lazarus, of English descent. In 1868 he went to
New Orleans with his mother, but very soon re-
turned to New York state, where he spent three
years in study. In 1871 he again moved to New
Orleans, and after completing a course of study in
the State University he was admitted to the bar of
Louisiana. Being under the legal age limit required
for admission to practice, he was granted a diploma
from the state supreme court, upon his own petition,
after passing a remarkably creditable examination,
May 6, 1873. He began practice at once, and the
next year became associated with James B. Eustis,
and later with Judge Henry B. Kelley. In March,
1880, Mr. Lazarus was appointed by Gov. Wiltz one
of five judges of the civil dis-
trict court of the parish of
Orleans for a period of four
years. With his accession
to the bench Judge Lazarus
entered upon a period of
political and race persecu-
tion directed against him
which culminated, seven
years later.in his resignation,
after his removal and reap-
pointment by Gov. Mi'Kn-
nery. He immediately re-
sumed the practice of his pro-
fession in New Orleans,
which included a part of
all important litigations of
Louisiana. He made the case
of the state ex rel Lucas C.
Moore rs. New Orleans, in-
volving the validity of the
premium bonds of the city,
and won it. His greatest pro
fessional triumph, however, was the adjustment of
the estates of Steele and Walker, of St. Joseph, Mo.,
involving millions of dollars. Judge Lazarus has
never sought political preferment, though in 1878 he
w:i* a standing master in chancery of the U. S. cir-
cuit court, appointed by Judge Woods, and in 1880
was made reporter of the same court, and assisted
Judge Wood in compiling volume No. IV. of Wood's
"Reports." Being then appointed to the state
supreme court, he gave up that work. He devotes
himself to general practice, except criminal busi-
ness, and enjoys the patronage of the largest com-
mercial institutions of the South. He was married
in New Orleans, June 16, 1875, to Sallie Ella,
daughter of Solomon Phiueas and Emma (Solomau)
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
521
Solomau, who comes of a distinguished South Caro-
lina family. Their children are: Virginia Gleaves,
Henry Lawrence, Ellen Spencer, Edgar Farrar,
Alice Dale and Stanley Mathews. Judge Lazarus
owns the largest law library iu Louisiana, public or
privalr, and a very large private library. His hospi-
tality is unbounded, aind his charities extend to all
creeds and all conditions.
AYEB, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, was born
at Kingston, Rockingham co., N. H., April 22,
1825, sou of Robert and Louisa (Sanhorn) Ayer.
Through his father lie descends from John Ayer, of
Norfolk, England, who settled at llaverhill, Mass.,
in 1645; and through his mother, from Rev. Stephen
Batchelder, who emigrated 1mm
Hampshire, England, in 10152,
and became first minister at.
Hampton, N. II., in 1<>:!8. J'.en-
jamin F. Ayer was educated at
the Albany Academ>y, Albany,
N. Y., and entering Dartmouth
College, was graduated in 1840.
He then studied law in the
Harvard Law School, and in
1869 began practice at Manches-
ter, N. H., steadily building up
a profitable practice and attain-
ing wide reputation. In !*.">:!
he was elected to the state
legislature.and then served three
years (1854-57) as prosecuting at-
torney for Hillsborough county.
He located in Chicago in 1857,
and in 1801 was appointed
corporation counsel to the city. This office he held
four years, during which he drafted the revised
charter of 1803. Soon after the close of his term he
helped organize the firm of Beckwith. Ayer &
Kayles, which in 1873 became Ayer & Kay Irs,
and continued in general practice until 1876, when
he was offered and accepted the position of general
solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad Co. In the
following year he was made a director of the com-
pany, and on Jan. 1, 1890, became its general coun-
sel. During his forty years' residence in Chicago he
has attained an unusual eminence at the bar on ac-
count of his perfect mastery of legal principles and
his success in railroad and corporation law. His
official relations to the Illinois Central have brought
him prominently forward in several historic suits,
such as the famous one over the title to the lake
front and reclaimed ground occupied by his clients;
another, involving the right of the Chicago, Burling-
ton and Northern to condemn eighteen miles of the
Illinois Central's right of way between Galena and
East Dubuque; and a third, to test the right of the
Baltimore and Ohio to retain station grounds iu the
Illinois Central's yard. In those cases, and many
others, Mr. Ayer's practical grasp of the situation
involved and eminent fitness as an advocate proved
of great advantage to his clients. His unremitting
industry, perfect integrity and extraordinary perspi-
cuity of statement have won him the confidence of
the entire bench and a wide reputation as one
of the ablest lawyers at the Chicago bar. In 1878
he received the degree of LL.D. from Dartmouth
College. He is a member of the American Bar Asso-
ciation, vice-president for Illinois in 1875 ; of the
Chicago Bar Association, and president in 1875; a
founder of the Sons of New Hampshire, and president
in 1889-91, and since 1879 president of the Western
Railroad Association. He is also a member of the Chi-
cago Club, the Chicago Literary Club, the Chicago
Historical Society, and Chicago Law Institute. In
1868 he was married to Janet A., daughter of James
C. Hopkins, of Madison, Wis., former U. S. district
judge for the western district of his state. They
have three daughters and one son.
STENSLAND, Paul O., banker, was born at
Sandeid, Stavanger, Norway, May 9, 1847, son of
Ole and Karen Stensland. His father was a farmer,
and the rural homestead on which the boy grew up
is situated in a beautiful region, diversified by deep
fjords that penetrate into the land from the sea. He
attended the schools of his native district, and re-
ceived such education as they could give, but before
attaining majority, he started out in life as a sailor
boy. At the end of a \ear lie ^a\e up the sea, and
an ( pied employment with an English house at
Bombay, India, as a selector and buyer of cot-
ton. He spent about five years in this occupation,
visiting nearly every part of that vast country, and
also traveling in Persia, Arabia and Abyssinia. In
these travels he acquired an extensive knowledge of
the character, clistoms and peculiarities of the in-
habitants of those countries, and continually coming
in contact with the most diverse classes and condi-
tions, gained an experience that has been of the
greatest value in his subsequent career. In 1871 he
returned to Norway, and his parents having died
shortly afterwards, he would have set out for the
Orient again had it not been for the opposition of
his affianced wife. The young couple finally decided
to settle in America, and arrivinu in Chicago a short
time before the great fire, have lived there ever since.
Before many years he had become recognized as
one of the most prominent and influential citizens.
He at once engaged in the dry goods trade, in which
he was very successful, until issr>, when he took up
the real estate and insurance business. Four years
later he opened a private bank, which in 1891 was
incorporated as the Milwaukee Avenue State Bank,
Mr. Stensland becoming president, as he has ever
since continued. The bank has been an important
factor in developing the manufacturing and busi-
ness interests of the northwest part of the city. Mr.
Stensland is also identified
with many other large
and important business in-
terests, in which his en-
ergy, rare judgment and
ability find full scope.
During 1889-94 he was
publisher of "Norden," a
newspaper which has a
large circulation among
the Norwegians of the
West and Northwest. In
1879 he was appointed a
memberof the board of edu-
cation by Mayor Harrison,
and served three terms —
a period of nine years —
being, meantime, chairman
of several important com-
mittees. Laterhewas ap-
pointed to the commission
to revise the city charter
of Chicago. He was one of the most energetic advo-
cates of the Columbian exposition and a member of
its board of managers. Mr. Stensland is a member
of the Lutheran church, and generously active in its
charitable and missionary enterprises. He is a Demo-
crat in politics, although steadily declining all nomi-
nations to elective offices. Generous in his impulses,
he enjoys the high regard of a wide circle of per-
sonal friends and the confidence of all who know
him, and is a member of the Iroquoisand the Union
League clubs, and several Scandinavian social or-
ganizations. He was married in 1871, and has a
daughter and a son, the latter a graduate of Harvard
College, class of 1898.
522
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
COOLEY, Thomas Mclntyre, jurist and pub-
licist, was born at Attica. Wyoming co., N. Y., Jan.
6, 1824, son of Thomas and Rachel (Hubbard)
Cooley. His father, a farmer in moderate circum-
stances, resided in his native state, Massachusetts,
until 1804, then removed to western New York,
where he reared a large family. The original repre-
sentative of the name in America was Benjamin
Cooley, who settled in Massachusetts about lii;)ii.
The early life of Thomas M. Cooley was spent on
his father's farm, and his education was obtained, in
the midst of engrossing home duties, in the common
schools of his native county. Then for four years
(1838-42) he attended private classical schools,
meantime himself teaching during several mouths
of each year to obtain the means for continuing
study. In 1842 he entered on the study of law in
the office of Therou G. Strong, at Palmyra, N. Y. ,
and continuing it after his removal to Adrian, Mich.,
in the following year, was admitted to the bar in
1846. He began practice at Tecumseh, but in 1848
returned to Adrian, where he combined it with the
editorship of a Whig paper, the Adrian "Watch-
tower." For some time he was associated in part-
nership with Fernando C. Beaman, who was (1860-
70) member of congress, and later with Charles M.
Croswell, twice governor of Michigan (1876-80), and
served, meantime, as circuit court commissioner and
village recorder of Adrian. In
1857 he was chosen by the legis-
lature to compile the general
statutes of Michigan — his work
continues monumental of its
kind — and in 1858 was appointed
reporter of the decisions of the
state supreme court, of which he
compiled and published e^ght
volumes. When the law depart-
ment of the University of Michi-
gan was organized, in 1859, he
accepted the Jay professorship of
law, and removing to Ann Ar-
bor, there resided until his death.
In 1864 he was elected a justice
of the supreme court of Michi-
gan, continuing in the office for
twenty-one years, during that
time becoming chief-justice; he
wrote opinions, especially on
constitutional questions, which attracted general at-
tention throughout the country, all of them being
included in Vols. IX.-LVIII. of the Michigan state
reports. Soon after Judge Cooley's accession to the
bench he began the publication of a series of books
on legal subjects, which were produced rapidly dur-
ing the next twelve years. His first was a digest of
the decisions of the Michigan supreme court. This
work was followed, in 1868, by what is probably his
best known book, "The Constitutional Limitations
which Rest upon the Legislative Powers of the
States of the American Union," which rapidlj' passed
through half a dozen editions, and at once gave him
a very high rank among American legal writers. It
was followed, in 1870, by an edition of Blackstone's
Commentaries, with additional chapters on new
amendments; in 1873 by one of Story on the consti-
tution; in 1S76 by "The Law of Taxation," and in
1879 by another on "Torts." He has also published
a short summary of the constitutional law and his-
tory of Michigan, the latter having been written in
1885 for the "American Commonwealth" series
edited by Horace E. Scudder. At this time he was
also acting as an associate editor of " Appleton's
Encyclopedia," and wrote the law articles for the
last edition of that work. He has been a prolific
writer for the reviews and magazines of the day, and
is the author of innumerable shorter articles, mostly
on governmental and occasionally on historical sub-
jects, all of which are of the greatest value. It was
he who originated the phrase, "A public office is a
public trust," which formed the first sentence of the
article written by him for a St. Louis legal journal.
In 1889 he wrote an elaborate introduction to an
illustrated work, "The American Railway," in
which railways and the principles controlling them,
as well as the laws for their regulation, were dis-
cussed. When James Brice entered upon the
preparation for the writing of his great work, " The
American Commonwealth," he placed himself in
communication with Judge Cooley, and the notes in
the completed work show that the reliance placed on
his opinion was very considerable throughout. Dur-
ing 1877-79 he lectured on the constitutional law at
Johns Hopkins University; in 1884, after having
been for some time dean of the law school, he re-
signed the law professorship in Michigan University;
and when, in 1885, Charles Kendall Adams resigned
to accept the presidency of Cornell University, he
succeeded him in the chair of history, which he
occupied for two years folk-wing, delivering several
courses on constitutional and political history.
Meantime, in 1877, he had filled the position of
arbitrator for the associated railroads of Tennessee,
Kentucky and Alabama. In 1882, there being
serious difficulties among the small trunk-line rail-
roads, and also between the Atlantic ports, regard-
ing differential rates made on grain and provisions
from the interior, he was invited, with Allen G.
Thurman and Elihu B. Washburue, to consider an
adjustment. The summer was spent in this labor,
and a report made, which was accepted as satisfac-
tory and final. The underlying principles of rail-
road transportation were well considered in this re-
port, and so presented as to be easily comprehended
by the public. In December, 1885, he was appointed
by Judge Gresham, of the U. 8. circuit court, re-
ceiver of the Wabash railroad system to the east of
the Mississippi, and administered the affairs of the
road until April 1st following. The problem pre-
sented in this connection was one of great difficulty,
involving the operation of a long and complicated
system, both ends of which were under hostile man-
agement. Judge Cooley, however, discharged the
duty with conspicuous success; within three months
completely and effectively organizing every depart-
ment. Then, at the urgent request of Pres. Cleve-
land, he accepted an appointment to the commission
provided for by the Interstate Commerce Law; he was
named first in the commission, and was chosen chair-
man by his associates. In this important position his
course was marked with great patience and fairness
toward the roads as well as toward the public, by a
thorough comprehension of the technical questions of
railroad management, and by a purpose to bring about
an energetic enforcement of the law in all directions.
He held the office until 1891, when ill health necessi-
tated his resignation. The degree of LL.D. was con-
ferred on Judge Cooley by the University of Michigan
in 1873, by Harvard University in 1886, and by Prince-
ton in 1896. In 1895 the law department of the Uni-
versity of Michigan placed a bronze bust of him in the
university law library, that event being the occasion
of an impressive ceremony, at which Hon. William
B. Hornblower, of New York, delivered an oration.
As teacher of law and political science, he lias prob-
ably had a greater number of students under him
than any other college professor in the country, and
their personal regard for him has always been strong
and permanent. Judge Cooley was married, in
December, 1846, to Mary Elizabeth Horton, daugh-
ter of a prominent citizen of Adrian, Mich., and by
her he had six children. He died at his home in
Ann Arbor, Mich., after a protracted illness, Sept.
12, 1898.
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
523
EVANS, Britton Duroc, physician and alienist,
was born at Bridgetown, Caroline co., Md., Am:.
1, 1858, son of Louis Walstein and Lucinda (Boone)
Evans. His paternal ancestry is Welsh, being of
the same family as Christmas Evans (170<5-1*:!*),
the noted Welsh Baptist minister. His grand-
father, Col. Britton Evans, a man of considerable
military attainments, was commissioned lieutenant
of artillery in the war of 1812, and distinguished
himself in several battles; was also in the war with
Mexico and the Florida war, and at the time of his
death was organizing a company of Americans to
assist the Greeks in their struggle against Turkey.
His father was a graduate of two medical schools in
Philadelphia, where he practiced for many years,
and later removing to Maryland, took for his second
wife a direct descendant of Col. Daniel Booue, the
Kentucky pioneer and hero. Britton D. Evans re-
ceived his academic education in his native state, and
was graduated at the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, Baltimore, in 1885. Locating at Millington,
Kent co., Md., he practiced nearly two years, after
which he was appointed on the surgical staff of the
Pennsylvania railroad, and then, without solicitation
on his part, was called to be assistant medical super-
intendent of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane.
After nearly five years' incumbency, he resigned to
accept the superinteudency of
the Maryland Institution for the
Feeble-Minded, but shortly after
was offered the medical director-
ship of the New Jersey State
Hospital, at Morris Plains, N. J.
He entered upon the duties of this
office, which he still holds ( 1899),
on June 1, 1892. and since then
has done a noble work in ele-
vating the standard of efficiency
even in a state which is second to
none in its care for the unfortu-
nate insane. Indeed, no better re-
sult lias been reached in any in-
stitution than that achieved at the
New Jersey State Hospital under
his direction and care. Dr. Evans
has attained a prominent reputa-
tion in several states as an expert
in the medico-legal aspects of in-
sanity, and his thorough knowl-
edge of all phases of the subject makes him an im-
pregnable witness before courts and commissions. His
mind quickly grasps complexities, and he possesses
the rare ability of stating the conditions of mental
competence or'incompetence clearly and concisely to
both court and jury. His contributions to medical
literature on nervous and mental diseases have been
numerous and valuable. His monograph on Keeley-
ism and the Keeley method of treating inebriety,
written at the time this fad was at the height of its
popularity, attained wide notice both in this country
and abroad. He is a member of the Medico- Chirurgi-
cal Faculty of the State of Maryland, one of the
oldest and most prominent medical organizations in
that state; of the American Medical Association; of
the Medical Society of New Jersey; of the Medico-
Legal Society of New York; of the American
Medico- Psychological Association; of the National
Conference of Charities and Corrections; of the Na-
tional Society for the Study of Epilepsy and Insanity;
is ex-president of the Morris County Medical Society,
and an honorary member of the Temperance Reform
League of Boston, a society organized for the scien-
tific study of inebriety. He is a Mason in the Blue
Lodge, Royal Arch and Knights Templars; is a noble
of the Mystic Shrine; a member of the Royal Ar-
canum, and a district deputy grand sachem of the
Improved Order of Red Men. In 1889 Dr. Evans
was married at Wilmington, Del., to Addie Eliza-
beth, daughter of Rev. James R. Dill, a Methodist
minister. They have three daughters and one son.
ROSENBERG, Henry, philanthropist, was
born at Bilten, Glarus Canton, Switzerland, June
22, 1824. His parents were
industrious and pious people
in limited circumstances, al-
though recordsreachingback
over seven hundred years
show that the family is of
noble Roman origin, and orig-
inallyborethename of Ursini
or Orsini. An early ances-
tor, VitillusITrsini, emigrated
from Rome to Corinthia, the
"crown land of the Austrian
empire," in IheyearllSOA.D.,
and founded thecity of Rosen-
berg, Bohemia, where the
family is still resident. Henry
Rosenberg's educational op-
portuui t ies were limited t o 1 1 1 1 •
local schools of the period.
and while still very young
he was apprenticed to learc
the trade of fabric printing,
at which he worked stead-
ily until his eighteenth year.
His employer having noted
then his superior business qualifications, transferred
him to his mercantile establishment at Glarus. There,
shortly after, he made the acquaintance of his em-
ployer's son, John Hesley, then a resident in America,
and at his invitation went to Galveston, Tex., and
entered bis employ in February, 1843. Although at
that time completely ignorant of the English lan-
guage, he studied industriously nights and Sundays,
making such rapid progress and achieving such suc-
cess in his business that at the end of three years he
had bought out his employer's business. During
the thirty years following Mr. Rosenberg continued
in active business, and by reason of his foresight,
economy and integrity, became the foremost mer-
chant in the state. His house, which for years con-
trolled the dry-goods trade of southern Texas, grew
year by year in popular esteem for the faithful ad-
herence to the highest principles of rectitude in all
its dealings. In his business, as in other relations in
life, Mr. Rosenberg exemplified a consistent adher-
ence to Christian principles and precepts. Not con-
tent to be merely a leader of enterprise or an inspira-
tion to duty and right living, he was ambitious to
confer lasting and material benefits upon the city and
state wherein his vast success had been won. This
524
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
aim, quite as much as his tin-less activity of mind,
the outcome of his life, shows to have been the
cause of his intimate and prominent connection witli
such a multitude of important business and public
corporations in the latter years of his life. In 1874
he founded the Rosenberg Bank, which rapidly in-
creased to such proportions as to claim a large por-
tion of his time; and, in addition, was an organizer,
director and president (1875-78) of the Gulf, Colorado
and Santa Fe Railroad Co., during his term ac-
complishing the construction of the first fifty miles
of road ; director, and for three years vice-president,
of the Galveston Wharf Co. Although steadily re-
fusing nominations to public office, he was, in 1871-
72, and again in 1885-87, an active member of the
board of aldermen of the city of Galveston. In his
business methods Mr. Rosenberg was exact and
positive, giving to his expressions of judgment the
force of unquestionable authority and well-digested
experience. Notwithstanding the rapid accumula-
tion of vast sums, which many would have considered
a sufficient occasion for retiring from all business
cares, he never relaxed his activity for a moment
nor the firm requirements of the strictest account-
ability of subordinates for the performance of re-
quired duties; also performing his own allotted tasks
with the same regularity and thoroughness. In his
private life and as a citizen he was a noted example
of the highest type of consistent Christian gentleman,
and for more than thirty years a vestryman in Trinity
and in Grace Protestant Episcopal churches. His
niiinner of living was simple and unostentatious; his
daily walk and occupation yielded no sign of his
extraordinary character and power; to all who met
him he was markedly affable and unreserved, and in
spite of his stupendous business cares and respousi.-
bilities he made it a rule to give attention to the
petitions for advice and personal help directed to him
every day of his life. The needs and perplexities of
present-day civilization were to him a most absorb-
ing study and interest. Everywhere in the city are
to be seen reminders of Mr. Rosenberg's munificent
public spirit in the magnificent monuments erected
for the inculcation of the highest ideals of thought
and action. Perhaps it is not too much to say that
no city in America has been the recipient of so much
well directed philanthropy as Galveston through the
public gifts of this great man. In 1888 he gave the
Rosenberg Free School, erected at a cost of $80,000,
and also assisted m building Eaton Memorial Chapel
city of Galvestou. The bequests to the Protestant
Orphans' Home, $30,000; Grace Church, $80,000;
Woman's Home, $30,000, and the Young Men's
Christian Association, $65,000, were for the erection
of appropriate structures for each respectively, and
which, when completed by Mr. Rosenberg's trustees,
4f*VB '^' -"' ll ; '!•'• *"SF Iflt "^^
kkA^lt^tt*-
of Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church. It was not,
however, until after his death, when the provisions
of his will were made known, that the splendid
generosity of his nature was fully revealed. Nearly
two-thirds of his vast fortune was bequeathed to
educational and charitable purposes, mostly in the
Ml i:wa!l
^^i^nS^te...
were delivered over to the several beneficiaries.
The same rule was observed as to the Heroes' Monu-
ment, for which he left $50,000, and the seventeen
public drinking fountains, erected on another bequest
of $30,000. To his native town in Switzerland,
where previous to his death he had erected a magnifi-
cent church building, he bequeathed the sum of
$80,000 for public charities and improvements. The
city of Galveston was made the residuary legatee of
the estate, the amount realized, about $500,000,
being devoted to the founding and maintenance of a
free circulating library, with annual lecture courses.
In carrying out the provisions of his will his widow
has shown untiring diligence, coupled with an artistic
instinct which has greatly augmented the value of his
beneficences. Probably the most imposing creation
of Mr. Rosenberg's munificence in Galveston is tin-
famous battle monument commemorating Texas'
struggle for independence. It is the work of Louis
Amateis, and consists of a lofty shaft of granite sur-
mounted by a heroic figure, Victory, with extended
arms holding a laurel wreath. Grouped at the base
are figures representing the arts of peace, while the
faces of the die contain bas-reliefs in bronze com-
memorative of the four great battles of the Texan
revolution, and on the base is the inscription:
A Tribute from Henrv Rosenberg
To the Heroes of the Texas Revolution of 1836.
The work is further adorned with medallions of
Sam. Houston and S. F. Austin, and busts of such
other notable heroes as Gov. Henry Smith, Pres.
David G. Burnet. Lamar, Sherman, Travis, Crockett,
Johnson, Bonham, Hoekley, Neill, Rusk. Burleson,
Bowie, Milam, "Deaf Smith, Faunin, Karnes and
De Zavella. This monument is undoubtedly the
most beautiful in the southern states, and very prop-
erly occupies a conspicuous position on the princi-
pal residence street of the city. In view of his
immense work in building up the commercial and
financial interests of the state of Texas, as well as
conferring such inestimable benefits on its benevolent
enterprises, Mr. Rosenberg's name will ever be
cherished among its foremost benefactors. Mean-
time, the noble monuments his munificence erected
will ever remain as reminders of his consistent
Christian character and deep devotion to duty and
principle. Mr. Rosenberg was twice married: first,
in 1851, to Letitia Cooper, a native of the Sheuan-
doah Valley, Va., who died in 1888; second, Nov.
l::, iss'.i. to MollieRaga.il, daughter of Dr. Charles
Margill, of Hagerstown, Md., a descendant of early
*-£,
f
NEW Yd
PUBLIC LIBRARY
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
525
Scotch colonists of Maryland and a surgeon in the
Confederate army. Mr. Rosenberg died May 12,
1893, leaving no children.
SHARPE, Richard, merchant, was born at
Lansham. Rutlandshire, England, April 10, 1813,
son of Richard and Mary (Swiugler) Sharpe. The
family conies from the middle and south of Eng-
land. The name is of Saxon origin, and was origi-
nally spdi ScUarpe. The Langham records bcijin
witli Richard Sharpe, of Langham (1091-1757), who
owned land in "free and copy hold," and from him
ami his wife, Eli/.abeth Williamson (1690-1765), the
line of descent runs through their son, William
(1723-53). and his wife, Rachel Wate (1721-51);
through their son, Richard (1751-85), and his wife,
Sarah Chester i!7."it l*'J:!i. and through their son,
Richard (1781-1836), and his wife, Mary Swingler
( 17*7-1822). In 1826, at the age of thirteen. Richard
Sharpe accon'i allied his father and brother to
America. They landed at Philadelphia, and after-
wards purchased and lived upon a farm in Wyoming
valley. Pa. In 1838 he removed to Summit! Hill,
Carbon co. . where he entered upon his active career
as one of the pioneers in the anthracite coal trade.
He formed a partnership in 1845 with Ira Court-
right, George liellonl and John Lcisenrinn-, the linn
being later augmented by the accession of Francis
Weiss, and ill 1*54, on the withdrawal of Mr. duo I
right, by Asa Foster. Their first field of enterprise
was in lower Lu/enic county, on the
lands leased from the Tench Co\e
estate, and here they opened the
Council Ridge colliery and founded
the village of Fillmore (now Eek-
ley). Mr. Sharpe became an author-
ity on almost all matters connected
uiih the business, and his opinion
was universally respected. The way
to substantial and enduring success
\\.as followed along the line laid out.
" by his consistent exercise of justice
and generosity toward all with whom
he had dealings, and he enjoyed the
high regard and confidence of all
classes. He was president of the
Alden C'oal Co.; president of the
Wyoming Valley Manufacturing
Co.. and director of the Vulcan
Iron Works; director of the First National Bank of
Wilkes-Barre, and a life member of the Wyoming
Valley Geological ami Historical Society. He was
vice-presidi m of the Wilkes-Barre City Hospital; a
trustee of the Home for Friendless Children, and a
fmerous contributor to hor.-.e and foreign missions.
or many years he was senior warden of St. Stephen's
Protestant Episcopal Church. Mr. Sharpe 's life was
an interesting record of early struggles, of unselfish-
ness and of later triumphs, and as has been well
said, he was a "rare type of Christian gentleman of
refined tastes and feelings." He was married, in
1847, to Sally, daughter of Thomas Patterson, a
native of Dublin, Ireland, and his wife, Mary Deui-
son, daughter of Col. Nathan Denisou,- who was
prominent in the early history of Wyoming valley,
and one of the commanders "in the "battle of Wyo-
ming, July 3, 1773. His wife survived him with
four daughters and one son, Richard Sharpe, Jr.
Mr. Sharpe died at his residence in Wilkes-Barre,
April 31, 1895.
LADD, George Dutton, physician, was born in
Woodstock, Vt., Oct. 7, 1850, son of Edwin O. and
Sarah A. iCrandall) Ladd, and a descendant in the
seventh generation of David Ladd, who settled
in Massachusetts Bay colony in 1633. He was
educated in the public schools of Milwaukee,
Wis., and at the Markham Academy (now the Mil-
waukee Academy). In 1871 he began the study of
medicine in the office of Dr. Moses Barrett, and in
I*;, entered the office of Drs. AVolcott and Marks,
lie was graduated at the Rush Medical College in
1875, and returning to Milwaukee, entered the office
of his former preceptor, Dr. Marks, as assistant,
later being his partner until 1896. He has given
special attention to the practice of surgery, and has
been remarkably successful in I his and in consultation
work. Dr. Ladd is surgeon to
St. Mary's Hospital, and for
many years has been one of the
surgical staff of the Chicago,
Milwaukee and St. Paul railwa\.
since the organization of the
board of police and fire commis-
sioners of the city of Milwaukee,
Dr. Ladd has been medical ex-
aminer, being also surgeon for the
police and fire departments. lie
is a member of the Stale Medi-
cal Society of Wisconsin, of
which organization he was presi-
dent in 1891; of the American
Medical Association; the 1 Irani
anl Medical Society, and the
Milwaukee Medical SocioH.
He has been a conl ribulor of
numerous articles to medical
literature. Upon the call for volunteers for the
Spanish- American war, Dr. Ladd \\as appointed one
of the board of United Stales surgeons t'nr the sialc
ol Wisconsin, upon the nomination of Gov. Scolield.
lie spent the summer of 18SI8 in European travel
and study in the hospitals of London and Paris, and
i In- a 1 1 ic \ car was chosen president of the Wisconsin
Humane Society, of which he had for man \ M a rs been
a director. He has been at different times identified
\\ ilh many of the institutions of the city. Dr. Ladd
was married, Nov. 10, 1885, to Annette Ashley
Dutcher, who died in 1892, leaving one daughter.
HARRIOT, Samuel Carman, capitalist, was
born ill Xew York city. Aug. HI, I *(>:!, son of Sam-
uel Carman and Martha Cro/.ier (Dawes) Harriot.
He is a lineal descendant of a brother of the noted
George Heriot, of Edinburgh, Scotland, who was the
founder (1628) of Heriot's Hospital (to the memory
of his wife, Alison Primrose, of the family of the
earl of Rosebery) for the educa-
tion of children of Edinburgh
citizens. This ancestor was a
courtier of the reign of James I.,
and is one of the characters in
Scott's "Fortunes of Nigel."
Members of the Heriot family
were among the founders of the
West Jersey colony. The el-
der Samuel Carman Harriot was
born at Woodbridge, N. J., and
\\as tor more than thirty years
president of the Greenwich Fire
Insurance Co., of New York
city, and director in one or more
banks and other financial insti-
tutions. The maternal great-
itreat- grandmother of Mr. Harriot
was Elizabeth Guy. Rumfonl
Dawes, a prominent shipping
merchant of Philadelphia, was
his great-grandfather on his mother's side. Mr. Har«
riot was educated in Paris, France, and by tutors,
and is versed in literature, art and music. He has
traveled extensively, having been presented at most
of the European courts and was honored by a special
invitation to the ball given in London to Crown
Prince Rudolf, of Austria, during the Queen's jubilee.
His real and personal estate occupies much of his
526
THE NATIONAL CYCLOPAEDIA
: ,
time. Mr. Harriot declined the Republican nomina-
tion to congress from his district, but permitted his
name to be used by many prominent and influential
citizens who petitioned Pres. McKinley to appoint
him one of the commissioners to the Paris exposition
of 1900. He is a member of the City Club, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, St. Andrew's Society
and the Sous of the Revolution. His philanthropy
is extensive and unostentatious. Mr. Harriot is un-
married and lives with his mother and sister iu New
York city.
HALL, Darwin Scott, legislator, was born
at Wheatlaud, Kenosha co., Wis., Jan. 23, 1844,
son of Erasmus Darwin and Mary Ann (Car-
son) Hall. His father, a native of Vermont, was the
son of Reuben Hall, a prominent physician; his
mother, daughter of William Carson, a soldier in the
war of 1812,"was a native of Geuesee, N. Y. At an
early age he was thrown upon his own resources,
and worked on farms, in lumber camps and on rafts
of lumber near Grand Rapids, Wis. , attending
school at every opportunity. Aside from public
schools, he received instruction at the Elgin (Illinois)
and Markham (Milwaukee) academies. After serv-
ing in the Federal army in company K,42d Wiscon-
sin volunteer infantry, and being honorably dis-
charged at the close of the war, he, in 1866, settled
in Renville county, Minn.,
where he took up 320 acres of
government laud and went to
farming on his own account,
giving particular attention to
stock raising. In 1869-72 he
served as county auditor, and
by his honest dealings with all
men and hiscourtesy as a public
officer he found such favor that
he remained in public lifealmost
continuously. In 1873-77 he was
i 'li-rk of the district court, mean-
time (1876) being elected to the
state legislature, and founding
the Renville "Times," which
he edited for several years. In
1878 Mr. Hall was appointed
register of the U. S. land office
at Benson, Minn., by Pres.
Hayes, and four years later
was re-appointed by Pres. Ar-
thur. In 1886 he was removed
from office by Pres. Cleveland, but was elected
almost unanimously to the state senate, and served
as chairman of the railroad and other committees.
In November, 1888, he was elected to the 51st
congress from the third district of Minnesota, and
served with the greatest credit to himself and his
state. He introduced the first resolution which
started legislation resulting in the Columbian exposi-
tion, and supported the McKinley bill. He was de-
feated for re-election, but. in 1891 was appointed
chairman of the Chippewa Indian commission, to
succeed ex-TJ. S. Sen. Henry M. Rice, who had re-
signed on account of ill-health, and served until
March, 1893, when Pres. Cleveland removed him.
In 1892 he was elected a delegate to the Republican
naliinial reinvention held at Minneapolis, which nomi-
nated Benjamin Harrison for a second term. In
November, 1894, Mr. Hall was elected president and
general manager of the Keystone Gold Mining Co.,
and took charge of their stamp mills and mining-
operations in the Black hills. In one year's time he
brought order out of confusion by his business
methods; but the strain was too great, and he retired,
after selling his mining stock at a profit. He re-
turned to his farm, and remained there until July,
1897, when Pres. McKinley reinstated him as Chip-
pewa commissioner, the commission having been re-
duced by congress to one member. The work of
allotting lands to the Chippewas was nearly com-
pleted iu 1899. Mr. Hall has two residences: one on
his farm of 500 acres iu Renville county, the other in
Minneapolis. He was married, in 1869, to Mary D.,
daughter of Dougle F. and Loreua (Me Arthur) Mc-
Laren, of Portage-du-forte, Canada.
HTJTCHINGS, John Henry, banker, was born
in North Carolina, Feb. 2, 1822. In his fourteenth
year he began his mercantile career as a clerk in a
dry-goods store, at Raleigh. At
the age of twenty-one he set out to
make his way in the world, settling
first in New Orleans, La., and two
years later removing to Galveston,
Tex. In December, 1847, with John
Sealy, he formed the dry-goods
and commission firm of Hutchings
& Sealy, at Sabiue.Tex. This busi-
ness was successfully continued
until 1854, when they located in
Galvestou, and formed a co-part-
nership with George Ball, under
the style of Ball, Hutchings & Co.
Their business increased so rapid-
ly that within two years they were
able to discontinue the dry-goods
department and devote their time
to commission and banking busi-
ness, which was eminently success-
ful from the start. Upon the
inauguration of the blockade of Galveston in 1861,
they removed to Houston, whence they sent out
blockade runners laden with cotton, and imported
in the return voyages military stores, arms and mu-
nitions. In 1865 the firm returned to Galveston and
resumed the banking business in the building erected
for their occupation ten years before. Soon after
the}7 took into partnership Mr. Sealy's brother,
George. The personnel continued the same until
the death of Mr. Ball and of John Sealy in 1884, but
in 1898 the style became Hutchings, Sealy & Co.,
John Sealy, 2d, Sealy Hutchings and Herman O.
Stein having been associated in the partnership. Mr.
Hutchings was prominent in numerous commercial,
railroad and financial corporations. As president of
the Galveston Wharf Co. he secured an effective
settlement of long-disputed wharf title claims, thus
enabling the creation of a valuable property and a
beautiful water-front for the city. He was first
president after the war of the Galveston Gas Co. and
has since served as both director and president, as also
with the Southern Cotton Press and Manufacturing
Co., and is now president of the Galvestou City Co.
He was the originator and chief promoter of the
New York and Texas Steamship Co., known as the
OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
527
Mallory Line, and is still one of its five directors.
With his partner, John Sealy, he built the Factors'
Cotton Press, when the concern was merged iuto the
Southern Cotton Press and Manufacturing Co., of
which he is now president. Few men have done as
much for the prosperity and upbuilding of the state
of Texas, and tn none other does the city of Galvc-
ton owe a larger debt for its pre-eminence as a centre
of trade and manufacture. Mr. Hutchiugs was mar-
ried, June 18, 1856, to Minnie Knox, niece of Rob-
ert Mills, of the once great banking firm of R. & D.
G. Mills, of Galveston. They have seven living
children, three sons and four daughters.
WALKER, Henry O., physician and surgeon,
was born at Leesville, Mich., Dec. 18, 1843, son of
Robert E. and Elizabeth (Lee) Walker, both natives
of Yorkshire, England. His father came to America
in 1837, and settling in Wayne county, Mich., be-
came a fanner and brick manufacturer; his mother
came over in 1833, and settled with her parents at
Leesville, Mich., which was named in honor of her
father, Charles Lee. Henry O. Walker attendee 1
the district schools, and in 1861 entered Albion Col-
lege, Albion, Mich., and until 1865 alternated a
year of study with a year of school-teaching, in order
to meet the expenses of his college course. He then
began the study of medicine in the University of
Michigan, but after one year entered the office of
Dr. E. W. Jeuks, of Detroit. At the same time he
entered on a course of practical experience in sur-
gery and medical practice at Harper's Hospital, then
being used by the government for invalid soldiers.
When the hospital was opened to the public in I860,
Dr. Walker became its first house surgeon. A few
months later, however, he entered Bellevue Hospital
Medical College, New York city, where he was
graduated in February, 1867. Then returning to
Detroit, he opened an office, and he has practiced
there ever since. In 1869 he was appointed demon-
strator in anatomy in the Detroit Medical College,
and served until 1873. During the next six years he
was lecturer on geuito-urinary dis-
eases in the same institution, and
in 1881 was elected secretary of
the college faculty and member
and secretary of the board of trus-
tees. Later in the same year he
was appointed professor of ortho-
pedic surgery, genito-urinary dis-
eases and clinical surgery, positions
which he retained until the con-
solidation of the Detroit and Michi-
gan medical colleges iuto the De-
troit College of Medicine. In the
new college he was elected a mem-
ber of and secretary to the faculty
and board of trustees, positions
which he still retains (1899). Dr.
Walker was city physician of De-
troit in 1873-74; was county phy-
sician and a member of the city
board of health. He has served as both president
and secretary of the Academy of Medicine; was
president of the Detroit Medical and Library Asso-
ciation in 1887; vice-president of the Michigan State
Medical Society in 1887-88, and its president in
1895; president of the American Medical Editors'
Association; president of the Mississippi Valley
Medical Association; vice-president of the American
Medical Association in 1893, and is president of
the American Association of Medical Colleges (1898-
99). He is now attending surgeon to Harper's
and St. Mary's hospitals, and was surgeon for
several years of the Metropolitan police department.
During 1872-74 he was surgeon of the Michigan
Central railroad, and has been for a number of
years surgeon of the Wabash railroad. He was
married, Nov. 13, 1872, to Gertrude, daughter of
l.rmy Esselstyn, of Detroit. They have one son,
Elton A. Walker, a mining engineer, at the Calumet
and Hecla mines, Calumet, Mich.
PLIMPTON, George Arthur, publisher, was
born at Walpole, Mass., July 13, 1855, sou of Calvin
Gay and Priscilla (Lewis) Plimpton. He is a lineal
descendant of John Plimpton, one of the founders
of Dedham, Medfield and Deerfield, who was cap-
tured by the Indians, and in 1677 carried to Canada
and burned at the stake. Both the father and grand-
fat her of Mr. Plimpton were engaged in the business
of iron manufacture in Walpole. Mr. Plimpton was
educated at Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., and at
Aniherst College, where he was graduated in 1876.
He afterward entered Harvard
Law School, but at the expira-
tion of the first year began
his business life with the
firm of Ginn Brothers (now
Giun & Co.), educational pub-
lishers, becoming later a mem-
ber of the firm. On his several
trips to Europe, Mr. Plimp-
ton spent considerable time
in visiting the public schools
and universities, and a few
3rears since he gave an illus-
trated lecture at Cooper
Union upon the "Great Pub-
lic Schools of England."
Mr. Plimpton has collected
a valuable library, illustrat-
ing the growth of edu-
cation from the text-book
standpoint. In arithmetic he has a manuscript by
Dr. Rolaudus, written about 1424; a book on num-
bers printed by Faust & Schaeffer in 1460 ; the
famous Treviso arithmetic, printed in 1478, at Tre-
viso, Italy, the oldest dated arithmetic extant; a
copy of Philip Calandri's arithmetic, printed in
149i, in the English language. He owns a copy of
the first edition of Recorde's "Ground of Arts," and
of the other editions for over 150 years. He has
a manuscript copy of Euclid, written in 1300,
also the first Euclid ever printed (1482). In the de-
partment of English Mr. Plimpton has three original
horn-books, probably the largest number in any one
collection; Martin Luther's primer; one Henry VIII.
A-B-C book, and all the early primers ; the first
rhetoric printed in the English language; the first
book on orthoepy; the first logic printed in English,
together with all the early English grammars. In
Latin grammar there is a manuscript of Douatus,
also an illuminated manuscript of Priscian. There
is also a copy of the first Greek grammar ever
printed in Latin, Bolzanius (Aldus ed., 1497). Mr.
Plimpton's collection of geographies is also complete,
commencing with Ptolemy's and Strabo's and con-
tinuing down to the present time. He has a copy of
the grammar of Philip Melancthon, bearing Melauc-
thon's autograph, and the first edition of Roger
Ascham's "Schoolmaster." Notwithstanding his
extensive business interests, Mr. Plimpton has found
leisure to interest himself in various organizations.
For five years he was the alumni trustee of Amherst
College, and was also one of the original trustees of
Barnard College, of which he is now treasurer. He
is a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science; the Academy of Political
Science; the Economic Association; the chamber of
commerce; the New England Society; the Century,
Grolier, D. K. E., University and Ardsley clubs. In
1882 he was married to Frances Taylor, daughter of
the late Hon. W. B. C. Pearsons, of Holyoke, Mass.
INDEX.
Abbatt, Agnes D., artist, VIII. 431.
Abbe, Cleveland, meteorologist, VIII. 264.
Abbett, Leon, governor, I. 458.
Abbey, Edwin A., artist, VI. 57.
Abbey, Henry, author, VII. 403.
Abbey, Hy. E., theatrical m'g'r, VII. 141.
Abbot, Abiel, clergyman, VII. 457.
Abbot, Ezra, scholar, IV. 384.
Abbot, Joel, naval officer, IX. 228.
Abbot, Theophilus C., educator, IX. 483.
Abbott, Austin, lawyer, II. 342.
Abbott, Benjamin V., lawyer, V. 107.
Abbott, David, pioneer, VI. 10.
Abbott, Edward, clergyman, VIII. 179.
Abbott, Emma. III. 258, Wetherell, E. A.
Abbott, Frank, physician. II. 359.
Abbott, Jacob, author, VI. 137.
Abbott, John S. C., author, VI. 145.
Abbott, Joseph Carter, journalist, V. 48.
Abbott, Josiah G., jurist, VIII. 175.
Abbott, Lyman, clergyman, I. 473.
Abell, Arunah S., journalist. III. 263.
Abercrombie, James, irnii, I. 102.
Abercrombie, James, IT*!. I. 102.
Abercrombie, John J., IV. 338.
Abernethy, George, governor, VIII. 1.
Abert, James William, soldier, IV. 395.
Abert, John James, engineer, IV. 380.
Abert, Wm. Stone, lawyer. IV. 216.
Abert, Wm. Stretch, sdhlier, IV. 396.
Abolition Society, I. 336, Franklin, B.
Abolitionists, group of, II. 305.
Abraham, W., publisher. III. 308.
Acken, William H., merchant, IV. 469.
Acker, David D., merchant, I. 179.
Acton, Thomas Coxon, banker, I. 275.
Actors' Fund of America, I, 129, Palmer,
A.M.
Adair, George W., real estate, II. 425.
Adair, James, Indian trader. IV. 240.
Adair, John, soldier, II. 249.
Adams, Abigail Smith, II. 5.
Adams, Allen W., merchant. III. 248.
Adams, Alva, governor, VI. 451.
Adams, Charles B., geologist, V. 311.
Adams, Charles Francis, statesman, VIII.
351.
' Adams, Charles F., 2d, author, VIII. 353.
Adams, Charles Follen, author, I. 279.
Adams, Charles H., banker, V. 259.
Adams, Charles K., educator, IV. 477.
Adams, Ebenezer, educator, IX. 91.
Adams, Edwin, actor, V. 110.
Adams, Elmer B., lawyer, V. 385.
Adams, Ezra E., clergyman, VI. 94.
Adams, Franklin G., journalist, VI. 498.
Adams, Frederick W., physician, IX. 229.
Adams, Hannah, author, V. 459.
Adams, Henry, Worthen, A. H., VI. 20.
Adams, Henry H., merchant, II. 177.
Adams, Herbert B., author, VIII. 270.
Adams, Isaac, inventor, IX. 224.
Adams, John, clergyman, VII. 150.
Adams, John, U. S. president, II. 1.
Adams, John, I. 20, Jay, J.
Adams, John, Residence of, illus., II. 1.
Adams, John, soldier, IV. 397.
Adams, John D., commissioner, V. 407.
Adams, John F., clergyman, VI., 64.
Adams, John Milton, journalist, I, 214.
Adams, John Q., U. S. president, V. 73.
Residence of, illus., V. 73,
Adams, John R., clergyman, VI. 42.
Adams, Jonathan, civil engineer, VI. 80.
Adams, Julius W., civil engineer, IX. 33.
Adams, Louisa C., V. 76.
Adams, Milward, theatrical m'g'r.VI. 232.
Adams, Nehemiah, clergyman, II. 318.
Adams Power Press, IX. 224.
Adams, Samuel, 17*3, patriot, I. 104; at-
tempt to arrest by the British, I. 103,
Hancock, J.
Adams, Samuel, I, 104, Adams, S.
Adams, Samuel, surgeon, IX. 211.
Adams, Stephen, senator. III. 418.
Adams, Washington I., manuf'r. II. 14.
Adams, William, theologian, VII. 317.
Adams, William Taylor, author, I. 203.
Adler, Felix, reformer, I. 378.
Adrain, Robert, educator, I. 347.
Adrain, Robert, lawyer, V. 489.
Advent ists,, Miller, W., VI. 373.
Africa, John S., civil engineer, VIII. 461.
Agar, John Girard, lawyer, III. 325.
Agassiz, Alexander, scientist , in. 98.
Agassiz, Louis, naturalist. II. 360.
Agnew, Alex. McL., merchant, I. 199.
Agnew, Cornelius R., physician. VIII. 205.
Agnew, Daniel, jurist, IV. 28.
Agnew, David Hayes, surgeon, VIII. 203.
Agnus, Felix, soldier and publisher. I. 200.
Agricultural Building, Cornell University, il-
lus., IV. 477.
Agricultural Building, Washington, D. C., il-
lus., I. 147.
Agricultural Bureau, illus., I. 147, Rusk.J.M.
Aiken, Charles Aug., educator, VII. 171.
Aiken, John, trustee, VI. 56.
Aikens, A. J., editor and mfr., I. 476.
Aikman, Hugh, philanthropist, IV. 343.
Aikman, William, clergyman, IX. 215.
Ainslie, Hew, poet and brewer, VIII. 356.
Ainsworth, Frank B., educator, V. 85.
Air-space Cable, invented. Dolbear, IX. 414.
Akerman, Amos T., att'y-general, IV. 21.
Akers, Benjamin P., sculptor, VI. 130.
Alabama, Confederate cruiser, IV. 340,
Semrnes, R.; Capture of, II, 102, Wins
low, J. A.
Aladdin Oven, Invented, Atkinson, IX. 416.
Alamo, Capture of, Houston, IX. 65.
Alamo, illus. of, IX. 65.
Alaska, Missions in, Jackson, IX. 252.
Albani, Emma, IX. 119., Gye, M. E.
Albaugh, John W., actor, II. 167.
Albemarle, Confederate ram, illus., IX. 374.
Alberger, F. A., mayor. IV. 186.
Albert, John S., engineer, IX. 230.
Albertine, (Manchester), actress, IX. 209.
Albion College, V. 471.
Albright, Andrew, inventor, IV. 446.
Alcott, A. Bronson, author, II. 218.
Alcott, Louisa May, author. I. 204.
Alden, Edmund K., clergyman, IX. 499.
Alden, H. M., author and editor, I. 153.
Alden, James, naval officer, II. 104.
Alden, Wm. L., diplomat, journalist, VI. 198.
Aldrich, Charles, editor, legislator, IX. 317.
Aldrich, J. C., philanthropist, V. 66.
Aldrich, James, jurist. III. 434.
Aldrich, James, poet, IX. 474.
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, author, I, 283.
Aldrich, Wm. F., philanthropist, V. 65.
Aldridge, George W., contractor, IV. 171.
Alexander, Archibald, educator, II. 22.
Alexander, Barton S., soldier, IV. 471.
Alexander, E. P., R.R. pres't, VIII. 271.
Alexander, Edmund B., soldier, IV. 225.
Alexander, James W., clergyman, VI. 71.
Alexander, John E., educator, VII. 342.
Alexander, John H., scientist, IX. 192.
Alexander, Joseph A., orientalist, I. 242.
Alexander, Matilda G., author, IV. 87.
Alexander, Nathaniel, governor, IV. 421.
Alexander, Robert C., journalist, VI. 49.
Alexander, W. G., clergyman, VII. 442.
Alexander, William, clergyman, V. 44.
Alexander, William (Lord Stirling!, I. 16.
Alfred Ayres. pen-name. Osmun, IX. 125.
Alfred University, V. 231.
Alfriend, Thomas L., financier, VIII. 250.
Alger, Cyrus, manufacturer, VI. 375.
Alger, Russell A., statesman, V. 276.
Alger, William R., author, VI. 34.
Alison, Francis, educator. I. 346.
Alker, Henry, jurist, VIII. 403.
All Angels' Church, N. Y., illus.. VII. 202.
Allen, Augustus C., lawyer, IX. 175.
Allen, Charles; jurist. IX. 186.
Allen, David 0., missionary, VI. 56.
Allen, Ebenezer, rev. soldier, VI. 159.
Allen, Edward C., II. 427.
Allen, Elisha H., statesman, IX. 32.
Allen, Elizabeth Akers, author, VI. 130.
Allen, Ethan, rev. soldier, I. 45.
Allen, Frederick H., lawyer, IX. 32.
Allen, George, educator, IX. 474.
Allen, George Murdock, editor, V. 40.
Allen, Harrison, scientist, IX. 359.
Allen, Henry Watkins, soldier, IV. 38.
Allen, Horatio, civil engineer, VIII. 233.
Allen, Ira, soldier. IV. 29.
Allen, James, aeronaut, IX. 210.
Allen, James Lane, author, VIII. 241.
Allen, Jere. Mervin, insurance. V. 137.
Allen, Joel Asaph, scientist, III. 100.
Allen, John, congressman, II. 400.
Allen, John, inventor, II. 427.
Allen, John, pioneer, VI. 64.
Allen, John Beard, senator, I. 297.
Allen, Joseph Henry, clergyman, IX. 286.
Allen, Moses, clergyman, VI. 375.
Allen, Paul, editor, V. 128.
Allen, Philip, governor, IX. 399.
Allen, Richard, soldier, VII. 183.
Allen, Richard N., inventor, IX. 211.
Allen, Robert, soldier, IV. 285.
Allen, Samuel L., pioneer. IX. 428.
Allen, Solomon, soldier, IV. 416.
Allen, Stephen, merchant, IV. 256.
Allen, Stephen, sachem. III. 384.
Allen, Thomas, artist, V. 318.
Allen, Thomas B., soldier, IV. 366.
Allen, Thomas H., merchant, V. 89.
Allen, Timothy Field, surgeon, VII. 282.
Allen, William, educator, I. 418.
Allen, William, governor, III. 142.
Allen, William, jurist, V. 414.
Allen, William F., educator, VI. 160.
Allen, William H., educator, VII. 13.
Allen, W. Henry, naval officer. VIII. 15.
INDEX.
Allen, Win. Howard, naval officer, VI. 192.
Allen, William T., clergyman, III. 392.
Allen, Wm. Vincent, senator, V. 217.
Allen, Zachariah, inventor, VIII. 263.
Allibone, Samuel Austin, author, VI. 227.
Allison, William B., senator. I. 296.
Allston, Washington, artist, V. 383.
Allyn, John, clergyman, VI. 160.
Almy, John Jay, naval officer, IV. 283.
Almy, William, colonist, IX. 194.
Alpha Delta Phi House, University of Michi-
gan, illus., I. 249.
Alsop, George, colonist, VIII. 86.
Alsop, John, merchant, I. 496.
Alsop, Richard, poet, IV. 437.
Alston, William, soldier, VI. 254
Alston, Willis, congressman, II. 118.
Alston, Willis, Jr., congressman, II. 118.
Alt, Sustav Adolf F. W., physician, V. 37.
Altaian, Henry, merchant, VI. 112.
Aivarado Ft., Capture of, Hunter, IX. 186.
Alvord, Benjamin, soldier, IV. 51.
Alvord, Thomas Gold, lawyer, II. 413.
Ambauen, Andrew J., R. C. priest.VII. 125.
Ambler, William E., lawyer, I. 327.
Ambulance, Railway, Devised, Harris IX.,
352.
America, yacht, illustration, I. 448.
American Anti-slavery Society, I. 413, Pur-
vis, R.
American Independence first conceived, I.
17, Otis, J.
" American Register," Founded in Paris,
Evans, IX. 150.
American Scott, I. 399, Cooper, J. F.
American University, Hurst, IX. 122.
America's cup, 1. 447, Stevens, J. C., Schuy-
ler, G. L.
Amerman, Lemuel, lawyer, IX. 513.
Ames, Adelbert, soldier, IV. 354.
Ames, Fisher, statesman, II. 382.
Ames, Joseph, artist, VII. 460. '
Ames, Mary Clemmer, author, VII. 233.
Ames, Nathaniel, mathematician, VIII. 45.
Ames, Oakes, congressman, II. 199.
Ames, Oakes A., manufacturer, II. 200.
Ames, Oliver, governor, I. 124.
Amherst College, V. 307.
Amherst, Jeffery, rev. soldier, I. 101.
Ammen, Daniel, naval officer, IV. 393.
Ammen, Jacob, soldier, IV. 391.
Ammidown, E. H., merchant, III. 246.
Amory, Thomas J. C., soldier. IV. 283.
Amundson, John A., lawyer, V. 495.
Anderson, Alex., wood engraver, VI. 259.
Anderson, Clifford, jurist, III. 191.
Anderson, Galusha, educator, I. 303.
Anderson, George B., soldier, IV. 418.
Anderson, Henry J., educator, VI. 347.
Anderson, Hugh J,, governor, VI. 310.
Anderson, James B., clergyman, IV. 62.
Anderson, James P., soldier, IV. 129.
Anderson, John A.,congressman,VIII. 458.
Anderson, Joseph, senator, II. 11.
Anderson, Joseph, clergyman, VII. 295.
Anderson, Larz, diplomat, VIII. 378.
Anderson, Mary, actress, I. 243.
Anderson, Rasmus B., author and diplo-
mat, IX. 320.
Anderson, Richard C., soldier, VI. 42.
Anderson, Richard C., statesman, VI. 115.
Anderson, Richard H., soldier, IV. 295.
Anderson, Robert, soldier, IV. 179.
Anderson, Robert H., soldier, IV. 130.
Anderson, Thomas McA., soldier, IV. 410.
Anderson, W. E., physician, VIII. 216.
Anderson, William, soldier, IV. 352.
Andover first named, I. 18, Osgood, S.
Andre, John, British soldier, I. 48.
Andrew, James Osgood, bishop, 1.521.
Andrew, John Albion, governor, I. 118.
Andrew, Samuel, educator, I. 164.
Andrews, Alexander B., R. R. pres., II. 482.
Andrews, Eliphalet F., artist, VIII. 432.
Andrews, Elisha B., educator, VIII. 26.
Andrews, Garnett, lawyer, IV. 184.
Andrews, Geo. Leonard, soldier, V. 46.
Andrews, James J., Federal spy, IX. 470.
Andrews, John, educator, I. 342.
Andrews, Lorin, educator, VII. 6.
Andrews, Lorrin, missionary, IX. 209.
Andrews, Newton L., educator. V. 429.
Andrews, Sherlock J., jurist, VI. 11.
Andrews, Stephen P., philosopher, VI. 442.
Andrews, Timothy P., soldier, IV. 321.
Andros, Milton, lawyer, IX. 118.
Andros, Sir Edmund, colonial gov., VI. 90.
Andrus, Reuben, educator, VII. 383.
Angell, George T.,philanthropist,VII. 477.
Angell, James Burrill, educator, I. 251.
Angell, Joseph K., author, IX. 456.
Angell, William G., inventor, II. 392.
Angier, Nedom L., physician, II. 349.
Ansbacher, A. B., manufacturer, II. 515.
Ansorge, Chas., musical conductor, V. 260.
Anthon, Charles, educator, VI. 347.
Anthon, Henry, clergyman, IX. 441.
Anthony, Daniel R., pioneer, VI. 371.
Anthony, George T., governor, VIII. 344.
Anthony, Henry B., governor, IX. 398.
Anthony, Susan B., reformer, IV. 403.
Apostle of the Indians, II. 419, Eliot, J.
Appleton, Daniel, publisher, II. 509.
Appleton, Daniel, & Co., II. 509.
Appleton, Daniel S., publisher, II. 510.
Appleton, George S., publisher, II. 510.
Appleton, James, prohibitionist, V. 433.
Appleton, Jesse, educator, I. 417.
Appleton, John A., publisher, II. 510.
Appleton, Nath'l, clergyman, VII. 181.
Appleton, Samuel, merchant, V. 127.
Appleton, Thomas G., author, VIII. 391.
Appleton, William H., publisher, II. 510.
Archer, Branch T., pioneer, VI. 375.
Archer, Henry H., R. R. manager, VI. 138.
Archibald, George D., educator, II. 125.
Archinard, Paul E., physician, IX. 134.
Arctic Explorers grouped, III. 280.
"Arena" Magazine, Flower, IX. 228.
Arkell, James, manufacturer, I. 367.
Arkins, John, journalist, I. 268.
Armistead, Henry B., soldier, VIII. 268.
Armistead, Lewis Addison, soldier, V. 15.
Armitage, Thomas, clergyman, IX. 199.
Armour, Andrew W., banker, VII. 443.
Armour, Herman 0., merchant, VII. 444.
Armour Institute, VII. 43, Gunsaulus, F. W.
Armour, Philip D., merchant, VII. 443.
Armour, Simeon B., merchant, VII. 443.
Armstrong, George W., merchant, II. 152.
Armstrong, Jas. F., naval officer, IV. 315.
Armstrong, John, soldier, I. 48.
Armstrong, P. B., insurance, I. 256.
Armstrong, Samuel, governor, VI. 245.
Armstrong, Samuel C., educator, I. 436.
Arnett, Benjamin W., bishop, III. 499.
Arnold, Benedict, rev. soldier, I. 53 ; sus-
pected of treachery, I. 45, Brown, J.;
treachery, I. 49, Andre, J.
Arnold, George, author, IX. 432.
Arnold, Lemuel H., governor. IX. 395.
Arnold, Lewis G., soldier, IV. 297.
Arnold, Margaret Shippen, VII. 352.
Arnold, Oliver, lawyer, IX. 457.
Arnold, Reuben, lawyer, VII. 161.
Arnold, Richard, soldier, IV. 399.
Arnold, Samuel G., journalist, IX. 226.
Arnold, Welcome, merchant, IX. 437.
Arnot, J., merchant, banker, VIII. 128.
Artemus Ward, pen-name, I. 425, Browne,
C. F.
Arthur, Chester A., U. S. pres., IV. 247.
Arthur, Timothy S., author, VIII. 479.
Asbury, Francis, M. E. bishop. VI. 293.
Ashboth, Alexander S., soldier, IV. 413.
Ashbnrn, George W., soldier. IV. 399.
Ashby, Turner, soldier, IV. 296.
Ashe, John, soldier, VI. 438.
A she, Samuel, governor, IV. 421.
Ashe, Thomas Samuel, jurist, VII. 349.
Ashley, Clarence D., lawyer, VII. 105.
Ashley, Ossian D., R. R. president.VII. 104,
Ashmead, Henry G., author, IV. 93.
Ashmun, George, lawyer, VI. 162.
Ashmun, Jehudi, missionary, VI. 195.
Asia, capture of the sloop, I. 51, Hale, N.
Aspinwall, W. H., merchant, VIII. 46.
Asseheholar (Osceola), Indian, IX. 211.
Associated Press, origin, 1. 127, Beach, M. Y.
Astor, John Jacob, lst,merehant, VIII. 102.
Astor, John Jacob, 2d, see Astor, J. J., 1st.
Astor, John Jacob, 3d, capitalist, VIII. 104.
Astor, John Jacob,4th,capitalist,VIII. 106.
Astor Library, X. Y., illus., VIII. 106.
Astor, William, capitalist, VIII. 106.
Astor, William B., merchant. VIII. 104.
Astor, William W., capitalist, VIII. 105.
Atkinson, Byron A., merchant, III. 68.
Atkinson, Edward, economist, IX. 416.
Atkinson, George H., missionary, VI. 367.
Atkinson, Henry Morell, banker, V. 223.
Atkinson, John M. P., educator, II. 26.
Atkinson, Thomas, P. E. bishop, VI. 52.
Atkinson, William Elrie, lawyer, V. 183.
Atlantic Monthly, The, illus. Publisher, I.
281, Houghton, H. 0.; Editors, I. 282.
Attwood, Julius, banker, II. 343.
Atwater, Amzi, pioneer, VI. 21.
Atwater, Wilbur Olin, chemist, VI. 262.
Auchmuty, Richard T., philanthropist, IX.
102.
Auchmuty, Samuel, clergyman, IX. 102.
Audenried, Joseph C., soldier, IV. 327.
Audubon, John J., naturalist, VI. 75.
Augur, Christopher C., soldier, IV. 327.
Augur, Hezekiah, sculptor, VIII. 284.
August Mignou, pen-name, VIII. 359, Dar-
ling, J. A.
Augustus, John, philanthropist, VI. 59.
Auringer, 0. C., poet, clergyman, VII. 177.
Austell, Alfred, financier, I. 536.
Austin, George Curtis, lawyer, VII. 296.
Austin, Jane G., author, VI. 62.
Austin, Jonathan Loring, soldier, VII. 27.
Austin, Moses, pioneer, V. 157.
Austin, Samuel, educator, II. 39.
Austin, Stephen F., statesman, VI. 71.
Authors' club, I. 367, Boyesen, H. H.
Averell, William W., soldier, IV. 331.
Avery, Alphonso C., jurist, III. 424.
Avery, Benjamin Park, journalist, I. 319.
Avery, Elroy McKendree, educator, V. 18.
Avery, Henry Ogden, architect, I. 157.
Avery, Isaac Wheeler, lawyer, III. 238.
Avery, John Campbell, lawyer, VIII. 302.
Avery, Rosa Miller, author, VI. 271.
Avery, Samuel P., art connoisseur, I. 157.
Avery, Waitstill, rev. patriot. VI. 72.
Avery, William W., lawyer, VII. 106.
Ayer, Benjamin F., lawyer, IX. 521.
Ayres, Alfred, orthoepist, IX. 125.
Ayres, Romeyn B., soldier, IV. 255.
INDEX.
Babbitt, B. T., manufaeturer, V'lll. 12.
Babbitt, Edwin B., soldier, V. 31.
Babcock, George H., engineer, V. 304.
Babcock, Henry, s,, idler, VIII. 75.
Babcock, Orville E., soldier, IV. 411.
Babcock, Rufus, educator, VIII. 405.
Bache, Alex. Dallas, educator. III. 348.
Bache, Franklin, chemist, V. 346.
Bache, Richard, postmY-geiri, VII. 136.
Bache, Sarah, philanthropist, VII. 60.
Bache, Theophylact, merchant, I. 496.
Bachman, Solomon, merchant. III. 421.
Backus, Azel, educator, VII. 405.
Backus, Henry C., lawyer, VI. 164.
Backus, Isaac, clergyman, VII. 223.
Backus, Truman Jay, educator, V. 375.
Bacon, Delia Salter, author, I. 477.
Bacon, Edward B. P., mere-hunt, II. 234.
Bacon, Francis, manufacturer, II. 447.
Bacon, Frederick H., lawyer, VI. 125.
Bacon, George A., agriculturist. V. 382.
Bacon, James Terrill, merchant. III. 218.
Bacon, Joel Smith, educator. III. 152.
Bacon, John W., civil engineer, VI. 174.
Bacon, Leonard, clergyman, I. 176.
Bacon, Nathaniel, colonial leader, V. 337.
Bacon, Sherman J., merchant, III. 256.
Bacon, Thomas Scott, clergyman, V. 305.
Bacone, Almon C., educator, III. 310.
Badeau, Adam, soldier and author, VI. 285.
Badger, Geo. E., statesman, III. 305.
Badger, Joseph, missionary, VI. 70.
Badger, Milton, clergyman, VI. 80.
Badger, Oscar C., naval officer, V. 333.
Baer, William Jacob, artist, V. 469.
Bagley, John Judson, governor, V. 274.
Bailey, Ezra B., financier. VI. 124.
Bailey, Gamaliel, journalist, II. 417.
Bailey, George M,, journalist, V. 354.
Bailey, Guilford D., soldier, IV. 364.
Bailey, Jacob, rev. soldier, VIII. 242.
Bailey, James M., humorist, VI. 28.
Bailey, James S., manufacturer, III. 150.
Bailey, Joseph, soldier, V. 394.
Bailey, Silas, educator, I. 302.
Bailey, Theodorus, rear-admiral, II. 106.
Bainbridge, Win., naval officer. VIII. 93.
Baird, Andrew D., soldier, IV. 154.
Baird, Charles W., clergyman, VIII. 171.
Baird, E. Thompson, educator, VII. 342.
Baird, George W., inventor, I. 415.
Baird, Henry Carey, publisher, V. 314.
Baird, Henry M., author, VIII. 171.
Baird, John Faris, clergyman, II. 478.
Baird, Matthew, locomotive bldr., VI. 123.
Baird, Robert, clergyman, VIII. 171.
Baird, Spencer F., naturalist, III. 405.
Baker, Alfred, banker, II. 381.
Baker, Alpheus, soldier, IV. 410.
Baker, Benjamin F., musician, VII. 429.
Baker, Bernard N., merchant, II. 200.
Baker, Edward D., senator, II. 92.
Baker, Francis A., priest, IV. 442.
Baker, George H., librarian, VI. 349.
Baker, Henrietta, VII. 323., Chanfrau, F.
Baker, Henry M., congressman, VIII. 153.
Baker, James H., educator, VI. 488.
Baker, James H., soldier, IV. 412.
Baker, James M., jurist, V. 88.
Baker, Lafayette C., soldier, V. 331.
Baker, Lewis, journalist, I. 246.
Baker, Luther E., insurance, V. 477.
Baker, Philip Pontius, senator, V. 302.
Baker, William M., author, VIII. 392.
Balbach, Edw., Jr., metallurgist, VII. 250,
Balbach,»Edw., Sr., metallurgist, VII. 249.
Balbach, Leopold, metallurgist, II. 264.
Balboa, Vasco M. de, explorer, V. 431.
Balch, George B., naval officer, V. 30.
Baldwin, Abel Seymour, physician, V. 184.
Baldwin, Abraham, statesman and edu-
cator, IX. 178.
Baldwin, Augustus C., jurist, IX. 389.
Baldwin, Chas. H., naval o nicer, IV. 35.
Baldwin, George Van Nest, lawyer, I, 510.
Baldwin, Henry, jurist, II. 469.
Baldwin, Henry Porter, governor, V. 274.
Baldwin, John D., journalist, VI. 275.'
Baldwin, Matthias William, inventor and
manufacturer, IX. 476.
Baldwin, Roderick, lawyer, I. 353.
Baldwin, Theron, educator, VI. 39.
Baldwin, Thomas, H.-ruyman, V. 35.
Baldy, Peter, merchant, VIII. 180.
Ball, Burges, soldier, VIII. 116.
Ball, Thomas, sculptor, V. 199.
Ballantine, W. G., educator. II. 465.
Ballard, Addison, clergyman. III. 345.
Ballard, Bland W., pioneer, V. 124.
Ballard, Harlan Hoge, educator, IX. 488.
Balloons First used in the Army, IX. 210.
Ballou, Hosea, clergyman, author, V. 487.
Ballou, Hosea, 2d, educator, VI. 241.
Ballou, Maturin M., journalist. VII. 307.
Balsley, Alfred H., journalist, II. 478.
Baltimore and Ohio R. R., Origin of, Kent,
IX. 301.
Baltimore, Barons of, VII. 331.
Baltimore Board of Trade, I. 252, Frick, F.
Hah nnore, R. C. archbishops of, I. 480.
Baltzer, Herman R., merchant. IV. 72.
Bancroft, Aaron, clergyman, IV. 306.
Bancroft, George, historian, III. 160.
Bancroft, Hubert H., historian, V. 112.
Bancroft, Lucius W., clergyman, V. 269.
Bancroft, William A., lawyer, IX. 112.
Banes, Charles H., soldier, IV. 434.
Bangs, John Kendrick, author, IX. 323.
Bangs, Nathan, educator, IX. 429.
Bankard, Henry N., merchant, II. 258.
Bankhead, John P., naval officer, V. 366.
Banks, Nathaniel P., governor, IV. 222.
Banneker, Benj., mathematician, V. 36.
Banvard, John, artist, V. 326.
Barber, Amzi L., contractor, III. 183.
Barber, Francis, rev. soldier, I. 43.
Barber, Gershom M., jurist, II. 158.
Barber, Grove E., educator, VIII. 364.
Barber, Isaac H., surgeon, IX. 344,
Barber, Ohio C., manufacturer, II. 524.
Barbour, George H., manufacturer, V. 462.
Barbour, James, governor. V. 446.
Barbour, Lucius A., manufacturer, V. 161.
Barbour, Philip P., jurist, II. 470.
Barboza, Mary G., missionary, V. 400.
Barclay, Robert, physician, VI. 384.
Barclay, William F., physician, VII. 34.
Bard, S., physician and educator, VIII. 209.
Barger, Samuel F., lawyer, II. 497.
Barhydt, Theodore W., banker, II. 37.
Barker, Fordyce, physician, IV. 157.
Barker, Jacob, I. 368, Barker, W.
Barker, Wharton, financier, I. 368.
Barksdale, William, soldier, IV. 486.
Barlow, Francis C., soldier, VIII. 333.
Barlow, Joel, author, III. 186.
Barlow, Samuel L. M., lawyer, III. 259.
Barmm, Charles Henry, lawyer, VII. 83.
Barium, Frank Herman, lawyer, VII. 84.
Barnabee, Henry C., comedian, VIII. 35.
Barnard, C. F., philanthropist, VIII. 232.
Barnard, Edward E., astronomer, VII. 44.
Barnard, Fred. A. P., educator, VI. 345.
Barnard, George G. G., sculptor, VIII. 280.
Barnard, Henry, educator, I. 505.
Barnard, John, clergyman, VII. 305.
Barnard, John G., soldier, IV. 183.
Barnard, Thomas, clergyman, VII. 163.
Barnes, Albert, clergyman, VII. 360.
Barnes, Alfred C., publisher, IV. 378.
Barnes, Alfred S., publisher, IV. 378.
Barnes, Amos, III. 418.
Barnes, Catharine Weed, artist, I. 409.
Barnes, George T., lawyer, II. 166.
Barnes, James, soldier, IV. 281.
Barnes, Joseph K., surg i, IV. 359.
Barnes, William, lawyer I. 469.
Barnett, Edward H., clergyman, II. 479.
Barnett, James, soldier II. 30.
Barnett, Samuel, author, II. 61.
Barney, Everett H., inventor, III. 89.
Barney, Joshua, naval officer, IV. 167.
Barnum, Henry A., soldier, IV. 36.
Barnum, Phineas T., showman, III. 258.
Barr, Albert J., journalist, V. 484.
Barr, Amelia E., author, IV. 485.
Barr, Charles E., edm-:ii..i-, V. 475.
Barr, Edward, merchant, 'IX. 428.
Barr, Samuel Davis, educator, V. 474.
Barr, Thomas C., capitalist, IV. 441.
Barret, Thomas C., senator. IX. 505.
Barrett, Edward, naval officer, V. 364..
Barrett, George H., actor, IV. 447.
Barrett, John E., journalist, IV. 93.
Barrett, Lawrence, act..r, I. 379.
Barrett, Thomas, financier, IX. 191.
Barringer, R., soldier and lawyer, VIII. 39.
Barron, Ernest R., inventor, III. 328.
Barren, James, naval officer, V. 502.
Barron, Samuel, 1802, naval officer, IV. 367.
Barron, Samuel, 1765, naval officer, IV. 417.
Barron, Walter J., inventor, III. 318.
Barrow, David, clergyman, IV. 161..
Barrow, Pope, lawyer, IX. 501.
Barrows, Charles C., physician, III. 105.
Barrows, John H., educator. VIII. 117.
Barry, Henry W., soldier, IV. 413.
Barry, John, naval officer, IV. 190.
Barry, John S., governor, V. 272.
Barry, Wm. Farquhar, soldier, V. 363.
Barry, Wm. T., postmaster-gen., V. 296.
Barstow, Amos C., manufacturer, III. 305
Barstow, John L., governor, VIII. 328.
Bartholdt, Richard, journalist, VII. 180.
Bartholomew, Ed. S., sculptor, VIII. 290,
Bartholomew, Miles M., inventor, III. 323
Bartlett, Clarence, physician, III. 488.
Bartlett, David L., manufacturer, I. 414.
Bartlett, Homer L., physician, II. 450.
Bartlett, John R., governor, IX. 402.
Bartlett, Joseph J., soldier, IV. 335.
Bartlett, Samuel C., educator, IX. 89.
Bartlett, Washington, governor, IV. 113.
Bartlett, William F., soldier, IV. 358.
Bartley, Elias H., chemist, VIII. 212.
Bartley, Mordecai, governor. III. 140.
Bartol, Cyrus A., clergyman, IV. 94.
Barton, Benjamin S., botanist, VIII. 377.
Barton, Clara, humanitarian. III. 83.
Barton, William, rev. soldier, I. 74.
Bartram, John, botanist, VII. 153.
Bartram, William, botanist, VII. 154.
Bascom, John, educator, VIII. 196.
Bash, Appletou, clergyman, VIII. 109.
Bashford, James W., educator, IV. 160.
Baskette, Gideon H., journalist, VIII. 475
Bass, Edward, P. E. bishop, VI. 15.
Bass, William C., educator, V. 397,
Bassett, Allan Lee, soldier, V. 282,
INDEX.
Bassetl, Carrol P., civil engineer. V. 283.
Bassett, Homer F., librarian, VI. 481.
Bassett, Richard, senator, II. 412.
Bastin, Edson Sewell, botanist, V. 351.
Batchelder, George C., merchant, IV. 347.
Balchelder, John P., surgeon, IX. 351.
Batchelder, Samuel, inventor, V. 16.
Batcheller, George S., soldier, IV. 464.
Bate, Henry C., soldier, II, 246.
Bate, William B., governor, VII. 213.
Bates, Arlo, poet and author, VIII. 12.
Bates College, VIII. 394.
Bates, Edward, lawyer, II. 89.
Bates, Harriet L. Vose, author. VIII. 12.
Bates, Joshua, banker, V. 195.
Bates, Katharine Lee, author and educator,
IX. 314.
Bates, William W., ship-builder, I. 502.
Battell Chapel, Yale, illus., I. 167.
Battels, S. M. E., philanthropist, I. 380.
Batten, John Mullin, physician, V. 114.
Batterson, Hermon G., clergyman and au-
thor, IX. 122.
Battey, Robert, physician. IX. 349.
Battey, Sumter B., surgeon, II. 419.
Battle, Archibald J., educator, VI. 396.
Battle, Burrill B., jurist, VI. 21.
Battle Hymn of the Republic, author, I. 402,
It Howe, J. W.
Battle, Nicholas W., jurist, IX. 533.
Bauder, Ezra, educator, I. 412.
Baudouin. Pierre, II. 488, Bowdoin, J.
Bauer, Louis, physician, V. 482.
Bawden, John, manufacturer, III. 503.
Baxter, Charles, soldier, IX. 319.
Baxter, George A., educator, II. 24.
Baxter, Henry, soldier, IV. 334.
Baxter, James Phinney, merchant and au
thor, IX. 422.
Baxter, William M., lawyer. III. 362.
Bayard, George D., soldier. IX. 224.
Bayard, James A., statesman, VII. 300.
Bayard, John, rev. soldier, I. 71.
Bayard, Thomas F., statesman, II. 404.
Bayard, William, merchant, I. 498.
Bayley, Jacob, statesman, VIII. 242.
Bayley, James R., archbishop, I. 487.
Bayley, Richard, physician, VIII. 206.
Baylor, Frances C., author, I. 366.
" Bay Psalm Book," II. 420, Eliot, J.
Beach, Alfred B., clergyman, IX. 163.
Beach, Alfred Ely, inventor, VIII. 122.
Beach, Amy M. (C.), composer, VII. 425.
Beach, Charles Fisk, editor, I. 428.
Beach, John N., merchant. III. 307.
Beach, John W., educator. IX. 431.
Beach, Moses Yale, journalist, I. 307.
Beach, Win. Austin, lawyer, V. 281.
Beall, John Yates, adventurer, IV. 445.
Bean, Irving M., soldier, I. 211.
Bean, Mary T., educator, IV. 31.
Beard, Andrew, inventor, IV. 438.
Beard, Daniel C., artist, V. 317.
Beard, George M., physician, VIII. 206.
Beard, James H., artist, V. 420.
Beardsley, Alonzo, III. 326.
Beardsley, Morris Beach, judge, III. 179.
Beardsley, Nelson, lawyer, III. 326.
Beasley, Frederic, educator, I. 342.
Beattie, Hamlin, banker, II. 507.
Beattie, John, contractor, II. 255.
Beatty, Robert Muir, att'y-gen'l, VII. 99.
Beaumont, John G., naval officer, IX. 486.
Beauregard, P. G. T., soldier, IV. 178.
Beaver, James A., governor, II. 293.
Bebb, William, governor, III. 140.
Bechler, John C., bishop, IV. 256.
Bechtel, George, III. 119.
Beck, James Burrie, statesman, III. 418.
Beck, John, miner and financier. VIII. 9.
Beck, Theoderic R., physician, IX. 350.
Beckley, John Newton, lawyer, V. 278.
Beckwith, James Carroll, artist, VII. 470.
Beckwith, John W., P. E. bishop, VI. 50.
Bedell, Gregory T., P. E. bishop. VII. 456.
Bedford, Gunning, Jr., statesman. II. 391.
Bedford, Gunning S., physician, IX. 361.
Bedle, Joseph Dorsett, governor, V. 210.
Bedlow, Henry, poet and mayor, VII. 86.
Bee, Barnard E., soldier. VII. 414.
Beebe, Milton Earl, architect, III. 395.
Beech, John W., educator, IX. 431.
Beecher, Catherine E., educator. III. 128.
Beecher, Charles, clergyman. III. 131.
Beecher, Edward, clergyman, III. 128.
Beecher, Eunice W. B., III. 130.
Beecher, George, clergyman. III. 128.
Beecher, Henry W., clergyman. III. 129.
Beecher, James C., clergyman. III. 131.
Beecher, Lyman, clergyman, III. 126.
Beecher, statue of. II.?365, Ward, J. Q. A.
Beecher, Thomas K., clergyman, III. 131.
Beecher, William H., clergyman, III. 128.
Beecher, Willis J., author, VIII. 126.
Beehive House, Salt Lake City, illus., VII.
389.
Beers, Ethelinda Eliot, author, VIII. 56.
Beers, Henry Augustin, author, VII. 297.
Begole, Josiah W., governor, V. 275.
Beguelin, Henry E., merchant, I. 317.
Behrends, A. J. F., clergyman. VIII. 16.
Belcher, Jonathan, governor, VI. 301.
Belden, Albert Clinton, surgeon, III. 251.
Belding, Milo Merrick, mfr., I. 437.
Belknap, George E., naval officer. IV. 206.
Belknap, Jeremy, clergyman, VII. 204.
Belknap, Robert Lenox, IV. 185.
Belknap, William W., statesman, IV. 23.
Bell, A. Nelson, sanitarian, VIII. 210.
Bell, Alex. Graham, inventor, VI. 221.
Bell, Alexander M., educator, IX. 517.
Bell, Charles H., rear-admiral. II. 104.
Bell, Edward A., artist, VII. 23.
Bell, Edward T., banker, IX. 529.
Bell, Frank Frederick, banker, V. 70.
Bell, Henry H., rear-admiral, II. 103.
Bell, John, statesman, III. 39.
Bell, Peter H., governor. IX. 67.
Bell, Theodore S., physician, VI. 385.
Bellamy, Edward, author, I. 263.
Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, VII. 78.
Belle Meade, Jackson, W. H., IX. 213.
Bellingham, R., colonial governor, V. 421.
Bellomont, Earl of, VII. 373.
Bellows, Albert F., artist, VII. 464.
Bellows, Henry W., clergyman, III. 261.
Belo, Alfred H., journalist, I. 205.
Beh.it College, III. 184.
Bemiss, JohnH., M.D., educator. IX. 132.
Bemiss, Samuel M., physician. IX. 464.
Benade, Andrew, bishop, V. 195.
Benedict, Asa G., educator, VII. 257.
Benedict, David, clergyman, IX. 468.
Benedict, Erastus C., educator, V. 415.
Benedict, Le Grand, soldier, IV. 100.
Benedict, Lewis, soldier, V. 361.
Benedict, Wm. Sommer, lawyer, IX. 498.
Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, V. 419.
Benham, And. E. K., rear-admiral, V. 425.
Benham, De WittM., clergyman, VII. 115.
Benham, Henry W., engineer, IV. 277.
Benham, Robert T., soldier, VI. 13.
Benjamin, Bowling, physician, V. 90.
Benjamin, Judah P., statesman. IV. 285.
Benjamin, Park, poet and editor, VII. 166.
Benjamin, Reuben M., jurist, VIII. 435.
Benjamin, Samuel G. W., artist, VII. 26.
Bennett, James G., Sr., journalist, VII. 241.
Bennett, James G., journalist, VII. 242.
Bennett, James L., lawyer, VIII. 433.
Bennett, Richard, colonial gov., VII. 333.
Benson, Egbert, jurist, III. 461.
Bentley, Edwin, physician, VI. 383.
Benton, Allen R., educator, VIII. 360.
Benton, Herbert E., lawyer, VI. 114.
Benton, James G., soldier, IV, 137.
Benton, Joel, essayist and poet, VIII. 200.
Benton, Thomas H., statesman, IV. 400.
Bergh, Henry, philanthropist, III. 106.
Bergmann, C., musical director, V. 416.
Berkeley, George, P. E. bishop, VI. 255.
Berkeley School, N> Y., illus., II. 340.
Bernadou, John B., naval officer, IX. 495.
Bernard, Francis, colonial gov., V. 432.
Bernays, Augustus C., surgeon, VI. 233.
Bernheim, G. D., clergyman and historian,
IX. 432.
Bernheimer, Adolph, merchant, III. 205.
Bernheimer, S. E., manufacturer, V. 375.
Berrien, John M., statesman, V. 298.
Berry, A. Moore, lawyer, VI. 145. jja
Berry, Hiram G., soldier, IV. 154. ga
Berry, James H., senator and gov., I. 2 Ba
Berry, Lucien W., educator, VII. 382 Ba
Berwald, William H., musician, VI. 1 jja
Beshoar, Michael, physician, II. 373. jj£
Bessey, Charles E., educator, VIII. 36 Bs
Besson, Samuel Austin, lawyer. V. 96, jj£
Best, Philip, manufacturer, III. 307. jjf
Bethune, Geo. W., clergyman, VIII. 1 ]ja
Belts, B. Frank, physician. III. 482. Ba
Belts, Frederic H., lawyer, II. 38. jjat
Beveridge, John, educator, VII. 343. jjac
Beverly, Robert, author, VII. 308. Bai
Bexley Hall, Kenyon College, illus.,' >V! Bai
Bibb, George M., jurist, VI. 6. Bai
Bickmore, Albert S., naturalist, VIII. Bai
Bicknell, Joshua, statesman, VIII. 4' jja
Bicknell, Thomas Wm., educator, I. 4 Ba
Biddle, Anthony J. D., author, VII. Ba
Biddle, James, naval officer, VI. 55. ; jj.
Biddle, Nicholas, financier, VI. 163. • Ba
Biddle, Nicholas, naval officer, V. 48' Ba
Bienville, Jean Baptisl, pioneer, V. ' jja
Bigelow, Asa, merchant, V. 476. Ba
Bigelow, E. B., inventor, III. 20. jja
Bigelow, Henry Jacob, educator, VI! Ba.
Bigelow, Horace R., lawyer, VI. 116 Bai
Bigelow, John, author, VII. 348. Bai
Bigelow, John M., physician, IV. 14J Bai
Bigelow, LetlieS., poet, author, VI. Bai
Bigelow, Poultney, journalist and a -.,/,
IX. 143.
Bigelow, Timothy, lawyer, V. 422.
Bigelow, Timothy, rev. soldier, V. 422.
Biggs, William Henry, jurist, VII. 187.
Bigler, David, bishop, V. 421.
Bigler, John, governor, IV. 106.
Bigler, William, governor, II. 288.
Bigler, William H., physician, III. 485.
Bigot, William V., R. C. bishop, VI. 334.
Bill Arp, pen-name, III. 308, Smith, C. H.
Billings, Albert M., financier, IX. 61.
Billings, Charles Ethan, inventor, V. 408.
Billings, John S., surgeon, IV. 78.
ISilliiiL'- Library, Vermont University, illus.,
II. 39.
Billings, William, hymn composer, V. 421.
Bill Nye, pen-name, Nye, E. W., VI. 25.
Bingham, Caleb, author, VIII. 19.
Bingham, Joel Foote, educator, II. 16? .
INDEX.
Bingham, John A., jurist. IX. 375.
Bingham, Kinsley S., governor, V. 273.
Bingham, William, senator. II. 133.
Binney, Joseph G., educator, III. 152.
Biological Hall, Pennsylvania University, il-
lus., I. 347.
Bird, Arthur, composer, IX. 387.
Bird, Robert Moutg'ry, author, VII. 183.
Birney, David Bill, soldier, IV. 272.
Birney, James G., statesman, II. 312.
Bisbee, Horatio, representative, V. 268.
Bisbee, Marvin D., educator, IX. 252.
Bishop, Anna, singer, III. 289.
Bishop, John Asa, banker, VIII. 297.
Bishop, John Remsen, educator, VII. 187.
Bishop, Richard M., governor. III. 143.
Bishop, William Henry, autliur, VIII. 54.
Bissell, Alpheus, merchant, VII. 163.
Bissell, Evelyn L., surgeon, VIII. 208.
Bissell, George E., sculptor, VIII. 278.
Bissell, Herbert Porter, lawyer, V. 25.
Bissell, JosephB., physician, VI. 253.
Bissell, Melville R., inventor, VII. 163.
Bitter, Karl Theo. F., sculptor, V. 264.
Bittinger, John L., journalist, I. 187.
Bixby, Samuel M., manufacturer, V. 335.
Black, Jeremiah S., jurist, V. 5.
Black, John Fisher, merchant. II. 56.
Blackburn, J. C. S., senator, I. 295.
Blackburn, William M., educator, IX. 441.
Blackford, E. G., pisciculturist. III. 394.
Black-Hawk, Indian chief, IX. 477.
Black-Hawk, Keokuk, IX. 221.
Black Hawk, clipper, illus., II. 263.
Black Hills, opening of, VII., 220, Faulk.
Blackistone, Nath'l, col. gov., VII. 335.
Blackmar, F. W., educator, IX. 495.
Blackstone, Wm., clergyman, VIII. 197.
Blackwell, Antoinette L. B., author, IX.
124.
Blackwell, Elizabeth, physician, IX. 123.
Blackwell, Emily, physician, IX. 124.
Blackwell, James S., educator, VIII. 187.
Blackwell, Sarah E., artist and author, IX,
125.
Bladen, Thos., proprietary gov., VII. 336.
Blaine Amendment, I. 137, Elaine, J. G.
Elaine, Ephraim. I, 137, Elaine, J. G.
Blaine, James G., statesman, I. 137.
Blair, Austin, governor, V. 273.
Blair, Chauncey B., banker, IV. 144.
Blair Common Sell. Bill, I. 458, Blair, H.W.
Blair, Francis Preston, journalist. IV. 268.
Blair, Francis Preston, soldier. IV. 223
Blair, Henry William, senator. I. 458.
Blair, James, educator. III. 231.
Blair, James, banker, IV. 95.
Blair, John, jurist, I, 23.
Blair, John Inslee, financier, VII. 21.
Blair, Montgomery, statesman, II. 88.
Blair, Samuel, clergyman, IX. 327.
Blair, Walter, educator, IX. 239.
Blair, William, merchant, VII. 105.
Blake, Eli W., inventor and scientist, IX.
215.
Blake, Homer C., naval officer, IV. 208.
Blake Stone Crusher, Inventor of. IX. 215.
Blakeley, Johnston, commander. V. 440.
Blakslee, James I., R. R. president. V. 59.
Blanc, Anthony, R. C. archb'p.. VII. 304.
Blanchard, Albert G., soldier, IV. 178.
Blanchard, James A., lawyer, II. 240.
Blanchard, N. C., congressman, IV. 498.
Blanchard, Noah F., manufacturer, V. 339.
Blanchard, Thomas, inventor, v. 186.
Bland, Richard, statesman, VII. 133.
Bland, Theoderic, congressman, VII. 133.
Blandy, Charles, lawyer, IX. 504.
Blashfield, Edwin Howland, artist, IX. 54.
Blatchford, Richard, I. 36, Blatchford, S.
Blatchford, Samuel, jurist, I. 36.
Bleckley, Logan E., jurist, II. 196.
Bledsoe, Albert T., author, VIII. 272.
Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poet, VIII. 457.
Bleistein, George, journalist, I. 210.
Blennerhassett, H., III. 6, Burr, A.
Blewett, Benjamin T., educator, VI. 93.
Blind, raised writing for the, invented, II.
451, Wait, W. B. ; VIII. 372, Howe, S. G
Blish, George W., elocutionist, II, 178.
Bliss, Cornelius N., merchant, VI. 162.
Bliss, George, banker, VIII. 452.
Bliss, Philip P., composer, VIII. 443.
Block System for Railroads, Origin., IX. 151.
Blodgett, Constantine, clergyman, IX. 456.
Blodgett, Delos A., capitalist, VI. 77.
Blodgett, Henry W., jurist, VI. 74.
Blodgett, Rufus, senator, I. 217.
Bloodgood, D., surgeon, IV. 333.
Bloodworth, Timothy, senator, V. 147.
Bloomer, Amelia J., reformer, VIII. 173.
Bloomfield, Joseph, governor, V. 202.
Bloomingdale, J. B., merchant, II. 250.
Bloss, Benjamin G., insurance, VIII. 437.
Blount, Lucia E., VIII. 71.
Blount, Thomas, soldier, II. 185.
Blount, William, governor, VII. 206.
Blount, William A., lawyer, IX. 492.
Blount, Willie, governor, VII. 207.
Blunt, James G., soldier, IX. 442.
Blythe, James, educator, II, 123.
Boardman, George Nye, educator, VI. 300.
Bodecker, Carl F. W., dentist, VIII. 389.
Bodine, William Budd, educator, VII. 8.
Bodwell, Joseph R., governor, VI. 318.
Boehler, Peter, Moravian bishop, IX. 476.
Bogardus, Annetje Jansen, IX. 433.
Bogardus, Everardus, clergyman, IX. 288.
Bogardus, James, inventor, VIII. 193.
Boggs, Charles S., rear-admiral, II. 106.
Boggs, William E., educator, IX. 182.
Bogue, George M., merchant, II. 155.
Boies, Henry M., manufacturer, V. 118.
Boies, Horace, governor, I. 411.
Bok, William John, publisher, II. 453.
Boker, George H., author and poet, VI. 73.
Boiler, Alfred P., civil.engineer, IX. 43.
Bolton, Channing M., engineer, II. 519.
Bolton, Charles Edward, lecturer, I. 212.
Bolton, Charles Knowles, poet, I. 212.
Bolton, James, physician, II. 518.
Bolton, Sarah Knowles, author, I. 212.
Bombaugh, Chas. C., physician, VII. 275.
Bond, Elizabeth P., educator, VI. 365.
Bond, Frank Stuart, R. R. pres't, IV. 90.
Bond, Henry H., lawyer, II. 508.
Bond, Lester L., lawyer, IX. 278.
Bond, William C., astronomer, VIII. 381.
Boner, John Henry, poet, II. 498.
Bonham, Milledge L., soldier, IV. 334.
Bonnell, John M., educator, V. 396.
Bonsall, Henry L., journalist, IV. 230.
Bonwill, William G. A., dentist, V. 177.
Boogher, Jesse L., merchant, IX. 107.
Book, John W., clergyman, VII. 221.
Boone, Daniel, pioneer, III. 110.
Boone, Wm. Jones, P. E. bishop, V. 16. :
Booth, Agnes, actress, I. 465.
Booth, Edwin, actor, III. 180.
Booth, George, soldier, VII. 297.
Booth, John Wilkes, actor, III. 182.
Booth, John Wilkes, II. 74, Lincoln, A.
Booth, Junius Brutus, act or, III. 180,
Booth, Mary Louise, author, VII. 321.
Booth, Newton, governor, IV. 110.
Borden, Gail, inventor, VII. 306.
Boren, Samuel H., planter, VI. 235.
Borgfeldt, Georg, merchant, V. 278.
Borie, Adolph E., secretary. IV. 25.
Borland, Solon, senator, IV. 386.
Boster Mem. Hall, Dickinson, illus., VI. 430.
Boston Massacre, I. 19, Quincy, J.
Boston, R. C. bishops of, VI. 331.
Boston Tea Party, I. 84, Revere, P.
Bostwick, William L., regent, IV. 489.
Botanical Gardens of St. Louis, Founded,
Shaw, IX. 233.
Botta, Anne C. (Lynch), author, VII. 236.
Botta, Vincenzo, author, VII. 235.
Botts, John M., statesman, VIII. 156.
Botty, Henry C., jurist, VI. 36.
Boucher, Jonathan, clergyman, IX. 123.
Boucicault,D., actorandplaywright.il. 375.
Bouck, William C., governor, III. 46.
Boudinot, E., philanthropist, II. 274.
Bourn, Augustus 0., governor. IX. 406.
Bouton, Emily St. J., journalist, VI. 492.
Boutwell, George S., statesman. IV. 382.
Bovell, John Vance, educator, VII. 341.
Bowden, John, educator, VI. 349.
Bowditch, Henry I., physician, VIII. 214.
Bowditch, Nath'l, mathematician, VI. 374,
Bowdoin College, I. 417.
Bowdoin, James, philanthropist, I. 419.
Bowdoin, James, statesman, II. 488.
Bowen, Henry C., editor, I. 205.
Bowen, Jabez, statesman, VIII. 29.
Bowen, John E., author, VI. 159.
Bowie, James, soldier, IV. 210.
Bowie, Oden, governor. III. 260.
Bowie, Robert, governor, IX. 296.
Bowles, Samuel, journalist, I. 317.
Bowles, Thomas H., inventor, II. 478.
Bowles, William A., Indian agent, IX. 121.
Bowman, Ed. Morris, musician, V. 237.
Bowman, Samuel, 1'. E. bishop. III. 471.
Bowman, Thomas, M. E. bishop, VII. 383.
Bowne, Walter, sachem, III. 384.
Box, Henry W., lawyer, II. 37.
Boyd, Adam, printer and preacher, VII. 72.
Boyd, David, soldier and senator, VIII. 10.
Boyd, Isaac S., manufacturer, VI. 11.
Boyd, James E., governor, I. 321.
Boyd, Trustin Brown, merchant, VI. 300.
Boyden, Nathaniel, lawyer, VII. 289.
Boyer, Henry Kline, legislator, VI. 207.
Boyesen, Hjalmar H., author, I. 367.
Boyle, Joseph, clergyman, VII. 128.
Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, VII. 270.
Boynton, James S., governor, I. 230.
Boynton, John F., scientist, IV. 91.
Bracken, John, educator, III. 234.
Brackenridge, H. M., author and jurist,
IX. 468.
Brackenridge, Hugh H., jurist, VIII. 49.
Brackett, J. Q. A., governor, I. 125.
Bradbury, Albert Wm., lawyer, VI. 206.
Bradbury, James W., senator, IV. 323.
Bradbury, Theophilus, jurist, II. 215.
Bradbury, William B., musician, V. 140.
Braddock, Edward, soldier, II. 59.
Bradford, Alden, clergyman, VIII. 57.
Bradford, Amory H., clergyman, VII. 174.
Bradford, Aug. W., governor, IX. 307.
Bradford, Ellen K., author, II. 174.
Bradford, James H., clergyman, VI. 173. i
Bradford, John, journalist, I. 470.
Bradford, Thomas L., physician, III. 492.
Bradford, William, 1755, att.-general, I. 14.
Bradford, William, 1588, col. gov., VII. 368.
Bradford, William, 1729, senator, II. 520.
INDEX.
Brailisli, Luther, statesman, III, 463.
Bradlee, Caleb D., clergyman, IV. 79.
Bradley, Charles T., banker, II. 366.
Bradley, Francis, I. 33, Bradley, J. P.
Bradley, Jonathan D., lawyer, VIII. 477.
Bradley, Joseph P., justice, I. 33.
Bradley, Stephen Eow, senator, II. 432.
Bradley, William C., lawyer, II. 433.
Bradstreet, Anne Dudley, author, VII. 10.
Bradstreet, Simon, colonial gov., VII. 372.
Bradwell, Myra, lawyer, II. 137.
Brady, James T., lawyer, III. 387.
Brady, John R., lawyer. Ill, 119.
Braeunlich, Sophia T., journalist, IX. 435.
Bragg, Edward S., soldier, V. 33.
Bragg, Thomas, governor, IV. 427.
Brainard, David L., explorer, III. 286.
Brainard, John, clergyman, II. 493.
Brainard, John G. C., poet, VIII. 274.
Braine, Daniel L., naval officer, V. 248.
Brainerd, David, missionary, II. 253.
Brainerd, Lawrence, statesman, VIII. 474.
Branch, Alpheus, merchant, IV. 237.
Branch.Anth'y M.,congressmaii.VIII. 160.
Branch, John, statesman, V. 295.
Branch, Lawrence O'B., soldier, IV. 314.
Brandeis, Frederick, composer, VII. 433.
Brandreth, William, capitalist, II. 166.
Brandt, Carl L., artist, VIII. 423.
Brannan, John M., sc.ldier, IV. 316.
Brant, Joseph, Indian chief, IX. 142.
Brastow, Lewis 0., clergyman, VIII. 159.
Braun, Christian, mayor, IV. 379.
Braxton, Carter, patriot, VII. 302.
Bray, Andrew W., insurance, VII. 161.
Brearley, David, jurist, II. 38,
Breckenridge,C.R., congressman, VIII. 191.
Breckenridge, John, statesman, III. 9.
Breckenridge, John C., statesman, V. 3.
Breckinridge, Joseph C., soldier, IX. 23.
Breckenridge, Robt. J., clergyman, IX. 242.
Breckenridge, W. C. P., statesman, II. 110.
Breese, Samuel L., naval officer, IV. 438.
Breese, Sidney, jurist, VIII. 122.
Breil, Joseph, lawyer, V. 143.
Brennan, Martin S., priest, VI. 327.
Brennan, Thomas, merchant, VI. 93.
Brennen, William J., lawyer, VII. 158.
Brett, William H., librarian, VI. 480.
Brevoort, James C., civil engineer, IX. 193.
Brewer, David Josiah, jurist, I. 37.
Brewer, Josiah, missionary, II. 228.
Brewer, Josiah, I. 37, Brewer, D. J.; I. 32.
Field, S. J.
Brewer, Mark S., congressman, VIII. 475.
Brewster, B. H., statesman, IV. 251.
Brewster, Fred. Carroll, lawyer. III. 425.
Brewster, Henry C., banker, IV. 92.
Brewster, Lyman D., jurist, VI. 114.
Brewster, Simon L., banker, VI. 136.
Brewster, William, pilgrim, VII. 30.
Brice, Calvin Stewart, senator, II. 425.
Brice, John Jones, naval officer, v. 362.
Brickell, John, physfcian, VII. 278.
Brickell, William D., journalist. I. 259.
Bridge, Horatio, naval officer, IV. 358.
Bridgers, Robert R., R. R. prest., VII. 485.
Bridges, Robert, scientist, V. 346.
Bridgman, Frederick A., painter. II. 110.
Bridgman, Laura D., educator, II. 424.
Briggs, Chas. A., theologian. VII. 318.
Briggs, Charles F., author, IX. 254.
Briggs, George Nixon, governor, I. 115.
Briggs, Le Baron R., educator, VII. 81.
Brigham, Charles D., journalist, IX. 280.
Brigham, Mary Ann, educator, IV. 462.
Brigham, Paul, lieut. -governor, VIII. 313.
Bright, Jesse D., senator, III. 428.
Brightly, Fred. Charles, author, V. 392.
Brinkerhoff, Roeliff, soldier, II. 246.
Brinkerhoff, William, lawyer, II. 526.
Brinton, Daniel G., ethnologist, IX. 265.
Brisbin, James A., soldier, IV. 224.
Bristed, Charles A., author, VI. 365.
Bristed, John, author, VII. 446.
Bristol, John I. D., underwriter, III. 279.
Bristow, Benjamin H., statesman, IV. 23.
Britton, Alexander T., lawyer, I, 267.
Broadhead, James 0., diplomat, V. 68.
Broadway, A. W., clergyman, IV. 169.
Brock, Sidney G., statistician, I. 364.
Broderick's duel, IV. 108, Weller, J. B.
Brodhead, Richard, senator, IV. 417.
Brogden, Curtis H., governor, IV. 428.
Bromfield, John, merchant, VI. 155.
Bronson, Greene C., III. 387.
Bronson, Sherlock A., educator, VII. 5.
Bronson (Silas) Library, Waterbury, Conn.,
illus., VI. 481.
Brook Farm, I. 307, Dana, C. A.
Brooke, Francis Mark, merchant, V. 282.
Brooke, John R., soldier, IX. 24.
Brooke, Robert, governor, V. 443.
Brookes, James Hall, clergyman, V. 62.
Brookfield, Win., manufacturer, III. 122.
Brookings, Robert S., merchant, VII. 307.
Brooklyn Bridge, erection of, IV. 406, Roeb-
' ling, W. A.^ illus., IV. 406.
Brooklyn, U. S. cruiser, illus., IX. 8.
Brooks, Arthur, clergyman, VIII. 465.
Brooks, Byron A., inventor, III. 319.
Brooks, Charles T., "author, VIII. 306.
Brooks, David, congressman, II. 173.
Brooks, Edward, educator, II. 294.
Brooks, Elbridge S., author, VII. 156.
Brooks, Erastus, journalist, VI. 47.
Brooks, George W., jurist, VIII. 167.
Brooks, Harry Sayer, journalist, V. 353.
Brooks, James, journalist, VI. 47.
Brooks, James Wilton, lawyer, VI. 48.
Brooks, John, governor, I. 112.
Brooks, Louis J., editor, IX. 105.
Brooks, Maria, artist, VIII. 432.
Brooks, Maria G., poet, VIII. 169.
Brooks, Noah, author, VII. 57.
Brooks, Peter Chadron, merchant. V. 245.
Brooks, Phillips, P. E. bishop, II. 304.
Brooks, William R., astronomer, V. 197.
Broom, Jacob, statesman, III. 85.
Broome, John, merchant, I. 497.
Broome, Lewis Henry, architect, V. 243.
Brosius, Marriott, congressman, VII. 265.
Brough, John, governor, III. 142.
Brougham, John, actor, IX. 448.
Brower, Daniel R., physician. IX. 363.
Brown, Aaron Vail, governor, V. 8.
Brown, Alexander, banker, I. 474, 475.
Brown, Bedford, physician, V. 442.
Brown, Bedford, senator, IX. 458.
Brown, Charles B., novelist. VII. 59.
Brown, Charles H., physician, VIII. 221.
Brown, Daniel R., governor, IX. 409.
Brown, Dyer D. S., capitalist, IV. 287.
Brown, Ethan A., governor, III. 138.
Brown, Francis, educator, IX. 86.
Brown, Frank, governor, IX. 313.
Brown, Frederic Alden, banker, V. 45.
Brown, George, banker, I. 474.
Brown, George Loring, artist, VII. 466.
Brown, George S., banker, I. 474.
Brown, George, W., manuf., VII. 194.
Brown, Goold, grammarian, VIII. 265.
Brown, Henry Billings, jurist, I. 38.
Brown, Henry Kirke, sculptor, I. 511.
Brown, Henry S., pioneer, IV. 438.
Brown, Jacob, soldier, V. 400. "
Brown, James, publisher, V. 421.
Brown, James H., clergyman. III. 77.
Brown, James M., banker, VIII. 14.
Brown, John, abolitionist, II. 307.
Brown, John, clergyman, VI. 141.
Brown, John, educator, IX. 179.
Brown, John, merchant, VIII. 28.
Brown, John, revolutionary soldier, I. 44.
Brown, John, senator, VI. 43.
Brown, John Calvin, governor, VII. 211.
Brown, John H., inventor, IV. 381.
Brown, John Henry, historian, IV. 438.
Brown, John Jackson, educator, II. 141.
Brown, John Sidney, merchant, VII. 45.
Brown, John W., clergyman, VIII. 300.
Brown, John Young, governor, I. 238.
Brown, Joseph, pioneer, IV. 440.
Brown, Joseph, scientist, VIII. 28.
Brown, Joseph Emerson, gov., I, 227.
Brown, Julius L., lawyer, I. 509.
Brown, Junius Flag, merchant, VII. 29.
Brown, Martin B., printer, VIII. 453.
Brown, Moses, merchant, II. 327.
Brown, Nathan W., soldier, IV. 458.
_Brown, Neil S., governor, VII. 209.
'Brown, Nicholas, philanthropist, VIII. 27.
Brown, Oliver Huff, merchant, III. 275.
Brown, Orvou Graff, educator, I. 421.
Brown, Philip Shelley, lawyer, IV. 123.
Brown, Robert, soldier, I. 362.
Brown, Robert C., merchant, IV. 93.
Brown, Samuel G., educator, VII. 408.
Brown, Samuel R., missionary, VIII. 453.
Brown, Samuel S., financier, VI. 340.
Brown, Thompson S., engineer, IV. 441.
Brown University, VIII. 20.
Brown, Wolstan R., banker, V. 112.
Browne, Charles F., humorist, I. 425.
Browne, John R., author, VIII. 118.
Brownell, Henry H., author, V. 357.
Brownell, Thomas C., educator, III. 495.
Brownell, Walter A., educator, II. 111.
Browning, Eliza G., librarian, VI. 481.
Browning, J. Hull, R. R. president, I. 210.
Browning, Orville H., statesman, II, 457.
Brownlow, Wm. G., governor, VII. 210.
Brownson, Nathan, governor, II. 12.
Brownson, Orestes A., author, VII. 197.
Bruback.Theodore, R. R. president.VII. 82.
Bruce, Alex. Campbell, architect, III. 361.
Bruce, Archibald, physician, IX. 356.
Bruce, Charles Eli, physician, V. 495.
Bruce, Dwight Hall, editor, V. 100.
Bruce, Sanders D., soldier, editor, VI. 321.
Brush, Alex., manufacturer, III. 498.
Brush, Charles B., civil engineer, IX. 33.
Brush, Charles F., electrician, IV. 455.
Bruton Parish Church, William and Mary
College, III. 233.
Bryan, George, statesman, II. 280.
Bryan, Mary E., journalist, VIII. 374.
Bryan, Thos. B., commissioner, III. 170.
Bryan, William J., congressman, IX. 467.
Bryant, Cushing, ship-builder, III. 167.
Bryant, John H..R.R. president, III, 346.
Bryant, Nathl. C., naval officer, III. 167.
Bryant, Wm. Cullen, poet, IV. 80.
Bryant, William McK., educator, V. 129.
Bryce, Lloyd, author and editor, I. 252.
Bryson, John Paul, physician, V. 267.
Buchanan, F., naval officer, IV. 38.
Buchanan, James, U. S. president, V. 1.
Buchanan. James, Residence of, illus., V. 1.
Buchanan, John P., governor, VII. 213.
Buchanan, Robert C., soldier, IV. 410.
INDEX.
Buchanan, William, educator, VII. 345.
Buchanan, William I., manager, II. 271.
Buchtel, John R., philanthropist, II. 496.
Buck, Albert Henry, surgeon, IX. 358.
Buck, Alfred E., U. S. marshal, I. 386.
Buck, Daniel, lawyer, VIII. 401.
Buck, Dudley, musieian, VII. 434.
Buckham, Matthew H., educator, II. 42.
Buckingham, Charles L., lawyer, II. 499.
Buckingham, John D., musician, IX. 144.
Buckingham, Jos. T., journalist, VII. 326.
Buckminster, Jos. S., clergyman, VII. 141.
Buehrle, Robert Koch, educator, V. 132.
Buel, James William, author, VII. 75.
Buell, Don Carlos, soldier, IV. 263.
•" Buffalo Bill," Cody, Wm. F., V. 483.
Bnffington, Adelbert R., soldier, V. 329.
Buffum, Arnold, philanthropist, II. 320.
Buford, John, soldier, IV. 488.
Buford, Napoleon B., soldier, IV. 220.
Buist, Henry, lawyer, II. 108.
Buist, John R., physician, VIII. 215.
Bulkley, Edward, merchant, VI. 357.
Bulkley, Edwin, merthant, IV. 73.
Bulkley, Morgan G., governor, I. 352.
Bulkley, Peter, clergy man. VII. 486.
Bull, Charles Stedman, physician, IX. 336.
Bull, Henry, attorney-general. IX. 427.
Bull, Ole Bornemann, musician, IV. 234.
Bull, Richard H., mathematician, IX. 472.
Bull, William T., surgeon, IX. 345.
Bullitt, John C., lawyer, I. 189.
Bullock, Alexander H., governor, I, 118.
Bullock, Archibald, governor, I. 492.
Bullock, Charles, educator, V. 344.
Bullock, Rufus Brown, governor, I. 229.
Bullock, Stephen, congressman, II. 145.
Bullock, Thomas Seaman, III. 429.
Bumstead, Horace, educator, V. 381.
Bunce, Oliver Bell, author, II. 512.
Bundy, Jonas M., author and edit or, I. 202.
Bunker Hill, battle of, I. 88, Putnam, I.; I.
91, Prescott, W.
Bunker Hill monument: Builder, I. 184, Wil-
lard, S. Designer, VI. 232, Greenough,
H.; illus., VI. 232.
Bunn, Henry Gaston, jurist, IX. 446.
Bunner, Henry C., poet, author, VII. 303.
Burbank, Alfred P., elocutionist, VI. 28.
Burbeck, Henry, rev. soldier, I. 71.
Burden, Henry, inventor, II. 333.
Burden, James Abercrombie, mfr., I. 511.
Burdette, Robert J., journalist, I. 235.
Bureau of Printing and Engraving, Washing-
ton, D. C.. illus., I. 140.
Burges, Tristam, statesman, VIII. 32.
Burgess, E., yacht designer, I. 449.
Burgess, George, P. E. bishop, IV. 380.
Burgess, Neil, actor, II. 170.
Burgett, John M. H., lawyer, IX. 464.
Burke, Andrew H., governor, I. 320.
Burke, Charles, comedian. VIII. 124.
Burke, Charles H., mayor, I. 392.
Burke, James Francis lawyer, VII. 295.
Burke, John William, clergyman, II. 173,
Burke, Stevenson, R. R. president, IX. 172.
Burke, Thos., colonial governor, VII. 264.
Burkett, John W. N., banker, IX. 520.
Burkhead, Liryum S., clergyman, VII. 315.
Burleigh, Charles C., abolitionist, II. 320.
Burleigh, Edwin C., governor, I. 429.
Burleigh, George S., poet, VIII. 190.
Burleigh, Henry G., congressman, II. 192.
Burleigh, Walter A. Congressman, VII. 219.
Burleigh, William H., journalist, II. 378.
Burleson, Rufus C., educator, III. 332.
Burlingame, Anson, diplomat, VIII. 55.
Burlingame, Edward L., editor, VIII. 56.
Burnet, D. G., president of Texas, V. 147.
Burnet, Robert, soldier, I. 3_04.
Burnet, Wm., colonial governor, VII. 374.
Burnett, Edwin C., physician, V. 150.
Burnett, Frances Hodgson, author, I. 439.
Burnett, Peter H., governor, IV. 105.
Burnett, Swan Moses, physician, I. 439.
Burnham, Benjamin F., jurist, IX. 77.
Burnham, Clara Louise, novelist, IX. 385.
Burnham, Daniel H., architect, IX. 335.
Burnham, Frederick A., lawyer, V. 227.
Burnham, Michael, clergyman, VII. 21.
"Burns of the Green Mountains," IX. 252,
Eastman.
Burnside, Ambrose E., soldier, IV. 53.
Burnz, Eliza B., educator, VI. 46.
Burr, Aaron, educator and divine, V. 463.
Burr, Aaron, statesman, III. 5; III. 378,
Smith, M.
Burr, Alfred E., journalist, I. 243.
Burr, George L., educator, IV. 479.
Burr, Osmer S., manufacturer, III. 88.
Burr, Theodosia, III. 6, Burr, A.
Burr, William H., civil engineer, IX. 39.
Burritt, Elihu, reformer, VI. 133.
Burroughs, John, author, I. 247.
Burrows, Lansing, clergyman, II. 167.
Burrows, William, naval officer, VII. 71.
Burrus, John H., educator, I. 278.
Burt, Grinnell, railroad manage T, VI. 403.
Burt, William Austin, surveyor, V. 196.
Burton, Frederick R., composer, VII. 202.
Burton, Hatchings C., governor, IV. 423.
Burton, John E., miner. III. 279.
Burton, William Evans, actor, II. 351.
Burum, Peter Grove, merchant, II. 119.
Busch, Carl, musician, IV. 227.
Bush, Edward A., priest, VI. 338.
Bush, George, theologian, VI. 350.
Bush, Joseph, artist, VI. 214.
Bush, Rufus T., merchant, I. 450.
Bush, Stephen, clergyman, II. 168.
Bushnell, Asa S., governor, VIII. 43.
Bushnell, David, inventor, IX. 244.
Bushnell, Horace, clergyman, VIII. 303.
Bushnell, William H., author, I. 431.
Bussey, Cyrus, merchant, I. 358.
Bute, George Hering, physician, III. 478.
Butler, Andrew P., senator, III. 414.
Butler, Benjamin F., governor, I. 121.
Butler, Benjamin F., statesman, V. 297.
Butler, Charles, philanthropist, V. 84.
Butler, Edward, rev. soldier, VIII. 85.
Butler, Edward C., diplomat, VIII. 476.
Butler, Ezra, governor, VIII. 316.
Butler, James D., educator, IX. 190.
Butler, John George, clergyman. I. 384.
Butler, Matthew C., senator, I. 298.
Butler, Nathaniel, educator, VIII. 409.
Butler, Nicholas M., educator, IX. 146.
Butler, Percival, rev. soldier, VIII. 85.
Butler, Pierce, senator, II. 162.
Butler, Richard, merchant, I. 352.
Butler, Richard, rev. soldier, VIII. 83.
Butler, Thomas, Jr., rev. soldier, VIII. 84.
Butler, William, soldier, VIII. 84.
Butler, William Allen, lawyer, VII. 315.
Butler, William M., physician, VI. 386.
Butler, William 0., soldier, VI. 183.
Butler, Zebulon, rev. soldier, I. 52.
Butterfield, Daniel, soldier, IV. 128.
Butterfleld Museum, Dartmouth, illus., IX.
91.
Butterworth, H., journalist, II. 111.
Buttler, Charles V., physician, VI. 382.
Buttling, Wm. J., politician, VII. 355.
Button, Henry H., physician, III. 339.
Byfield, Nathaniel, merchant, VIII. 71.
Byford, Henry T., physician, II. 155.
Byford, William H., physician, II. 13.
Byles, Mather, clergyman, VII. 145.
Byles, Mather, clergyman, VII. 146.
Bynner, Edwin L., author, VII. 486.
Byrd, Evelyn, portrait of, VII. 247.
Byrd, William, colonist, VII. 247.
Byrne, John, physician, IX. 336.
Byrne William, merchant, V. 303.
Cabaniss, Elbridge G., jurist, II. 137,
Cabaniss, T. B., congressman, V. 283.
Cabell, Samuel J., congressman, II. 264.
Cabell, William H., governor, V. 444.
Cable, George W., author, I. 533.
C'aMe Roads, inventor of, VII. 191, Halli-
die, A. S.
Cable, the laying of the ocean, IV. 452,
Field, C. W.
Cabot, George, statesman, II. 5.
Cabot, John, VII. 62, Cabot, Sebastian.
Cabot, Sebastian, navigator, VII. 62.
Cadillac, AntoinedelaM.,explorer,V. 172.
Cadwalader, John, rev. soldier, I. 89.
Cady, Ernest, manufacturer, V. 227.
Cady, Sarah Louise E., educator, IX. 373.
Cahill, LeRoy, inventor, V. 117.
Cake, Henry L., soldier, V. 352.
Caldwell, Charles, physician, VII. 276.
Caldwell, George C., chemist, IV. 482.
Caldwell, James, soldier, V. 91.
Caldwell, John Curtis, soldier, V. 248.
Caldwell, Samuel Lunt, educator, V. 235.
Caldwell, Tod R., governor, IV. 428.
Calef, Robert, author, VIII. 164.
Calhoun, Edmund R., naval officer, IV. 295.
Calhoun, John C., statesman, VI. 83.
Calhoun, Patrick, R. R. president, I. 528.
' '.i 1:1 "H i ia, Governors of, IV. 105.
California State Capitol, illus., IV. 105.
Calilornia, University of, VII. 228.
Call, Wilkeson, senator, II. 525.
Callender, John, historian, VII. 40.
Callender, John H., physician, VIII. 135.
Callender, Walter, merchant, III. 269.
Caloric engine invented, IV. 47, Ericsson, J.
Calvert, Benedict L., 4th Lord Baltimore,
VII. 335.
Calvert, Cecil, 3d Lord Baltimore, VII. 331
Calvert, Chas., 3d Lord Baltimore, VII. 334.
Calvert, Chas. ,5th Lord Baltimore,VII. 336.
Calvert, Fred'k,6thLordBaltimore,VII. 337.
Calvert, Geo., 1st Lord Baltimore, VIl! 331.
Calvert, George H., author, V. 357.
Calvert, Leonard, prop'rygov., VII. 332.
Calvert, Philip, prop'ry gov., VII. 334.
Calvin, Delano C., lawyer, V. 151.
Camden, Johnson M., legislator, VI. 486.
Cameron, Alexander, lawyer, IV. 63.
Cameron, Alexander, manuf'r, VII. 321.
Cameron, James, soldier, IV. 136.
Cameron, James Donald, statesman, IV. 25.
Cameron, Robert A., soldier, IV. 296.
Cameron, Sir Roderick W., merchant, VIII.
400.
Cameron, Simon, statesman, II. 79.
Cameron, William, contractor, VIII. 50.
Cameron, Wm. Ewan, governor, V. 455.
Camm, John, educator, III. 233.
Cammerhof, John C. F., bishop, V. 485.
Camp, David N., educator, II. 520.
Camp, E. C., lawyer. I. 478.
Camp, Hiram, inventor, VIII. 155.
INDEX.
Camp, William A., financier, IX. 185.
Campbell, Alexander, theologian, IV. 161.
Campbell, Allan, R. R. president, IX. 466.
Campbell, Allen G., capitalist. VIII. 195.
Campbell, Andrew, inventor, IX. 154.
Campbell, Bartley, dramatist, IX. 517.
Campbell, David, governor, V. 449.
Campbell, George T., physician. IV. 236.
Campbell, George W., statesman, V. 372.
Campbell, Helen S., author, IX. 126.
Campbell, James, postmaster-gen., IV. 251.
Campbell, James A., physician, VII. 287.
Campbell, James E., governor. I. 470.
Campbell, James V., jurist, IX. 145.
Campbell, Jere. Rockwell, V. 68.
Campbell, John, telegrapher, VII. 33.
Campbell, John A., jurist, II. 472.
Campbell, Samuel L., educator, III. 164.
Campbell, Thomas J., educator, II, 268.
Campbell, William, rev. soldier, I. 62.
Campbell, William B., governor, VII. 209.
Campbell, Win. H., clergyman. III. 402.
Campbell, William S.,!U. S. consul, IX.425.
Canby, Edward E. S., soldier, V. 333.
Candler, Allen D., manufacturer, II. 121.
Candler, Asa Griggs, manuf'r, VII. 142.
Candler, Warren A., educator, I. 521.
Canfield, James H., educator. VII. 417.
Cannon, Henry W., banker. I, 158.
Cannon, Newton, jjnvernor. VII. 208.
Capen, Edward, librarian, VI. 483.
Capen, Elmer Hewitt, educator, VI. 241.
Capen, Francis L., meteorologist, V. 303.
Capen, John L., M.P.. phrenologist, IX. 100
Caperton, Allen Taylor, senator, VII. 303.
Capitol at Washington, D. C., illus., I. 138
II. 455 ; VIII. 325.
Cappa, Carlo Alberto, musician, IX. 387.
Captain Jack Crawford, VIII. 175.
Captain Molly (Pitcher), IX. 262.
Car Couplings, Compression, inventor, VII.,
116, Miller, E.
Cardenas, Louis P., R. C. bishop, V. 423.
Cardinal, first Amer., I. 195, McCloskey, J
Carey, Henry C., political economist, V. 24
Carey, Henry D., business m'g'r, VIII. 141.
Carey, Joseph M., senator, I. 462.
Carey, Mathew, publisher, VI. 278.
Carhart, Henry Smith, electrician. IV. 455.
Carl, William C., organist, VIII. 448.
Carleton, Bukk G., physician, VII. 48.
Carleton, Frank H., lawyer, VI. 101.
Carleton, Will, poet, II. 505.
Carlisle, John G., congressman, I. 461.
Carlton, Henry H., congressman, II. 145.
Carnahan, J., educator, clergyman. V. 467.
Carnegie, Andrew, manufacturer and phi-
lanthropist, IX. 151.
Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, illus., IX. 152
Carnes, Samuel T., merchant, VIII. 415.
Carney, Thomas, governor, VIII. 343.
Carnochan, J. M., surgeon, IX. 362.
Caroline Thomas, pen-name, Dorr, J C R
VI. 56.
Carow, Isaac, merchant, I. 498.
Carpenter, Elisha, jurist, V. 243.
Carpenter, Esther Bernon, author, II. 449.
Carpenter, F. W., merchant, III. 257.
Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, illus., I. 107.
Carpenter, Matthew H., senator, IV. 22.
Carpenter, R. C., educator, IV. 480.
Carpenter, Wm. H., philologist, VIII. 116.
Carr, Elias, governor, IV. 430.
Carr, Joseph B., soldier. IV. 389.
Carr, Julien S., manufacturer, I. 188.
Carr, Sir Robert, IX. 451.
Carrington, Edward, soldier, V. 54.
Carrington, Paul, jurist, V. 161.
Carroll, Alfred L., physician. III. 122.
Carroll, Anna Ella, patriot, V. 193.
Carroll, Charles, patriot, VII. 441.
Carroll, Daniel, statesman, II. 389.
Carroll, David L., educator, II. 24.
Carroll, David W., jurist, V. 115.
Carroll, Howard, journalist, III. 309.
Carroll, J. L., governor, IX. 310.
Carroll, John, archbishop, I. 480.
Carroll, John J., R. C. priest, VII. 251.
Carroll, Samul Sprigg, soldier, V. 51.
Carroll, T. K., governor, IX. 302.
Carroll, William, governor, VII. 208.
Carrow, Howard, lawyer, IV. 497.
Carruthers, R. L., legislator, VIII. 126.
Carson, Alexander N., clergyman, IV. 114.
Carson, Christopher, explorer, III. 278.
Carson, Hampton Lawrence, III. 264.
Carson, Joseph, pharmacist, V. 346.
Carson, Samuel Price, politician, VII. 60.
Carstens, John H., physician, VI. 388.
Carter, Franklin, educator, VI. 239.
Carter, James Coolidge, lawyer, VII. 457.
Carter, Joel W., merchant, VIII. 112.
Carter, Lorenzo, pioneer, III. 298.
Carter, Robert, publisher, VIII. 41.
Carter, Samuel P., rear-admiral. II. 104.
Carter, William T., financier, VI. 160.
Cartridge Metal, Inventor of, Saxton, IX.
220.
Cartwright, Peter, clergyman, VI. 61.
Caruth, George W., diplomat, VIII. 176.
Caruthers, Eli W., historian, VII. 105.
Carver, John, colonial governor, VII. 367.
Carver, Jonathan, traveler. I. 476.
Cary, Alice, author, I. 535.
Cary, Annie Louise, singer. I. 426.
Cary, Archibald, patriot, V. 106.
Cary, Edward, journalist, VIII. 109.
Cary, Phoebe, author, I. 535.
Casey, Lyman R., senator, I. 291.
Casey, Silas, naval officer, IV. 331.
Casey, Silas, soldier, IV. 279.
Casey, Thomas L., soldier, IV. 279.
Cashen, Thomas V., manufacturer, V. 480
Cass, Lewis, statesman, V. 3.
Cassel, Abraham H., antiquarian, HI. 276.
Castro, Henry, pioneer, III. 268.
Caswell, Alexis, educator, VIII. 25.
Caswell, Edwin W., clergyman, VII. 399.
Caswell, Lucien B., lawyer, III. 356.
Caswell, Richard, governor, IV. 419.
Caswell, Thomas H., jurist. IX. 531.
Cathcart, Charles W., senator. IV. 384.
Catherwood, Mary H., author. IX. 215.
Catlin, Amos P., jurist, VIII. 87.
Catlin, George, painter, III. 270.
Catlin, Isaac Swartwood, lawyer, III. 346.
Catron, John, statesman, II. 470.
Cattell, Alexander G., senator, II. 35.
Cauldwell, Leslie Giffen, artist, III. 432.
Cauldwell, William, journalist, I. 237.
Cavazza, Elisabeth, VIII. 373, Pullen.
Cawein, Madison J., poet, VIII. 231.
Cayvan, Georgia Eva, actress, II. 453.
Cecil, Elizabeth Frances, III. 266.
Central Park, New York, laid out. II. 194,
Viele, E. L.; II. 298, Olmsted, F. L.;
IX. 332, Vaux, C.
Central Pennsylvania College, illus., V. 19.
"Century Magazine," publisher: I. 311,
Smith, R.; editors, I, 311.
Ceracchi, Giuseppe, sculptor, VIII. 289.
Cerberus of the Treas., I. 22, Ellsworth, 0.
Cesnola. Luigi Palma di, soldier. I. 422.
Chace, George Ide, educator, VIII. 25.
Chadbourne, Paul A., educator, VI. 238.
Chadwick, French E., naval officer, IX. 16.
Chadwick, George W., composer, VII. 326.
Chadwick, John W., clergyman, VII. 77.
Chadwick, Stephen F., governor, VIII. 6.
Chaffee, James F., clergyman, VI. 115.
Chaffee, Jerome Bunty, senator, VI. 199.
Chaille, Stanford E., physician, IX. 131.
Chalmers, James K., soldier and lawyer,
VIII. 438.
Chamberlain, Joshua L., educator, I. 419.
Chamberlain Observatory, illus., I. 461.
Chamberlain, William, soldier and jurist,.
VIII. 479.
Chamberlin, Ed. P., merchant, II. 400.
Chamberlin, Franklin, lawyer, II. 417.
Chamberlin, H. B., R. R. president, I. 460.
Chamberlin, J. W., physician, VI. 392.
Chambers, Ezekiel F., jurist, VII. 307.
Chambers, Robert C., financier, VII. 86.
Chambers, Talbot W., clergyman, IX. 258.
Champe, John, soldier, VII. 162.
Champlin, James T., educator, VIII. 406.
Champlin, John D., author, VIII. 358.
Champney, Benjamin, painter. IV. 289.
Chancellor, Eustathius, physician, V. 152.
Chandler, Albert B., III. 171.:
Chandler, Wm. E., secretary, IV. 250.
Chandler, Zachariah, secretary. IV. 18.
Chanfrau, Frank, actor, VII. 323.
Chanfrau, Henrietta B., actress, VII. 323.
Chanler, Amelie Rives, author, I. 356.
Chanler, Wm. Astor, explorer, IX. 24.
Channing, Wm., statesman, VIII. 380.
Channing, Wm. E., clergyman, V. 458.
Chapel, Williams College, illus., VI. 238.
Chapin, Aaron Lucius, educator, III. 184.
Chapin, Alfred Clark, mayor, I. 525.
Chapin, Chester Wm., R. R. pres't, V. 497.
Chapin, Edwin H., clergyman, VI. 89.
Chapin, Samuel, I. 525, Chapin, A. C.
Chapin, Stephen, educator, III. 152.
Chaplin, Jeremiah, educator, VIII. 404.
Chapman, Frank M., naturalist, IX. 327.
Chapman, Henry T., Jr., financier, IV. 344.
Chapman, John A., poet, VIII. 236.
Chapman, John A. M., clergyman, IV. 461.
Chapman, John Gadsby, artist, VII. 460.
Chapman, Maria W., reformer, II. 315.
Chapman, Nathaniel, educator, III. 294.
Chapman, William C., physician, VI. 380.
Chappell, Absalom H., author, VI. 187.
Chappell, C. W., manufacturer, VIII. 305.
Charleston, U. S. cruiser, illus., VI. 69.
Charlton, Robert M., senator, IV. 191.
Chase, Denison, inventor, IV. 494.
Chase, Dudley, statesman, VIII. 179.
Chase, George Ci, educator, VIII. 394.
Chase, Geo. Lewis, underwriter, V. 219.
Chase, Philander, P. E. bishop, VII. 1.
Chase, Pliny E., astronomer, VI. 53.
Chase, Salmon P., jurist, I. 28.
Chase, Samuel, jurist, I. 24.
Chase, Waldo K., manufacturer. III. 426.
Chase, William T., clergyman, VI. 10.
Chatfield-Taylor, H. C., author. IX. 135.
Chattanooga " Times" Building, illus.. I. 428.
Chauncey, Isaac, naval officer, VIII. 95.
Chauncy, Charles, iros, clergyman. V. 168.
Chauncy, Charles, 1592, educator, VI. 410.
Chautauqua Movement, Vincent, IX. 144.
Chauvenet, Regis, educator, VII. 446.
Chavis, John, clergyman and educatorv
VII. 123.
Cheadle, Joseph B., congressman. II. 169.
Cheever, George B., clergyman, VII. 82.
Cheever, Henry Martyn, lawyer, V. 93.
INDEX.
Cheever, Samuel, jurist. II. 498.
Chemical Bank, I. 262, Williams, G. 6.
Cheney, Chas. Ed.. I. 31, Fuller, M. W.
Cheney, Ednah Dow, author, IX. 170.
Cheney, John Vance, poet, VI. 289.
Cheney, Moses, preacher, VI. 288.
Cheney, Oren B., educator, VIII. 394.
Cheney, Seth Wells, artist, IX. 170.
Cheney, Simeon Pease, singer, VI. 288.
Cherub, battle with Essex, II. 99, Porter, D.
Chesbrough, Ellis S., civil engineer, IX. 35.
Chesebrough, Robert A., mfr.. III. 168.
Cheshire, Joseph B., clergyman, VI. 53.
Chestnut, James, Jr., soldier, V. 54.
Chetlain, Augustus L., soldier, IV. 390.
Cheverus, Jean L., R. C. bishop, VI. 331.
Chew, Benjamin, jurist, V. 84.
Chicago, R. C. Bishops of, IX. 78-80.
Chickering, Jonas, man'f'r, VI. 189.
Chief Justices U. S. Supreme Court, I. 20.
Child, David Lee, journalist, II, 324.
Child, Francis J., scholar, VIII. 256.
Child, Lydia Maria, author, II. 324.
Child, Shubael, merchant, IX. 457.
" Children's Astronomer" IX. 282, Proctor.
Childs, George William, journalist, II. 272
Childs, Henry W., lawyer, VI. 321.
Childs, John Lewis, horticulturist. III. 222.
Childs, Orville W., engineer, III. 79.
Chilton, Horace, senator. II. 241.
Chipley, William D., R. R. Mgr., IX. 439.
Chipman, Daniel, lawyer, VIII. 402.
Chipman, John L., congressman, VIII. 126.
Chipman, Nathaniel, senator, II. 10.
Chisholm, Walter Scott, lawyer, II. 358.
Chisolm, Alexander R., soldier, II. 119.
Chittenden, Martin, governor, VIII. 315.
Chittenden, Thomas, governor, VIII. 312.
Chittenden, Wm. L., ranchman, VIII. 349.
Choate Ancestry, IX. 159.
Choate, Joseph H., lawyer, IX. 159.
Choate, Rufus, lawyer, VI. 17.
Cholera, Hyperdermic treatment for, first
used, VII. 51, Kornitzer, J,
Choules, John 0., clergyman, VIII. 64.
Christ Church, Pittsburgh, Pa., illus. IX. 331.
Christenseu, Christian T., soldier, II. 365.
Christy, George N., actor, VII. 297.
Chubb, Henry Stedman, V. 141.
Church, Alonzo, educator, IX. 180.
Church, Benj., Indian fighter, VII. 149.
Church, Benj., surgeon-general, VII. 167.
Church, Benjamin S., engineer, III. 332.
Church, Edward B., clergyman, I. 207.
Church, Edward, I. 207, Church, E. B.
Church, Frederick E., artist, VI. 14.
Church, Irving P., educator, IV. 484.
Church, Pharcellus, clergyman, VIII. 224.
Church, Samuel H., historian, IX. 518.
Church, Wm. C., editor, VIII. 225.
Church of God, founder of the, I. 180, Wine-
brenner, S.
Churchman, John, scientist, IX. 287.
Cincinnati, Order of the, III. 376, Mooney,
W.; III. 378, Smith, M., formed by, I. 16,
Knox, H.; I. 17, Dayton, J.; foundation
and history of, VIII. 410.
City Hall, old, Philadelphia, illus., II. 282.
Claflin, Horace B., merchant, III. 228.
Claflin, John, merchant, III. 229.
Claflin, William, governor, I. 119.
Claggett, John T., P. E. bishop, VI. 222.
Claiborne, John H., physician. III. 219.
Clancy, William, R. C. bishop. VI. 335.
Clap, Nathaniel, clergyman, VII. 397.
Clap, Roger, colonist, VIII. 76.
Clap, Thomas, educator, I. 166.
Clapp, Alex. H., clergyman, VI. 230.
Clapp, Alinon M., journalist, I. 359.
Clapp, Asa, merchant, V. 409.
Clapp, Henry, humorist, IX. 121.
Clapp, Ozro Wright, banker, V. 38.
Clapp, William W., journalist, II. 237.
Clare, Ada, actress and author, VI. 247.
Clark, Abraham, patriot, III. 302.
Clark, Addison, educator, VI. 106.
Clark, Alonzo, physician, I. 354.
Clark, Alvan, optician, VI. 440.
Clark, Alvan G., optician, V. 386.
Clark, Charles E., naval officer, IX. 11.
Clark, Daniel, senator, II. 87.
Clark, Edward, governor, IX. 69.
Clark, Edward W., bank.-r. VI. 118.
Clark, Enoch W., banker, VI. 118.
Clark, George, land proprietor, VI. 207.
Clark, George Rogers, rev. soldier, I. 82.
Clark, Gilbert John, lawyer, VII. 17.
Clark, Guy Ashley, manufacturer, V. 59.
Clark Hall, Western Reserve College, illus.,
VII. 225.
Chirk Hall, Williams College, illus., VI. 236.
Clark, Henry J., naturalist. IX. 197.
Clark, Henry T., governor, IV. 427.
Clark, John, governor, I. 223.
Clark, Jonas G., manufacturer and philan-
thropist, IX. 203.
Clark, Lewis G., author, VIII. 454.
Clark, Myron Holly, governor, III. 50.
Clark, Nathaniel G., clergyman, VI. 438.
Clark, Richard H., authm-, I. 257.
Clark, Thomas, author, VI. 196.
Clark, Thomas March, P. E. bishop, I. 445.
Clark University. IX. 203.
Clark, Walter, jurist. VIII. 63.
Clark, William, manufacturer, V. 161.
Clark, William, explorer, V. 122.
Clark, Wm. Smith, educator, V. 310.
Clark, Willis G., poet. VIII. 454.
Clarke, Augustus P., physician. VI. 234.
Clarke, Charles J., merchant, VI. 363.
Clarke, Daniel B., capitalist.il. 352.
Clarke, Edward H., physician, VIII. 213.
Clarke, James F., clergyman. II. 186.
Clarke, John, colonist, VII. 346.
Clarke, John H., legislator, VI. 459.
Clarke, John Sleeper, actor, VII. 475.
Clarke, Mary Bayard, poet, VIII. 110.
Clarke, Mary H. G., author, VI. 235.
Clarke, McDonald, poet, VI. 458.
Clarke, Rebecca S., author, VIII. 339.
Clarkson, Floyd, soldier, VI. 260.
Clarkson, James S., journalist, II. 118.
Clay, Cassius M., politician, II. 311.
Clay.rClement C., statesman, IV. 198.
Clay, Henry, statesman, V. 77.
Clayton, John M., jurist, VI. 179.
Clayton, Powell, governor, V. 394.
Cleary, Redmond, merchant. IX. 110.
Cleaveland, Wm. W., manufacturer, V. 59.
Cleaves, Henry B., governor, VI. 319.
Cleburne, Patrick R., soldier, VIII. 54.
Clemens, Jeremiah, statesman, VII. 234.
Clemens, Samuel L., humorist, VI. 25.
Clements, Emma Newbold, I. 444.
Clements, Samuel, clergyman. I. 444.
Clephane, James 0., lawyer. III. 317.
Cleveland, Benjamin, soldier, I. 508.
Cleveland, Frances F., II. 402.
Cleveland, Grover , U.S. pres., II. 401.
Cleveland, Jesse, merchant, IV. 467.
Cleveland, Moses, colonizer, VI. 257.
Cleveland, O., Founder of, VI. 267.
Cleveland, Orestes, merchant, II. 500.
Cleveland, R. C. bishops of, V. 340.
Cleveland, Rose E., author, II. 238.
Clevenger, S. V., 1st., sculptor, VIII. 279.
Clevenger, Shobal V., physician, V. 267.
Clews, Henry, financier, I. 373.
Clifford, John Henry, governor, I. 116.
Clifford, Nathan, jurist, II. 473.
Clifton, Josephine, actress, VI. 32.
Clingman, Thomas L., legislator, VII. 199.
Clinic, College, First in U. S., Parker, IX.
337.
Clinton, DeWitt, governor, III. 43.
Clinton, DeWitt, III. 382, Van Ness, W. P.
III. 383, Sanford, N.
Clinton, George, statesman, III. 7, 41.
Clinton, James, rev. soldier, I. 305.
Clitz, Henry Boynton, soldier, IV. 165.
Clopton, William C., lawyer, II. 296.
Closson, Wm. B. P., artist, VIII. 431.
Clothier, Clarkson, merchant, IX. 461.
Clough, Moses T., lawyer, III. 290.
Clowes, Geo. H., manufacturer, VIII. 294.
Clunie, Thomas J., congressman, II. 184.
Cluseret, Gustave P., soldier, IV. 255.
Clymer, George, rev. soldier, III. 272.
Clymer, George, inventor, VIII. 78.
Coan, Titus, missionary, II. 339.
Coan, Titus M.,M.D. and author, III. 190.
Coates, Kersey, pioneer, VI. 259.
Cobb, Amasa, statesman. VI. 325.
Cobb, Cyrus, artist, IV. 44.
Cobb, Darius, artist, IV. 45.
Cobb, George T., manufacturer, VI. 228.
Cobb, Howell, governor, I. 226.
Cobb, Joshua, iron merchant, VIII. 214.
Cobb, Levi Henry, clergyman, VII. 233.
Cobb, Seth W., merchant and congressman,
VIII. 418.:
Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer, VI. 372.
Cobb, Willard A., regent, IV. 491.
Cobbs, Nicholas H., P. E. bishop. III. 465.
Coburn, Abner, governor, VI. 313.
Coburn Hall, Colby Univ., illus., VIII. 405.
Cochran, David H., educator, III. 397.
Cochran, Jerome, physician, V. 225.
Cochran, John, soldier, lawyer, VIII. 410. 1
Cochran, Thomas B., editor, VI. 274.
Cochrane, Elizabeth, journalist, I. 241.
Cocke, Philip St. G., soldier, IV. 181.
Cockerill, John A., journalist, I. 153.
Cockrell, Francis M., senator, III. 297.
Coddington, W. P., educator, II. 426.
Coddington, Wm., colonial gov., VII. 421.
Codington, William R., lawyer, IV. 201.
Cody, Claude C., educator, I. 248.
Cody, William F., scout, V. 483.
Coe College. Marshall, S., V. 41.
Coffin, C. E., banker, IX. 491.
Coffin, Charles Carleton, author, I. 438.
Coffin, Jas. H., meteorologist, VIII. 12.
Coffin, Joshua, antiquarian, II. 369.
Coffin, Robert Barry, author, VI. 197.
Coffin, Roland Folger, yachtsman, I. 450.
Coffin, Tristram, pioneer, VI. 258.
Coffin, William A., artist, VI. 367.
Coffinberry, James M., jurist, III. 396.
Coggeshall, Henry J., lawyer, III. 253.
Cogswell, Mason F., physician, VIII. 207.
Cogswell, William, soldier, IV. 466.
Conn, Mark M., merchant, VIII. 473.
Coit, Joshua, congressman, II. 172.
Coke, Richard, governor, IX. 72.
Colburn, Zerah, math, prodigy, VII. 74.
Colby, Gardner, philanthropist, VIII. 404.
Colby University, VIII. 404.
Colcord, Roswell K., governor, II. 346.
Colden, Cadwallader, governor. II. 270.
Coldwell, Thomas, inventor, VIII. 65.
IXDEX.
'Cole, Ambrose N., legislator, II. 446.
Cole, Charles K., physician, VIII. 99.
Cole, Cordelia T., reformer, VI. 394.
Cole, Richard Beverly, surgeon, VII. 288.
Cole, Thomas, artist, VII. 462.
Coleman, Ann M. B., author, IV. 409.
Coleman, Lucy N., reformer, IV. 229.
Coleman, Thomas, banker, III. 249.
Coleman, Wm. Emmette, author, V. 20.
Coleman, Wm. T., merchant, VIII. 336.
Coles, Abraham, author, II. 434.
Coles, Jonathan A,, physician, II. 435.
Colfax, Schuyler, statesman, IV. 12.
Colfelt, Lawrence M., clergyman, III. 267.
Colgate, James B., banker, II. 454.
Colgate University, V. 427.
Collamer, Jacob, statesman, IV. 371.
Collamore, Davis, merchant, VII. 47.
College Hall, Dennison Univ., illus., I. 301.
Colles, Christopher, engineer, IX. 271.
Collier, Charles A., banker, V. 158.
Collier, Peter, scientist, VIII. 356.
Collier, Robert L., clergyman, VII. 293.
Collings, Samuel P., physician, VIII. 220.
Collins, Charles, educator, VI. 430.
Collins, Charles, merchant, III. 230.
Collins, Clarence Lyman, V. 150.
Collins, Frederick W., marshal, III. 116.
Collins, George J., postmaster, I. 185.
Collins, John, governor, IX. 392.
Collins, Lewis, jurist, VI. 112.
Collins, Napoleon, naval officer, IV. 413.
Collyer, Robert, clergyman, I. 369.
Colman, Benjamin, clergyman, Til. 153.
Colman, Norman J., agriculturist, V. 165.
Colorado Agricultural College, I. 411.
Colorado, Governors of, VI. 445.
Colorado State Capitol, illus., VI. 445.
Colorado University, VI. 488.
Colquitt, Alfred Holt, senator, I, 291.
Colt, Caldwell H., yachtsman, VI. 361.
Colt, Samuel, inventor, VI. 175.
Colton, Calvin, clergyman, VIII. 38.
Colton, Gardner ft., dentist, II. 198.
Colton, Walter, author, IV. 304.
Columbia College. VI. 341.
Columbia Inst., IX. 140, Gallaudet, E. M.
Columbian Order, III. 376, Mooney, W.
Columbian University, III. 151.
Columbus, Christopher, explorer, III. 436.
Columbus Monument, New York city, illus.,
III. 437.
Combe, George, phrenologist, VI. 154.
Combes, Richard C., underwriter, II. 531.
Comfort, Anna M., physician, III. 162.
Comfort, George Fisk, educator, III. 162.
Comfort, Samuel, U. S. consul and manufac-
turer, IX. 418.
Committee of Seventy, I. 374, Clews, H.
Conistock, Addison J., pioneer, I. 201.
Comstock, George C., lawyer, IV. 500.
Comstock, George W., merchant, IV. 500.
Comstock, John H., educator, IV. 481.
Comstock Lode, I. 325, Stewart, W. M.
Comstock, Richard W., III. 501.
Comstock, Thomas G., physician, VII. 279.
Concannen, Luke, R. C. bishop, I. 191.
Concord, Mass., founded, VII. 486, Bulkley.
Conde, Swits, manufacturer, V. 142.
Condell, Archelaus, inventor, III. 213.
Condict, Ira, clergyman, III. 400.
Congdon, Charles T., journalist, III. 458.
Conger, Arthur L., manufacturer, II. 207.
Conger, Edwin H., statesman, VIII. 176.
Conklin, William A., editor, II. 256.
Conkling, Hoscoe, statesman, III. 220.
•Conley, Benjamin, governor, I. 229.
Conley, John W., clergyman, VI. 321.
Connecticut State Capitol, illus., II. 245.
Connell, Wm., congressman, VIII. 172.
Connell, William L., merchant, VI. 41.
Conner, James, type founder, V. 480.
Connolly, David Ward, lawyer, V. 36.
Connolly, John, R. C. bishop, 1. 191.
Connor, Selden, governor, VI. 316.
Conover, Chas. Edwin, merchant, VI. 215.
Conover, Jacob Dey, merchant, VI. -215.
Conrad, Charles M., statesman. VI. 181.
Conrad, Henry Clay, lawyer, IV. 46.
Conrad, Joseph Speed, soldier, IV. 55.
Conrad, Timothy A., naturalist, VIII. 466.
Consumption, Inhalation cure for, VII. 281,
Hunter, Robert.
"Contrabands," origin of, I. 122, Butler.
Converse, Chas. C., composer, VIII. 449.
Converse, Dexter E., manuf'r, VI. 138.
Converse, Geo. Leroy, lawyer, V. 338.
Converse, John H., manufacturer, IX. 419.
Converse, Julius, governor, VIII. 326.
Conway Cabal against Washington, I. 50,
Conway, T.; I. 47, Gates, H.; I. 56, Wil-
kinson; I. 90, Cadwalader, J.
Conway, Frederick B., actor, VII. 265.
Conway, Martin F., congressman, VIII. 55.
Conway, Moncure Daniel, author, I. 206.
Conway, Thomas, rev. soldier, I. 50.
Conway, William A., actor, VII. 200.
Conwell, Henry, R. C. bishop, VI. 304.
Conwell, Russell H., clergyman, III. 29.
Cony, Samuel, governor, VI. 314.
Conyers,'Edward, colonist, VIII. 144.
Conyers, James, statesman, VIII. 144.
Conyngham, G., naval officer, IV. 266.
Conyngham, John N., jurist. IX. 282.
Cook, Albert S., educator, IX. 167.
Cook, Francis A., naval officer, IX. 17.
Cook, George Hammell, scientist, VI. 304.
Cook, James, navigator. VI. 376.
Cook, Joseph, author, II. 260.
Cook, Philip, soldier, IV. 082.
Cook, Russell S., clergyman, VII. 412.
Cook, V. Y., merchant and soldier, IX. 444.
Cooke, Augustus P., naval officer, VI. 444.
Cooke, Eleutheros, I. 253, Cooke, J.
Cooke, Geo. Willis, author, VIII. 68.
Cooke, Jay, financier, I. 253.
Cooke, John, soldier, VIII. 65.
Cooke, John Esten.'author, VII. 330.
Cooke, JosiahP., chemist, VI. 12.
Cooke, Martin Warren, lawyer, V. 31.
Cooke, Nicholas, governor, IX. 391.
Cooke, Philip Pendleton, poet, VII. 330.
Cooke, Rose Terry, author, VI. 301.
Cooke, Samuel, clergyman, IX. 233.
Cooley, Lyman E., civil engineer, IX. 41.
Cooley, Theodore, banker, IX. 111.
Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, IX. 522.
Coolidge, Carlos, governor, VIII. 320.
Coombe, Thomas, clergyman, VII. 196.
Coombs, Wm. Jerome, ^merchant, V. 66.
Coon, John Henry, manufacturer. V. 109.
Cooper, Edward, mayor, III. 115.
Cooper, George, poet, VIII. 245.
Cooper, George H., naval officer, IV. 470.
Cooper, Henry M., man'f'r, VIII. 57.
Cooper Institute, N. Y., illus., III. 114.
Cooper, James, senator, V. 498.
Cooper, James Fenimore, author, I. 398.
Cooper, Job A., governor, VI. 451.
Cooper, Lunsford P., jurist, VIII. 262.
Cooper, Myles, educator, VI. 341.
Cooper, Peter, philanthropist, III. 114.
Cooper, Peter, IV. 451, Field, C. W.
Coouer, Sarah B., educator, III. 132.
Cooper, Susan Fenimore, author, VI. 301.
Cooper, William, clergyman, IX. 458.
Cooper, William F., jurist, IX. 106.
Coote, Richard, colonial gov., VII. 373.
Cooter, James Thomas, educator, VII. 342.
Cope, Edward Drinker, scientist, VII. 474.
Cope, Thomas Pym, merchant, V. 424.
Copeland, Lucius F., lecturer, IX. 480.
Copland, Patrick, educator, III. 231.
Copley, John Singleton, artist, VI. 467.
Copley, Sir Lionel, colonial gov., VII. 335.
Coppee, Henry, author, educator, VII. 111.
Coppin, Levi J., journalist, III. 146.
Coram, Thomas, philanthropist, VI. 17.
Corbett, Henry W., senator, VI. 110.
Corbin, Austin, railway president, V. 430.
Corbin, Margaret, patriot, VI. 45.
Corcoran, Michael, soldier, IV. 54.
Corcoran, W. W., philanthropist, III. 153.
Corliss, William, inventor, IV. 171.
Cornelius, Elias, clergyman, V. 431.
Cornell, Alonzo B., governor, III. 54.
Cornell College, Iowa, VII. 79.
Cornell, Ezra, philanthropist, IV. 475.
Cornell University, IV. 475.
Corning, Warren H., financier, VII. 344.
Corn-stalk Column, Designer of, IX. 425,
Latrobe.
Cornwell, Wm. Caryl, banker, VI. 489.
Corrigan, Michael A., archbishop, I. 196.
Corrigan, Thomas, capitalist, VI. 300.
Corse, John Murray, soldier, IV. 297.
Corsou, Hiram, educator, I. 440.
Corson, Juliet, author, VIII. 453.
Corson, Robert R., reformer, IX. 458.
Cort, Thomas, manufacturer, VI. 147.
Corthell, Elmer L., civil engineer, IX. 42.
Corwin, David R. P., financier, VIII. 120.
Corwin, Thomas, statesman, VI. 180.
Cosby, Fortunatus, Jr., poet, V. 498.
Cosmopolitan Hag.. IX. 195, Walker, J. B,
Cosmopolitan Univ., IX. 195., Walker, J.IB.
Cotheal, Alex. I., consul-general, I. 322.
Cottman, Dr. T., I. 177, Cottman, V. L.
Cottman, V. L., naval officer, I. 177.
Cotton industry, origin of, IV. 121, Slater, S.
Cotton, John, clergyman, VII. 27.
Cottrell, Calvert B., inventor, III, 397.
Couch, Darius N., soldier, IV. 207.
Coudert, Frederic R., lawyer. VI. 59.
Coues, Elliott, scientist, V. 240.
Couldock, Charles Walter, actor, II. 346.
Council Hall, pberlin College, illus., II. 459.
Couper, William, seulotor, IX. 58.
Courier, Franklin C., artist, V. 475.
Cowan, Edgar, senator, II. 94.
Cowardin, James A., journalist, II. 51.
Cowell, David, clergyman and educator,
IX. 156.
Cowles, Edwin, journalist, II. 224.
Cowles, John G. W., financier, IX. 113.
Cowpens, battle of, Howard, IX. 293.
Cox, Jacob D., statesman, IV. 18.
Cox, James F., underwriter, IV. 95.
Cox, Kenyon, artist, V. 321.
Cox, Palmer, artist and author, VII. 459.
Cox, Samuel S., statesman, VI. 369.
Cox, Thomas Lillard, educator, VII. 87.
Cox, Walter Smith, jurist, IX. 322.
Cox, William R., congressman, VII. 58.
Coxe, Arthur C., P. E. bishop, III. 474.
Coxe, Tench, political economist, VI. 14.
Coy, Edward G., educator, VI. 253.
Cozzens, Frederick S., humorist, VI. 29.
Cozzens, William C., governor, IX. 403.
Crabbe, Thomas, naval officer, IV. 415.
Craddock, Charles Egbert, pen-name, II.
363, Murfree, M. N.
INDEX.
Cradle of Liberty, I. 441, Faneuil, P.
Crafts, Clayton E., lawyer, II. 159.
Crafts, Samuel C., governor, VIII. 317.
Craig, Allen, lawyer, IV. 75.
Craig, Hugh, merchant, V. 430.
Craig, J. Mclntosh, actuary, VI. 193.
Craighead, Thomas, educator, VIII. 130.
Cramer, Gustav, photographer, V. 157.
Cramer, John, congressman, I, 264.
Cramer, William E., journalist, I. 267.
Cramp, Charles H., shipbuilder, V. 254.
Cramp, William, shipbuilder, V. 253.
Cranch, Christopher P., poet, VII. 140.
Cranch, William, jurist, VII. 139.
Crandall, Charles L., educator, IV. 481.
Crandall, Lucian S., inventor, III. 322.
Crandall, P., philanthropist, II. 307.
Crandall, Reuben, physician, II. 302.
Crane, Anne M., author, VI. 363.
Crane, Elvin Williamson, lawyer, V. 230.
Crane, Jonathan T., clergyman, II. 212.
Crane, Oliver, author, II. 136.
Crane, Sibylla B., composer, VII. 427.
Crane, William H., actor, II. 153.
Cranston, Henry Y., jurist, VIII. 242.
Crapo, Henry Rowland, gov., V. 274.
Cravath, Erastus M., educator, 1.309.
Craven, Alfred W., civil engineer, IX. 37.
Craven, Braxton, educator, III. 445.
Craven, Elijah K., clergyman, II. 217.
Crawford, Dugald, merchant, VII. 245.
Crawford, Francis M., author, II. 502.
Crawford, George W., secretary, IV. 371.
Crawford, John W., scout, VIII. 175.
Crawford, Martin J., jurist, II. 244.
Crawford, Nathan'l M., educator, VI. 395.
Crawford, Samuel J., governor, VIII. 343.
Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, VIII. 292.
Crawford, West J., merchant, VIII. 151.
Crawford, William, soldier, IX. 283.
Crawford, Wm. Harris, statesman, V. 82.
"Credit Mobili.-r," II. 199, Ames 0.
Creighton, J. B., naval officer, IV. 183.
Crellin, John, banker, VII. 361.
Creswell, J. A. J., postmaster-gen., IV. 19.
Cretin, Joseph, R. C. bishop, IX. 225.
Crevecoeur, J. H. S. de, author, VIII. 253.
Crimmins, John D., contractor, III. 371.
Crisp, Charles Frederick, lawyer, I. 385.
Crittenden, George B., soldier, IV. 222.
Crittenden, Thomas L., soldier, II. 169.
Crocker, Marcellus M., soldier, IV. 220.
Crockett, David, pioneer, IV. 85.
Crockett, Joseph B., financier, VIII. 33,
Croes, John, P. E. bishop, III. 472.
Croes, J. James K., civil engineer, VI. 46.
Croghan, George, soldier, IV. 256.
Croly, Jane C., author, VI. 397.
Crook, George, soldier, IV. 70.
Crook, James K., physician. VIII. 218.
Crooks, Samuel S., manufacturer, VI. 496.
Cropper, John, soldier, II. 189.
Cropsey, Andrew George, lawyer, V. 99.
Cropsey, Jasper Francis, artist, I. 372.
Crosby, A., educator and author, IX. 97.
Crosby, A. B., surgeon and educator, IX. 98,
Crosby, Dixi, surgeon and educator, IX. 97,
Crosby, Howard, educator, IV. 193.
Crosby, Nathan, lawyer, IX. 96.
Crosby, Stephen M., lawyer and manufac-
turer, IX. 98.
Crosby, T. K., surgeon and educator, IX. 97.
Crosby, William G., governor, VI. 311.
Cross, Edward E., soldier, IV. 208.
Cross, Judson N., lawyer, VI. 322.
Croswell, Charles M., governor, V. 275.
Crouse, Geo. W., manufacturer, VI. 462.
Crouter, A. L. Edgerton, educator. V. 153.
Crow, Moses Rockwell, lawyer, IV. 212.
Crowe, John Finley, clergyman, VI. 492.
Crowell, John F., educator, III. 447.
Crowninshield, B. W., statesman, V. 373.
Crowninshield, J., statesman, III. 7.
Cruft, Charles, soldier, IV. 285.
Cruger, Henry, merchant, VII. 312.
Cruger, John, merchant, I. 495.
Cruger, Stephen Van Rensselaer, soldier
an. I financier. VII. 85.
Cruikshank, Edwin. A., III. 170.
Crump, Malcolm H., geologist, II. 183.
Crumrine, Boyd, reporter. I. 179.
Crunden, Frederick M., librarian. VI. 483.
Cudworth, James, colonist. IX. 449.
Culberson, Charles A., governor, IX. 76.
Cullom, Shelby Moore, senator, I. 289.
Cullum, George W., soldier. IV. 258.
Culver Hall, liartmoutli. lllus.,IX. 97.
fiimlM-rlan.l folk-go, VIII. 130.
Cummings, Amos J., c»ni,'ivssman and jour-
nalist, I. 260.
Cummings. Joseph, educator, IX. 430.
Cummings, Thomas Seir, artist, VI. 246.
Cummins, George D., P. E. bishop. VII. 57.
Cummins, Maria S., author, VI. 135.
Cunningham, John Daniel, lawyer, I. 406.
Curie, Charles, soldier, V. 56.
" Current Literature." I. 201, Somers, F. M.
Curry, Daniel, educator, VII. 382.
Curry, George Law, governor, VIII. 3.
Curry, Jabez L. M., .soldi.-!-, IV. 357.
Curry, Walker, physician, II. 217.
Curtin, Andrew G., governor, II. 290.
Curtin, Constans, physician. III. 348.
Curtin, Roland G., physiciau, III. 348.
Curtis, Benjamin R., jurist, II. 472.
Curtis, Edward, physician, IX. 517.
Curtis, Frederic C., physician. II. 168.
Curtis, George, banker, II. 439.
Curtis, George Ticknor, jurist, I. 395.
Curtis, George William, author, III. 96.
Curtis, Joseph B., soldier, VIII. 365.
Curtis, Julius B., lawyer, IV. 468.
Curtis, Leonard Eager, lawyer, V. 17.
Curtis, Moses Ashley, botanist, V. 244.
Curtis, Newton M., soldier, IV. 328.
Curtis, Samuel R., soldier. IV. 300.
Curtis, Wm. Eleroy, journalist. V. 43.
Curwen, Samuel, loyalist, VIII. 163.
Gushing, Caleb, statesman, IV. 151.
Gushing, Jonathan P., educator, II. 23.
Gushing, Thomas, statesman. VII. 113.
Gushing, Wm. B., naval officer, IX. 374.
Cushman, Charlotte S., actress, IV. 40.
Custer, George A., soldier, IV. 274.
Cutler, Augustus W., lawyer. VII. 152.
Cutler, Carroll, educator, VII. 224.
Cutler, Charles F., financier, VIII. 338.
Cutler, Manasseh, clergyman. III. 70,
Cutler, Nathan, governor, VI. 307.
Cutler, Timothy, educator, I. 165.
Cutter, Ephraim, mieroseopist, III. 188.
Cutter, Geo. F., naval officer, VIII. 164.
Cuyler, Theodore L., clergyman, V. 246.
Dabney, Richard, author, VII. 344.
Dabney, Robert L. D., educator. II. 26.
Dabney, Samuel W., consul, IV. 474.
Da Costa, Jacob M., physician, IX. 342.'
Dagg, John L., educator, VI. 395.
Daggett, Aaron S., soldier, VI. 127.
Daggett, David, jurist. IV. 31.
Daggett, Mary S., author, IX. 439.
Daggett, Naphtali, educator, I. 166.
Daggett, Oliver E., clergyman, IV. 414.
Daguerre, IV. 449, Morse, S. F. B.
Dahlgren, Charles B., engineer and nava
officer, IX. 380.
Dahlgren Gun, Inventor of, IX. 377.
Dahlgren, John A., naval officer, IX. 377.
Dahlgren, John Vinton, lawyer, IX. 381.
Dahlgren, Ulric, sol.li.-r, IX. 380.
Dailey, Abram H., jurist, IX. 421.
Dake, Alvin C., capitalist, VII. 49.
Dake, Dumont Charles, physician, II. 181.
Dale, Richard, naval otlic-er, II. 17.
Dale, Samuel, pioneer, IV. 27.
Daley, George Henry, merchant, III. 90.
Dall, Caroline H., author and philanthro-
pist, IX. 159.
Dallas, Alex. J., naval officer, VIII. 307.
Dallas, Alex. J., 1st., statesman, V. 372.
Dallas, George Mifflin, statesman, VI. 268.
Dallas, Robert Frank, artist, V. 27.
Dallas, T. B., manufacturer, VIII. 308.
Dalton, John, merchant, III. 337.
Daly, AugUStin, dramatist and theatrical
manager, I. 285.
Daly, Charles P., jurist, III. 158.
Daly, John J., miner, VII. 93.
Daly, Joseph F., jurist, I. 181.
Damrosch, Frank, musician, II, 148.
Damrosch, Leopold, musician, II. 147.
Damrosch, Walter J., musician, II. 147.
Dana, Charles A., journalist, I. 307.
Dana, Daniel, educator, IX. 87.
Dana, Edward S., mineralogist, VI. 207.
Dana, Francis, statesman, III. 240.
Dana, James D., geologist, VI. 462.
Dana, John C., librarian, VI. 483.
Dana, John W., governor, VI. 310.
Dana, Paul, journalist, VIII. 253.
Dana, Richard Henry, author, VII. 182.
Dana, Richard H., 2d, lawyer, VII. 182.
Dana, Richard H., 3d., lawyer, VII. 183.
Dana, Samuel L., chemist, VIII. 167.
Dana, Samuel W., senator, II. 10.
Danbury News Man, Bailey, J. M., VI. 28.
Dandy, George B., soldier, II. 230.
Dane, John, Jr., lawyer, II. 483.
Dane, Nathan, lawyer, IX. 196.
Danenhower, John W., explorer, III. 284.
Danforth, Elliot, lawyer, I. 364.
Danforth, Joshua N., clergyman, II. 186.
Daniel, John Warwick, senator, I. 218.
Daniel, Joseph J., jurist, IX. 127.
Daniel, Junius, soldier, VII. 127.
Daniel, Peter V., jurist, II. 470.
Daniell, John, merchant, IX. 533
Danks, Hart P., composer, VIII. 447.
Dark day, I. 167, Daggett, N.
Darley, Felix 0. C., artist, II. 334.
Darling, Charles W., soldier, VI. 486.
Darling, Henry, educator, VII. 408.
Darling, John A., soldier, VIII. 359.
Darling, John A., merchant and manufac-
turer, IX. 475.
Darlington, James H., clergyman, I. 271.
Darlington, Thos. Jr., physician, II. 179.
Dartmouth f ollege, IX. 85.
Daveiss, Joseph H., lawyer, VI. 76.
Davenport, Amzi B., educator. II. 224.
Davenport, Edgar L., actor, IX. 319.
Davenport, Fanny L. G., actress, IV. 57.
Davenport, Franklin, senator, II. 8.
Davenport, James, congressman, II. 181.
Davenport, John, clergyman, I. 161.
Davenport, Thomas, inventor, III. 339.
Davenport, William B., lawyer, II. 437.
Davenport, William F., dentist, II. 466.
INDEX.
Davidson, Alexander, inventor. III. 320.
Davidson, Arnold, lawyer, I. 266.
Davidson, George, scientist, VII. 227.
Davidson, George T., lawyer. IV. 347.
Davidson, James W., author. IX. 100.
Davidson, John S., lawyer, V. 387.
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poet. VII. 476.
Davidson, Margaret M., poet, VII. 476.
Davidson, Robert, educator, VI. 428.
Davidson, William, rev. soldier, I. 80.
Davie, William K., rev. soldier, I, 77; I.
22, Ellsworth, 0.
Davies, Charles, mathematician, III. 26.
Davies, Charles Fred., soldier. III. 27.
Davies, Charles W., engraver, VI. 94.
Davies, Hy. Ebenezer, jurist. III. 26.
Davies, Hy. Eugene, soldier. III. 27.
Davies, Julien T., lawyer, II. 489.
Davies, Samuel, clergyman and educator,
V. 465.
Davies, Thomas A., soldier. III. 26.
Davies, William Gilbert, lawyer. I. 366.
Davis, Andrew J., spiritualist, VIII. 442.
Davis, Charles H., artist. VIII. 431.
Davis, Chas. Henry, 1*45, naval officer,
IV. 120.
Davis, Chas. Henry, 1W, naval officer,
IV. 166.
Davis, Daniel F., governor, VI. 317.
Davis, David, jurist. II. 474.
Davis, Edmund J., governor. IX. 71.
Davis, Ellery W., educator, VIII. 363.
Davis, Garrett, senator, II. 225.
Davis, Henry, educator, VII. 405.
Davis, Henry L., educator. I. 504.
Davis, Henry W., congressman, II. 458.
Davis, Horace, manufacturer. VII. 230.
Davis, James, colonial printer, VII. 379.
Davis, Jefferson, statesman. IV. 148.
Davis, Jefferson C., soldier, V. 366.
Davis, Jessie Bartlett, singer, VIII. 62.
Davis, John, governor, I. 115.
Davis, John W., engine,-]-, IV. 306.
Davis, John W., iron, governor, VIII. 3.
Davis, John W., 1Mfi. governor. IX. 407.
Davis, Joseph John, lawyer, VII. 484.
Davis, Matthew L., biographer. III. 380.
Davis, Noah K., educator, IV. 76.
Davis,RebeccaHarding,author.VIII. 177.
Davis, Reuben, soldier, V. 257.
Davis,Richard Harding,ant hoi-. VIII. 177.
Davis, Robt. Stewart, journalist. VI. 273.
Davis, Sam'l, Confederate scout, VIII. 334.
Davis, Samuel T., physician. III. 314.
Davison, Darius, inventor. II. 198.
Daw, George W., lawyer. VI. 33.
Dawes, Henry L., senator. IV. 321.
Dawson, Daniel L., poet. VI. 277.
Dawson, George, journalist, II. 204.
Dawson, John, congressman, II. 264.
Dawson, Thomas, educator. III. 232.
Dawson, William, educator. III. 232.
Day, Henry, lawyer, II. 210.
Day, Jeremiah, educator, I. 169.
Day, Richard E., poet, VIII. 478.
Day, William H., clergyman, IV. 199.
Day, Wilson Miles, publisher. VII. 344.
Dayton, Jonathan, soldier, I. 306.
Dayton, William L., statesman. IV. 325.
Dayton, Wm. L., I. 34, Bradley, J. P.
Deacon, Edward, V. 413.
• Deaf-mute Instruction, Gallaudet, IX. 138.
Deaf, nick-name, II. 108, Smith, E.
Dealy, Patrick F., ,educator. II. 267
Dean, Julia, actress. III. 299.
Dean, Oliver Hayes, lawyer, V. 35.
Dean, Silas, I. 63, Lafayette.
Deane, G. A. A., R. R. commissioner, VII. 46.
Dearborn, Henry, rev. soldier. I. 93.
Dearborn, Henry A. S., lawyer and author,
IX. 323.
Dearborn,Henry M., physician, IX. 350.
Dearborn, Wm. L., civil engineer, IX. 41.
De Bow, James D. B., journalist, VIII. 161.
Decatur, Stephen, naval officer, IV. 56.
Declaration of Independence, II. 3. Adams.
Declaration of Rights, I. 495, Cruger, J.
de Crevecoeur, J. H. S., author, VIII. 253.
Deems, Charles F., clergyman, IX. 164.
Deen, Wm. Morris, insurance, V. 29.
Deere, Charles H., manufacturer, III. 272.
Deering, John W., merchant, VI. 123.
De Forest, Jesse, colonist, IV. 292.
De Forest, John William, soldier. IV. 293.
de Forest, Robert W., lawyer, IX. 316.
De Garmo, Charles, educator, VI. 364.
de Guerbel, Countess, actress, IX. 196.
de Haas, Mauritz F. H., artist, IX. 52.
Deiler, John H., educator and historian, IX.
133.
Deitzler, George W., soldier, V. 367.
DeKalb, Johann, soldier. I. 73.
de Kay, C., diplomat and author, IX. 206.
de Kay, George C., naval officer. IX. 205.
de Kay, J. E., H. D. and naturalist. IX. 204.
de Kay, Joseph R. D., soldier. IX. 206.
de Kay, S. B., lawyer and soldier, IX. 206.
De Koven, Reginald, composer, V. 437.
Delafield, Richard, banker, VI. 62.
De Lancey, W. H., educator. I. 342.
De Land, Chas. Victor, journalist. VI. 264.
Deland, Margaretta W., author. III. 476.
Delano, Columbus, statesman, IV. 18.
De La Vergne, John C., inventor, II. 210.
Delmar, John, jurist. Ill, 404.
De Long, George W., explorer, III. 282. ~
Delta Kappa Epsilon Hall, Ann Arbor, illus.,
VI. 456.
T><-lta Kappa Epsilon, Yale, illus., I. 174.
Delta Psi House, Trinity College, Ct., illus.,
III. 495.
Demarest, Mary A. L., author, V. 357.
Deming, Philander, author, VIII. 248.
De Morse, Charles, soldi,-]-. V. 25.
De Navarro, Mary A., acti-ess. I. 243.
Denby, Charles, diplomat, VIII. 276.
Denby, Charles, 2d, diplomat, VIII. 277.
Denhard, Charles E., physician, I. 350.
Denise, David D., agriculturist. III. 435.
Denison, Andrew W., soldier, IV. 329.
Denison University, I. 301.
Dennett, John R., journalist, VIII. 169.
Dennie, Joseph, journalist, VII. 204.
Dennis, George R., U. S. senator. VII. 283.
Dennis, Graham B., financier, VII. 484.
Dennis, Rodney, underwriter. V. 435.
Dennison, Henry D., physician, III. 90.
Dennison, William, governor. III. 141.
Densmore, Amos, inventor. III. 317.
Densmore, James, promoter. III. 316.
Denton, Daniel, historian, VIII. 51.
Denver, James W., governor, VIII. 341.
I>e Pauw University, VII. 380.
De Pauw, W. C., capitalist. VII. 380.
Depew, C. M., R. R. president, I. 528.
De Peyster, Abraham, jurist, II. 43.
De Peyster, Arent S., soldier, II. 43.
De Peyster, Frederic, lawyer, II. 43.
De Peyster, Frederic J., lawyer. II. 528.
De Peyster, Frederick, Jr., soldier, II. 44.
De Peyster, Johannes, merchant, II. 43.
De Peyster, John Watts, II. 44.
De Peyster, Johnston L., soldier, II. 44.
Derby, Elias Hasket, merchant, V. 32.
Derby, George Horatio, humorist, V. 241.
Derby, Samuel Carroll, educator, VII. 418.
De Roaldes, Abel, physician, VII. 54.
De Roaldes, Arthur W., surgeon, VII. 54.
De Rohan, William, soldier, V. 24.
Derr, Thompson, IX. 444.
De Hudio, Charles, soldier, VIII. 474.
De Saussure, William F., senator. V. 119.
Desbrosses, Elias, merchant, I. 495.
De Soto, Fernando, discoverer. V. 126.
Des Rochers, John M., merchant, IX. 427
De Stefani, Rafael E., vocalist, V. 181.
De Trobriand, Philip R., soldier, VI. 259.
Detwiller, H., physician, V. 25.
De Veaux, James, artist, VIII. 427.
Devens, Charles, att'y-general, III. 203.
De Vere, Mary A., poet, VIII. 440.
Devine, Thomas, banker, 1.258.
De Viune, Theodore Low, printer, VII. 67.
Devoe, Frederick W., merchant, VIII. 301.
Dew, Thomas R., educator. Ill, 235.
Dewey, Chester, scientist, VI. 324.
Dewey, George, -id admiral U. S. navy, IX. 3.
Dewey, Henry Sweetser, lawyer, I. 374.
Dewey, Hiram Todd, \ itienlturist, II. 56.
Dewey, Israel 0., soldier, IV. 165.
Dewey, Melvil, educator, IV. 492.
Dewey, Orville, clergyman, V. 47.
Dewitt, John, scholar, VII. 261.
De Witt, Thomas, clergyman. II. 434.
De Wolf, Calvin, lawyer. V. 61.
De Wolf, James, senator, VIII. 348.
Dexter, E. K., philanthropist, VIII. 420.
Dexter, Henry, sculptor, VIII. 288.
Dexter, Henry Martyn, clergyman, I, 177.
Dexter, Samuel, statesman, II. 6.
Dexter, Timothy, merchant. VI. 224.
Dexter, William H., merchant, VII. 293.
De Young, Michael H., journalist, I. 269.
" Dial," III. 28, Fuller, S. M.
Di Cesnola, Luigi Palma, soldier, I. 422.
Dick, Wallace Peter, educator, VII. 101.
Dickerman, C. H., manufacturer, VII. 483.
Dickerson, Mahlon, statesman, V. 295.
Dickerson, Philemon, governor, V. 205.
Dickie, Samuel, educator, IV. 174.
Dickinson, Andrew G., soldier, VII. 473.
Dickinson, Anna E., lecturer, III. 109.
Dickinson College, VI. 428.
Dickinson, Daniel S., statesman, V. 388.
Dickinson, Don M., lawyer, II. 409.
Dickinson, John, statesman, II. 281.
Dickinson, Jonathan, educator, V. 463.
Dickinson, Marquis F., Jr., lawyer. II, 507.
Dickson, Allan H., lawyer, IX. 99. ,
Dickson, George L., merchant. IV. 348.
Dickson, James H., physician. IX. 363.
Dickson, James P., man'f'r, VIII. 254.
Dickson, John F., R. R- manager and manu-
facturer, IX. 516.
Dickson, Thomas, manufacturer, VIII. 254.
Dielman, Frederick, artist, VII. 471.
Dike, Henry Albyn, merchant, II. 134.
Dill, James Brooks, lawyer. VI. 443.
Dill, James H., clergyman, VI. 443.
Dillard, John H., lawyer, VIII. 409.
Dillingham, Paul, governor, VIII. 324.
Dillingham, Wm. P., governor, VIII. 329.
Dillon, Halle Tanner, physician. III. 89.
Dillon, John Forrest, jurist, I. 268.
Diman, Byron, governor, IX. 397.
Diman, Jeremiah L., clergyman, VIII. 32.
Dimmick, Francis M., clergyman, I. 178.
Dimond, Francis M., governor. IX. 400.
Dingee, William J., capitalist, VII. 153.
Dingley, Edward N., editor, VIII. 274.
Dingley, Nelson, Jr., governor, VI. 315.
INDEX.
Dinsmoor, Robert, poet, VII. 160.
Dinsmore, Hugh A., diplomat, V. 264.
Disston, Henry, manufacturer, VI. 146.
Ditson, Oliver, publisher, VII. 358.
Dittenhoefer, Abram J., jurist, VII. 346.
Divinity Hall, Harvard, illus., VI. 417.
Dix, Augustus J., educator, V. 306.
Dix, Dorothy L., philanthropist, III. 438.
Dix, John A., governor, V. 6.
Dix, Morgan, clergyman, III. 439.
Dixey, John, sculptor, IX. 77.
Dixon, Archibald, senator, III. 434.
Dixon, James, senator, IV. 447.
Dixon, Nathan Fellows, senator, I. 291.
Dixwell, John, regicide, VIII. 78.
Doak, Archibald A., educator, VII. 341.
Doak, John Whitefield, educator, VII. 340.
Doak, Samuel, educator, VII. 340.
Doak, Samuel W., educator, VII. 341.
Doane, George H., clergyman, VIII. 88.
Doane, George W., P. E. bishop, III. 473.
Doane Hall, Dennison Univ., illus., I. 301.
Doane, William C., P. E. bishop, IV. 489.
Dobbin, James C., statesman, IV. 150.
Dodd, Amzi, jurist. II. 452.
Dodd, Samuel M., capitalist, VIII. 468.
Doddridge, Philip, lawyer, II. 521.
Doddridge, Wm. B., R. R. man'r, VI. 405.
Dodge, Ebenezer, educator, V. 428.
Dodge, Henry, governor, III. 428.
Dodge, Mary Abby, author, IX. 227.
Dodge, Mary Mapes, author, I. 314.
Dodge, Ossian E., singer, IV. 384.
Dodge, Thomas H., lawyer, II. 520.
Dodge, William E., merchant. III. 174.
Dogberry, pen-name, I. 433, Mulford, P.
Dolan, Thomas, manufacturer, II. 158.
Dolbear, Amos E., physicist and inventor,
IX. 414.
Doles, George P., soldier, V. 361.
Dolge, Alfred, manufacturer, I. 309.
Dolph, Joseph Norton, senator, I. 294.
Dome, Lillian N., singer, IX. 217.
Domenec, Michael, R. C. bishop, VI. 336.
Donahue, Peter, capitalist, VII. 180.
Donaldson, Edward, naval officer, IV. 342.
Donnelly, Eleanor C., author, II. 369.
Donnelly, Ignatius, author, I. 397.
"Don't give up the ship," Lawrence,
James, VIII. 92.
Doolittle, James Rood, jurist, IV. 144.
Doolittle, Theodore S., educator, III. 403.
Doremus, Elias Osborn, builder, V. 225.
Doremus, Sarah P., philanthropist, VI. 166.
Doren, D., telegraph constructor, III. 247.
Dorman, Orlando P., financier, V. 185.
Dorr, Julia C. R., poet, VI. 56.
Dorr, Thomas W., reformer, VIII. 234.
Dorsey, Jesse Hook, manufacturer, VI. 255.
Dorsey, Stephen W., politician, VII. 22.
Doub, Peter, clergyman, VII. 68.
Doubleday, Abner, soldier, IV. 140.
Doucet, Edward, educator, II. 266.
Dougherty, Daniel, lawyer, V. 477.
Dougherty, John, business man, II. 195.
Douglas, Amanda M., author, II. 374.
Douglas, Benj., manufacturer, VIII. 437.
Douglas, Beverly B., congressman, V. 197.
Douglas, George, physician. VI. 387.
Douglas, Orlando B., physician, VI. 286.
Douglas, Stephen A., statesman, II. 428.
Douglas, William, soldier, VII. 415.
Douglass, David Bates, civil engin'r.VII. 3.
Douglass, Frederick, diplomat, II. 309.
Douglass, John W., lawyer, II. 531.
Dow, Neal, temperance reformer, V. 433.
Dowling, John, clergyman, IX. 216.
Dowling, Joseph, III. 391.
Downer, Ezra Pierce, III. 23.
Downey, John G., governor, IV. 108.
Doyle, John T., lawyer, VII. 454.
Drake, Alexander W., engraver, VI. 9.
Drake, Benjamin, author, VII. 146.
Drake, Charles Daniel, lawyer. III. 427.
Drake, Daniel, physician, V. 110.
Drake, Elias F., capitalist, VI, 92.
Drake, Sir Francis, explorer, IX. 284.
Drake, Francis M., R. R. president, I, 402.
Drake, James Madison, journalist, II. 163.
Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, V. 420.
Drake, Samuel G., antiquarian, VII. 61.
Draper, Daniel, meteorologist, VI. 172.
Draper, Henry, scientist, VI. 171.
Draper, John C., physician, VI. 171.
Draper, John William, scientist, III. 406.
Draper, Lyman C., educator IX. 390.
Draper, William F., nmmil'acUuvr, VI. 98.
Drayton, Percival, naval officer. IV. 219.
Drayton, William H., statesman, VII. 419.
" Dr. Ben " Crosby, IX. 98.
Dred Scott case. I. 27, Taney, R. B.
Drennen, Charles T., physician. VIII. 219.
Drew, Francis A., in. -reliant, VI. 150.
Drew, John, actor, I. 286.
Drew, Mrs. John, actress. VIII. 148.
Drexel, Anthony J., hanker, II. 273.
Drexel, Joseph W., banker, II. 366.
Driggs, John F., congressman, IV. 499.
Driscol, Michael, priest. IV. 115.
Drisler, Henry, educator, IV. 254.
Dromgoole, Will Allen, author, VIII. 258.
Dropshot. pen-name. I. 533, Cable, G. W.
Drown, Thomas M., educator, VII. 112.
Drowne, Solomon, scientist, VIII. 31.
Drury, Marion R., editor, VII. 186.
Dry Plate photography, VII., 23, Newton.
Dryden, J. F., insurance president. IX. 415.
Duane, James, sach"in. III. 379.
Duane, James, statesman. II. 489.
Duane, Russell, lawyer. IV. 415.
Duane, William, journalist, VIII. 180.
Duane, Wm. John, Mates-man. V. 294.
Du Barry, J. N., civil engineer. VII. 157.
Dubois, John, R. C. bishop, I. 192.
Dubourg, I. G. V., R. C. bishop. IV. 435.
Dubuque, Julien, pioneer, VIII. 459.
Ducey, Thomas J., clergyman, IX. 321.
Duche, Jacob, clergyman, IV. 384.
Dudley, Augustus P., surgeon, II. 205.
Dudley, Edward B., governor, IV. 425.
Dudley, Joseph, col. governor, VII. 372.
Dudley, Paul, jurist, VII. 175.
Dudley, Pemberton, physician. III. 482.
Dudley, Thomas, col. governor, VII. 370.
Dudley, Thomas U., P. E. bishop, III. 467.
Dudley, William, statesmen, VII. 385.
Dudley, William L., educator, VIII. 227.
Dudley, William Wade, soldier, II. 222.
Duer, William A., educator, VI. 344.
Duff, Mary A. D., actress, VI. 60.
Duffield, Samuel A. W., clergyman and
hymnologist, IX. 450.
Duggan, James, R. C. bishop, IX. 79.
Dulany, Daniel, statesman, IX. 234.
Dulles, J. W., clergyman, editor, VI. 258.
Dummer, Jeremiah, colonial agent. I. 162.
Dun, Robert G., statistician, II. 523.
Dunbar, Charles F., educator, IX. 209.
Dunbar, Paul L., poet and author, IX. 276.
Duncan, William A., educator, III. 354.
Duncan, Wm. Wallace, bishop, V. 483.
Dunlap, Robert, merchant, III. 304.
Dunlap, Robert P., governor, VI. 308.
Dunlap, William, artist, VI. 472.
Dunlop, Joseph R., journalist, I. 216.
Dunn, Elias B., meteorologist, VI. 153.
Dunn, James H., surgeon, VI. 125.
Dunn, John F., banker, II. 55.
Dunn, Robinson P., educator, IX. 488.
Dunn, William McK., soldier, IV. 224.
Dunster, Henry, educator, VI. 409.
Du Pont, Alexis I., manufacturer, VI. 457.
Du Pont, Alfred V., manf r, VI. 456.
Du Pont, Chas. I., manufacturer, VI. 455.
Du Pont de Nemours, E. I., manufacturer,
VI. 456
Du Pont de Nemours, P. S., statesman, VI.
454.
Du Pont de Nemours, V. M., diplomat, VI.
455.
Du Pont, Gideon, planter, VI. 454.
Du Pont, Henry, manufacturer, VI. 457.
Du Pont, Henry A., soldier, VI. 457.
Du Pont, Samuel F., naval officer, V. 50.
Duportail, Louis L., soldier, IX. 417.
Dupuy, Eliza Ann, author, VI. 200.
Durand, Asher B., artist, IV. 408.
Durand, Henry S., underwriter, II. 204.
Durand, Marie, singer, VI. 21.
Durant, Henry, educator, VII. 228.
Durant, Henry F., philanthropist, VII. 327.
Durbin, John P., educator, VI. 429.
Durfee Hall. Yale, illus., I. 167.
Durfee, Job, jurist and poet, VII. 414.
Durfee, Wm. Franklin, engineer, VI. 248.
Durfee, Zoheth S., manufacturer, VI. 190.
Durham, John S., U. IS. minister, IV. 408.
Durivage, Francis A., author. VIII. 237.
Durkee, Joseph Harvey, lawyer. V. 302.
Durrett, Reuben T., jurist. II. 368.
Durston, Alfred S., clergyman. IV. 501.
Durthaller, Joseph, priest, IV. 116.
Duryea, Harmanus B., lawyer, VI. 103.
Duryee, Abram, soldier, V. 238.
Duss, John Samuel, trustee, VII. 357.
Dustin, Hannah, patriot, VI. 24.
Dutcher, Silas B., banker, II. 174.
Dutton, Benjamin F.; merchant, II. 335.
Dutton, Edward P., publisher, VI. 60.
Duval, Gabriel, associate justice, II. 468.
Duval, Henry R., R. R. president, III. 325
Duval, Horace Clark, secretary, I. 531.
Duvall, Alvin, jurist, VI. 14.
Duyckinck, Evert A., author, I. 431.
Dwight, John S., musical critic, VIII. 444.
Dwight, Sereno E., educator, VII. 406.
Dwight, Theodore W., educator, VI. 348.
Dwight, Timothy, educator, I. 168.
Dwight, Timothy, educator, I. 173.
Dwyer, Jeremiah, manufacturer, V. 300.
Dyer, Alexander B., soldier, IV. 179.
Dyer, Elisha, 1811, governor, IX. 400.
Dyer, Elisha, 1839, governor, IX. 410.
Dyer, Heman, educator, VI. 249.
Dyer, Oliver, journalist. III. 95.
E
Eades, Harvey L., relig. teacher, VI. 202.
Eads, James Buchanan, engineer, V. 134.
Eagan, John, lawyer, VIII. 126.
Eagle, Henry, naval officer, III. 278.
Eagle, James P., governor, I. 455.
Eakins, Thomas, artist, V. 421.
Eames, Emma, singer, V. 404.
Eames, Wilberforce, librarian. IX. 275.
Earley, Wm. Joseph, clergyman, V. 96.
Early, Charles, merchant. I. 395.
Early, Jubal A., soldier, IV. 137.
Early, Peter, governor, I. 322.
East College, De Pauw Univ., illus., VII. 380.
East College, Princeton, illus., V. 463.
IN'DEX,
Eastburn, George, educator. II. 442.
Eastburn, James W., poet, IX. 237.
Eastburn, Manton, P. E. bishop, VI. 15.
Eastman, Chas G., editor and poet, IX. 252.
Eastman, Elaine G., author, VIII. 139.
Eastman, Joseph, physician, VII. 46.
Easton, Carroll F., banker, V. 502.
Eaton, Amos, scientist, V. 312.
Eaton, Benjamin H., governor, VI. 451.
Eaton, Charles H., tragedian, VI. 153.
Eaton, Dorman B., lawyer, VII. 413.
Eaton, Edward D., educator, III. 185.
Eaton, George Wash., educator, V. 428.
Eaton, Horace, governor, VIII. 319.
Eaton, John, educator, VIII. 390.
Eaton, John Henry, statesman. V. 295.
Eaton, Leonard H., educator, VIII. 241.
Eaton, Margaret O'Neill, VI. 291.
Eaton, Nathaniel, educator, VI. 409.
Eaton, Sherburne Blake, lawyer, VII. 130.
Eaton, T. T., clergyman and editor, IX. 503.
Eaton, Theophilus, colonial gov., VI. 121.
Eaton, Wyatt, artist, VIII. 427.
Eberhard, Ernst, musician, V. 379.
Eberhart, John F., educator, IX. 508.
Eccleston, Samuel, archbishop, I. 484.
Eckford, Henry, naval architect, I. 350.
Eckley, Ephraim R., soldier. V. 470.
Eddy, Clarence, organist, VII. 427.
Eddy, Daniel Clarke, clergyman, IX. 501.
Eddy, Edward, actor, VI. 291.
Eddy, Luther Devotion, surveyor, III. 85.
Eddy, Mary B. G., religionist, III. 80.
Eddy, Samuel, statesman, VIII. 230.
Eden, Sir Eobert, prop'ry gov., VII. 337.
Edes, Eobert T., surgeon, VIII. 212.
Edgren, August H., educator, VIII. 362.
Edison, Thomas A., electrician, III. 441.
Edmond, William, congressman, II. 530.
Edmonds, Richard H., journalist, II. 149.
Edmunds, George F., senator, II. 385.
Edsen, E. P., lawyer and author, VII. 483.
Edson, Cyrus, physician, III. 358.
Edwards, Arthur, editor, IX. 172.
Edwards, Charles J., insurance, VI. 394.
Edwards, George C., manfr, VI. 109.
Edwards, Harry S., author, VIII. 86.
Edwards, James T., educator, IX. 465.
Edwards, Jonathan, isir, educator, II. 124.
Edwards, Jonathan, 1st., divine, V. 464.
Edwards, Jonathan, 2d., educator, VII. 169.
Edwards, Julian, composer, VII. 424.
Edwards, Morgan, clergyman, VIII. 30.
Edwards, Ninian, governor, V. 391.
Eells, Dan Parmelee, financier, I. 430.
Egan, Michael, R. C. bishop, V. 269.
Egan, Patrick, Irish patriot, V. 399.
Eggleston, Benjamin, statesman, IV. 456.
Eggleston, Benj. 0., artist, VIII. 424.
Eggleston, Edward, author, VI. 57.
Eggleston, George Gary, author, I. 213.
Eggleston, Joseph, congressman, II. 397.
Eggleston, Joseph E., jurist, VII. 232.
Egle, William H., historian, VIII. 198.
Egleston, Azariah, soldier, III. 243.
Egleston, T., mining engineer, III. 244.
Ehrhardt, Julius George, oculist, V. 113.
Eickemeyer, Rudolf, inventor, I. 184.
Eiseman, Benjamin, merchant. VII. 166.
Ekin, James A., soldier, V. 352.
Elbert, Samuel, governor, II. 13.
Elbert, Samuel H., governor, VI. 449.
Elder, William Henry, R.C.bishop,V. 188.
Eldredge, Barnabas, manTr, VI. 89.
Eldridge, Charles A., statesman, IV. 28.
Eleanor Putnam, pen-name, Bates, Harriet
L. V., VIII. 12.
Electro-Thermal Battery, lyf'ne, J.,IX. 336.
Eli Perkins, pen-name. VI. 27., Landon.
Eliot, Andrew, clergyman, VII. 448.
Eliot, Charles Wm., educator, VI. 421.
Eliot, John, missionary, II. 419.
Eliot, Samuel, educator. III. 496
Elkins, StephenB., statesman. I. 142.
Elkins, William L., financier, IX. 324.
Ellery, Christopher, senator. V. 338.
Ellery, Frank, naval officer, V. 338.
Ellery, William, statesman, VIII. 59.
Ellet, Alfred W., soldier, IV. 360.
Ellet, Charles, engineer. IV. 360.
Ellet, Charles R., soldier, IV. 360.
Elliot, Daniel G., ornithologist, V. 108.
Elliot, Henry R., author, IX. 215.
Elliott, Eugene S., lawyer. II. 440.
Elliott, Ezekiel B., electrician, II. 255.
Elliott , James, lawyer and author, IX. 454.
Elliott, Jesse D., naval officer, VII. 39.
Elliott, Stephen, P. E. bishop. V. 425.
Elliott, Theodore Bates, lawyer, II. 440.
Ellis, Charles, educator, V. 344.
Ellis, George E., historian, VIII. 18.
Ellis, Henry, governor, I. 491.
Ellis, John, physician. III. 135.
Ellis, John Willis, governor, IV. 427.
Ellison, William H., educator V. 396.
Ellsworth, Ephraim E., soldier, IV. 166.
Ellsworth, Oliver, jurist, I. 22.
Elmer, Ebenezer, congressman, V. 151.
Elmer, Lucius ft. C., jurist. V. 151.
"Elmwood," J. E. Lowell's residence, illus.,
II. 32.
Elson, Louis C., musical writer, VIII. 449.
Elton, Romeo, clergyman, IX. 241.
Elverson, James, publisher, II. 211.
Elwell, Edward H., journalist, IX. 259.
Elwell, James W., merchant, IV. 172.
Elwood, Isaac R., IV. 152.
Ely, Griswold Lord, merchant, II. 36.
Ely, Richard T., economist. IX. 200.
Ely, Smith, lawyer, VI. 494.
Elzy, Arnold, soldier, VI. 217.
Emanuel, David, governor, I. 221.
Embree, Elihu, abolitionist, VIII. 116.
Embury, Emma C. M., author, IX. 211.
Emerson, Charles F., educator, IX. 94.
Emerson, Luther 0., composer. VII. 432.
Emerson, Ralph W., philosopher, III. 416.
Emery, Charles Edward, engineer, IX. 34.
Emery, Matt. Gault, architect, V. 299.
Emmet, John T., priest. III. 372.
Emmet, Joseph K., actor, V. 144.
Emmet, Thomas Addis, lawyer, V. 63.
Emmons, Ebenezer, geologist. VIII. 477.
Emmous, George F., naval officer, IV. 182.
Emmons, Nathanael, theologian, V. 141.
Emory College, I. 517.
Emory, William H., soldier, IV. 336.
Empie, Adam, educator. III. 235.
Endicott, John, colonial governor, V. 113.
Endicott, William C., statesman. II. 406.
Endowment House, Mormon, illus. .VII. 389.
Engelmann, George, botanist, VI. 87.
England, John, R. C. bishop, V. 28.
Englis, Charles M., shipbuilder, IX. 479.
Englis, John, shipbuilder, IX. 478.
Englis, John, Jr., shipbuilder, IX. 478.
English, Earl, naval officer, V. 394.
English, George W., insurance. VII. 101.
English, Thomas D., author, IV. 322.
English, William H., statesman, IX. 376.
Enneking, John J., artist, V. 319.
Ericsson, John, engineer, IV. 46.
Erie Canal, Origin of, Colles, C., IX. 271.
Ernst, Louis, soldier, IV. 96.
Ernst, Oswald H., engineer, IV. 36..
Erskine, John, jurist, II. 110.
Erwin, Daniel P., merchant, IX. 118"..
Erwin, George Z., lawyer, III. 363.
Espy, James Pollard, scientist, VI. 205;.
Essary, John T., lawyer, VIII. 251.
Essex, cruise of U. S. S., in Pacific, II. 99'r
Porter, D.
Essick, Samuel V., inventor, III. 323.
Estep, Ephraim J., lawyer, VII. 447.
Estey, Jacob, organ manufacturer, I. 215.
Estill, John H., journalist. II. 531.
Ethical Culture,Society for, 1. 378, Adler, Fr
Ettwein, John, Moravian bishop, V. 90.
Eustace, John Skey, soldier, IV. 63.
Eustis, James Biddle, senator, I. 462.
Eustis, William, statesman. V. 372.
Eustis, William H., lawyer, VI. 118.
Eu'taw Springs, Battle of, Howard, IX. 293".-
Evans, Augusta J., IV. 457, Wilson, A.
Evans, Britton D., physician, IX. 523.
Evans, Dudley, manager, VI. 167.
Evans, Edw. P., author educator, IX. 433.
Evans, George, senator, VI. 353.
Evans, Henry R., journalist, IX. 61.
Evans, John, governor, VI. 445.
Evans, Oliver, inventor, VI. 65.
Evans, Robley D., naval officer, IX. 13.
Evans, Thomas W., dentist, IX. 150.
Evans, Thomas W., merchant, III. 240.
Evarts, Jeremiah, philanthropist, II. 343.
Evarts, William M., statesman, III. 197.
Everett, Alex. H., statesman, IX. 256.
Everett, Charles C., clergyman and edu-
cator, IX. 253.
Everett, David, author and poet, VII. 226.
Everett, Edward, statesman, VI. 179.
Everett, Henry S., diplomat, IX. 186.
Everett, Robert W., congressman, II. 113..
Everett, William, congressman, IX. 222.
Everett, William S., merchant, V. 136.
Everhard, Sir Richard, gov.. IX. 464.
Everhart, Isaiah F., physician, V. 60.
Everhart, James B., lawyer. III. 125.
Everhart, James Marion, inventor, V. 60..
Everhart, John R., surgeon. III. 125.
Everhart, William, merchant, III. 125.
Evers, John, artist, V. 322.
Evertson, Nicholas, sachem. III. 380.
Evrett, Isaac, author, VI. 272.
Ewell, Benjamin S., educator. III. 236.
Ewell, Richard S., soldier, IV. 55.
Ewen, William, governor, I. 492.
Ewer, Ferdinand C., clergyman, JX. 165
Ewing, Andrew, statesman, VIII. 82.
Ewing, Hugh Boyle, soldier, V. 11.
Ewing, James S., diplomat, VIII. 179.
Ewing, John, educator, I. 341.
Ewing, Thomas, statesman, III. 39.
Ewing, Thomas, lawyer, VII. 400.
Ewing, Wm. G., surgeon, VIII. 137.
Exall, Henry, capitalist, II. 130.
Eyerman, John, author, IX. 204.
Fabens, Joseph W., diplomat. VII. 178.
Faelten, Carl, musician, VII. 325.
Fahnestock, Alfred H., clergyman. IV. 142.
Fairbairn, Henry A., physician, VII. 32.
Fairbairn, Robert B., educator, V. 65.
Fairbanks, Crawford, merchant, IX. 104.
Fairbanks, Erastus, governor, VIII. 320.
Fairbanks, Horace, governor, VIII. 327.
Fairchild, Charles S., statesman, II. 406.
Fairchild, James H., educator, II. 464.
Fairfax, Donald M., naval officer, IV. 459.
INDEX.
Fail-field, Edmund B., educator, VIII. 360.
Fairfield, John, governor, VI. 309.
Fairhead, John S., manufacturer, V. 30.
Falk, Benjamin J., photographer, V. 120.
Falkner, Jefferson.Manly, lawyer, VII. 184.
Fall, Delos M. S., educator, V. 476.
Falligant, Robert, jurist, I. 275.
Fallows, Samuel, educator and R. E. bishop,
IX. 223.
Fancher, Mollie, Dailey, IX. 421.
Fanoiiil Hall, illus., I. 441, Faneuil, P.
Faneuil, Peter, merchant, I. 441.
Fannin, James W., soldier, IV. 132.
Fanning, David, snldier, VII. 60.
Fanning, Edmund, loyalist, V. 144.
Fanning, John T., civil engineer, IX. 38.
Fanny Fern, pen-name, I. 392, Parton, S. P.
Fannv Forrester, pcn-n;une, III. 93, Jud-
son', E. C.
Fanny J. Oosby, pen-name, VII. 65., Van
Alstyne, Frances J.
Farman, Elbert Ely, jurist, VI. 493.
Farmer, Aaron D., type rounder, III. 309.
Farmer, Elihu J., journalist, VIII. 304.
Farmer, Hannah T. S., philanthropist, VII.
362.
Farmer, Lydia H., author, VIII. 305.
Farmer, Moses Gerrish, inventor, VII. 361.
Farmer, Win. W., type-founder, VII. 52.
Faruam Hall, Yale, illus., I. 166.
Farnham, Noah Lane, soldier, V. 352.
Farnham, Eoswell, governor, VIII. 327.
Farnsworth, John F., legislator, VII. 15.
Farquhar, A. B., manufacturer, II. 209.
Farragut, David G., admiral, II. 45.
Farrington, E. E., physician, III. 480.
Farrington, Samuel P., merchant, VI. 360.
Farwell, Charles B., senator, VI. 351.
Fassett, Jacob Sloat, lawyer, I. 370.
Fassett, Newton Pomeroy, lawyer, V. 173.
Fat Contributor, pen-name, Griswold, A.
M., VI. 29.
Father of Amer. Revolution, I. 104, Adams.
Father of American surgery, Physick. P. S.,
VI. 391.
Father of his country, I. 2, Washington, G.
Father of Homoeopathy, III. 477, Hering.C.
Father of the Bar of New York State, IX.
163, Van Vechtan.
Father of the greenbacks, Spaulding, E. G.,
VI. 355.
Father of the Republican Party, II, 446,
Cole, A. N.
Faugeres, M. V.(Bleecker), author, IX. 366.
Faulk, Andrew J., governor, VII. 220.
Faulkner, Charles J., senator, II. 393.
Faulkner, E. Boyd, senator, II. 219.
Fauquier, Francis, governor, V. 129.
Fawcett, Edgar, author, VII. 191.
Faxon, William, editor, V. 334.
Fay, Eliphaz, educator, VIII. 406.
Fay, Theodore Sedgwick, author, VII. 475.
Febiger, Christian, rev. soldier, I. 86.
Febiger, John C., naval officer, IV. 300.
Fechter, Chas. Albert, actor, V. 130.
Feehan, Patrick A., archbishop, IX. 80.
Fehr, Frank, brewer, VII. 420.
Fehr, Julius, physician, V. 229.
Feininger, C. W. F., composer, VI. 111.
Feke, Robert, artist, VIII. 425.
Felch, Alpheus, governor, III. 295.
Feldstein, Theodore, soldier, III. 87.
Fell, Thomas, educator, I. 507.
Fellows, Edward B., underwriter, II. 113.
Fellows, Samuel M., educator, VII. 79.
Felton, Cornelius C., educator, VI. 419.
Felton, Samuel M., railroad pres., V. 461.
Fendall, Josias, colonial governor, VII. 333.
Fenn, Harry, artist, VI. 368.
Fennell, James, tragedian, VI. 59.
Feuner, Arthur, governor, IX. 393.
Fenner, Cornelius G., poet, VIII. 44.
Fenner, James, governor, IX. 394.
Fenton, Reuben Eaton, governor, III. 51.
Fenton, William M., lawyer, VI. 72.
Fenwick, B. J., R. C. bishop, VI., 332.
Fenwick, Edward D., bishop, V. 186.
Ferguson, Elizabeth G., poet, VII. 164.
Ferguson, John Scott, lawyer, V. 115.
Fernald, Charles H., educator, IX. 232.
Ferrel, William, meteorologist, IX. 241.
Ferrero, Edward, .soldier, IV. 38.
Ferris, Isaac, chancellor, VI. 279.
Ferris, Morris P., ia\vyer, VI. 495.
Ferry, Elisha P., governor, I. 454.
Ferry, Orris S., senator, II. 95.
Ferry, Thomas W., statesman, IX. 169.
Ferry, William M., soldier, VI. 252.
Fersen, Count Axel, soldier, VII. 245.
Fess, Simeon D., educator, VI. 140.
Fessenden, Thomas G., author, VII. 260.
Fessenden, William P., statesman, II. 90.
Fetter, George W., educator, V. 249.
Fetterolf, Adam H., educator, VII. 14.
Few Hall, Emory College, illus., I. 520.
Few, Ignatius A., educator, I. 517.
Few, William, senator. II. 346.
Fickling, Francis W., lawyer, VI. 121.
Field, Benj. H., philanthropist. III. 464.
Field, Cyrus W., capitalist, IV. 451.
Field, David Dudley, jurist, IV. 236.
Field, Eugene, i t ami journalist, I. 158.
Field, Henry Martyn, clergyman, V. 360.
Field, Kate, journalist, VI. 275.
Field, Marshall, merchant, VI. 107.
Field, Stephen Johnson, justice, I. 32.
Field, William H., lawyer. II. 171.
Fielder, George Bragg, III. 173.
Fields, Annie A., author, I. 282.
Fields, James Thomas, publisher, I. 283.
" Fifty-four forty or tight," II. 430, Doug-
las, S. A.
" Figaro," Clapp, Henry, IX. 121.
" Fighting Bob " Evans, IX. 14.
"Fighting Joe" Wheeler, IX. 19.
Filbert, Ludwig S., physician. IV. 487.
Fillmore, Abigail P., VI. 178.
Fillmore, Millard, U. S. president, VI. 177,
Residence of, illus., VI. 177.
Filon, Michael, banker, IV. 231.
Filson, John, II. 368, Durrett, R. T.
Finch, Asahel, lawyer, III. 301.
Findlay, William, governor, II. 285.
Findley, James, soldier, V. 179.
Findley, William, congressman, II. 197.
Fink, Albert, civil engineer, IX. 489.
Finlay, John B., clergyman, II. 363.
Finley, Robert, educator, IX. 179.
Finley, Samuel, educator. V. 465.
Finn, Henry J., actor, VIII. 462.
Finney, Charles G., educator, II. 462.
Finney, Thomas M., clergyman, VII. 25.
Firm, Joseph L., inventor, VII. 356.
Fish, Hamilton, statesman, IV. 15.
Fish, Nicholas, soldier, II. 506.
Fish, Preserved, merchant, VII. 188.
Fishback, Win. M., governor, VI. 104.
Fisher, Charles, actor, I. 286.
Fisher, Charles, statesman, VII. 345.
Fisher, Daniel W., educator, II. 125.
Fisher, Michael M., educator, VIII. 187.
Fisher, Samuel W., educator, VII. 407.
Fisk, Archie Campbell, capitalist, VII. 16,
Fisk, Clinton Bowen, soldier and reformer
VI. 244.
Fisk, George C., manufacturer, III. 245,
Fisk, James, jurist, VIII. 100.
Fisk, Wilbur, clergyman, III. 177.
Fiske, John, author, III. 23.
Fiske, Lewis R., educator, V. 473.
Fiske, Nathan W., clergyman, V. 310.
Fiske, William M. L., physician, III. 190^
Fitch, Asa, naturalist, VII. 252.
Fitch, Charles E., regent, IV. 492.
Fitch, Ebenezer, educator, VI. 236.
Fitch, John, inventor, VI. 63.
Filler, Edwin H., manufacturer, III. 303,
FitzGerald,Desmond,civil engineer, IX. 44,
Fitzgerald, Louis, soldier, IV. 358.
Fitzgerald, Thomas, journalist, I. 375.
Fitzhugh, George, lawyer, IX. 383.
Fitzpatrick, J. B., K. < !. bishop, VI. 332.
Fitzsimmons,,Thos., statesman, VI. 350.
Fitz Simons, Charles, soldier, II. 505.
Flaget, Benedict J., R. C. bishop. VI. 333,.
Flagg, Edward 0., clergyman, VII. 482.
Flagg, George W., artist, VII. 460.
Flagg, Wilson, naturalist, VIII. 310.
Flagler, Daniel W., soldier, IX. 249.
Flannery, John, banker, III. 270.
Fleming, Andrew M., lawyer, II. 521.
Fleming, Aretas Brooks, governor, I. 460,.
Fleming, Francis P., governor, I. 324.
Fleming, James E., manager. VI. 358.
Fleming, William H., lawyer, V. 378.
Fleming, Williamina Paton, astronomer v
VII. 29.
Fletcher, Alice C., ethnologist, V. 182.
Fletcher, Austin B., lawyer, I. 524.
Fletcher, Dolphin S., underwriter, V. 219,
Fletcher, Ryland, governor, VIII. 322.
Flickinger, Samuel J., journalist, II. 445.
Fliess, Wm. M., mining engineer, VI. 399..
Flint, Austin, physician, VIII. 311.
Flint, Austin, 2d, physician, IX. 360.
Flint, Charles R., financier, I. 479.
Flint, David B., merchant, II. 236.
Flint, Timothy, author, VI. 359.
" Flora," statue by Crawford, II. 38.
Florence Hall, De Pauw, illus., VII. 382t
Florence, William J., actor, II. 381.
Flower, Benjamin 0., editor, IX. 228.
Flower, George, pioneer, VI. 153.
Flower, Lucy L., educator, IX. 437.
Flower, Roswell P., governor. II. 344,
Floyd, John, governor, V. 448.
Floyd, John Buchanan, statesman, V. 7,
Floyd, William, patriot, IV. 75.
Fobes, Philena, educator, VI. 40.
Fogg, William Perry, merchant, IV. 385.
Foley, Margaret E., sculptor, IX. 121.
Foley, Thomas, R. C. bishop, IX. 80.
Folger, Charles J., statesman, IV. 248.
Folger, Peter, colonist and poet, VII. 157,
Follen, Charles T. C., educator, VII. 289,
Folsom, Abby, reformer, II. 394.
Foltz, Jonathan M., surgeon, V. 150.
Foltz, Samuel, merchant, V. 21.
Fones, Daniel Gilbert, merchant. VII. 76,
Fones, James A., merchant, VII. 77.
Foot, Samuel Alfred, jurist, VII. 236.
Foot, Solomon, senator, II. 91.
Foote, Andrew Hull, naval officer. V. 10,
Foote, Arthur, composer, VII. 435.
Foote, Edward B., physician. III. 68.
Foote, John Howard, musician, IV. 184.
Foote, John Johnson, statesman, V. 479,
Foote, Lucius H., diplomat, VII. 267.
Foote, Mary A. Hallock, author, VI. 471.
Foraker, Joseph B , governor, III. 144.
Forbes, Alexander S., soldier, IX. 112.
Forbes John Franklin, educator, V. 157,
INDEX.
Torbes, William A., merchant, V. 501.
Ford, Chas. W. R., merchant, VIII. 197.
Ford, Gordon Lester, journalist, VI. 263.
Ford, John S., soldier, VII. 260.
Ford, John T., theatrical manager, I. 242.
Ford, Seabury, governor, III. 140.
Ford, Smith T., clergyman, IV. 348.
Fordyce, Samuel W., financier, V. 281.
Forepaugh, Joseph L., merchant, VII. 358.
Forman, Allan, journalist, I. 212.
Forman, Joshua, manufacturer, VI. 453.
Forney, John W., journalist. Ill, 267.
Forney, Peter, soldier, VII. 295.
Forney, Tillie May, journalist, III. 268.
Forrest, Edwin, actor, V. 86.
Forster, Wm. Andrew, physician, V. 327.
Forsyth, James W., soldier, IV. 460.!
Forsyth, John, editor, VIII. 471.
Forsyth, John, statesman, I; 223.
Fort Donelsou, capture of, IV. 3, Grant.
Fort, fteorge Franklin, governor, V. 207.
Fortie A., author and educator, IX. 135.
Fort Sinter, illus. of, IV. 393.
Fort, Tomlinson, congressman, II 200.
Fort William Henry, massacre of, I. 87,
Putnam, I.
Forward, Walter, financier, VI. 5.
Fosdick, Charles B., merchant, I. 273.
Foshay, James A., educator, VIII. 373.
Foss, Cyrus Daniel, educator, IX. 430.
Foss, Sam W., poet, IX. 32.
Foster, Abhy K., reformer, II. 323.
Foster, Abiel, congressman, II. 200.
Foster, Charles, statesman, I. 139.
Foster, Charles D., lawyer, IX. 112.
Foster, Dwight, senator, II. 6.
Foster, Eugene, physician, VI. 393.
Foster, James Peers, lawyer, III. 60.
Foster, John Watson, statesman. III. 268.
Foster, La Fayette S., senator, II. 95.
Foster, Robert S., soldier, VI. 353.
Foster, Scott, banker, III. 229.
Foster, Stephen C., song-composer, VII.
439.
Foster, Stephen S., abolitionist, II. 328.
Foster, Theodore, senator, II. 9.
Foster, Wilbur F., engineer, VIII. 47.
Foulke, Wm. D., lawyer, author, VIII. 191.
Fountain pen, I. 372, Waterman, L. E.
Fouse, Levi G., underwriter, II. 233.
Foute, Robert Chester, naval officer and
clergyman, VII. 122.
Fowle, Daniel G., governor, IV. 429.
Fowler, CharlesH., M. E. bishop, VII. 310.
Fowler, Edwin, educator, VII. 188.
Fowler, Frank, artist, VII. 468.
Fowler, George B., physician, IV. 214.
Fowler, George R., surgeon, IV. 194.
Fowler, George W., printer, VI. 35.
Fowler M. E. Church, Minneapolis, illus.
VII. 311.
Fowler, Warren R., merchant, II. 61.
Fowler, Wm. Chauncey, educator. V. 311.
Fowler, William M., merchant. III. 134.
Fox, Charles Nelson, jurist, VII. 385.
Fox, Elias Williams, IV. 321.
Fox, George, religionist, VII. 10.
Fox, Gustavus V., naval olticer, VIII. 355.
Fox, L. Webster, physician, IV. 377.
Fox, Oscar C., inventor, I. 310.
Fox, Bobert Claybrook, educator, HI. 251.
Foye, Andrew J. C., merchant, III. 358.
Frailey, James M., naval officer, IV. 209.
Francis, Charles E., dentist, IX. 110.
Francis, Convers, educator and clergyman
IX. 315.
Francis, Edward Stillman, III. 254.
Francis, James B., engineer, IX. 46.
Francis, John B., governor, IX. 396.
Francis, John Morgan, journalist, I. 242.
Francis, John Wakefield, physician, I. 393.
Frank Forester, pen-name, III. 190, Her-
bert, H. W.
Frank, George P., manufacturer, VII. 86.
Franklin, Benjamin, statesman and scien-
tist, I. 328; 1, 19; Quincy, J.; I. 20, Jay.
Birthplace, illus., I, 329.
Franklin, Christine L., writer, V. 358.
Franklin College, Stott, Thomas, IX. 253.
Franklin, Edward C., physician. VII. 56.
Franklin, James, printer. VIII. 17.
Franklin. James, I. 328, Franklin, B.
Franklin, Jesse,!governor. IV. 423.
Franklin, Josiah, I. 328, Franklin, B.
Franklin, S. R., naval officer, IV. 391.
Franklin, Wm. Buel, soldier, IV. 133.
Fraser, John, educator, IX. 493.
Fraser, Thomas B., jurist. IV. 500.
Frazee, John, sculptor, VIII. 289.
Frazer, John F., educator, I. 348.
Frazer, Persifor, scientist, IV. 286.
Frederick, George A., architect, IX. 334.
Frederick, Harold, journalist, V. 358.
Fredricks, C. D., photographer, II. 398.
Freedmen soldiers, II. 70, Lincoln, A.; II.
87, Welles, G.
Freeman, Horatia A., sculptor, VIII. 293.
Freeman, James, clergyman. VII. 447.
Freeman, Nath'l, congressman, II. 140.
Frelinghuysen, F. T., statesman. IV. 248.
Frelinghuysen, T., lawyer. III. 401.
Fremont, John C., explorer, IV. 270.
French, Daniel C., sculptor. VIII. 285.
French, Francis 0., bunker, II. 345.
French, Howard B., chemist, V. 345.
French, John R., educator, II. 367.
French, L. Virginia, author, VII. 240.
French, William H., soldier, IV. 49.
Freneau, Philip, poet, VI. 201.
Frew, Walter Edwin, banker, VII. 191.
Frey, Henry B., merchant, VI. 127.
Frick, Frank, merchant, I. 252.
Friends' Meeting-House, first, illus.. II. 276.
Friends' School, Providence, illus., VI. 204.
Friends, Society of, founder of, VII, 10, Fox,
George,
Frieze, Henry Simmons, educator. I. 250.
Frisbee, Samuel H., priest. IV. 117.
Frisbie, Levi, educator. VII. 132.
Frisby, Leander F., jurist, II. 239.
Fritz, William C., physician. VII. 26.
Frost, Edwin B., astronomer. IX. 287.
Frost, John, rev. soldier, I. 72.
Frothingham, 0. B., clergyman, II. 423.
Fruitnight, John H., physician, III. 257.
Fry, Benj. St. James, clergyman, V. 269.
Fry, James B., soldier. IV. 129.
Fry, William H., composer, VIII. 443.
Frye, William Pierce, senator, I. 290-
Fuertes, Estevan A., educator, IV. 483.
Fugitiveslavelawsdiseussed.il. 429, Doug-
las. S. A.
Fuller, Arthur B., clergyman, IV. 463.
Fuller, George, artist, VI. 475.
Fuller, Henry Weld, I. 31, Fuller, M. W.
Fuller, Levi K., governor, VIII. 330.
Fuller, Melville W., jurist, I. 31.
Fuller, Sarah Margaret, author, III. 28.
Fulton, Justin D., clergyman. IX. 201.
Fulton, Robert, civil engineer, III. 104.
Funkhouser, Robert M., surgeon, VII. 286,
Furness, Horace H., scholar, VIII. 395.
i Furness, William H., clergyman. II. 316
Furst, Charles S., merchant. IV. 240.
Fusser, Charles W., naval officer, V. 330.
G
Gabriels, Henry, R. C. bishop, IV. 266.
Gadsden, Christopher, rev. soldier, I. 76.
Gaffney, Margaret, philanthropist, II. 373.
Gage, Frances Dana, author, II. 321.
Gage, Matilda J., reformer, II. 313.
Gage, Simon Henry, educator, IV. 483.
Gage, Thomas, soldier, VII. 377.
Gail Hamilton, pen-name, IX. 227. Dodge,
M.A.
Gaines, Edmund P., soldier, IX. 372.
Gaines, John P., governor, VIII. 3.
Gaines, Myra Clark, III. 369.
Gaines, Wesley J., bishop. II. 380.
Gaither, Burgess S., lawyer. VII. 185.
Galbraith, Victor, soldier, VIII. 37.
Gale, Christopher, jurist, IV. 59.
Gale, Ezra Thompson, financier, III. 133.
Gales, Joseph, editor, IX. 482.
Gallagher, WilliamlD., poet and journalist,
IX. 250.
Gallatin, Albert, statesman, III. 9.
Gallaudet, Edward M., educator, IX. 140.
Gallaudet, Peter Wallace, IX. 138.
Gallaudet, Thomas, clergyman, IX. 140.
Gallaudet, Thomas H., educator. IX. 138.
Galleher, John N., P. E. bishop. IV. 375.
Gallinger, Jacob H., senator, II. 247.
Galloway, Jacob S., jurist. VIII. 438.
Galloway, Joseph, lawyer. I. 383.
Galusha, Jonas, governor, VIII. 314.
Gambrell, James B., educator, VI. 397.
Gammell, W., educator, author. VIII. 29.
Gannaway, W. T., educator. III. 446.
Gannett, George, clergyman, I. 390.
Gannett, William H., publisher, V. 154.
Gannon, Thomas J., educator, II. 269.
Gansevoort, H. S., lawyer, I. 382.
Gansevoort, Peter, jurist, I. 382.
Gansevoort, Peter, soldier, I. 382.
Ganscn, John, lawyer, IV. 348.
Garcelon, Alonzo, governor. VI. 316.
Garden, Alex., soldier, author, VIII. 458.
Garden, Hugh R., lawyer, II. 156.
Gardener, Helen H., author. IX. 451.
Gardiner, Frederic, theologian, IX. 242.
Gardiner, John S. J., clergyman. VIII. 33.
Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, VIII. 207.
Gardner, Henry Joseph, governor, I. 117.
Gardner, John, colonist, VIII. 41.
Gardner, Washington, educator, V. 475.
Garfield, James A., U. S. president, IV. 241;
Residence of, illus., IV. 241.
Garfield, Lucretia R., IV. 243.
Garland, Augustus H., jurist. II. 407.
Garland, Hamlin, author, VIII. 37.
Garland, Landon C., educator, VIII. 226.
Garnet, Henry H. clergyman, II. 414.
Garnett, James M., educator, I. 506.
Garrard, Kenner, soldier. V: 332.
Garrard, Louis Ford, lawyer, III. 270.
Garretson, James E., physician. III. 212.
Garrett, Andrew, conchologist, II. 162.
Garrett, Joshua B., educator, III. 356.
Garrett, Thomas H., banker. IX. 419.
Garrison, Abijah, II. 305, Garrison, W. L.
Garrison, Cornelius K., capitalist, VII. 262.
Garrison, Wendell Phillips, author, I. 197.
Garrison, William D., II. 182.
Garrison, Wm. L., abolitionist, II. 305; II.
314, Phillips, W.; 1.407, Whittier, J. G.
Garrison, William R., financier, VII. 263.
Gary, Franklin N., scholar, IV. 387.
Gaston, William, governor. 1. 120.
Gates, Horatio, rev. soldier. I. 47.
Gates, Horatio, I. 50, Conway, T.
INDEX.
Gates, Merrill Ed wards, educator, V. 309.
Gates,Robert, soldier and editor, VIII. 237.
Gath, pen-name, I. 154, Townsend, G. A.
Galling, Richard J., inventor, IV. 158.
Gaudens, Augustus St., sculptor, VIII. 287.
Gause, Owen B., physician, III. 481.
Gay, Ebenezer, clergyman, VII. 403.
Gay, Sidney Howard, journalist, II. 494.
Gayarre, Charles E. A., historian, VI. 253.
Gaynor, •William J., jurist, VI. 464.
Gazzam, Joseph Murphy, lawyer. III. 241.
Geary, John White, governor, II. 291.
Geer, Walter, lawyer, V. 342.
Geilfert, Charles, musician, IX. 374.
Geist, Jacob M. W., journalist, V. 392.
Gelert, Johannes S., sculptor, IX. 58.
Gemunder, George, violin-maker, VIII. 89.
Geneva Arbitration, I. 30, Waite, M. R.
George, Charles H., merchant, IV. 96.
George, Henry, political economist, IV. 325.
George, James Z., senator, II. 358.
Georgia, Colonial governors of, I. 490.
Georgia, New Capitol of, illus., I, 219.
Georgia, Old Capitol of, illus., I. 222.
Georgia, State Governors of, I. 219.
Gere, George Grant, surgeon, VII. 365.
Geronimo, Capture of, Miles, N. A., IX. 26.
Gerry, Elbridge, statesman, V. 371. •. -
Gerry, ElbridgelT., lawyer, VIII. 242.
Gettysburg, battle of, IV. 67, Meade, G. G.
Ghiselin, George R., diplomat, II. 318.
Gibb, John, merchant, IV. 158.
Gibbon, John, soldier, IV. 178.
Gibbons, Abigail ^Hopper, philanthropist,
VII. 313.
Gibbons, Henry, physician, VII. 287.
Gibbons, Henry, Jr., surgeon, VII. 271.
Gibbons, James, cardinal, I. 488.
Gibbons, James S., author, IX. 84.
Gibbs, Addison C., governor, VIII. 4.
Gibbs, William C., governor, IX. 395.
Gibney Virgil P., physician, IV. 323.
Gibson, Charles, lawyer, V. 114.
Gibson, Charles Hopper, senator, V. 495.
Gibson, George R., financier, III. 248.
Gibson, James A., jurist, VIII. 178.
Gibson, Paris, pioneer, VIII. 72.
Gibson, Randall Lee, senator, I. 297.
Gibson, William, surgeon, II. 440.
Gibson, Wm.H., artist and author.VII. 463.
Giddings, J. R., abolitionist, II. 329.
Giegerich, Leonard A., jurist, IV. 306.
Gifford, Robert S., painter, II. 482.
Gifford, Sanford R., painter, II. 443.
Gifford, Sidney B., superintendent, IV. 79.
Gihon, Albert L., surgeon, IX. 154.
Gilberg, Charles A., merchant, III. 241.
Gilbert, Alexander, banker, IV. 172.
Gilbert, George H., Mrs., actress, I. 285.
Gilbert, Jasper Willet, jurist, IX. 153.
Gilbert, John Gibbs, actor, I. 261.
Gilbert, Mahlon Norris, bishop, II. 146.
Gilbraith, Victor, soldier, VIII. 37.
Gilchrist, Robert, lawyer, V. 442.
Gilder, Jeannette L., journalist, .VIII. 441.
Gilder, John Francis, musician, VII. 438.
Gilder, Rich'dW., author and editor, I. 312.
Gilder, William H., explorer. III. 287.
Giles, Chauncey, clergyman, IX. 257.
Giles, Henry, clergyman, II. 448.
Giles, William Branch, governor, V. 447.
Gilfert, Agnes Holman, actress, II. 441.
Gilfert, Charles, musician, IX. 374.
Gill, Rosalie Lorraine, artist, VII. 462.
Gill, Wm. B., telegraph manager, II. 173.
Gillam, Bernhard, cartoonist, VIII. 426.
Gillem, Alvan C., soldier, IV. 411.
Gillette, William H., author, II. 249.
Gillham, Robert, engineer, III. 352.
Gillig, George, manufacturer, III. 182.
Gillis, James H. L., commodore, VI. 99.
Gilliss, James M., astronomer, IX. 230.
Gillman, Henry, scientist, VII, 359.
Gillmore, Quincy A., soldier, IV. 54.
Oilman, Arthur, educator, VI. 162.
Oilman, Caroline H., author, VI. 259.
Oilman, Daniel Coit, educator, V. 170.
Oilman, Nicholas, senator, II. 446.
Oilman, Nicholas P., author, VIII. 120.
Gilmer, George R., governor, I. 224.
Gilmer, Thomas W., governor, V. 449.
Gilmor, Robert, merchant, V. 483.
Gilmore, Patrick S., bandmaster, III. 292.
Gilmour, James, clergyman, III. 253.
Gilmour, Richard, bishop, V. 341.
Gilpin, Henry D., attorney-gen., VI. 437.
Gilpin, William, governor, VI. 445.
Gilroy, Thomas F., mayor, III. 260.
Ginnel, Henry, IV. 387.
Girard College, VII. 11.
Girard, Stephen, philanthropist, VII. 11.
Girty, Simon, Indian interpreter, II. 437.
Gisborne, Frederick N., IV. 451., Field.
Gist, Mordecai, soldier, VI. 197.
Given, William, naval otlieer, V. 55.
Glasgow, S. L., soldier, IV. 471.
Glasgow, William' Carr, physician. V. 99.
Glassman, Wm., editor and orator, VII. 143.
Glazebrook, Otis A., clergyman. II. 375.
Glazier, Willard, explorer, V. 284.
Gleason, Frederick G., composer. VII. 433.
Gleason, Lucius, banker. III. 398.
Glick, George W., governor, VIII. 354.
Glidden, Chas. Jasper, telegrapher. V. 415.
Glisan, Rodney, physician, IX. 532.
Glogowski, Herman, merchant, IV. 142.
Glorieux, Alphonsus J., R. C. bishop, V.
116.
Gloucester, yacht, illus., IX. 18.
Glover, Charles C., banker, VI. 142.
Glover, James Nettle, banker, VII. 292.
Glover, John, rev. soldier, VIII. 223.
Gobble, Aaron Ezra, educator, V. 19.
Gobin, Hillary A., educator, VII. 384.
Gobright, Lawrence A., journalist, V. 355.
Gockeln, F. W., educator, II. 267.
Goddard, Calvin, congressman, V. 200.
Goddard Chapel, Tufts, illus., VI. 242.
Goddard, Louisa, author, Whitney, IX. 121.
Goddard, W. G., educator, VIII. 225.
Godfrey, Benjamin, merchant, VI. 39.
Godfrey, Thomas, poet, VIII. 36.
Godkin, Edwin L., journalist, VIII. 455.
Godman, John D., naturalist, VII. 284.
Godon, Sylvanus W., naval officer, IX. 469.
Goepp, Philip H., Moravian, II. 117.
Goff, Isaac Lewis, capitalist, V. 383.
Goff, Nathan, Jr., statesman, III. 202.
Going, Jonathan, educator, I. 301.
Goldsborough, Charles, governor, IX. 299.
Goldsborough, L. M., rear-admiral, II. 107.
Goldsborough, R. H., statesman, VII. 215.
Goldschmidt, Jenny L., III. 255, Lind, J.
Good, James Isaac, educator, V. 360.
Good, John, inventor, II. 516.
Goodale, Dora R., poet, VIII. 266.
Goodale, Elaine, author, VIII. 139.
Goodale, George L., botanist, VI. 427.
Goode, George B., ichthyologist. III. 408.
Goode, Samuel Watkins, lawyer, II. 524.
Goodell, Henry H., educator, VIII. 117.
Goodell, William, missionary, V. 198.
Goodhue, Benjamin, senator, II. 10.
Goodhue, Jonathan, merchant, V. 200.
Goodno, William C., physician, III. 484.
Goodrich, Alfred B., clergyman, VI. 453.
Goodrich, Chauncey, congressman, II. 138.
Goodrich, Ralph L., lawyer, VII. 363.
Goodrich, Samuel G., author, V. 355.
Goodwin, Daniel R., educator, I. 344.
Goodwin, Nat. C., comedian, VI. 291.
Goodwin, William W., linguist, VI. 422.
Goodyear, Charles, inventor, III. 86.
Goodyear, Charles W., lawyer, IV. 308.
Gookin, Daniel, soldier, VII. 378.
Gordon, Armistead C., author, VIII. 137.
Gordon, George P., inventor, V. 405.
Gordon, Geo. W., soldier, lawyer, VIII. 248.
Gordon, J. Wright, governor, V. 272.
Gordon, John Brown, governor, I. 231.
Gordon, Laura de F., journalist, II. 235.
Gordon, Patrick, governor, II. 278.
Gordon, Walter Scott, founder, II. 126.
Gordon, Wm. F., congressman, VIII. 145.
Gore, Christopher, governor, I. 112'
Gore Hall, Harvard, illus., VI. 418.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, propi .tor of
Maine, V. 166.
Gorhani, Nathaniel, statesman, II. 525.
Gorman, Arthur Pue, senator, I. 296.
Gorman, Willis A., soldier, IV. 167.
Gorringe, Henry H., naval officer, VI. 439.
Gorton, Samuel, religionist, VII. 178.
Gosser, Frank Israel, lawyer, V. 90.
Gottschalk, Louis M., musician, VI. 156.
Gotzian, Conrad, manufacturer, VII. 264.
Goucher, John F., educator, III. 250.
Gough, J. B., temperance orator, III. 336.
Gould, Benj. Apthorp, astronomer, V. 108.
Gould, George, jurist, II. 355.
Gould, Hannah F., poet, VIII. 355.
Gould, Jay, financier, VII. 218.
Gould, Nathaniel D., composer, VII. 426.
Gould, Thomas R., sculptor, VIII. 281.
Goulding, Francis R., author, VII. 174.
Gower, Frederick A., scientist, IX. 216.
Grace Church, Episcopal, N.Y., illus., I. 513.
Grace Darlingof America, V. 247, Lewis, I.
Grace Greenwood, pen-name, IV. 240, Lip-
pincott, S. J.
Grace, Thomas L., R. C. bishop, IX. 225.
Grace, William R., mayor, I. 288.
Grady, Henry W., journalist, I. 526.
Grady, John C., lawyer, V. 33.
Graff, Frederic, civil engineer, IX. 514.
Graham, David Brown, jurist, VI. 324.
Graham, George R., publisher, VI. 277.
Graham, George Scott, lawyer, III. 371.
Graham, Isabella, educator, IV. 375
Graham, Joseph, soldier, VIII. 387.
Graham, Neil F., physician, I. 369.
Graham, Sylvester, vegetarian. V. 416.
Graham, William, educator, III. 163.
Graham, William A., governor, IV. 426.
Gramm, Edward M., physician, III. 488.
Grand Central Depot, N. Y., illus., VI. 210.
Granger, Francis, statesman, VI. 7.
Granger, Gideon, statesman, V. 391.
Granger, Miles Tobey, jurist, V. 180.
Grant, Abraham, bishop, IV. 351.
Grant, Anne, author, VI. 37.
Grant, Asahel, missionary, IV. 457.
Grant, Charles S., physician, III. 91.
Grant, Jam 33 B., governor, VI. 450.
Grant, J-_sse, IV. 1, Grant, U. S.
Grant, John T., R. R. builder, I. 502.
Grant, Julia Dent, wifeof U.S. Grant. IV. 12.
Grant, Lemuel P., promoter, IV. 195.
Grant, Robert, jurist and author, VII. 301.
Grant, Ulysses S., soldier and president, IV.
1 ; tomb of, N. Y., illus., IV. 10.
INDEX.
Grason, William, governor,;iX.!304.
Grasse, F. J. P., naval officer, II. 441.
Graves, Abbott Fuller, artist, VII. 458.
Graves, Anson R., P. E. bishop, IV. 286.
Graves, Hiram T., pioneer, VIII. 66.
Graves, John Card, lawyer, II. 143.
Graves, Nathan Fitch, financier. II. 496.
Gray, Asa, botanist, III. 407.
Gray, David, poet and journalist. IX. 500.
Gray, Elisha. electrician, IV. 453.
Gray, Francis Galley, lawyer, I. 443.
Gray, George, senator, VI. 70.
Gray, Henry Peters, artist. V. 32.
Gray, Horace, jurist, I. 35.
Gray, John F., pnysician, VI. 379.
Gray, John Perdue, physician. VII. 273.
Gray, Landon Carter, physician. V. 380.
Gray, Oliver C., educator. VIII. 303.
Gray, Robert, discoverer, V. 121.
Gray, William, merchant. V. 337.
Gray, William, I. 35, Gray, H.
Gray, William H., insurance, III. 133.
Graydon, Alexander, author, VII. 453.
Gray's Chapel, Ohio Wes. University, illus.
IV. 160.
Grayson, Wm. John, statesman, VII. 339.
Greaton, John, rev. soldier, I. 82.
Greatorex, Henry W., organist, VI. 191.
Greble, John Trout, soldier, V. 287.
Greek Slave, Statue by Powers, III. 421.
Greeley, Horace, journalist. III. 448.
Greeley, Jonathan C., banker, V. 377.
Greely, Adolphus W., explorer, III. 285.
Green, Anna Katharine, author. IX. 257.
Green, Ashbel, educator, V. 467.
Green, Beriah, reformer, II. 326.
Green, Charles Henry, inventor. III. 156.
Green, Duff, diplomat. I. 233.
Green, John W., R. R. manager, I. 203.
Green, Joseph, poet, humorist, VIII. 451.
Green, Lewis W., educator. II. 25.
Green Mountain Boys, I. 45, Allen, E.
Green, Robert S., governor, V. 212.
Green, Rufus Smith, educator. IX. 499.
Green, Samuel A., physician, II. 28.
Green, Samuel S., librarian, VI. 480.
Green, Seth, pisciculturist, VI. 199.
Green, Thomas, proprietary gov., VII. 333.
Green, Thomas, soldier, IV. 362.
Green, William C., physician, VI. 385.
Green, William H., clergyman, VI. 128.
Green, William H., manager, II. 491.
Green, William M., P. E. bishop, IX. 326.
Greenback issue, I. 29, Chase, S. P.
Greene, Albert C., statesman, VIII. 14.
Greene, Albert G., author and jurist, IX.
501.
Greene, Charles G., journalist, IV. 445.
Greene, Christopher, soldier, VIII. 297.
Greene, Dascom, educator, II. 392.
Greene, Francis Vinton, soldier, I. 420.
Greene, Geo. S., civil engineer, I. 320.
Greene, Geo. S., Jr., civil engineer, I. 278.
Greene, George W., author, VII. 309.
Greene, Hugh W., editor, IV. 29.
Greene, John. I. 39, Greene, N.
Greene, Joseph Chase, physician. III. 499.
Greene, Nathanael, rev. soldier, I, 39.
Greene, Ray, senator. IV. 256.
Greene, Samuel D., nuv:,! o>tticer, II. 107.
Greene, Samuel H., clergyman, II. 424.
Greene, Samuel S., educator,' VIII. 348.
Greene, Theo. P., naval officer, V. 33()
Greene, William, lawyer, VIII. 193.
Greene, William, governor, IX. 392.
Greenhalge, Frederic T., governor. I. 126.
Greenland, exploration of, II. 63, Peary,
Greenleaf, Benjamin, educator, VIII. 141
Greenleaf, Edmund, colonist, VIII. 140.
Greenleaf, Franklin L., manTr., VI. 80.
Greenleaf, HalbertS., merchant, VIII. 146
Greenleaf, Jonathan,clergyman,VIII. 140
Greenleaf, Joseph, patriot, VIII. 139.
Greenleaf, Moses, soldier, VIII. 140.
Greenleaf, OrickH., manTr., VIII. 141.
Greenleaf, Pat'k. H., clergyman, VIII. 141
Greenleaf, Simon, jurist, VII. 360.
Greenleaf, Stephen, loyalist, VIII. 139.
Greenly, William L., governor, V. 272.
Greenough, Horatio, sculptor, VI. 232.
Greenough, William I., lawyer, VII. 402.
Greenwood, John, jurist, VI. 128.
Greer, David H., clergyman, VIII. 272.
Greer, James A., naval officer, IV. 389.
Greey, Edward, author, VIII. 119.
Gregg, David, clergyman, VI. 257.
Gregg, David McM., soldier, IV. 330.
Gregg, Wm. H., manufacturer, VII. 138.
Gregory, Francis H., naval officer, IV. 447.
Gregory, John M., governor, V. 450.
Gresham, Walter Q., statesman, IV. 249.
Gress, George V., manufacturer, VII. 88.
Gridley, Charles V., naval officer, IX. 6.
Gridley, Jeremiah, att'y-general, VI. 65 ;
I. 17, Otis, J.
Gridley, Richard, rev. soldier, VI. 65.
Grier, Robert C., jurist, II. 472.
Griffin, Charles, soldier, IV. 337.
Griffin, Charles P., legislator, V. 493.
Griffin, Edward D., educator, VI. 237.
Griffin, Eugene, soldier, II. 117.
Griffin Hall, Williams College, illus., VI. 237.
Griffin, HeneageM., capitalist, VIII. 481.
Griffin, John P., educator, II. 216.
Griffin, Solomon B., author, IX. 239.
Griffing, J. S. W., philanthropist, VI. 88.
Griffis, William E., educator and author,
IX. 281.
Griffith, G. S., philanthropist, II. 418.
Griffith, Harrison P., educator, VI. 399.
Griffiths, J. W., naval architect, VIII. 70.
Griggs, Clark R., R. R. president, I. 444.
Griggs, George K., R. R. man'r. VI. 491.
Grimes, Byran, soldier, VI. 250.
Grimes, John, clergyman, II. 447.
Grimes, Thomas W., lawyer, II. 494.
Grimke, Angelina E., reformer, II. 325.
Grimke, John F., lawyer. II. 325.
Grimke, Sarah M., reformer, II. 325.
Grimke, Thomas S., reformer, II. 326.
Grinnell, George B., merchant, III. 204.
Grinnell, Henry, merchant, III. 281.
Grinnell, J. B., congressman, VIII. 399.
Grinnell, Moses Hicks, merchant, I. 499.
Griscom, Clement A., merchant, IV. 186.
Griswold, A. Miner, humorist, VI. 29.
Griswold, Alex. V., P. E. bishop, IV. 78.
Griswold, George, merchant, III. 355.
Griswold, John A., manufacturer, IV. 43.
Griswold, Rufus W., author, IV. 74.
Groin, William M., senator, VI. 72.
Groome, James Black, governor, IX. 310.
Gross, Magnus, chemist, VIII. 259.
Gross, Onan Bowman, physician. IV. 374.
Gross, Samuel D., surgeon, VIII. 216.
Gross, Samuel E., lawyer, I. 323.
Grosvenor, Lemuel C., physician, VII. 270.
Grout, Edward M., lawyer, VIII. 39.
Grout, Josiah, governor, VIII. 331.
Grout, Wm. W., congressman, VIII. 461.
Grover, Cuvier, soldier, V. 49.
Grover, La Fayette, governor, VIII. 5.
Grover, Lewis C., underwriter. III. 429.
Grow, Galusha A., congressman, II. 91.
Grubb, Edward B., diplomat. III. 192.
Grube, Bernhard A., missionary, VI. 120.
Gruber, Jacob, I. 27, Taney, R. B.
. Grumbine, Lee Light, lawyer, V. 264.
Grundy, Felix, attorney general, VI. 436.
Guernsey, Egbert, physician, II. 484.
Guernsey, Henry N., physician, III. 479.
Guernsey, Joseph C., physician, III. 490,
, Guernsey, Lucy E., author, VI. 168.
Guild, Curtis, editor, IX. 502.
Guild, JosephusIC., jurist, VIII. 18.
Guild, Reuben A., author, III. 460.
Guiney, Louise I., poet, IX. 483.
Gulick, John Story, naval officer, V. 365,
Gumbleton, Hy. A., politician. III. 391.
Gunckel, Lewis B., lawyer, II. 176.
Gunn, James, senator, II. 11.
Gunning, Josiah H., clergyman, VI. 105.
Gunsaulus, Frank W., clergyman. VII. 42.
Guuther, Chas. Godfrey, mayor, III. 69.
Gunther, Ernest R., capitalist, VI. 362.
Gurley, Ralph R., clergyman, II. 387.
Gurney, Francis,, soldier, VI. 261.
Guthrie, James, statesman. IV. 147.
Guyles, William B., ship owner, II. 108.
Guyot, Arnold, geographer, IV. 448.
Gwin, Wm. McKendry, senator, V. 145.
Gwinnett, Button, governor, I. 493; I. 72,
Mclntosh, L.
Gwynn, Joseph K., commissioner, VI. 12&.
Gye, Marie Emma, singer, IX. 119.
Gymnasium, Williams Col., illus., VI. 239.
H
H. H., pen signature, I. 433, Jackson, H. H.
Haas, Jacob, banker, II. 20.
Habberton, John, author, IV. 217.
Habersham, James, governor, I. 492.
Habersham, John, statesman, I. 18.
Hackett, Corcellus H., merchant, III. 244.
Hackett, James H., comedian, III. 74.
Hackley, Charles H., capitalist, IX. 82.
Hadden, Alexander, physician, II. 228.
Haddock, Charles B., educator, IX. 196.
Hadley, Arthur T., educator. IX. 267.
Hadley, James, educator, I. 175.
Hadlock, Harvey D., lawyer, I. 237.
Hadlock, William E., soldier, IV. 503.
Hagen, Theodore, author, VI. 274.
Hagerman, James, lawyer, IV. 350.
Hagner, Peter V., soldier, IV. 411.
Hague, Arnold, geologist, III. 225.
Hague, James Duncan, geologist, II. 154.
Hague, William, clergyman, III, 225.
Hahnemann Hospital, Phila., illus.. III. 479.
Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia,
illus. ,111. 481.
Haight, Henry H., governor, IV. 109.
" Hail Columbia," author of, Hopkinson, J.,
VII. 198.
Haines, Charles D., congressman, IX. 510.
Haines, Daniel, governor, V. 207.
Haines, Oliver S., physician. III. 488.
Haish, Jacob, inventor, V. 476.
Haldeman, Samuel S., scientist, IX. 246.
Hale, Edward Everett, author, 1. 199.
Hale, Eugene, senator, I. 217.
Hale, Horace M., educator, VI. 488.
Hale, Irving, electrician, VI. 174.
Hale, John Parker, senator, III. 120.
Hale, Lucretia P., author, V. 353.
Hale, Nathan, rev. soldier, I. 51.
Hale, Robert S., jurist, IV. 506.
Hale, Sarah Josepha, author. III. 357.
Haley, Elijah, .clergyman, VI. 136.
Haley, Thomas P., clergyman, VI. 123.
INDEX.
Haliburton, Thomas C., author, V. 353.
Hall, Abraham Oakey, mayor. III. 389.
Hall, Alex. Wilford, philosopher, III. 87.
Hall, Arzonetta C., physician, IV. 501.
Hall, Augustus R., merchant, IV. 497.
Hall, Benjamin H., lawyer, III. 24.
Hall, Charles C., clergyman, VI. 186.
Hall, Charles F., explorer, III. 281.
Hall, Christopher W., geologist, IX. 502.
Hall, Darwin S., legislator, IX. 526.
Hall, Edward B., clergyman, VIII. 467.
Hall, Frank L., lawy.-r, IX. 512.
Hall, George, mayor, VIII. 247.
Hall, Granville S., educator, IX. 203.
Hall, Hiland, governor. VIII. 322.
Hall, James, jurist ami author, VII. 198.
Hall, James, paleontologist, III. 280.
Hall, James A., soldier, IV. 314.
Hall, James F., soldier, III. 32.
Hall, Jeremiah, educator, I. 302.
Hall, John, clergyman, VI. 280.
Hall, John, jurist, VII. 155.
Hall, JohnHudson, manufacturer, II. 191.
Hall, Lyman, governor, II. 12.
Hall, Nathan K., statesman, VI. 183.
Hall, Robert B., clergyman, II. 315.
Hall, Thomas, inventor, III. 323.
Hall, Wilburn B., naval officer, VIII. 269.
Hall, William, governor, VII. 208.
Hall, William Edward, soldier, III. 32.
Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet. III. 226.
Halleck, Henry W., soldier, IV. 257.
Halley, George, surgeon, IV. 239.
Hallidie, Andrew S., civil engineer and in-
ventor, VII. 191.
Hallock, C., editor ami author. IX. 507.
Hallock, Lewis, physician, IX. 356.
Hallstead, Wm. F., R. R. man'r., IV. 499.
Hallwig, Edward 0., artist, VI. 466.
Hallwig, Gustav, artist, VI. 465.
Hallwig, Oscar, artist, VI. 465.
Hallwig, Paul, artist, VI. 466.
Hallwig, William C., artist, VI. 466.
Halpin, Charles G., humorist, VI. 26.
Halsey, Charles Storrs, educator, I. 442.
Halsey, Francis W., journalist and author,
IX. 155.
Halsey, Harlan Page, author, IX. 145.
Halstead, Murat, journalist, I, 270.
Hambleton, Frank S., banker, IX. 109.
Hambleton, John A., banker, IX. 108.
Hambleton, Thomas Ed., banker, IX. 109.
Hamblin, Thomas S., actor, III. 120.
Hamer, James Henry, physician, III. 485.
Hamer, Thomas L., congressman, VI. 18.
Hamersley, Andrew, merchant, VII. 298.
Hamersley, Andrew G., diplomat, VII. 298.
Hamersley, Jas. Hooker, lawyer, VII. 299.
Hamersley, John W., lawyer, VII. 298.
Hamersley, Lewis C., merchant, VII. 298.
Hamersley, Wm., merchant, VII. 297.
Hamilton, Alexander, statesman, I. 9.
Hamilton, Alexander, III. 6, Burr, A.
Hamilton, Allan McL., physician, IX. 349.
Hamilton, Andrew J., governor, IX. 70.
Hamilton, Charles S., soldier, VIII. 369.
Hamilton College, VII. 404.
Hamilton, Frank H., surgeon, IX. 358.
Hamilton, Gail, author, IX. 227.
Hamilton, Morris K., librarian, I. 322.
Hamilton, Paul, statesman, V. 373.
Hamilton, Kobert, lawyer, III, 117.
Hamilton, Schuyler, soldier, IV. 337.
Hamilton, William R., soldier, VIII. 370.
Hamilton, William T., governor, IX. 311.
Hamlin, Charles, soldier, VIII. 119.
Hamlin, Cyrus, soldier, V. 422.
Hamlin, Hannibal, statesman, II. 76.
Hamlin, Teunis S., clergyman, VI. 165.
Hamm, Margherita A., journalist, IX. 155.
Hammond, Ed. P., evangelist, VI. 320.
Hammond, Henry B., lawyer, III. 124.
Hammond, James B., inventor, III. 321.
Hammond, William A., surgeon, IX. 338.
Hammond, William Gardiner, lawyer and
educator, IX. 322.
Hampden-Sidney College, II. 21.
Hampton Institute, I. 436, Armstrong, S. C.
Hampton, Wade, soldier, IV. 355.
Hancock, John, governor, I. 103.
Hancock, Winfield S., soldier, IV. 134.
Hand, Alfred, lawyer, IV. 349.
Hand, Daniel, philanthropist. III. 494.
Hand, Edward, rev. soldier, I. 75.
Handley, George, governor, II. 13.
Handy, James A., M. E. bishop, VI. 167.
Handy, Truman P., banker, II. 260.
Hanks, Horace Tracy, physician. II. 121.
Hanlon, Thomas, educator, V. 39.
Hannan, William W., V. 305.
Hanneman, Louis, lawyer, V. 286.
Hanover College, II. 123.
Hanrahan, John D., physician, VI. 380.
Hans Breitmann, pen-name, V. 356, Leland.
Hansbrough, Henry C., senator. IV. 496.
Hanson, Frank Herbert, educator. V. 335.
Hanson, James H., educator. V. 376.
Hardee, William J., soldier, IV. 101.
Hardeman, Robert TJ., financier, III. 255.
Hardeman, Thomas, statesman, V. 63.
Hardenbergh, J. R., clergyman, III. 399.
Hardie, John T., merchant, VII. 26.
Harding, Abner Clark, soldier, IV. 486.
Harding, Amos J., underwriter, IX. 479.
Harding, William W., journalist, I. 431.
Hardy, Arthur S., author, II. 303.
Hare, George E., theologian, VI. 45.
Hare, Robert, scientist, V. 399.
Hare, William H., P. E bishop. III. 468.
Harford, Sir Henry, last proprietor of Mary-
land, VII. 338.
Hargitt, Charles Wesley, educator, V. 301.
Hargrove, R. K., M. E. bishop, VIII. 226.
Hariot, Thomas, author, VII. 162.
Harker, Charles G., soldier, V. 287.
Harkisheimer, William J., soldier, V. 361.
Harkness, Albert, educator, aut nor, VI. 23.
Harkness, Wm., astronomer, VIII. 394.
Harlan, Henry David, jurist, IX. 116.
Harlan, James, statesman, II. 457.
Harlan, James, I. 34, Harlan, J. M.
Harlan, John Marshall, jurist, I. 34.
Harlan, Rev. R. D., I. 35, Harlan, J. M.
Harlem Heights Battle, II. 299, Knowlton.
Harley, John B., educator, II. 265.
Harlow, William Burt, author, II. 354.
Harmar, Josiah, soldier, V. 430.
Harmony Society, VII. 357, Duss, John S.
Harned, Thomas Biggs, lawyer, V. 141.
Harnett, Cornelius, patriot, VII. 403.
Harney, George Edward, architect, I. 371.
Harney, William Selby, soldier, V. 288.
Harper, Albert M., soldier, III. 501.
Harper, Edward B., insurance, VII. 16.
Harper, Fletcher, publisher, I. 152.
Harper, James, publisher, I. 151.
Harper, John, financier, III. 500.
Harper, John, publisher, I. 151.
Harper, John Geddes, dentist, V. 229.
Harper, Joseph Wesley, publisher, I. 152.
Harper, Olive, author, V. 215.
Harper, Orlando M., merchant. III. 501.
Harper, Robert G., patriot, V. 374.
Harrington, George, actor, VII. 297.
Harrington, Jonathan, patriot, I. 367.
Harriot, Samuel C., capitalist, IX. 525.
Harriot, Thomas, author, VII. 162.
Harris, Broughton D., capitalist, IV. 238.
Harris, Chapman, abolitionist, V. 455.
Harris, Charles, physician, VII. 303.
Harris, Elisha, governor, IX. 398.
Harris, Elisha, physician. IX. 352.
Harris, Hamilton, lawyer, I. 414.
Harris, Ira, senator, H. 96.
Harris, Isham Green, governor II. 209.
Harris, James A., financier, VIII. 401.
Harris, Joel Chandler, author, I. 410.
Harris, Jonathan N., merchant, III. 210.
Harris, Samuel, educator, I. 418.
Harris, Samuel Arthur, Danker, VI. 150.
Harris, Thaddeus M., author, VIII. 194.
Harris, Thomas L., spiritualist, III. 289.
Harris, Townsend, diplomat, V. 493.
Harris, W. John, physician, VII. 273.
Harris, William, educator, VI. 344.
Harris, William Torrey, educator. IV. 267.
Harrison, Anna Symmes, III. 36.
Harrison, Benjamin, TJ. S. president, I, 133.
Harrison, Caroline Scott, I. 135.
Harrison, Constance C., author. IV. 320,
Harrison, Gabriel, actor, V. 218.
Harrison, George P., lawyer, VIII. 350.
Harrison, John C. S., banker, VIII. 174.
Harrison, Joseph L., librarian. 510.
Harrison, Lynde, lawyer, VIII. 258.
Harrison, Robert Hanson, jurist, I. 316.
Harrison, Thomas A., banker, VI. 296.
Harrison, William, engraver, V. 218, Har-
rison, G.
Harrison, William H.,U. S. pro 't , III. 33;
Residance of, illus., III. 33.
Harrity, William F., lawyer. III. 83.
Hart, Burdett, clergyman, VIII. 460.
Hart, Emanuel B., merchant, III. 391.
Hart, James C., merchant, IV. 95.
Hart, James McDougal, artist, VII. 469.
Hart, James Morgan, educator, IX. 263.
Hart, Joel T., sculptor, VI. 95.
Hart, John, proprietary gov.. VII. 336.
Hart, John Seely, educator, IX. 263.
Hart, William H. H., lawyer, IX. 382,
Harte, Francis Bret, author, I. 404.
Harteau, Henry, promoter, III. 97.
Hartford School for the Deaf, Gallaudel
IX. 139.
Hartford Wits, I. 497, Alsop, J.
Hartley, Jonathan S., sculptor, VII. 459,
Hartley, Thomas, congressman, II. 36.
Hartranft, C. D., clergyman, VI. 42.
Hartranft, John F., governor, II. 291.
Hartridge, Augustus G., lawyer, VI. 401.
Hartshorne, Henry, physician, VIII. 202.
Hartsuff, Geo. Lucas, soldier, V. 331.
Harvard College, VI. 408.
Harvard Hall, Cambridge, illus., VI. 415.
Harvard, John, clergyman, VI. 408.
Harvey, Dwight B., clergyman, I. 233.
Harvey, James M., governor, VIII. 344.
Harvey, William J., IV. 302.
Harward, Thomas, ship builder, V. '494.
Harwood, And. A., naval officer, IV. 418.
Harwood, George W., capitalist, IV. 198.
Hasbrouck, Abraham B., lawyer, III. 401.
Haskel, Daniel, educator, II. 40.
Haskell, Clement C., physician, V. 26.
Haskell, Harriet N., educator, VI. 40.
Haskell movement, I. 435, Tillman, B. R.
Haskins, Charles W., banker, IX. 514.
Hassard, John R. G., journalist. III. 459.
Hassell, Cushing B., clergyman, VII. 189.
Hassler, Ferd. R., scientist, III, 413.
INDEX.
Hastings, Daniel H., lawyer, V. 27.
Hastings, HolmanK., clergyman.VII. 189.
Hastings, Thomas, composer, VII. 431.
Hastings, Thos. S., theologian, VII. 317.
Hasty Pudding Club,Harvard, illus., VI. 426.
Haswell, Anthony, editor, VIII. 261.
Haswell, Charles Haynes, engineer and au.
thor, IX. 486.
Hatch, Abram, Mormon bishop, VIII. 376.
Hatch, Henry K., merchant and philanthro-
pist, VIII. 248.
Hatch, William H., legislator, VIII. 354.
Hathorn Hall, Bates Coll., illus., VIII. 394.
Hatton, Frank, statesman, IV. 250.
Hauck, Minnie, singer, VIII. 154.
Hauser, Samuel T., governor. III. 265.
Havemeyer, John C., merchant. III. 291.
Haven, Alice B., authoress, V. 386.
Haven, Erastus Otis, educator, I. 250.
Haven, Joseph, clergyman, II. 130.
Hawes, Granville P., jurist, III. 175.
Hawes, Peter, lawyer, VIII. 123.
Hawkins, Alvin, governor, VII. 213.
Hawkins, Benjamin, soldier, IV. 59.
Hawkins, Dexter A., lawyer, VII. 73.
Hawkins, Richard F., manufr, III. 125.
Hawkins, Rush Chris., soldier, V. 238.
Hawkins, Win., governor, IV. 422.
Hawks, Cicero S., P. E. bishop, VI. 58.
Hawks, Francis Lister, author, VII. 90.
Hawks, John, soldier, IX. 435.
Hawley, Chester W., clergyman, VII. 92.
Hawley, Joseph Roswell, senator, I. 457.
Hawley, Lewis T., manufacturer. III. 368.
Hawthorne, Frank W., journalist, VI. 487.
Hawthorne, James B., clergyman, II, 140.
Hawthorne, James C., physician, VII. 42.
Hawthorne, Julian, author, II. 491.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, author, III. 64.
Hawthorne, William, colonist, VIII. 422.
Hay, John, author, III. 458.
Hayden, Everett, scientist, VIII. 112.
Hayden, Hezekiah S., capitalist, VI. 320.
Haydn, Hiram C., educator, VII. 225.
Hayes, Catherine, singer, IV. 506.
Hayes, Isaac Israel, explorer, III. 280.
Hayes, Joseph M., merchant, VI. 495.
Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb, III. 196.
Hayes, Rutherford B., U.S. pres't,, III. 193;
residence of, illus., III. 194.
Hayes, Walter I., lawyer, II. 240.
Hayes, Warren H., architect, VII. 314.
Haygood, Atticus G., educator, I. 520.
Hayne, Isaac, soldier, I, 440.
Hayne, Julia Dean, III. 299, Dean, J.
Hayne, Paul H., poet, IV. 307.
Hayne, Robert Y., statesman, III. 103.
Haynes, Hy. W., archaeologist, VIII. 153.
Haynes, John, colonial governor, VII. 371.
Haynes, John C., music publisher, v. 156.
Haynes, Tilly, merchant, II. 221.
Hays, Alexander, soldier, IV. 313.
Hays, Chas. M., railroad manager, IV. 498.
Hays, George Price, educator. II. 302.
Hays, John C., soldier, II. 241.
Hays, William S., song writer. III. 178.
Haywood, Edmund B., physician, IX. 324.
Haywood, John, jurist, IV. 39.
Haywood, John, colonist, IV. 324.
Haywood, William, patriot, IV. 325.
Haywood, William H., senator, IV. 325.
Hazard, Benjamin, statesman, VIII. 17.
Hazard, Roland Gibson, author, IX. 442.
Hazen, Hy. A., meteorologist, VIII. 114.
Hazen, Moses, rev. soldier, I. 78.
Hazen, William B., signal officer, III. 408.
Head James Marshall, lawyer, IX. 381.
Headley, Joel Tyler, author, III. 458.
Heald, Charles M., R. R. manager, VI. 401.
Heald, Daniel, I. 276, Heald, D. A.
Heald, Daniel A., underwriter, I. 276.
Heald, Edward P., educator, VI. 143.
Health Society, National, Blackwell, Eliza-
beth, IX. 124.
Healy, Jeremiah J., clergyman, IX. 207.
Heard, Stephen, governor, II. 12.
Hearn, JohnTevis, journalist, I. 451.
Hearn, Lafcadio, author, I. 409.
Hearsey, Henry James, soldier and editor,
IX. 499.
Hearst, George F., senator, I. 315.
Heath, William, rev. soldier, I. 68.
Heaton, Augustus George, artist, V. 315.
Hebard, Henry S., manufacturer, V. 285.
Hecker, Isaac T., R. C. priest, IX. 166.
Heckewelder, John G. E., missionary and
author, IX. 258.
Heckman, George C., educator, II. 125.
Hedge, Frederic H., clergyman, VIII. 271.
Hedrick, Benj. S., abolitionist, IX. 127.
Heermans, Charles A., lawyer. III. 118.
Heilbron, George H., journalist, VIII. 49.
Heilprin, Michael, author, VIII. 168.
Heinrich, Anth'y P., composer, VIII. 447.
Heintz, Louis Jacob, man'f'r.,IV. 214.
Heinz, Henry J., manufacturer, V. 270.
Heissenbuttel, J. D., merchant, III. 223.
Heitman, John F., educator, III. 447.
Helen Luqueer. pen-name. I. 431, Bushnell.
Helfenstein, Chas. P., promoter, VIII. 459.
Helm, Ben Hardin, soldier, V. 248.
Helper, Hinton Rowan, author, II. 395.
Hemphill, James C., journalist, II. 29.
Hemphill, Joseph, jurist, I. 394.
Hemphill, William A., journalist, I. 277.
Hendee, George W., governor, VIII. 325.
Henderson, Archibald, jurist, VII. 215.
Henderson, Archibald, soldier, IV. 193.
Henderson, Isaac, author, V. 426.
Henderson, James P., governor, I. 442.
Henderson, John S., lawyer, IX. 438.
Henderson, J. W., governor, IX. 68.
Henderson, Leonard, jurist, IV. 161.
Henderson, Peter, horticulturist, VI. 143.
Henderson, Richard, pioneer, VIII. 304.
Hendricken, T. F., R. C. bishop, VIII. 165.
Hendricks, Francis, merchant, III. 245.
Hendricks, John, II. 403, Hendricks, T. A.
Hendricks, Thomas A., statesman, II. 403.
Henningsen, Charles F., soldier and author,
IX. 236.
Henry, Ed. Lamson, artist, V. 315.
Henry, Guy Vernor, soldier, IX. 27.
Henry, James H., banker, VII. 158.
Henry, John, governor. IX. 294.
Henry, John, senator, n. g.
Henry, Joseph, naturalist, III. 405.
Henry, Joseph. IV. 450., Vail, A.
Henry, Morris H., surgeon, II. 485.
Henry, Patrick, .statesman, I. 337.
Henry, Serepta M. (Irish), evangelist and
reformer, IX. 434,
Henry, Stuart, author, IX. 145.
Henry, William W., lawyer and historian,
IX. 272.
Henshaw, David, statesman, VI. 7.
Hentz, Caroline Lee, author, VI. 261.
Hentz, Nicholas M., educator andscientist
IX. 428.
Hepburn, Neil J., oculist, IV. 416.
Hepworth, George H., journalist, IV. 320.
Herbert, Henry William, author, III. 190,
Herbert, James R., soldier. IX. 529.
Herbst, John, Moravian bishop, I. 238.
Bering, Constantine, physician, in. 477.
Herkimer, Nicholas, rev. soldier, 1. 70.
Herman, John G., Moravian bishop, I. 296.
Herndon, Wm. L., naval officer, IV. 201.
Herne, James A., actor, V. 83.
Hero boy »f 'TO, IV. 88, Peyton, J. R.
Herold, Herman C. H., physician, v. 393.
Heron, Matilda A., actress, VIII. 263.
Herr, Martin L., physician, V. 279.
Herrell, John E., manufacturer, II, 203.
Herrick, Christine T., author, VIII, 453.
Herring, Silas C., inventor, IX. 238.
Herrmann, Alex., prestidigitator, IX. 327.
Herron, George D., educator and author,
IX. 277.
Hersey, George D., physician, I. 236.
Hersey, Jacob D. T., financier, III. 205.
Herter, Christian, artist, V. 320.
Herter, Gustave, designer, VI. 297.
Heth, Henry, soldier, IV. 464.
Hetzel, George C., manufacturer. IV. 233.
Heverin, James Henry, lawyer, III. 29.
Hewett, Waterman T., author, VIII. 419.
Hewins, Caroline Maria, librarian, I, 208.
Hewitt, Abram S., statesman, III. 294,
Hext, Sarah, I. 21, Rutledge, J.
Heyward, Thomas, statesman, I. 441.
Heywood, Frank, manufacturer, VIII. 75.
Hickley, Arthur S., inventor, VII. 118.
Hickman, H. H., manufacturer, II. 141.
Hickman, William H., educator, III. 85.
Hickok, Laurens P., educator, VII. 171.
Hicks, Elias, merchant, II. 487.
Hicks, Francis M., financier, IX. 329.
Hicks, Thomas H., governor, IX. 306.
Hidden, Harry B., soldier, IV. 225.
Hiester, Joseph, governor, II. 285.
Higby, William, lawyer, V. 17.
Higby, William R., banker, VI. 95.
Higgins, Anthony, senator, I. 290.
Higginson, Francis, clergyman, I. 380.
Higginson, John, clergyman, VIII. 115.
Higginson, Thomas W., author, I, 394.
High Bridge. N. Y., illus., III. 94.
Higher Education of Women, first efforts for,
I. 390, Gannett, G.
Higher Law, II. 78, Seward, W. H.
Higley, Warren, jurist, III. 504.
Hildreth, Richard, author, I. 365.
Hildrup, W. T., manufacturer. III. 425.
Hill, Ambrose P., soldier, IV. 101.
Hill, Daniel H., soldier, IV. 102.
Hill, David Bennett, senator, I. 453.
Hill, Frank Pierce, librarian, II. 149.
Hill, George Handel, actor, I. 401.
Hill, Harry R. W., merchant, II. 115.
Hill, Henry Alexander, educator, VII. 19.
Hill, Henry W., lawyer, VIII. 164.
Hill, John Lindsay, lawyer, III. 123.
Hill, John Wesley, clergyman, VII. 313
Hill, Joshua, statesman, IV. 442.
Hill, Nathaniel P., senator, VI. 38.
Hill, Nicholas, soldier, III. 396.
Hill, Noadiah M., linguist, I. 397.
Hill, Robert Andrews, jurist. II. 227.
Hill, Robert H., educator, III. 173.
Hill, Thomas, artist, III. 349.
Hill, Thomas, educator, VI. 420.
Hill, Thomas J., manufacturer. IX. 262.
Hillard, George S., lawyer, III. 244.
Hillhouse, James, senator, II. 9.
Hillhouse, James A., poet, VII. 131.
Hillhouse, Thomas, financier, VIII. 247.
Billiard, Henry W., diplomatist, II. 114.
Hillis, Newell D., clergyman, IX. 245.
Hills, William Henry, editor, IV. 73.
Hillyer, William S., soldier, VIII. 145.
INDEX.
Hilyard, George D., builder, VI. 66.
Hinckley, Isabella, singer, I, 392.
Hinckley, Livingston S., physician, V. 303.
Hinckley, Thomas, colonial gov., VII. 370.
Hindman, William, senator, II. 133.
Hinds, Herbert C., clergyman, II. 19.
Hinman, Clark T., educator, V. 471.
Hinrichs, Charles F. A., merchant, I. 467.
Hinsdale, Grace W. H., author, IX. 96.
Hinton, John Henry, physician, II. 177.
Hirsch, Emil G., rabbi and author, II. 112.
Hiscoz, David, chemist, I. 472.
Hitchcock, Alfred, surgeon, IV. 27.
Hitchcock, Edw., 1851, educator, IV. 483.
Hitchcock, Edw., 1703, educator, V. 308.
Hitchcock, Enos, clergyman, IX. 284.
Hitchcock, Gen. E. A., I. 46, Allen, E.
Hitchcock, Henry E., educator, VIII. 361.
Hitchcock, Henry L., educator, VII. 224.
Hitchcock, Peter, jurist, I. 370.
Hitchcock, Roswell D., educator, II. 256.
Hitchcock, Samuel A., manufr., V. 313.
Hitt, Robert Roberts, statesman, V. 70.
Hoadley, George, governor, III. 143.
Hoagland, C. N., physician, II. 116.
Hoar, Ebenezer R., jurist, IV. 20.
Hoar, George Frisbie, .senator, I. 453.
Hoar, Leonard, educator, VI. 411.
Hobart, John Henry, P. E. bishop, I. 514.
Hobart, John Sloss, jurist, n. 35.
Hobson, Edward H., soldier, V. 13.
Hobson, Richmond P., naval officer, IX. 10
Hodge, George W., treasurer, VII. 49.
Hodge, Samuel, educator, VII. 342.
Hodgen, John T., physician, VIII. 204.
Hodgkinson, John, actor, III. 343.
Hodgman, Abbott, physician, I. 512.
Hodgson, Telfair, clergyman, II. 488.
Hoe, Richard March, inventor, VII. 320.
Hoe, Robert, manufacturer, VII. 320.
Hoe, Robert, 3d, manufacturer, III. 16.
Hoff, Henry Kuhn, naval officer, IV. 486.
Hoffman, Chas Fenno, author, VIII. 379.
Hoffman,Chas.Fred'k.,clergyman,VII.201.
Hoffman, David, jurist and hist'n,VII. 129.
Hoffman, Eugene A., clergyman, VI. 356.
Hoffman, John T., governor, HI. 52.
Hoffman, Josiah Ogden, sachem, in. 376.
Hofstatter, Theodore, designer, V. 406.
Hoge, Moses, educator, II. 23.
Hogg, James Stephen, governor, IX. 75.
Hogg, William J., manufacturer, VI. 167.
Hogun, James, patriot, IX. 415.
Hoke, Martha H., artist, V. 323.
Holbrook, Frederick, governor, VIII. 323.
Holbrook, Silas P., author, VII. 289.
Holcombe, Amasa, scientist, III. 311.
Holcombe, Chester, diplomat, m. 311.
Holcombe, Curtis Wilson, III. 311.
Holcombe, Frederick, III. 311.
Holcombe, George Obed, III. 311.
Holcombe, Henry, III. 311.
Holcombe, Hosea, clergyman, III. 311.
Holcombe, Hugh H., clergyman, III. 312
Holcombe, James F., III. 312.
Holcombe, James P., educator, m. 312
Holcombe, John H. L., III. 312.
Holcombe, John M., III. 312.
Holcombe, John W., III. 312.
Holcombe, Jonathan, III. 312.
Holcombe, Joseph G., III. 312.
Holcombe, Judson, III. 312.
Holcombe, Origeu Pinney, III. 313.
Holcombe, Reuben, III. 313.
Holcombe, Silas W., III. 313.
Holcombe, Solomon, III. 313.
Holcombe, Theodore Isaac, III. 313.
Holcombe, Thomas, III. 314.
Holcombe, W. H., physician, III. 312.
Holcombe, William Frederic, III. 314.
Holden, Edward S., astronomer, VII. 229.
Holden, William W., governor, IV. 427.
Holder, Charles F., author, VII. 402.
Holder, Joseph B., naturalist, VII. 402.
Holladay, Albert L., educator, II. 26.
Holladay, Lewis L., educator, II. 27.
Holland, George, comedian, III. 148.
Holland, J. G., author and editor, I. 311.
Holley, Marietta, author, IX. 278.
Holley, Myron, ivi'unncr, II. 332.
Holliday, Fred. Wm. M., govornoi-.V. 454.
Holls, George Charles, educator, III. 302.
Holly, John I., business man, II. 189.
Holman, James Duval, pioneer. VII. 266.
Holman, Wm. S., representative, V. 457.
Holmes, Abiel, clergyman, VII. 148.
Holmes, Gabriel, governor, IV. 423.
Holmes, Mary J., novelist, VIII. 421.
Holmes, Nathaniel, jurist, III. 409.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, author, II. 336.
Holt, Dan, man'f'rand merchant, IX. 486.
Holt, Henry, publisher and author, IX. 486.
Holt, John Saunders, author, VI. 277.
Holt, Joseph, jurist, I. 354.
Holt, Thomas M., governor, IV. 430
Holton, Edward D., merchant, II. 238
Holworthy Hall, Harvard, illus., VI. 424.
Holyoke, Edward, .-MiiciUc.!-. VI. 415.
Holy Spirit, Church of, Kenyori College,
VII. 8.
Homans, Sheppard, actuary, VI. 492.
" Home Journal," Phillips, M., IX. 197.
Homoeopathy, Specific, Discoverer of, VII.
282, Humphreys, Fred'k.
Honeywood, St. John, poet, IX. 156.
Hood, Helen, composer, VIII. 443.
Hood, John Bell, soldier, IV. 264.
Hook, Frances, soldier, VI. 43.
Hook, James Schley, jurist, II. 415.
Hooker, Charles E., lawyer, IV. 406.
Hooker, Ellen K. educator. IV. 483.
Hooker, Herman, author. VII. 99.
Hooker, Joseph, soldier, IV. 176.
Hooker, Thomas, clergyman, VI. 497.
Hooper, Lucy H., author, VIII. 171.
Hooper, Philo 0., physician, VII. 452.
Hooper, Samuel, merchant, IV. 499.
Hooper, William, patriot, v. 457.
Hoopes, Benjamin, educator, VI. 257.
Hope, James Barren, poet, VII. 241.
Hopkins, Albert, astronomer, VI. 240.
Hopkins, Charles J., composer, IV. 434.
Hopkins College, I. 161, Davenport, J.
Hopkins, Esek, naval officer, II. 18.
Hopkins, Ferdinand T., merchant, II. 215.
Hopkins, George Hiram, lawyer, V. 119.
Hopkins, George W., statesman, IV. 445.
Hopkins, Isaac S., educator, I. 520.
Hopkins, Johns, philanthropist, V. 169.
Hopkins, Lemuel, poet, VII. 282.
Hopkins, Mark, educator, VI. 237.
Hopkins, Samuel, theologian, VII. 154.
Hopkins, W. H., educator, I. 507.
Hopkinson, Francis, patriot, V. 460.
Hopkinson, Joseph, jurist, VII. 158.
Hopkinson, Thomas, lawyer, VII. 249.
Hopper, George H., merchant, IV. 124.
Hopper, Isaac T., philanthropist, II. 330.
Hoppin, Augustus, caricaturist and illus-
trator, IX. 483.
Hoppin, J. M., educator and author, I. 245.
Hoppin, William W., governor. IX. 400.
Horn, Charles E., composer, VI. 146.
Hornaday, Wm. T., taxidermist, IV. 192.
Hornblower, Josiah, engineer. VI. 96.
Hornblower, William B., jurist. VII. 398.
Homer, John Scott, governor, V. 271.
Homer, William E., physician, VI. 381.
Horrocks, James, educator, III. 233.
Horry, Peter, soldier, VI. 101.
Horsford, Eben N., chemist, VI. 155.
Horsman, Edward I., merchant. III. 274..
Horstman, I. F., R. C. bishop, V. 341.
Horton, Albert H., jurist, VI. 131.
Horton, George M., slave-poet, VII. 93.
Horton, Harry Lawrence, financier, I. 468.
Horton, James M., manufr, VII. 100.
Hosack, Alexander E., surgeon, IX. 355.
Hosack, David, phvsician and scientist, IX.
354.
Hosmer, George W., clergyman, VII. 292.
Hosmer, Harriet, sculptor, VIII. 284.
Hosmer, James K., librarian. VI. 482.
Hosmer, Jean, actress, IV. 43. 5
Hosmer, Wm. H. C., author, VIII. 200.
Hotchkiss, Andrew, inventor. VIII. 35.
Hotchkiss, Benj. B., inventor, VI. 245.
Houdon, Jean A., sculptor, VIII. 292.
Hough, George W., astronomer, VIII. 337.
Hough, Warwick, jurist, VII. 149.
Houghton, George H., clergyman, VI. 9.
Houghton, Henry Oscar, publisher, I. 281.
Houghton, James F., pioneer, VII. 146.
Houghton, Sherman 0., lawyer. VII. 122.
Houston, Henry H., merchant. III. 146.
Houston, John, governor, I. 493.
Houston, Sam., soldier, statesman, IX. 63.
Houston, Tex., Founders of, Allen, IX. 428.
Houston, Wm. Churchill, lawyer. III. 261.
Hovenden, Thomas, artist, VI. 470.
Hovey, Alvah, educator, VIII. 155.
Hovey, Harriette S., educator, VI. 352.
Hovey, Richard, author, VI. 352.
How, James F., soldier, V. 470.
How, Samuel B., educator, VI. 429.
Howard, Ada Lydia, educator, VII. 328.
Howard, Benj. C., congressman, VI. 136.
Howard, Blanche Willis, author, I. 304.
Howard, Bronson, dramatic writer, III. 75.
Howard, Chas. T., philanthropist, IX. 173
Howard, Erving M., physician, III. 486.
Howard, Frank T., capitalist and philan
thropist, IX. 173.
Howard, George, governor, IX. 302.
Howard, Henry, governor, IX. 404.
Howard, Jacob M., senator, IV. 472.
Howard, James L., manufacturer, VI. 132.
Howard, John E., soldier and gov., IX. 292.
Howard, Joseph, Jr., journalist, IV. 213.
Howard, Oliver 0., soldier, IV. 103; IV.
261, Kearney, P.
Howard, Solomon, educator, IV. 444.
Howe, Albion Paris, soldier, VI. 214.
Howe, Andrew Jackson, surgeon, IX. 339.
Howe, Elias, inventor, IV. 432.
Howe, Henry, historian. III. 344.
Howe, Herbert A., astronomer, VIII. 157.
Howe, James L., chemist, IX. 520.
Howe, Julia Ward, author, I. 402.
Howe, Mary A., philanthropist, VIII. 159.
Howe, Robert, soldier, VI. 79.
Howe, Saml. G., philanthropist, VIII. 372.
Howe, Timothy 0., statesman, IV. 250.
Howe, William, soldier. VII. 151.
Howell, Clark, journalist, I. 473.
Howell, David, jurist, VIII. 29.
Howell, Evan P., journalist, I. 236.
Howell, Henry C., manufacturer. II. 295.
Howell, James B., senator, IX. 450.
Howell, Jeremiah B., senator. IX. 510.
Howell, John A., inventor, VI. 44.
1XDEX.
Howell, John C., rear -admiral, II. 208.
Howell, Richard, governor, V. 202.
Howell, Theo. P., manufacturer, II. 295.
Howells, W. D., editor and author, 1.281.
Howland, Alfred C., artist, VII. 470.
Rowland, Henry Elias, jurist. IX. 472.
Howland, John, soldier. VIII. 58.
Howley, Richard, governor, II. 12.
Howry, Charles B., lawyer, II. 197.
Hoyt, Charles A., manufacturer. III. 156.
Hoyt, Henry Martyn, governor, II. 292.
Hoyt, Ralph, t, VII. 453.
Hubbard, Chester D., senator, V. 387.
Hubbard, Fordyce M., educator, VII. 136.
Hubbard, Gardiner G., lawyer, V. 162.
Hubbard Hall Library, Kenyon, illus., VII. 7.
Hubbard, John, governor, VI. 311.
Hubbard, John Barrett, soldier, VI. 489.
Hubbard, Joseph S., astronomer, IX. 238.
Hubbard, Richard B., governor, IX. 72.
Hubbard, Samuel B., merchant, V. 191.
Hubbard, Samuel D., statesman, VI. 183.
Hubbard, Thomas H., soldier, II. 179.
Hubbell, Jay A., congressman, IV. 343.
Hubner, Charles W., author. II. 142,
Hudon, Henry, priest, IV. 116.
Hudson, Erasmus D., surgeon, II. 393.
Hudson, Henry, explorer, IX. 453.
Hudson, Henry Norman, Shakespearean
scholar and author, IX. 490.
Hudson, John E., pres. Bell telephone, V. 83.
Hudson, Joseph K., journalist, I. 208.
Hudson, Mary C. A., author, VII. 233.
Hudson, William W., educator, VIII. 183.
Huey, Samuel Baird, lawyer. III. 67.
Huff, George Franklin, banker, VI. 323.
Huger, Benjamin, l~4(i, soldier, III. 440.
Hnger, Benjamin, 1806, soldier, V. 362.
Huger, Thomas Bee, soldier, V. 13.
Hughes, Ball, sculptor, VIII. 290.
Hughes, Charles H., physician, V. 64.
Hughes, Christopher, diplomat, VII. 165.
Hughes, John, archbishop, 1. 193
Huidekoper, Frederic, clergyman and au-
thor, IX. 531.
Hulbert, Henry C., merchant. III. 366.
Hulburd, Calvin T., legislator, IV. 505.
Hulburd, Merritt, clergyman, V. 339.
Hull, A. C., journalist, IX. 504.
Hull, Holmer, priest, IV. 95.
Hull, Isaac, naval officer, III. 290.
Hull, James Clark, clergyman. VI. 494.
Hull, William, rev. soldier. I. 66.
Hulme, George B., merchant, VIII. 192.
Hume, Frank, merchant, I. 264.
Humorists, group of, VI. 25.
Humphrey, Heman, educator, V. 308.
Humphrey, Lyman U., governor, I. 456.
Humphreys, Andrew A., soldier, VII. 34.
Humphreys, David, rev. soldier, I. 71.
Humphreys, Frederick, phys'n, VII. 282.
Humphreys, Hector, educator, I. 504.
Humphreys, Joshua, ship builder, V. 110.
Hunicke, William G., physician, V. 156.
Hunnewell, James F., merchant, VI. 159.
Hunt, Albert S., clergyman. IV. 416.
Hunt, Alexander C., governor, VI. 447.
Hunt, George Smith, banker, V. 436.
Hunt, Harriot K., physician, IX. 259.
Hunt, Henry J., soldier, IX. 228.
Hunt, James Gillespie, surgeon, VII. 274.
Hunt, Lewis Cass, .soldier, IV. 354.
Hunt, Mary H. H., reformer, IX. 156.
Hunt, Nathan, Quaker preacher, IX. 273..
Hunt, Richard M., architect, VI. 460.
Hunt, Robert W., metallurgist, I. 244.
Hunt Theodore W. educator, VIII. 137.
Hunt, Thomas Sterry, scientist, III. 254.
Hunt, Ward, jurist, II. 475.
Hunt, Washington, governor, III. 48.
Hunt, William Henry, statesman, IV. 244.
Hunt, William Morris, artist, III. 288.
Hunter, Charles, naval officer, IX. 186.
Hunter, David, soldier. IV. 264.
Hunter, Morton Craig, soldier, V. 238.
Hunter, Robert, colonial gov., VII. 155.
Hunter, Robert, physician, VII. 281.
Hunter, Robert M. T., statesman, IX. 158.
Hunter, William, statesman, IX. 269.
Huntington, Agnes, singer, II. 392.
Huntington, Collis P., R. R. prest., VI. 406.
Huntington, Daniel, artist, V. 323.
Huntington, Frederic D., bishop, III. 363.
Huntington, Jedediah, rev. soldier, I. 77.
Huntington, John, inventor and capitalist,
IX. 102.
Huntington, Samuel, governor, III. 137.
Huntington, Wm.R., clergyman, VIII. 250.
Huntley, Ezekiel.I. 154, Sigourney, L. H.
Hunton, Jonathan G., governor, VI. 307.
Hurlburt, Henry A., merchant, IV. 386.
Hurlbut, Hinman B., lawyer, II. 185.
Hurlbut, Stephen A., soldier, IV. 218.
Hurst, John Edward, merchant, II. 391.
Hurst, John F., M. E. bishop, IX. 122.
Huse,iWilliam L., merchant, IX. 191.
Huss, Henry H., musician, VIII. 448.
Hutcheson, Jos. C., congressman, VIII. 161.
Hutchings, John H., banker, IX. 526.
Hutchins, Charles L., clergyman. III. 331.
Hutchins, John C., lawyer, II. 390.
Hutchins, Stilson, journalist, I. 234.
Hutchins, Thomas, geographer. IX. 267.
Hutchinson, Anne M., religionist, IX. 148;
trial of, II. 420, Eliot, J.
Hutchinson, Charles L., hanker, IV. 387.
Hutchinson, Edmund G., merchant, IV. 92.
Hutchinson letters. I. 334, Franklin, B.
Hutchinson, Thomas, col. gov., VII. 376.
Button, Frederick R., educator, II. 243.
Hutton, Laurence, author, VII. 64.
Hyatt, Alpheus, scientist, III. 101.
Hyde, George W., merchant, IX. 534.
Hyde, Joel Wilbur, physician, III. 150.
Hyde, Thomas W., shipbuilder, VIII. 80.
Hyde, W. De W., educator, I. 419.
Hylton, John D., physician, II. 34.
lams, Franklin P., lawyer, VIII. 80.
Ik Marvel,pen-name, Mitchell, D. 6., VI. 97.
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, illus., II,
279.
Independent, The, I. 205, Bowen, H. C.;
founded, I. 176, Bacon, L.
Indian Bible, II. 422, Eliot, J.; Indian lan-
guages, II. 420, Eliot, J.; Title page of,
illus., II. 421.
Indian University, illus., III. 310.
Indiana, battleship, illus., IX. 15.
Indiana Capitol, I. 149, Hovey, A. P.
Indians, missions to, II. 253, Brainerd, D,;
II. 422, Eliot, J.
Indurite, Inventor of, Munroe, IX. 235.
Ingalls, Chas. Frye, I. 357, Ingalls, C. R.
Ingalls, Charles Russell, jurist, I. 357.
Ingalls, John J., senator, VIII. 415.
Ingalls, Thomas, lawyer, I. 358.
Ingalls, Thomas R., educator, I. 358.
Ingersoll, Charles J., historian, VII. 141.
Ingersoll, Charles L., educator, I. 411.
Ingersoll, Ernest, naturalist and author,
IX. 240.
Ingersoll, Jared, statesman, II. 439.
Ingersoll, Robert G., lawyer. IX. 255.
Ingham, Charles C., artist, V. 317.
Ingham, Samuel D., statesman, V. 294.
Inglis, William, jurist, IX. 223.
Ingraham, Daniel Phoenix, jurist, I. 155.
Ingraham, Darius H., statesman, VIII.
473.
Ingraham, Duncan'N., naval officer, VIII.
336.
Ingraham, Joseph Holt, author, VII. 413.
Inman, Henry, 1st, artist, IX. 247.
Inman, Hy., 2d, soldier and author, IX. 248.
Inman, John, journalist, IX. 248.
Inman, John O'B., artist, IX. 248.
Inman, Samuel M., merchant II., 443.
Inman, William, naval officer, IX. 247.
Innes, James, soldier, VII. 52.
Inness, George, artist, II. 490.
Intemann, E. A. G., merchant, IV. 436.
International Copyright, I. 314, Johnson,
R. D.
" Inter-Ocean " of Chicago, Nixon, IX. 176.
Iowa, battleship, illus., IX. 14.
Iowa Historical Library, Aldrich, IX. 317.
Irby, John L. M., senator, II. 250.
Iredell, James, jurist, I. 23.
Iredell, James, Jr., governor, IV. 423.
Ireland, John, archbishop, IX. 226.
Ireland, John, governor. IX. 74.
Iron Smelting, First in U. S., Scranton, IX.
138.
Irrepressible Conflict, II. 79, Seward, W. H.
Irvine, James, educator, IV. 443.
Irvine, William, rev. soldier, I. 90.
Irving, John T., jurist, IX. 220.
Irving, William, merchant and author, IX.
383.
Irving, Washington, author, III. 17.
Irwin, Jared, governor, I. 220.
Irwin, John Arthur, physician, II. 151.
Irwin, Theodore, merchant, V. 60.
Irwin, William, governor, IV. 110.
Isaacs, Myer S., lawyer, VI. 87.
Isham, Edward Swift, lawyer, VII. 107.
Isham, Pierrepont, jurist , VII. 107.
Isham, Pierrepont, lawyer. VII. 108.
Iverson, Alfred, senator, IV. 438.
Ives, Levi Silliman, bishop, V. 409.
Ivins, Horace F., physician. III. 486.
Ivison, Henry, publisher, III. 24.
Ivy Club, Princeton, illus., V. 468.
Izard, George, soldier, III. 176.
Izard, Ralph, senator, III. 175.
Izlar, James F., jurist, IV. 505.
Jack Downing, pen-name, Smith, Seba,
VIII. 119.
Jackson, Abner, educator, III. 497.
Jackson, Andrew, duel with Benton, IV. 400,
Benton, T. H.
Jackson, Andrew, U. S. president, V. 289;
Residence of, illus. ,V. 289.
Jackson, Charles, lawyer, V. 401.
Jackson, Charles, governor, IX. 397.
Jackson, Charles T., scientist, III. 98 ; IV.
449, Morse, S. B.F.
Jackson, Claiborne Fox, IV. 367.
Jackson, Elihu Emory, governor, IX. 313.
Jackson, Francis, reformer, II. 318.
Jackson Hall, Williams College, illus., VI.
236.
Jackson, Helen Hunt, author, I. 433.
Jackson, Henry, lawyer. VII. 366.
Jackson Henry G. clergyman, IX. 83.
INDEX.
Jackson, Henry M., P. E. bishop, III. 465.
Jackson, Henry E., lawyer. III. 369.
Jackson, Howell E., jurist, VIII. 243.
Jackson, James, governor, I. 220.
Jackson, James, jurist, II. 518.
Jackson, James, physician, V. 401.
Jackson, James Caleb, physician, III. 81.
Jackson, James Streshley, soUlicr, V. 11.
Jackson, John A., sculptor, VIII. 291.
Jackson, John P., statesman, VII. 411.
Jackson, J. P., I, 34, Strong, J. P.
Jackson, Mortimer M., lawyer, III. 148.
Jackson, Patrick T. , manufacturer, V. 401.
Jackson, Rachel D., V. 298.
Jackson, Samuel M., educator, IX. 434.
Jackson, Samuel M., merchant, VI. 496.
Jackson, Sheldon, missionary, IX. 251.
Jackson, Thomas E., merchant, IV. 193.
Jackson, Thomas J., soldier, IV. 125.
Jackson, William, soldier, III. 374,
Jackson, William H., soldier, IX. 212.
Jackson, Wm. Hicks, soldier, V. 367.
Jacob, Charles D., statesman, VII. 357.
Jacobi, Abraham, physician, IX. 345.
Jacobi, Mary P., physician, VIII. 219.
Jacobs, Joseph, merchant, VII. 415.
Jacobs, W. C., surgeon, I. 524.
Jacobus, M. W., clergyman, III. 344.
James, Bushrod W., physician, III. 492.
James, Charles T., inventor, III. 324.
James, Darwin K., merchant, I, 234.
James, Edward C., lawyer, IX. 370.
James, Henry, author, I. 410.
James, John, rev. soldier, VIII. 152.
James, John Edwin, physician, III. 483.
James, Thomas L., statesman, IV. 245.
James, William, educator, VI. 424.
Jameson, Patrick H., physician, IX. 340.:
Jamison, Alcinous B., physician, VI. 381.
Janes, Edward H., physician, VIII. 215.
Janney, S. M., Quaker minister, VII. 485.
Janssens, Francis, R. C. archb'p, VII. 300.
Janvrin, Joseph E., physician, IV. 269.
Jarvis, Abraham, P E. bishop, III. 475.
Jarvis, George A., philanthropist, IV. 468.
Jarvis, George C., physician, V. 221.
Jarvis, Hezekiah, III. 216.
Jarvis, Noah, III. 216.
Jarvis, Samuel F., clergyman, III. 216.
Jarvis, Thomas J., governor, IV. 429.
Jarvis, William, clergyman, III. 217.
Jasper, Harding, I. 431, Harding, W. W.
Jasper, William, rev. soldier, I. 52.
Jay, John, statesman, VII. 347.
Jay, John,statesman and chief-justice, I. 20.
Jay, John C., physician, VI. 378.
Jay, John C., (2d>, physician, VI. 378.
Jay, Peter Augustus, III. 462.
Jay, William, author and jurist, VIII. 74.
Jay, William, lawyer, IX. 461.
Jeannette, steamer, illus., III. 283.
Jeans, Jacob, physician, III. 480.
Jeffers, William N., naval officer, IV. 281.
Jefferson, Joseph, actor, I. 522.
Jefferson, Joseph (1st), I. 522.
Jefferson, Martha Wayles, III. 5.
Jefferson, Thomas, U. S. president, III. 1.
Jefferson, Thos., Residence of, illus., III. 1.
Jenckes, Thos. A., congressman, VIII. 34.
Jenifer, Daniel of St. T., statesman, II. 362.
Jenison, Silas H., governor, VIII. 318.
Jenkins, Albert Gallatin, soldier, V. 248.
Jenkins, Arthur, journalist, IV. 187.
Jenkins, Charles Jones, governor, I. 228.
Jenkins, T. A., naval officer, IV. 311.
Jenks, Edward W., physician, IV. 217.
Jenness, Lyndon Y., soldier, IV. 356.
Jennings, A. G., manufacturer, II. 235.
Jennings, Robert W., educator, II. 130.
Jenny June, pen-name, Croly, J. C., VI. 397.
Jerome, Chauncey, manufact'r, VII. 246.
Jerome, David Howell, governor, V. 275.
Jervis, John B., civil engineer, IX. 46.
^Jesse, Richard H., educator, VIII. 188.
Jessing, Joseph, clergyman, VI. 329.
Jewell, Marshall, statesman, IV. 20.
Jewett, Charles C., bibliographer, V. 356.
Jewett, Milo P., educator, V. 234.
Jewett, Sarah Orne, author, I. 374.
Joaquin Miller, pen-name. Miller, C. H..
VII. 69.
Jocelyn, George B., educator, V. 472.
Jocelyn, Simeon S., clergyman, II. 326.
John, John P. D., educator, VII. 384.
John Phoenix, pen-name, V. 241, Derby.
Johnes, Edward Rodolph, III. 269.
Johns, Henry Van D., clergyman, V. 253.
Johns Hopkins University. V. 169.
Johns, John, educator. III. 236.
Johns, Kensey, lawyer, V. 196.
Johnson, Andrew, U. S. president, II. 455,
attempted impeachment of, II. 85, Stan-
ton, E. M.; IV. 31, Stevens, T.
Johnson, Bradley T., lawyer. IV. 182.
Johnson, Cave, postmaster-gen., VI. 270.
Johnson Chapel, Amherst, illus., V. 307.
Johnson, Charles P., lawyer, VI. 41.
Johnson, David B., educator, III. 123.
Johnson, Eastman, artist, IX. 52.
Johnson, Ebenezer A., educator, VIII. 337.
Johnson, Edward, historian, VIII. 91.
Johnson, Edward H., inventor, VI. 258.
Johnson, Eliza McC., II. 456.
Johnson, Frank W., soldi,-,-, V. 198.
Johnson, Henry C., educator. II. 164.
Johnson, Henry T., educator, III. 216.
Johnson, Herman M., educator, VI. 430.
Johnson, Herschel V., governor, I. 226.
Johnson, James, governor, I. 227.
Johnson, James N., governor, IV. 107.
Johnson, Sir John, soldier, VIII. 156.
Johnson, John, historian, VIII. 259.
Johnson, John Davis, lawyer, VI. 126.
Johnson, John L,, legislator, VIII. 128.
Johnson, Joseph, governor, V. 451.
Johnson, Joseph, author, VIII. 259.
Johnson, Lorenzo M., R. R. man'r, VI. 402.
Johnson, Oliver, reformer, II. 319.
Johnson, Reverdy, att'y-general, IV. 371.
Johnson, Richard M., statesman, VI. 434.
Johnson, Robert Underwood, editor. I. 313.
Johnson, Robert Ward, senator, V. 252.
Johnson, Rossiter, author, II. 64.
Johnson, Samuel, clergyman, II. 312.
Johnson, Samuel, educator, VI. 341.
Johnson, Samuel Frost, artist, VII. 471.
Johnson, Samuel W., chemist, VI. 32.
Johnson, Sir William, V. 101.
Johnson, Thomas, governor, IX. 289.
Johnson, Thomas, jurist, I. 24.
Johnson, Warren S., engineer, III. 292.
Johnson, William, jurist, II. 467.
Johnson, William, patriot, VIII. 259.
Johnson, William M., poet, VIII. 90.
Johnson, William S., educator, VI. 342.
Johnston, Albert Sidney, soldier, I. 388.
Johnston, Clarence H., architect, IX. 334.
Johnston, John, banker, III. 411.
Johnston, Joseph E., soldier, V. 328.
Johnston, Josiah Stoddard, senator, V. 45.
Johnston, Richard Malcolm, anther, I. 440.
Johnston, Samuel, governor, IV. 420.
Johnston, William F., governor, II. 288.
Johnston, Wm. P., educator, IX. 130.
Johnstone, Harriet Lane, V. 9.
Jolliet, Louis, explorer, V. 121.
Jonathan Oldjtyle, pen-name, III. 17, Ir»
ving, W.
Jones, Amos Blanch, educator, I. 258.
Jones, Anson, statesman, IX. 67.
Jones, Augustine, educator, VI. 203.
Jones, Benjamin F., merchant, V. 171.
Jones, Catesby ap R., naval officer, V. li.
Jones, Charles Colcock, lawyer, V. 159.
Jones, Charles H., journalist, I. 386.
Jones, David, clergyman, VIII. 273.
Jones, Eli, preacher, II. 480.
Jones, Francis W., electrician, IV. 84.
Jones, Gardner M., librarian, VI. 484.
Jones, George, journalist, I. 387.
Jones, George Wallace, III. 433.
Jones, Jacob, naval officer, II. 233.
Jones, James C., governor, VII. 209.
Jones, James Kimbrough, senator, I. 2>
Jones, Joel, educator, VII. 13.
Jones, John, soldier, V. 29.
Jones, John, surgeon, V. 149.
Jones, John, surveyor, V. 29.
Jones, John Paul, naval officer, II. 15.
Jones, John Percival, senator, I. 300.
Jones, Joseph Russel, diplomat, I. 534.
Jones, Joseph Seawell, historian, VII. 72.
Jones, Richard Mott, educator, II. 481.
Jones, Samuel, soldier, IV. 466.
Jones, Silas Armistead, IV. 373.
Jones, Sybil, Quaker, II. 480.
Jones, Thomas, jurist, IX. 250.
Jones, Thomas Goode, governor, I. 457.
Jones, Walter, lawyer, I. 365.
Jones, Walter, congressman, II. 11.
Jones, William, secretary, V. 373.
Jones, William, governor, IX. 394.
Jones, William L., scientist, IX. 184.
Jones, Wm. Martin, lawyer, V. 46.
Jordan, David S., educator, 11.1127.
Jordan, Eben D., merchant, II. 393.
Jordan, Francis, legislator, VII. 120.
Jordan, James J., journalist, IV. 201.
Jordan, Rich'd, Quaker minister, VII. 155.
Jordan, Thomas, soldier, IV. 486.
Joseph, Antonio, legislator, VI. 361.
Joseph, William, col. governor, VII. 334.
Josh Billings, pen-name, Shaw, VI. 28.
Josiah Allen's Wife, Holley, M., IX. 278.
Joslin, John Jay, manufacturer, I. 350.
Josselyn, John, author, VII. 214.
Jouett, James E., naval officer, IV. 501.
Jouett, Matthew H., artist, VI. 467.
Journal of Commerce, I. 265, Stone, D. M.
Journal of Mycology, Founder of, Keller-
man, Wm. A., IX. 154.
Joy, Charles F., lawyer, VI. 122.
Joy, Edmund L., lawyer, VI. 151.
Joy, Thomas, colonist, VII. 479.
Juanemo (Ninigret), Indian, IX. 218.
Juch, Emma, singer, VI. 300.
Judd, Bethel, educator, I. 503.
Judd, Orange, journalist, VLJI. 350.
Judd, Sylvester, author, IX. 273.
Judson, Adoniram, missionary. III. 92.
Judson, Ann H., missionary, III. 93.
Judson, Edw'd B., banker, VII. 198.
Judson, Emily C., author, III. 93.
Judson, Frederick J., physician, VII. 283.
Judson, Frederick N., lawyer, VII. 284.
Judson, Sarah H. B., missionary, III. 93.
Julian, George W., lawyer, V. 502.
Juncker, Henry D., R. C. bishop, VI. 330.
Juneau, L.S., founder of Milwaukee, VI. 18.
Jungmann, John G.t missionary, VI. 150.
Junkin, George, educator, HI. 165.
INDEX.
Jupiter, Fifth moon of, discovered, VII. 44.
Barnard, E. E.
Justin, Joel Gilbert, physician, IV. 233.
K
Kalb, Johann de, rev. soldier, I. 73.
Kalisch, Abner, lawyer, V. 69.
Kalisch, Isidor, rabbi, III. 63.
Kalisch, Samuel, lawyer, IV. 469.
Kalish, R., ophthalmologist, VII. 173.
Kampman, Lewis E., educator, II. 274.
Kane, Elisha Kent, explorer, III. 288.
Kane, George Proctor, marshal, V. 398. ~:
Kansas, Governors of, VIII. 340.
Kansas-Nebraska bill, II. 430, Douglas, S. A.
Kansas State Capitol, illus., VIII. 340.
Kantz, August V., soldier, IV. 141.
Kara-zhousept-hah (Black-Hawk), IX. 477.
Karge, Joseph, educator, VII. 243.
Karnes, Henry W., soldier, VI. 166.
Karsner, Daniel, physician, III. 491.
Kasson, John A., diplomat, IV. 368.
Kaufman, Sigismund, lawyer, II. 413.
Kavanagh, Edward, governor, VI. 309.
Kavanaugh, H. H., 31. E. bishop, IX. 246.,
Keane, John Joseph, bishop, VI. 285.
Kearney, Dennis, IV. 110, Irwin, Win.
Kearny, Philip, soldier, IV. 260.
Kearsarge, battle with Alabama, II. 103,
Winslow, J. A.
Keasbey, Anthony ft., lawyer. III. 361.
Keating, Geo. J., merchant, VIII. 397.
Keefe, John C., manufacturer, III. 149.
Keeler, Richard W., educator, VII. 79.
Keely, J. E. Vf., mechanician, IX. 137.
Keely Motor Co., IX. 137.
Keenan, Henry F., author, VI. 144.
Keenan, Thomas J., Jr., journalist, V. 38.
Keene, Laura, actress, VIII. 65.
Keene, Thomas W., actor, VIII. 384.
Keener, William A., educator, IX. 148.
Keeney, Abner, civil engineer, I. 266.
Keep, John, clergyman, II. 465.
Kees, Frederick, architect, VII. 162.
Keifer, Joseph W., soldier, IV. 389.
Keilty, Francis M., priest, VI. 328.
Keim, William H., physician. III. 490.
Keith, Edson, men-haul. II. 216.
Keith, Elbridge G., financier. II. 522.
Keith, Eliza D., author, II. 425.
Keith, Richard H., capitalist. IX. 105.
Keith, Samuel J., banker, VIII. 277.
Keith, Sir Wm., heut. -governor, II. 277.
Keitt, Lawrence M., soldier, IV. 339.
Kell, John Mel., naval officer, II. 367.
Kellerman, Wm. A., educator, IX. 153.
Kelley, Abby, reformer, II. 323.
Kelley, Benjamin F., soldier, VI. 152.
Kelley, David Campbell, clergyman, I. 208.
Kelley, William D., lawyer, VI. 140.
Kelley, William V., clergyman. IX. 256.
Kellogg, Charles W., merchant, II. 150.
Kellogg, Clara Louise, singer, II. 446.
Kellogg, Edward H., merchant, H. 140.
Kellogg, Elijah, clergyman, II. 497.
Kellogg, Luther L., lawyer, VIII. 440.
Kellogg, Martin, educator, VII. 230.
Kellogg, Peter C., merchant, III. 359.
Kellogg, "Stephen W., lawyer, VIII. 245.
Kellogg, William P., statesman, IV. 344.
Kelly, James, bibliographer, V.- 460.
Kelly, John, politician, III. 390.
Kelly, Patrick, R. C. archbishop, VI. 331.
Kelsey, Charles B., physician. IV. 144.
Kelton, John C., soldier, V. 53.
Kemble, Frances Anne, actress, III. 414.
Kemeys, Edward, sculptor, VIII. 279.
Kemp, James, P. E. bishop, VI. 222.
Kemp, John, educator, VI. 348.
Kemper, James L., governor, V. 454.
Kempster, Walter, physician, V. 21.
Kendall, Amos, statesman, V. 296.
Kendall, Ezra Otis, educator, II. 415.
Kendrick, Fayette D., physician, VII. 285.
Kendrick, James R., educator, V. 235.
Kendrick, Nathaniel, educator, V. 427.
Kenly, John Reese, soldier, VI. 144.
Kenna, Edward D., lawyer, VI. 144.
Kenna, John Edward, senator, I. 299.
Kenna, Thomas James, lawyer, V. 199.
Kennan, George, journalist, I. 393.
Kennedy, Anthony, statesman, VII. 481.
Kennedy, John P., author and statesman,
VI. 181.
Kenrick, Francis P., archbishop, I. 485.
Kent, Edward, governor, VI. 308.
Kent, James, chancellor, III. 55.
Kent, Joseph, physician, statesman and
governor, IX. 301.
Kent, Marvin, manufacturer, V, 256.
Kentish guards, I. 39, Greene, N.
Kenyon College, VII. 1.
Kenyon, James B., clergyman, IV. 77.
Kenyon, Wm. Colgrove, founder, V. 231.
Keogh, Edward, printer, I. 465.
Keokuk, Indian chief, IX. 221.
Kephart, Horace, librarian, VI. 322.
Kephart, Isaiah L., clergyman, VII. 185.
Keppler, Joseph, artist. II. 225.
Kerfoot, John Barrett, educator, III. 497.
Kerlin, Isaac C., physician. IV. 229.
Kern, Charles, treasurer, VI. 165.
Kernan, Francis, statesman, VIII. 368.
Kerr, John Leeds, statesman, VII. 419.
Kerr, Michael C., congressman, VIII. 462.
Kerr, Washington C., educator, VII. 450.
Kessinger, A. C., journalist, IV. 192.
Ketcham, H. A. McD., sculptor, IX. 55.
Ketcham, Isaac A., inventor, VI. 142.
Ketcham, Jno. H., congressman, VIII. 442.
Ketcham, William A., lawyer, IX. 104.
Ketchum, Alexander P., lawyer, II. 351.
Ketchum, Edgar, lawyer. IV. 168.
Ketchum, Geo. A., physician, VIII. 211.
Key, David McK., statesman. III. 203.
Key, Francis Scott, author, V. 498.
Keyes, Edward L., physician, IX. 343.
Keyes, Erasmus D., soldier, IV. 398.
Keyser, Peter Dirck, surgeon. IV. 292.
Kibbee, Charles Carroll, jurist, VII. 51.
Kidder, Camillus G., lawyer, VIII. 251.
Kidder, Wellington P., inventor. III. 435.
Kiddle, Henry, educator, II. 512.
Kieft, Wilhelm, colonial governor, VI. 91.
Kilbourne, James, manufacturer, V. 171.
Kilbourne, James, pioneer, V. 123.
Kilbourne, Lincoln, merchant, V. 171.
Killebrew, Jos. B., scientist, VIII. 308.
Kilpatrick, Hugh J., soldier, IV. 273.
Kimball, Eben Wallace, lawyer, VII. 254.
Kimball, Edgar Allen, soldier. IV. 353.
Kimball, Gilman, surgeon, V. 200.
Kimball, H. C., Mormon apostle, VII. 394.
Kimball, Henry, clergyman, II. 414.
Kimball, James M., banker, IX. 105.
Kimball, Nathan, soldier, VI. 298.
Kimball, Sumner I., life-saver, II. 348.
Kimball, William S., mfr., IV. 194.
Kimball, Wm. W., manufacturer, IX. 461.
Kincaid, Harrison R., editor. VII. 132.
Kincaid, Wm. J., manufacturer, VI. 126.
King, Charles, author. V. 419.
King, Charles, educator, VI. 345.
King, David L., lawyer, VIII. 129.
King, George G., congressman, VIII. 199.
King, Grace, author, II. 344.
King, Henry L. P., soldier, II. 618.
King, Horatio, statesman, V. 8.
King, James Gore, merchant, I. 498.
a King, James L., librarian, VI. 482.
° King, John Alsop, governor, III. 50.
King, John C., sculptor, VIII.;291.
King, John Pendleton, senator, II. 178.
King, Joseph E., educator, I. 252.
King, Preston, senator, II. 93.
King, Richard, ranchman, VIII. 246.
King, Rufus, soldier, V. 217.
King, Rufus, statesman, VI. 301.
King, Samuel A., clergyman, IX. 111.
King, Samuel G., mayor, VI. 195.
King, Samuel W., governor, IX. 396.
King, Thomas B., statesman, II. 518.
King, Thomas S., clergyman, IV. 472.
King, William, governor, VI. 305.
King, William F., educator, VII. 79.
King, William M., clergyman, IX. 110.
King, Wm. Rufus, statesman, IV. 147,
Kingsbury, James, pioneer, V. 181.
Kingsbury, John, educator, IX. 417.
Kings College, VI. 341.
Kingsford, Thomas, manufacturer, V. 221,
Kingsford, Thomson, manufacturer, V. 222.
King's Mountain, battle of, I. 508, Cleve-
land, B.
Kinne, Aaron, clergyman, VI. 439.
Kinnersley, Ebenezer, educator, I. 532.
Kinney, Coates, poet. VII. 302.
Kinney, Thomas T., journalist, VI. 135.
Kinnison, David, patriot, 1. 361.
Kip, William I., P. E. bishop, III. 474.
Kirk, Edward Norris, clergyman, VI. 194.
Kirk, Ellen Warner Olney, author, I. 373.
Kirk, James Smith, manufacturer, I. 420.
Kirk, John F., author, I. 535.
Kirkbride, Thomas S., physician, VI. 389.
Kirkland, Caroline M. S., author, V. 356.
Kirkland Cottage, Hamilton College, illus.,
VII. 404.
Kirkland, James H., educator, VIII. 227.
Kirkland, John T., educator, VI. 417.
Kirkland, Joseph, author, V. 481.
Kirkland, Joseph, lawyer, V. 425.
Kirkland, Samuel, missionary, VII. 404.
Kirkpatrick Chapel, Rutgers, illus., III. 402.
Kirkpatrick, John M., jurist, VIII. 469.
Kirkpatrick, Wm. S., congressman, VIII.
369.
Kirkwood, Daniel, educator, IV. 349.
Kirkwood, J. P., civil engineer, IX. 36.
Kirkwood, Samuel J., secretary, IV. 245.
Kirtland Temple (Mormon), illus., VII. 387.
Kissam, Benjamin, I. 20, Jay, J.
Kit Carson, nickname. III. 273, Carson, C.
Kitchen, James, physician, III. 479.
Kitching, John Howard, soldier, V. 395.
Kittredge, JosiahE., clergyman, VII. 355.
Klauser, Karl, musician. VII. 427.
Klotz, Robert, soldier. III. 218.
Knapp, Isaac, editor, II. 321.
Knapp, Martin A., lawyer, IV. 287.
Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo, author, VII. 472.
Kneeland, Stillman F., lawyer, VII. 312.
Knickerbacker, D. B., bishop. III. 466.
Knickerbocker Press, Building of, II. 388.
Knight, Edward C., R. R. pres., VI. 405.
Knight, Nehemiah R., governor, IX. 394.
Knight, Raymond D., merchant, V. 242.
Knight, Richard, clergyman, VIII. 192.
Knighten, William A., clergyman, IX. 528.
Knighton, Fred., clergyman, VI. 358.
INDEX.
Knights of Labor, founders of, I. 262, Ste-
phens, U. S.
Knights of Pythias, founder of, II. 170,
Rathbone, J. H.
Knowles, James D., educator, VIII. 199.
Knowles, Lucius James, inventor, V. 256.
Knowlton, Julius W., soldier, VII. 108.
Knowlton, Luke, jurist, VIII. 477.
Knowlton, Thomas, soldier, II. 299.
Knox, Frank, banker, VII. 35.
Knox, George W., expressman, III. 328.
Knox, Henry, statesman, I. 14.
Knox, Henry M., banker, VI. 116.
Knox, John, clergyman, VI. 219.
Knox, John Jay, tinancier, III. 15.
Knox, Thomas W., author, VII. 89.
Koch, Henry C., architect, II. 376.
Koch, Joseph, commissioner, V. 177.
Koerner, Gus., jurist and author, VIII. 180.
Kontz, Anton Louis, financier, VII. 481.
Korn, Clara A., composer, VII. 428.
Korndoerler, Augustus, physician, III. 491.
Kornitzer, Joseph, surgeon, VII. 51.
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, rev. soldier, I. 54.
Kountz, John S., soldier, IV. 332.
Kraby, Peter D., public officer, V. 19.
Kramer, George W., architect, IX. 331.
Kraus, William, merchant. III. 275.
Krauskopf, Joseph, rabbi, III. 20.
Krauth, Charles P., educator, I. 349.
Kress, John, manufacturer, IV. 200.
Kroeger, Ernest R., musician, VI. 114.
Krum, Chester H., lawyer, VIII. 470.
Kuhn, Adam, botanist, VII. 112.
Kuhne, Percival, banker, IX. 514.
Kulp, William, antiquary, VII. 186.
Kunz, George F., mineralogist, IV. 433.
Kunze, John C., educator, VI. 348.
Kyle, James Henderson, senator, I. 323.
Kynett, Alpha J., clergyman, IV. 346.
Labadists, I. 71, Bayard, J.
Laboratory Nebraska Univ., illus.,VIII. 363.
Lacey, John, rev. soldier, I. 128.
Lacy, Drury, educator, II. 22.
Ladd, George D., physician, IX. 525.
Ladd, Herbert W., governor, IX. 408.
Ladd, William S., banker, VII. 32.
La Farge, John, artist, IX. 59.
Lafayette Ave. Pres. Church, Brooklyn,
N. Y., illus., V. 246.
Lafayette, Marquis de, rev. soldier, I. 63;
Lafayette, I. 74, Barton, W.
Laidlaw, Alexander H., physician.VII. 278.
Laidley, Theodore T. S., soldier, VII. 24.
Laird, Frank Foster, physician, VII. 50.
Lake Erie, battle of, IV. 288, Perry, 0. H.
Lake-front case, I, 31, Fuller, M. W.
Lake, Richard P., financier, VIII. 377.
Lamar, Lucius Quintius C., justice, I. 37.
Lamar, Mirabeau B., soldier and statesman,
IX. 66.
Lamb, John, rev. soldier, I. 44.
Lamb, Martha J. R. N., author, I. 443.
Lamb, William, editor and soldier, I. 274.
Lambert, Alexander, musician, VII. 435.
Lambert, Asher, engineer. VI. 490.
Lamberton, Robert A., educator, VII. 111.
Lambing, Andrew A., priest, VI. 338.
Lamont, Daniel S., journalist, III. 58.
Landau, G. W. I., manufacturer, III, 223.
Lander, Benjamin, artist, IX. 54.
Lander, Fred'k W., soldier, VIII. 127.
Lander, Jean M.D., actress, VIII. 127.
Landis, John Herr, senator, V. 230.
Landon, Melville D., humorist, VI. 27.
Landreth, Olin H., civil engineer, IX. 37.
Lane, Ebenezer, pioneer, II. 31.
Lane, Elizabeth, II. 31.
Lane, George William, merchant, I. 500.
Lane, James C., soldier, IV. 294.
Lane, James H., soldier, IV. 278.
Lane, Jonathan H., scientist, III. 275.
Lane, Joseph, governor, VIII. 2.
Lane, Louisa (Mrs. J. Drew), VIII. 148.
Lane, Moses, civil engineer, IX. 34.
Lane, Smith Edward, lawyer, IV. 27.
Lane, Walter P., soldier, VIII. 77.
Lane, William Carr, governor, V. 98.
Lang, Benjamin J., composer, VII. 430.
Lang, Gerhard, manufacturer, IV. 345.
Lang, Margaret R., composer, VII. 430.
Langdell, Chris. C., educator, VI. 427.
Langdon, Samuel, educator, VI. 416.
Langdon, Wm. C., clergyman, VIII. 76.
Langdon, W. G., philanthropist, II. 153.
Langley, Samuel P., scientist, III. 338.
Langston, John M., educator, III. 328.
Lanier, Sidney, poet, II. 438.
Lanigan, George T., journalist, VIII. 90.
Lankershim, Isaac, merchant, VII. 189.
Lanman, Charles, author, III. 444.
Lanman, Joseph, naval officer, IV. 312.
Lansing, John, jurist, IV. 254.
Lapham, Increase A., naturalist, VIII. 34.
Larcom, Lucy, author, I. 406.
Lardner, James L., naval officer, IV. 470.
Lardner, William J., lawyer, VII. 293.
Larimer, William, Jr., soldier, IV. 390.
Larkin, John, educator, II. 265.
Larkin, John, clergyman, II. 269.
Lamed, Ebenezer, rev. soldier, I. 78.
Lamer, John Bell, lawyer, V. 133.
Lamer, Noble D., capitalist, V. 133.
Larson, Lars Moore, educator. III. 67.
La Salle, Robert C., explorer, V. 125.
Latham, John C., banker, IX. 505.
Latham, Mary W., reformer, VIII. 40.
Latham, Milton S., governor. IV. 108.
Lathrop, George P., author, IX. 193.
Lathrop, John, poet, VII. 135.
Lathrop, John Hiram, educator, V. 178.
Lathrop, Rose H., author, IX. 194.
Latimer, Mary E. W., author, IX. 271.
Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 1764, architect
and civil engineer, IX. 425.
Latrobe, B. H., 1807, civil engineer, IX., 426.
Latrobe, C. H., civil engineer, IX. 427.
Latrobe, Ferdinand C., lawyer, IX. 427.
Latrobe, John H. B., lawyer, IX. 426.
Lattimer, Henry, senator, II. 10.
" Laughing gas," use of, II. 198, Colton.
Laughlin, Homer, manufacturer, IX. 174.
Laughlin, John, lawyer, VI. 196.
Laurance, John, senator, II. 8.
Laurence, Wm. B., statesman, IX. 399.
Laurens, Henry, statesman, III. 426.
Laurens, John, rev. soldier, I. 67.
Laurie, James, civil engineer, IX. 38.
Lauterbach, Edward, lawyer, I. 254.
Lautz, Fred'k. C. M., man'fr.. VIII. 83.
Laux, August, artist, VII. 472.
Lavretta, C. L., mayor. VII. 296.
Law, George, financier, III. 94.
Lawrence, Abbott, merchant, III. 62.
Lawrence, Amos, merchant, III. 62.
Lawrence, Charles Brush, jurist, V. 437.
Lawrence. Cor. V. W., mayor, VIII. 85.
Lawrence, Geo. N., ornithologist. II. 203.
Lawrence, James, naval officer, VIII. 92.
Lawrence, Joseph J., physician, VI. 389.
Lawrence, Samuel, soldier, VIII. 252.
Lawrence, William, merchant, V. 462.
Lawrence, William, P. E. bishop, VI. 16.
Laws, Samuel S., educator, VIII. 186.
Lawson, Albert G., clergyman, IV. 175.
Lawson, John, historian, VII. 115.
Lawson, Leonidas M., financier, II. 120.
Lawson, Robert, rev. soldier, I. 70.
Lawson, Thomas G., jurist, II. 144.
Lawton, Alexander R., lawyer, II. 148.
Lazarus, Emma, author, III. 25.
Lazarus, Henry L., jurist, IX. 535.
Lea, Henry Charles, author, V. 388.
Lea, Isaac, naturalist, VI. 23.
Leach, Daniel, educator, VIII. 467.
Leale, Charles A., physician, II. 62.
Lear, George, banker, IV. 172.
Learned Blacksmith, Burritt, E., VI. 133.
Learned, Ebenezer, soldier, I. 78.
Learned, Walter, author, VIII. 159.
Learned, William Law, jurist, II. 346.
Leavenworth, F. P., astronomer, VIII. 124.
Leavitt, John McD., educator, I. 507.
Leavitt, Joshua, reformer, II. 528.
Leavitt, Mary C., missionary, V, 152.
LeBrun, Napoleon Eugene Henry Charles.
architect, IX. 330.
Le Clear, Thomas, artist, VIII. 429.
Le Conte, John, educator, VII. 228.
Le Conte, Joseph, scientist, VII. 231.
Ledyard, John, traveler, V. 122.
Ledyard, William, rev. soldier, V. 175.
Lee, Alfred E., journalist, VIII. 68.
Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, V. 132.
Lee, Arthur, diplomat, VIII. 298.
Lee, Benjamin F., M. E. bishop, V. 24.
Lee, Bradner W., lawyer, VIII. 396.
Lee, Charles, attorney -general, I. 14.
Lee, Charles, rev. soldier, VIII. 238.
Lee, Charles A., journalist, VI. 88.
Lee, Fitzhugh, statesman, IX. 1.
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, patriot, V. 252.
Lee, Geo. W. Custis, educator. III. 166.
Lee, Gideon, merchant, V. 423.
Lee, Henry, soldier and governor, III. 25.
Lee, Henry W., P. E. bishop. III. 469.
Lee, Homer, bank-note engraver, V. 439.
Lee, James W., clergyman, IX. 506.
Lee, Mary Elizabeth, author. VI. 245.
Lee, Richard H., rev. patriot. III. 159.
Lee, Robert Ed., soldier, III. 165; IV. 97.
Lee, Samuel Edward, man'fr., V. 29.
Lee, Stephen D., soldier, V. 414.
Lee, Thomas Sim, governor, IX. 290.
Lee, William H. F., soldier, IV. 280.
Leedy, John W., governor, VIII. 347.
Lefevre, Peter Paul, R. C. bishop, V. 327.
Lefferts, Marshall, soldier, IV. 155.
Leffingwell, Chas. W., clergyman, V. 266.
Legare, Hugh S., jurist, VI. 5.
Leggett, Francis H., merchant, II. 114.
Leggett, Mortimer D., soldier, II. 350.
Leggett, William, author, VI. 275.
Leggett, Willi&n H., educator, VI. 276.
Lehigh University, VII. 110.
Lehman, William, pharmacist, V. 343.
Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, V. 220.
Leighton, George E., soldier, IV. 361.
Leighton, William, author, I. 273.
Leland, Charles G., author, V. 356.
Leland Stanford Jr. University, II. 127.
Lembke, Francis C., educator, V. 144.
Lemen, Lewis E., physician, VI. 33.
Le Moyne, Peter, Sieur d' Iberville, ex-
plorer, V. 121.
Le Moyne, William J., actor, V. 389.
Lenaghan, John F., merchant, VI. 142.
Lennox, Charlotte R., author, VI. 51.
INDEX.
Lenoir, William, soldier, VII. 65.
Lenox, James, philanthropist, III. 413.
Lenox Library, New York, illus., III. 414.
Lenox, Robert, merchant, I. 498.
Leonard, John Edwards, lawyer, V. 387.
Leonard, Moses G., lawyer, VIII. 378.
Leonard, Wm. A., P. E. bishop, VII. 456.
Leovy, Henry J., lawyer, IX. 506.
Le Roy, Herman, merchant, III. 306.
Le Roy, William E., naval officer, IV. 413.
Lesley, J. Peter, geologist, VIII. 79.
Lesley, John Thomas, legislator, V. 67.
Leslie, Charles Robert, artist, V. 321.
Leslie, Eliza, author, VII. 138.
Leslie, Frank, publisher, III. 370.
Lesquereux, Leo, botanist, IX. 438.
Lester, Rufus E., lawyer, II, 381.
Lesueur, Charles A., zoologist, VIII. 475.
Letcher, John, governor, V. 452. . .A
Leventhorpe, Collett, soldier, VII. 161.
Leverett, John, educator, VI. 413.
Leverett, Sir John, col. governor, III. 177.
Le Vert, Octavia W., author, VI. 440.
Levett, David Morris, composer, VII. 424.
Levick, James Jones, physician, IX. 344.
lewelling, L. D., governor, VIII. 346.
Lewis, Andrew, rev. soldier, I, 75.
Lewis, Charles B., humorist, VI. 30.
Lewis, Charles H., jurist, VI. 184.
Lewis, Daniel, physician, VII. 277.
Lewis, Daniel F., R. R. prest., Ill, 189.
Lewis, Edmonia, sculptor, V. 173.
Lewis, Eliag, Jr., curator, II. 120.
Lewis, Eugene C., engineer, VIII. 417.
Lewis, Francis, patriot, V. 314.
Lewis, G., naturalist and author, IX. 447,
Lewis, Henry Carvill, geologist, V. 181.
Lewis, Ida, life saver, V. 247.
Lewis, James, actor, I. 286.
Lewis, John Benjamin, physician, V. 131.
Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, V. 122.
Lewis, Morgan, statesman, III. 43.
Lewis, Richard J., lawyer, I. 479.
Lewis, Wm. J., merchant, V. 130.
Lexington, battle of, I. 96, Parker, J.; III.
70, Cutler, M.
Lexow, Clarence, lawyer, V. 496.
Leyburn, John, clergyman, II. 171.
Libby prison, illus., IV. 465
Librarian of Congress, Putnam, H., IX. 249.
Library of Congress, (Washington, D. C., illus. ,
I. 146. VI. 478.
Library, University of Penn., illus., I. 348.
Lick, James, philanthropist, III. 350.
Lick Observatory, illus., III. 351.
Lieber, F., publicist and educator, V. 116.
Ligon, Thomas W., statesman, IX. 306.
Lilly's Battery, Lilly, E., IX. 83.
Lilly, Eli, manufacturer, IX. 83.
Lillie, John H., electrician, IX. 512.
Lincoln, Abraham, U. S. president, II. 65.
Birthplace of, illus., II. 66.
Part in emancipation proclamation, II. 77,
Hamlin. H. Reply to Grant's proposed
peace negotiation, II. 84, Stanton, E. M.
Lincoln, Benjamin, rev. soldier, I. 62.
Lincoln, Charles P., U. S. consul.VIII. 194.
Lincoln, Enoch, governor, VI. 306.
Lincoln, John L., educator, VIII. 30.
Lincoln,Levi,1749,gov.andatt'y-gen.,I. 111.
Lincoln, Levi, 178-2, governor, I. 114.
Lincoln, Mary Todd, wife of Abraham Lin-
coln, II, 75.
Lincoln, Nathan S., physician, III, 154.
Lincoln, Robert T., statesman, IV. 243.
Lincoln, Sarah Bush, II. 75.
Lincoln, Wm. S., civil engineer, V. 67.
Lind, Jenny, singer, III. 255.
Linderman, Garrett B., physician, V. 164.
Linderman, Garrett B., Jr., miner, V. 337.
Linderman, Henry R., mint-m'g'r., IV. 120.
Linderman, Robt. Packer, banker, V. 165.
Lindley, Jacob, educator, IX. 454.
Lindsay, E. J., manufacturer, II. 374.
Lindsay, John S., clergyman, VI. 365.
Lindsley, Chas. A., physician, VIII. 309.
Lindsley, John B., physician and historian,
VIII. 131.
Lindsley, Philip, educator, VIII. 131.
Linen, James Alexander, banker, V. 479.
Linn, William, clergyman, III. 399.
Lintner, Joseph Albert, scientist, V. 260.
Linton, William J., engraver, VIII. 13.
Lippincott, Joshua Allen, clergyman and
educator, IX. 494.
Lippincott, Joshua B., publisher, IV. 322.
Lippincott, Sara J., author, IV. 240.
Lippincott, William H., artist, VI. 474.
Lippitt, Charles W., governor, IX. 409.
Lippitt, Henry, governor, IX. 405.
Lipscomb, Abner S., jurist, V. 165.
Lipscomb, Andrew A., author, VI. 217.
Liquest, Pierre Laclede, pioneer, V. 135.
Lister, Edwin, manufacturer, V. 135.
Littell, John Stockton, author, V. 355.
Littig, John M., banker, VI. 104.
Little Church Around the Corner, Hough-
ton, G. H., VI. 9.
Little Giant, II. 428, Douglas, S. A.
Little, Joseph J., printer, IV. 174.
Little Mac, IV. 140, McClellan, G. B.
Little, William, jurist, VIII. 165.
Little, Wm. Augustus, legislator, V. 262.
Little, William M., diplomat, IX. 455.
Littlefield, Alfred H., governor, IX. 406.
Littlejohn, A. N., P. E. bishop, III. 472.
Livermore, George, author, VI. 139.
Livermore, Mary A. R., reformer. III. 82.
Livermore, Samuel, senator, II. 8.
Livingston, Charles 0., man'f'r, VI. 357.
Livingston, David, IV. 253, Stanley, H. M.
Livingston, Edward, statesman, V. 293.
Livingston, Henry B., jurist, II, 467.
Livingston, John H., clergyman, III. 400.
Livingston, L. F., congressman, II. 143.
Livingston, Peter R., sachem. III. 380.
Livingston, Philip, patriot, III. 306.
Livingston, Robt., I. 20, Jay, J.
Livingston, Robert R., jurist, II. 396.
Livingston, Robert R., chancellor, II. 396.
Livingston, William, governor, V. 201.
Lloyd, Edward, (l779-ia34) governor, IX.
297.
Lloyd, Edward, (:668-1755) governor, IX.
474.
Lloyd, Henry, governor, IX. 312.
Lochrane, Osborne A., jurist, I. 508.
Locke, David R., humorist, VI. 26.
Locke, Matthew, congressman, II. 126.
Locke, Samuel, educator, VI. 416.
Loekey, Richard, financier, VII. 485.
Lockhart, Arthur J., author, VIII. 420.
Locks, Door, Inventor of, Yale, IX. 188.
Lockwood, Belva A. B., lawyer, II. 301.
Lockwood, David Benj., lawyer, V. 230.
Lockwood, F. St. John, tiuaneier. VI. 249.
Lockwood, Howard, publisher, III. 306.
Lockwood, James B., explorer, III. 286.
Lockwood, Mary Smith, author. III. 266.
Loco-focos, origin of, III. 385, Browne, W.
Lodge, Henry Cabot, statesman, VIII. 412.
Lodge, James L., clergyman, VI. 108.
Lodge, Lee Davis, educator, II. 526.
Loew, Charles E., politician, VII. 308.
Loew, Edward V., comptroller, VII. 309.
Loew, Frederick W., jurist, VII. 309.
Logan, Frank G., merchant, IX. 528.
Logan, George, senator, VIII. 255.
Logan, James, governor, II, 278.
Logan, John A., soldier, IV. 298.
Logan, Mary S., editor, IV. 299.
Logan, Milburn H., physician, VIII, 201.
Logan, Olive, author, VI. 276.
Logan, Thos. M., soldier and lawyer, I. 472.
Logan, Walter Seth, lawyer, II. 454.
Loganian Library, II. 278, Logan, J,
Lomax, Tennent, lawyer, VII. 97.
Lomax, William, physician, VI. 382.
Long, Alexander, legislator, V. 69.
Long dist. telephone, Hudson, J. E., V. 83.
Long, Edward H., educator, V. 484.
Long, John Davis, governor, I. 121.
Longfellow, Henry W., poet, II. 160; Resi-
dence of, illus., II. 161.
Longfellow, Samuel,clergyman, VIII. 275.
Longfellow, S., II. 160, Longfellow, H. W.
Longshore, Hannah E., physician, V. 244.
Longshore, Joseph S., physician, V. 243.
Longstreet, Augustus B., educator, I. 517.
Longstreet, Cornelius T., merchant, V. 69.
Longstreet, James, soldier, IV. 263.
Longstreet, Wm., inventor, IX. 434.
Loomis, Alfred L. physician, VIII. 223.
Loomis, Elias, scientist, VII. 233.
Loomis, John M., merchant, VI. 78.
Lorain, Lorenzo, soldier, IV. 273.
Lord, Nathan, educator, IX. 88.
Lord, William P., governor, VIIJ 7.
Loring, Ellis Gray, lawyer, II. 318.
Loring, Fred'k. W., journalist, VIII. 359.
Loring, George B., agriculturist, IV. 484.
Loring, William W., soldier, IV. 364.
Lossing, Benson J., author, IV. 324.
Lothrop, Daniel, publisher, VIII. 383.
Lothrop, George Van Ness, lawyer, V. 160.
Lothrop, Harriett M., author, VIII. 383.
Lothrop, William K., capitalist, IV. 431.
Loud, Annie F., musician, VIII. 444.
Loudon, James A., merchant, VIII. 367.
Loudon, John, contractor, VIII. 367.
Loughlin, John, bishop, III. 431.
Louis XVII. (supposed), I. 68, Williams, E.
Louisiana surrendered to the U. S., II. 396,
Livingston, R. R.
Lounsbury, Thos. R., philologist, VIII. 101.
Love, Emanuel K., clergyman, VII. 76.
Love, Isaac N., physician, VI. 385.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., abolitionist, II. 328.
Lovejoy, Owen, congressman, II. 328.
Loveland, Abner, pioneer, V. 148.
Loveland, Frank C., soldier, V. 54.
Loveland, Wm. A. H., pioneer, VIII. 387.
Lovell, Leander N., merchant, VI. 263.
Lovell, Mansfield, soldier, IV. 352.
Levering, Joseph, scientist, VI. 424.
Low, Abiel Abbott, merchant, I. 500.
Low, Frederick F., governor, IV. 109.
Low, Isaac, merchant, I. 496.
Low, James E., dental surgeon, II. 383.
Low, Samuel, poet, VIII. 377.
Low, Seth, educator, VI. 346.
Low, Will H., artist, VI. 473.
Lowber, James W., educator, VI. 107.
Lowe, Enoch Louis, governor, IX. 305.
Lowe, William Bell, capitalist, VII. 365.
Lowell, Charles, II. 32, Lowell, J. R.
Lowell, Chas. R., VIII. 142, Lowell, J. S.
Lowell, Francis C.. manufacturer, VII. 151.
Lowell Institute, VII. 195, Lowell, J.
Lowell, James Russell, poet, II, 32. Resi-
dence of, illus., II, 32.
INDEX.
Lowell, Josephine S., reformer, VIII. 142.
Lowell, John, jurist, VII. 62.
Lowell, John, philanthropist, VII. 195.
Lowell, Maria White, poet, VIII. 18.
Lowell, Percival, author, VIII. 61.
Lowell, Eobt. T. S., clergyman, VIII. 416.
Lowery, John F., clergyman, II. 156.
Lowndes, Lloyd, governor, IX. 313.
Lowrey, Clement J. G., priest, VI. 327.
Lowry, Thomas, lawyer, II. 522.
Loyzance, J. M. R., educator, IV. 116.
Lubbock, Francis R., governor, IX. 69.
Lubke, George William, lawyer, V. 23.
Lucas, Robert, governor, III, 139.
Luce, Cyrus Gray, governor, V. 277.
Luce, Stephen B., naval officer, IV. 410.
Ludlow, George C., governor, V. 211.
Ludlow, James M., author, VIII. 59.
Ludlow, John, educator, I. 343.
Ludlow, John L., physician. III. 499.
ludlow, William, soldier, IX. 23.
Lumpkin, John Henry, congressman, 1,225.
Lumpkin, Samuel, jurist, III. 121.
Lumpkin, Wilson, governor, I. 224.
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, II. 308.
Lundy's Lane, Battle of, III. 502, Scott, W.
Lunt, George, author, VI. 438.
Lunt, Orrington, merchant, II. 213.
Lurton, Horace H., jurist, VIII. 235.
Lusk, William T., physician, IX. 337.
Lutz, Frederick, educator, V. 473.
Lyman, Benjamin S., geologist, IX. 217.
Lyman, Frederic A., musician, IV. 496.
Lyman, Theodore B., P. E. bishop, VI. 53.
Lynch, Anne C., author, VII. 236.
Lynch, John Roy, financier, III. 107.
Lynch, Junius F., physician, IV. 324.
Lyne, Wickliffe C., educator, VI. 339.
Lynes, Frank, musician, VIII. 447.
Lyon, Franklin Smith, educator, I. 181.
Lyon, Mary, educator, IV. 462.
Lyon, Matthew, congressman. II. 426.
Lyon, Merrick, educator, VIII. 192.
Lyon, Nathaniel, soldier. IV. 202.
Lyte, Eliphalet 0., educator, V. 227.
Lytle, William H., soldier, IV. 338.
Lytton, Henry C., merchant, IX. 480.
M
Mabie, Charles E., insurance, IX. 509.
Mabry, Milton Harvey, jurist, V. 397.
MacArthur, Charles L., soldier, IV. 301.
MacArthur, Roberts., clergyman, V. 226.
MacChesney, Chas. E., educator, III. 72.
MacCracken, Hy. M., educator, VI. 281.
MacDonald, John L., lawyer, VI. 116.
Macdonough, Thos., naval officer, VII. 28.
Macdougall, Alexander, rev. soldier, I. 91.
Mace, William H., educator, IV. 407
Macferron, David, treasurer, VII. 148.
MacGahan, J. A., journalist, VI. 187.
Macgowan, John E., journalist, I. 428.
Mack, Norman Edward, editor, IV., 42.
Mack, pen-name, I. 466, McCullagh, J. B.
MacKellar, Thomas, typefounder, III. 88.
Mackey, Ansel Elliott, educator, II. 181.
Mackey, Charles William, lawyer, VII. 41.
Mackey, John W., capitalist, IV. 487.
Maclay, Robert, merchant, IV. 467.
Maclay, William, senator, V. 143.
MacLean, George E., educator, VIII. 362.
Maclean, John, educator, V. 467.
MacLeod, Donald, author, V. 421.
MacMonnies, Fred'k, sculptor, VIII. 289.
Macneven, William J., physician, IX. 364.
Macomb, Alexander, soldier, II. 241.
Macomb, W. H., naval officer, II. 241.
Macon, John A., journalist, VIII. 157.
Macon, Nathaniel, statesman, V. 176.
MacQueary, Howard, clergyman, VI. 299.
Macrae, George W., banker, IX. 497.
Macrae, William, soldier, VII. 145.
Macvickar, Malcolm, educator, IV. 57.
Macy, William Starbuck, artist. III. 423.
Madden, George A., journalist, V. 380.
Maddin, Thomas L., physician, VIII. 136.
Maddock, Thomas, manufacturer, IV. 417.
Maddox, Robert F., banker, II. 521.
Madeline S. Bridges, pen-name, VIII. 440,
De Vere, Mary A.,
Madison, Dorothy P. T., V. 370.
Madison, James, P. E. bishop, VII. 216.
Madison, James, U. S. president, V. 369 ;
residence of, illns., V. 369.
Madison, James, educator, III. 234.
Madison Sq. Presbyterian Church, N. Y., il-
lus., IV. 402.
Madockawando, Indian chief, IX. 484.
Maeder, Frederick G., actor, VI. 169.
Magaw, Samuel, educator, I. 347.
Magee, Christopher L., promoter, V. 179.
Magellan, Ferdinand, explorer, VI. 249.
"Magic Lock, "Inventor of, Yale, IX. 188.
Magill, Edward H., educator, VI. 364.
Maginnis, Arthur A., man'f'r, IX. 511.
Magneto-Electric Machine, Inventor of, Sax-
ton, IX. 220.
Magruder, John B., soldier, IV. 294.
Magruder, Julia, author, VIII. 10.
Mahan, Asa, educator, II. 461.
Maluui-Morgan House, Oberlin, Col., illus.,
II. 460.
Mahany, Rowland B., senator, IX. 419.
Mahone, William, senator, V. 12.
Mahoney, Joseph P., lawyer, IX. 513.
" Mail and Express," I. 202, Bundy, S. M.;
I. 159, Shepard, E. F.
Mailler, William H., merchant, III. 353.
Maine, battleship, illus., IX. 2.
Maine, Governors of, VI. 305.
Maisch, John M., pharmacist, V. 348.
Malbone, Edward G., artist, IX. 255.
Malbone, Francis, senator, VIII. 192.
Mallalieu, W. F., M. E. bishop, VII. 261.
Mallett, Frank. J., clergyman, IV. 446.
Mallory, Stephen R., statesman, IV. 364.
Malone, Sylvester, R. C. priest, IX. 519.
Manatt, James I., educator, VIII. 361.
Manchester, Albertine, actress, IX. 209.
Manderson, Charles F., senator, I. 454.
Mangum, Willie Person, senator, IV. 47.
Manila Bay, Battle of, IX. 4.
Manley, Joseph H., lawyer, VI. 101.
Manly, Charles, governor, IV. 426.
Manly, John, naval officer, V. 163.
Manly, Matthias E., jurist, VII. 197.
Mann, Francis N., Jr., lawyer, IV. 96.
Mann, Horace, educator, III. 78.
Mann, William B., lawyer, I. 416.
Manning, Daniel, statesman, II. 405.
Manning Hall, Brown Univ., illus., VII. 20.
Manning, James, educator, VIII. 20.
Manning, James H., journalist, I. 365.
Manning, John A., manufacturer, III. 309.
Manrara, Edward, manufacturer, IV. 185.
Mansfield, J. K. F., soldier, IV. 179.
Mansfield, Richard, actor, IX. 117.
Manton, Benj. D., U. S. consul, VIII. 481.
Manual Training School, Pioneer of, Wood-
ward, IX. 327.
Manville, Marion, author, II. 437.
Mapes, Charles Halsted, III. 178.
Mapes, Charles Victor, chemist, III. 178.
Mapes, James Jay, inventor, III. 178.
March, Alden, surgeon, II. 444.
" March King," Sousa, J. P., IX. 386.
Marchant, Henry, jurist, IX. 366.
Marcy, Henry 0., surgeon, VI. 389.
Marcy, Randolph B., soldier, IV. 330.
Marcy, Wm. Learned, governor, VI. 269.
Marden, George A., journalist, VI. 284.
Marechal, Ambrose, R.C. archbishop, I. 482.
Maretzek, Max, musician, VIII. 448.
Margaret Sidney, pen-name, VIII. 383, Lo-
throp, Harriet N.
Marion, Francis, rev. soldier, I. 59.
Marion Harland, pen-name, II. 122,Terhune,
M. V.
Maris, George L., educator, II. 112.
Mark, Edward L., zoologist and educator,
IX. 271.
Mark Twain, pen-name, Clemens, S. L., VI.
25.
Mark West, pen-name, I. 394, Morris, R. T.
Markham, Charles C., artist, VIII. 429.
Markham, Edwin, poet and educator, IX.
157.
Markham, Henry H., governor, II. 415.
Markham, William, capitalist, II. 521.
Markle, George B., financier, VII. 175.
Markle, John, coal operator, VI. 41.
Marks, Albert Smith, governor, VII. 212.
Marks, Solon, surgeon, II. 444.
Marquand, H. G., philanthropist, VIII. 390.
Marquett,Turner M., statesman, VIII. 382.
Marschall, F. W. von, founder, II. 447.
Marsh, Bonner G., clergyman, II. 384.
Marsh, Eli J., jurist, I. 182.
Marsh, George Perkins, diplomat, II. 380.
Marsh, James, educator, II. 40.
Marsh, Luther Rawson, lawyer, III. 135.
Marsh, Othniel C., paleontologist, IX. 317.
Marshall, Charles, pharmacist, V. 343.
Marshall, Humphrey, senator, II. 412.
Marshall, Humphrey, soldier, VI. 65.
Marshall, James, educator, V. 41.
Marshall, James W., statesman, IV. 19.
Marshall, Jas. Wilson, discoverer, V. 146.
Marshall, John, jurist, I. 25.
Marshall, Louis, educator, III. 164.
Marshall, Thomas, I. 25, Marshall, J.
Marshall, Thomas F., orator, VIII. 252.
Marshall, William, manufacturer, V. 270.
Marshall, William E., artist, VII. 460.
Marston, George W., composer, VII. 432.
Marston, Gilman, soldier, V. 329.
Martin, Alexander, educator, VII. 383.
Martin, Alexander, governor, IV. 420.
Martin, Artemas, mathematician, II. 180.
Martin, Daniel, governor, IX. 301.
Martin, Francois X., historian, V. 436.
Martin, George H., physician, VII. 286.
Martin, Homer Dodge, artist, IX. 53.
Martin, John, lawyer, VII. 20.
Martin, John, governor, II. 12.
Martin, John A., governor, VIII. 346.
Martin, John T., capitalist, VIII. 419.
Martin, Joseph, pioneer, VII. 239.
Martin, Luther, patriot. III. 431.
Martin, William, clergyman, VI. 151.
Martin, William, pioneer, VII. 240.
Martin, William L., lawyer, VII. 399.
Martindale, John H., soldier, II. 444.
Martindale, Thomas, merchant, III. 91.
Marvel, Robert, faster, II. 442.
Marvin, James, educator, IX. 493.
Marvin, James Madison, V. 31.
Maryland, Governors of, IX. 289, et seq.
Maryland, P. E. bishops of, VII. 222.
Maryland, Proprietary governors of : VII.
331, et seq.
INDEX.
Mason, Amos L., physician, II. 448.
Mason, Charles, lawyer, III, 604.
Mason, Frederick H., merchant, VII. 78.
Mason, George, statesman, III. 337.
Mason, Isaac M., steamboat mgr, VIII. 414.
Mason, Israel B., merchant, III. 343.
Mason, James Murray, senator, II. 93.
Mason, Jeremiah, senator, II. 490.
Mason, John, soldier, IV. 136.
Mason, John M., educator, VI. 428.
Mason, John Y., statesman, VI. 7.
Mason, Jonathan, senator, II. 7.
Mason, Lowell, composer, VII. 422.
Mason, Richard B., soldier, VII. 248.
Mason, Stevens T., 1760, senator, II. 9.
Mason, Stevens T., 1812, governor, V. 271.
Mason, William, musician, VII. 423.
Mason, William S., merchant, VII. 18.
Massachusettensis, pen-name, II. 59, Sew-
all, J.
Massachusetts, battleship, illus., IX. 16.
Massachusetts, Colonial gov's of, VII. 367.
Massachusetts, First State House of, illus.,
VII. 479, Joy, T.
Massachusetts, Governors of, I. 103.
Massachusetts Hall, Harvard, illus., VI. 414.
Massachusetts Historical Society, Founder
of, VII. 204, Belknap, J.
Massachusetts, P. E. bishops of, VI. 15.
Massie, Nathaniel, pioneer, II. 439.
Masury, John W., manufacturer. V. 155.
Mather, Cotton, preacher, IV. 232.
Mather, Increase, educator, VI. 412.
Mather, Margaret, actress, IX. 446.
Mather, Richard, clergyman, V. 143.
Mather, Richard H., educator, V. 310.
Mather, Samuel, clergyman, VI. 193.
Mather, William W., geologist, VIII. 146.
Mathews, Albert, author, VIII. 50.
Mathews, George, governor, I, 219.
Mathews, James M., chancellor, VI. 279.
Matthews, George H., educator, VIII. 184.
Matthews, Jas. Brander, author, VI. 326.
Matthews, Stanley, jurist, II. 476.
Mattocks, John, governor, VIII. 318.
Mattoon, Ebenezer, soldier, V. 140.
Maurer, Henry, manufacturer, V. 70.
Maury, Dabney H., soldier, IV. 35.
Maury, Matt. F., hydrographer, VI. 35.
Maverick, Samuel, colonist, VIII. 414.
Maverick, Samuel A., patriot, VI. 432.
Maxcy, Jonathan, educator, VIII. 21.
Maxey, Samuel Bell, soldier, IV. 50.
Maxim, Hiram S., inventor, VI. 34.
Maxwell, Hugh, 1733, soldier, II, 446.
Maxwell, Hugh, 1787, advocate, II, 449.
Maxwell, Sidney D., statistician, VII. 179.
Maxwell, Thompson, soldier, II. 446.
Maxwell, William, educator, II. 24.
Maxwell, William, rev. soldier, I. 73.
May, Charles A., soldier, IV. 321.
May, Lewis, banker, IV. 92.
May, Samuel Joseph, reformer, II. 313.
Mayer, Oscar J., physician, VIII. 208.
Mayhew, Ira, educator, V. 471.
Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, VII. 71.
Mayhew, Thomas, governor, VII. 146.
Mayhew, Thomas, clergyman. VII. 147.
Maynard, Horace, statesman. IX. 286.
Mayo, Sarah C. E., author, II. 437.
Mayo, William H., soldier, VII. 168.
Mayo, William S., author, VIII. 482.
McAden, Hugh, missionary, IX. 275.
McAllister Robert, soldier, II. 53.
McAllister, Ward, lawyer, VI. 169.
McAlpin, David H., manTr., VI. 298.
McAndrews, Richard A., clergyman, V. 69.
McArthur, Duncan, governor, III. 139.
McAuley, Thomas, theologian, VII. 316.
McAuslan, John, merchant. III. 60.
McBride, A. J., capitalist, I. 130.
McBryde, John McL., educator, III. 172.
McCabe, Rudolph T., IV. 143.
McCabe, William G., author, VIII. 253.
McCall, Geo. Archibald, soldier, IV. 473.
McCall, Henry, manufacturer, IX. 84.
McCalmont, Alfred B., soldier, V. 365.
McCarthy, John H., contractor, VII. 311.
McCauley, James A., educator, VI. 430.
McCauley, Molly, Pitcher, Molly, IX. 262.
McCaw, James B., physician, IX. 529.
McClammy, C. W., congressman, IX. 213.
McClatchey, Robert J., physician, III. 479.
McClellan, Charles L., educator, V. 474.
McClellan, George B., soldier, IV. 138.
McClellan operations, II. 71, Lincoln, A.
McClelland, Mary G., auihor, II. 451.
McClelland, Robert, statesman, IV. 150.
McClernand, John A., soldier, IV. 137.
McClintock, John, theologian, VI. 432.
McCloskey, John, cardinal, I. 195.
McClure, Alexander K., j' .umalist . I. 466.
McClurg, Alexander C., publisher, IV. 457.
McClurg, James, physician. III. 413.
McClurg, Joseph Wash., soldier, V. 15.
McConnell, Richard B., banker, III. 69.
McCook, Alex. McD., soldier. IV. 130.
McCook, Anson G., Unvy.-r. IV. 131.
McCook, Charles M., soldier, IV. 131.
McCook, Daniel, soldier, IV. 130.
McCook, Daniel, Jr., lawyer, IV. 131.
McCook, Edward M., governor, VI. 448.
McCook, Edwin S., naval officer, IV. 131.
McCook, George W., lawyer, IV. 130.
McCook, Henry C., clergyman, IV. 131.
McCook, John, physician, IV. 131.
McCook, John James, cadet, IV. 130.
McCook, John James, soldier, IV. 131.
McCook, John James, soldier, IV. 132.
McCook, Latimer A., physician. IV. 130.
McCook, Roderick S.,naval officer, IV.132.
McCook, Robert Latimer, lawyer. IV. 130.
McCord, Henry D., merchant, VII. 201.
McCord, Louisa S. C., author, IX. 169.
McCord, William H., contractor, IV. 436.
McCorkle, Samuel E., clergyman, VII. 223.
McCormick, Cyrus Hall, inventor. V. 249.
McCormick, Leander J., manTr., I. 361.
McCormick, Robert, inventor, I. 360.
McCormick reaper, I. 360, McCormick, R.;
I. 361, McCormick, L. J.; V. 249, Mc-
Cormick, C. H.
McCornick, William S., banker, VII. 98.
McCosh, James, theologian, V. 468.
McCoskry, Samuel A., R. C. bishop, V. 239.
McCoy, W. E., manufacturer, II. 341.
McCrary, George W., secretary, III. 201.
McCready, Ben. W., physician, IX. 364.
McCreary, James B., governor. III. 112.
McCullagh, Joseph B., journalist, I. 465.
McCulloch, Ben., soldier. IV. 104.
McCulloch, Hugh, statesman, IV. 249.
McCullough, John, actor. IX. 141.
McCullough, John G., financier, IV. 124.
McCutchen, Cicero D., lawyer, I. 129.
McDaniel, Henry D., governor, I. 231
McDonald, Charles J., governor, I. 225.
McDonald, E. F., congressman, VI. 150.
McDonald, John B., builder, V. 481.
McDonald, Marshall F., lawyer. V. 192.
McDonald, Witten, journalist, IV. 376.
McDonogh Institute, illus. of, IX. 465.
McDonogh, John, philanthropist, IX. 465.
McDougall, John, governor. IV. 106.
McDowell, Ephraim, physician, V. 148.
McDowell, Irvin, soldier, IV. 50..
McDowell, James, governor, V. 450. ;
McDowell, John, 1751, educator, I. 342.
McDowell, John, 1771, educator, I. 503.
McDowell, Joseph, congressman, II, 173.
McDowell, Wm. 0., journalist, III. 147.
McElligott, James N., educator, III. 73.
McElrath, Thomas, publisher, III. 456.
McElroy, Mary A., IV. 251.
McEthenrey, Jane, actress, VI. 247.
McFerrin, John B., clergyman, VIII. 267.
McGannon, Matthew C., physician and
surgeon, IX. 175.
McGlynn, Edward, clergyman, IX. 242,
McGowan, Hugh J., commissioner, V. 129.
McGrew, George S., merchant, IX. 149.
McGuffey, Wm. H., educator, IV. 443.
McGuire, Frank A., physician, VI. 382.
McGuire, Hunter Holmes, M.D., V. 163.
McGuire, James K., mayor, VII. 19.
McHenry, James, statesman, I. 13.
Mcllvaine, Charles P., P. E. bishop, VII. 2.
Mcllvaine, Joshua H., philologist, V. 456.
Mcllwaine, Richard, educator, II. 26.
Mcllwrath, William, merchant, VI. 139.
Mclntire, Albert W., governor, VI. 453.
Mclntosh, Lachlan, rev. soldier, I. 72.
Mclntosh, Maria J., author, VI. 246.
Mclntosh, Wm., Indian chief, IX. 273.
Mclntyre, Thomas A., merchant. IV. 157.
McKay, Donald, ship-builder, II. 249.
McKean, Thomas, governor, II. 284.
McKean, William V., editor, VIII. 52.
McKeen, Joseph, educator. I. 417.
McKeever, Edward M., priest, VI. 329.
McKeighan, John Elmore, jurist, V. 92.
McKelway, St. Clair, regent, IV. 491.
McKeon, John, lawyer, VI. 220.
McKesson, John, merchant, III. 109.
McKim, James M., reformer, II. 529.
McKinley, John, jurist, II, 470.
McKinley, William, clergyman, VI. 117.
McKinley, William, Jr., governor. II. 261,
McKinney, Philip W., governor, II. 393.
McKinstry, Justus, soldier, IV. 397.
McKnight, Charles, surgeon. IX. 352.
McKoon, Dennis D., lawyer, VII. 351.
McLane, Louis, statesman, V. 293.
McLane, Robert M., governor, IX. 311.
McLaren, William P., merchant, I. 180.
McLaughlin, Frank, publisher, VIII. 143.
McLaws, Lafayette, soldier, IV. 317.
McLean, James Henry, physician, VII. 20.
McLean, John, jurist, II. 469.
McLean, John Ray, journalist, I. 444.
McLeer, James, soldier, V. 365.
McLellan, Isaac, poet, VI. 19.
McLin, James, educator, VII. 341.
McLoghlin, John J., clergyman, VII. 261.
McLoughlin, John, physician, VI, 390.
McMahon, Martin T., soldier, IV. 129.
McMaster, E. D., educator, II. 123.
McMichael, Clayton, journalist, II. 212.
McMichael, Morton, journalist, II. 211.
McMillan, Daniel H., senator, VIII. 173.
McMillan, James, senator, II. 227.
McMillan Laboratory, Albion College, V. 475.
McMinn, Joseph, governor, VII. 207.
McMurray, Patrick E., manTr, VI. 113.
McMurray, Wm. J., physician, VIII. 266.
McNab, Anson Stuart, lawyer, V. 285.
McNamee, Theodore, merchant. VIII. 90.
McNear, George W., merchant, VII. 301.
McNeil, John, soldier. V. 216.
McNeill, Wm. G., civil engineer, IX. 47.
McNierney, Francis, bishop. III. 372.
INDEX.
McNutt, William F., physician, VII. 276.
McPherson, James B., soldier, IV. 204.
McPherson, John B., senator, III. 71.
Mcftuade, James, soldier, VII. 240.
McEae, John J., senator, IV. 237.
McEee, Griffith John, lawyer, VII. 69.
McEeynolds, Andrew T., soldier, VI. 203.
McShane, Henry, manufacturer, III. 333.
McTyeire, H. N., 31. E. bishop, VIII. 226.
McVeagh, Wayne, atty-general, IV. 246.
McVickar, John, educator, VI. 347.
McVicker, Jas. H., theatrical mgr., VI. 225.
Mead, Edwin H., coal operator. III. 188.
Mead, Elizabeth S., educator, IV. 462.
Mead, Larkin Goldsmith, sculptor. I. 278.
Mead, Morris Win., electrician, VI. 190.
Mead, Theodore Hoe, author, n. 411.
Mead, Warren Hewitt, lawyer. VI. 490.
Meade, George, merchant, IV. 408.
Meade, George G., soldier, IV. 66.
Meade, Eichard W., naval officer, IV. 180.
Meade, William, P. E. bishop, VII. 216.
Meade, William K., legislator, IX. 440.
Meador, Chastain C., clergyman. III. 155.
Meads, Chauncey P., educator, IX. 533.
Meagher, Thomas F., soldier, V. 364.
Means, Alexander, educator, I. 518.
Medary, Samuel, governor, VIII. 342.
Medical Building, Western Reserve College
illus., VII. 224.
Medical Hall, Penn. Univ., illus., I. 348.
Medill, Joseph, journalist, I. 131.
Medill, William, governor, III. 141.
Meeker, Nathan C., journalist, VIII. 387.
Meeker, Stephen J., iron founder, III. 169.
Meigs, Charles D., physician, VI. 390.
Meigs, James A., physician, VIII. 218.
Meigs, Josiah, educator, IX. 178.
Meigs, Montgomery C., soldier, IV. 69.
Meigs, Eeturn J., soldier, I. 83.
Meigs, Eeturn J., 2d., governor, III. 137.
Meldrim, Peter W., lawyer, II. 517.
Meline, James F., author, VI. 367.
Mell, Patrick Hues, educator, IX. 181.
Mellen, Grenville, poet, VII. 245.
Mellersh, Thomas, secretary, VI. 407.
Mellette, Arthur C., governor, II. 295.
Melville, Geo. W., naval engineer. III. 283.
Melville, Henry, lawyer, IV. 348.
Melville, Herman, author, IV. 59.
Meminger, J. W., clergyman, VII. 108.
Memminger, C. G., statesman. IV. 200.
Memorial Hall, Colby, illus., VIII. 404.
Memorial Hall, Harvard, illus., VI. 421.
Mendenhall, Eichard J., banker, VI. 284.
Menefee, E. H., congressman, IX. 420.
Menetry, Joseph, missionary, VI. 459.
Menken, Adah Isaacs, actress, V. 435.
Menken, Jacob S., merchant, VIII. 294.
Mercer, Edward W., physician, III. 489.
Mercer, George A., soldier, II. 435.
Mercer, J. F., soldier and governor, IX. 295.
Mercer, Jesse, clergyman. VI. 395.
Mercer University, VI. 395.
Meredith, Solomon, soldier, V. 56.
Meredith, William M., statesman, IV. 370.
Mergenthaler, 0., inventor, IX. 490.
Merriam, Aug. C., educator, VIII. 396.
Merriam, Cyrus K., physician, VIII. 201.
Merriam, William E., governor, II. 257.
Merrick, David A., priest, IV. 119.
Merrick, Frederick, educator, IV. 159.
Merrick, William D., statesman, VII. 323.
Merrill, Frank T., artist, VI. 476.
Merrill, George P., geologist, VIII. 35.
Merrill, George E., clergyman, VI. 44.
Merrill, Moody, lawyer, IV. 268.
Merrill, Sherburn S., R. R. supt., III. 493.
Merrill, William B., journalist, I. 211.
Merrimac, collier, destruction of, Hobson,
E. P., IX. 11.
Merrimac, U. S. frigate, illus., V. 12.
Merrimac, monitor, illus., V. 14.
Merrimon, Augustus S., jurist, IX. 270.
Merritt, Israel John, wrecker. V. 131.
Merritt, Wesley, soldier, IX. 28.
Merwin, Milton H., jurist, VII. 42.
Messer, Asa, educator, VIII. 21.
Messerve, Frederic W., physician, III. 488,
Messinger, Eobert H., poet, VIII. 89.
Metallic Cartridge, Inventor of, Saxton, IX.
220.
Metcalf, Caleb B., educator, II. 185.
Metcalf, Lorettus Sutton, editor, I. 353.
Metcalf, Wm. H., manufacturer, III. 249.
Methodism, Founder of, V. 57, Wesley, John.
Mexico, Treaty of Peace arranged, I. 127,
Beach, M. Y.
Meyer, Henry, lawyer, VII. 150.
Meyer, Joseph F., financier, IX. 126.
Meyers, Benjamin F., V. 480.
Michigan, Governors ..f, V. 271.
Michigan State Capitol, illus., V. 271.
Michigan, University of, I. 249.
Middleton, Arthur, patriot, V. 197.
Middleton, Ed., naval officer. VII. 259.
Middleton, Henry, author, IX. 459.
Middleton, M. F., pliysician. III. 49X).
Mielziner, M., rabbi and author, VII. 215.
Mifflin, Thomas, govern, u-, II. 283.
Mllburn, W. H., blind preacher, VII. 137.
Miles, George H., poet, VI. 439.
Miles, Nelson Appleton, soldier, IX. 26.
Miles O'Reilly, pen-name, Halpin, C. G., VI.
26.
Miles, Wm. E., soldier and lawyer, IX. 497.
Milhau, J. T. G. F. de, pharmacist, II. 225.
Milhau, John J. de, soldier, II. 226.
Millard, Harrison, composer, VII. 425.
Millard, Steph. C., congressman. VIII. 114.
Milledge, John, governor, I. 221.
Milledoler, Philip, clergyman. III. 401.
Miller, Albion K., merchant. IX. 480.
Miller, Andrew J., lawyer, II. 445.
Miller, Charles H., artist, VIII. 423.
Miller, Charles E., journalist, I. 210.
Miller, Cincinnatus Heine, poet, VII. 69.
Miller, Eleazer H., artist, v. 319.
Miller, Ezra, inventor, VII. 116.
Miller, George M., lawyer, IV. 238.
Miller, Harriet M., author, IX. 208.
Miller, Isaac N., lawyer, IX. 534.
Miller, Jacob F., lawyer, IV. 373.
Miller, Jacob Welch, senator, IV. 269.
Miller, Jason G., clergyman, VIII. 53.
Miller, John F., senator, VIII. 91.
Miller, Lewis, inventor, VI. 216.
Miller, Nathan, congressman, VIII. 47.
Miller, Olive Thorne, IX. 208.
Miller, Eichard T., jurist, V. 305.
Miller, S. F., lawyer and author, IX. 263.
Miller, Samuel, clergyman, VII. 152.
Miller, Samuel F., jurist, II. 473.
Miller, Thomas, physician, II. 146.
Miller, Warner, senator, IV. 114.
Miller, Watson J., banker, IX. 101.
Miller, William, governor, IV. 423.
Miller, William, relig. teacher, VI. 373.
Miller, William H. H., statesman, I. 143.
Millet, Francis Davis, artist, VI. 472.
Milliken, Seth L., congressman, VIII. 262.
"Millions for defense, but not one cent for
tribute," I. 27, Marshall, J.
Mills, Andrew, banker, V. 17.
Mills, Clark, sculptor, V. 160.
Mills, Darius Ogden, financier, I. 246.
Mills, Henry Edmund, lawyer, VI. 149.
Mills, Eoger Q., congressman, VIII. 403.
Milmore, Joseph, sculptor, VIII. 291.
Milmore, Martin, sculptor, VIII. 291.
Milnor, James, clergyman. VIII. 471.
Milnor, M. Cleiland, lawyer, IV. 500.
Milroy, Eobert Huston, soldier, IV. 218.
Minis, Livingston, soldier, II. 58.
Miner, Alonzo Ames, clergyman, I. 315.
Mining Laws, first, I. 325, Stewart, W. M.
Minor, Benjamin B., educator, VIII. 184.
Minor, William T., governor, III. 215.
Minot, Charles S., biologist, VI. 426.
Minot, Geo. E., jurist, historian, VII. 133.
Mint, U. S., San Francisco, illus., VI. 107.
Minturn, E. B., philanthropist, IX. 114.
Miraiidcau, J. P., Juneau, L. S., VI. 18.
Mission Park Monument, Williams College,
illus., VI. 239.
Mississippi, P. E. bishops of, IX. 326.
Mississippi river, naval battles in, II. 49,
Farragut, D. G.; II. 100, Porter, W. D.
Missouri compromise, I. 29, Chase, S. P.
Missouri, P. E. bishops of, VI. 58.
Missouri. Uni. of the State of, VIII. 182.
Mitchel, Ormsby M., astronomer, III. 440.
Mitchell, Alexander, R. R. prest., I. 362.
Mitchell, Charles Eliot, lawyer, I, 366.
Mitchell, David Bradie, governor, I. 222.
Mitchell, Donald Grant, author, VI. 97.
Mitchell, Elisha, educator, VII. 30.
Mitchell, Henry, scientist. VIII. 349.
Mitchell, James, educator, IV. 474.
Mitchell, John Ames, editor, I. 405.
Mitchell, John H., senator, II. 302.
Mitchell, John K., surgeon, IX. 346.
Mitchell, John L., congressman. II. 342.
Mitchell, John N., physician, III. 485
Mitchell, Jonathan, clergyman, VIII. 87.
Mitchell, L. M. W., archajologist, VI. 147.
Mitchell, Maria, astronomer, V. 236.
Mitchell, Eobert G., lawyer, II. 58.
Mitchell, Silas Weir, physician and author,
IX. 346.
Mitchell, William, actor, VIII. 69.
Mitchill, Samuel L., scientist, IV. 409.
Mix, Edward T., architect, II. 233.
Moen, Philip L., manufacturer, VI. 205.
Moffat, David H., capitalist, VI. 441.
Mohr, Charles, physician, III. 484.
Moise, Edwin W., jurist, IX. 319.
Molineux, Edward L., soldier, II. 252.
Monitor, IV. 47, Ericsson, J.
Monmouth, battle of, I. 40, Greene, N.
Monroe, Elizabeth, VI. 83.
Monroe, James, U. S. president, VI. 81.
Monroe, James, Residence of, illus., VI. 81.
Montgomery, James, pioneer, VIII. 301.
Montgomery, James B., builder, IV. 189.
Montgomery, Eichard, rev. soldier. I. 100.
Montgomery, Eichard M., m'cirt. III. 398.
Montgomery, William W., jurist, II. 133.
Monticello, residence of Jefferson, III. 1.
Monticello Seminary, VI. 39.
Moody, Dexter, clergyman, II. 220.
Moody, Dwight L., evangelist, VII. 244.
Moody, Gideon C., senator, II. 395.
Moody, James, soldier, VII. 156.
Moody, Zenas Ferry, governor, VIII. 6.
Moon, George T., merchant, VI. 487.
Mooney, Fletcher D., physician, VIII. 212,
Mooney, James, real estate, VII. 73.
Mooney, John Henry, contractor, IV. 74.
Mooney, William, sachem, III. 375.
Moore, Alfred, jurist, II. 467.
INDEX.
Moore, Bart. F., lawyer, IX. 457.
Moore, Benjamin, bishop, I. 514.
Moore, Charlotte H. B., VIII. 43.
Moore, Clara (Jessup), poet, novelist and
philanthropist, IX. 473.
Moore, Clement C., author, VII. 362.
Moore, Harrison B., contractor, III. 252.
Moore, Henry J., merchant, IX. 491.
Moore, Jacob Bailey, author, IV. 266.
Moore, James E., SHI-KIM m. VI. 388.
Moore, John Godfrey, banker, V. 247.
Moore, John W., manufacturer, VIII. 468.
Moore, John W., author, VIII. 58.
Moore, Joseph B., jurist, VII. 102.
Moore, Nathaniel F., educator, VI. 345.
Moore, Richard C., P. E. bishop, VII. 216.
Moore, William A., lawyer, IX. 107.
Moore, William A., merchant. II. 254.
Moore, William R., congressman, VIII. 42.
Moore, Win., pres. of Pennsylvania, II. 281.
Moore, Wm. H. H., underwriter, V. 263.
Moore, Zephaniah Swift, educator, V. 307.
Moor's Indian School, IX. 85.
Moran, Thomas, artist, III, 296.
Morehead, Charles R., banker, VIII. 385.
Morehead, James K., legislator, IV. 484.
Morehead, John M., governor, IV. 425.
Morell, George, jurist, V. 398.
Morell, George Webb, soldier, IV. 37.
Morgan, Abner, rev. soldier, VI. 49.
Morgan, Appleton, author, IX. 452.
Morgan, Charles Hale, soldier, V. 14.
Morgan, Daniel, rev. soldier, I. 84.
Morgan, Daniel N., merchant, II. 251.
Morgan, David P., clergyman, II. 503.
Morgan, Edwin D., governor, III. 51.
Morgan, George W., soldier, IV. 71.
Morgan, Henry W., educator, VIII. 229.
Morgan, John, clergyman, II. 465.
Morgan, John Hunt, soldier, IV. 317.
Morgan, John Tyler, senator, I. 295.
Morgan, Lewis H., anthropologist, VI. 192.
Morgan, Matthew S., artist, V. 325.
Morgan, Miles, soldier, VI. 184.
Morgan, Octavius, architect, VIII. 421.
Morgan, Thomas J., soldier, II. 54.
Morgan, William, III. 12, Weed, T.
Morgan, Wm. Henry, educator, VIII. 228.
Morgan, Wm. J., lithographer, VIII. 435.
Morlan, Albert E., diplomat, VIII. 371.
Mormon church, VII. 386.
Morrell, William, clergyman, VII. 422.
Merrill, Anson P., govern..!, VI. 312.
Morrill, Edmund N., governor, VIII. 347.
Morrill, Justin S., senator, I. 377.
Morrill, Lot M., governor, VI. 313.
Morris, Charles, naval officer, IX. 118.
Morris, Francis, naval officer, IV. 418.
Morris, George P,, authorand poet, V. 434.
Morris, George U., naval officer, IV. 278.
Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, II. 526.
Morris, John Henry, merchant, I. 205.
Morris, Lewis, 1071, statesman, III. 113.
Morris, Lewis, 1KB, patriot, III. 351.
Morris, Mary Philipse, IV. 43.
Morris, Moses, senator, VII. 329.
Morris, Robert, financier, II. 410.
Morris, Robert, pen-name, Gibbons, IX. 84.
Morris, Robert M., soldier, IV. 278.
Morris, Robert Tuttle, surgeon, I. 393.
Morris, Thomas A., soldier, IV. 470.
Morris, William H., so^ier, IV. 336.
Morrison, Henry Clay, clergyman, 1. 160.
Morrison, J. L. D., lawyer, VII. 338.
Morrow, Jeremiah, governor, III. 138.
Morse, Edward S., scientist, III. 101.
Morse, Frank Rogers, clergyman, V. 227.
Morse, Samuel F. B., inventor, IV. 449.
Morss, Samuel E., journalist. I. 261.
Morton, J. Sterling, statesman, VI. 485.
Morton, Jackson, senator, V. 259.
Morton, Levi P., statesman, I. 136.
Morton, Marcus, governor, I. 115.
Morton, Marcus, jurist, II. 111.
Morton, Nathaniel, historian. VII. 38.
Morton, Sarah W. A., author, VIII. 370.
Morton, Thomas, adventurer, VII. 350.
Morton, William J., physician, VIII. 333.
Morton, Wm. T. G., physician, VIII. 332.
Morwitz, Edward, journalist, VIII. 16.
Mosby, John Singleton, soldier. IV. 326.
Moseley, Edward, statesman, VII. 90.
Moses, Charles L., congressman, II. 395.
Mosier, Joseph, sculptor, VIII. 481.
Mosler, Henry, artist. IX. 50.
Moss, Frank, lawyer, IX. 328.
Motley, JohnLothrop, historian, V. 213.
Mott, Alexander B., surgeon, IX. 360.
Mott, Gershom, soldier, V. 365.
Mott, Henry A., Jr., chemist, III. 171.
Mott, James, philanthropist, VI. 158.
Mott, Jordan L., manufacturer, VII. 117.
Mott, Lucretia, philanthropist. II. 310.
Mott, Valentine, surgeon, VI. 281.
Mottey, Joseph, clergyman, VII. 101.
Mould, Jacob W., architect, III. 415.
Moulton, Louise C., author, III. 365.
Moultrie, William, rev. soldier, I. 96.
Mowry, Daniel, jurist, VIII. 195.
Mowry, William C., statesman, VII. 39.
Moylan, Stephen, rev. soldier, I. 56.
Moylan, William, educator, II. 267.
M. Quad, pen-name, Lewis, C. B., VI. 30.
Mrs. Partington, pen-name, Shillaber, B. P.,
VI. 26.
Mt. Holyoke College, IV. 462.
Mt- Vfriion purchased, I. 113, Everett, E.
" Mt. Vernon," Virginia, illus., I. 8.
Muhlenberg College, V. 499.
Muhlenberg, F. A. C., congressman. I. 149.
Muhlenberg, Fred'k A., educator, V. 499.
Muhlenburg, G. H. E., botanist, IX. 439.
Muhlenberg, Henry M., patriarch, V. 499.
Muhlenberg, J. P. G., rev. soldier, I. 149.
Muhlenberg, Wm. A., clergyman, IX. 199.
Muir, John, naturalist and author, IX. 449.
Muir, Joseph J., clergyman, II. 370.
Mulford, Prentice, journalist, I. 433.
Mullany, James R. M., naval officer, IV.37.
Mullany, John F., priest. IV. 351.
Muller, Carl C., composer, VII. 435.
Muller-TJry, Adolph, artist, VI. 470.
Mulligan, James A., soldier. V. 329.
Mumford, Paul, governor, IX. 393.
Mundy, Johnson M., sculptor, VIII. 282.
Mundy, Joseph S., engineer, II. 497.
Munford, George E., banker, IV. 77.
Munford, Morrison, journalist, VI. 272.
Munford, Wm., lawyer and poet, IX. 108.
Munger, Theo. T., clergyman, I. 533.
Munkittrick, Richard K., author, IX. 412.
Munn, Hiram H., lawyer, III. 372.
Munn, Orson Desaix, publisher, VII. 83.
Munro, George, publisher, VII. 114.
Munroe, Charles E., educator, IX. 234.
Munsell, Harvey M., underwriter. III. 262.
Murdoch, James E., actor, VI. 72.
Murdock, James, author. VII. 80.
Murfree, Mary N., author, II, 363.
Murfree, William Law, 1 iwyer. VII. 329.
Murphey, Archibald D., lawyer, VII. 168.
Murphy, John J., priest, IV., 118.
Murphy, Nathan Oakes, governor. IV. 31.
Murphy, Richard J., journalist, III. 367.
Murphy, Timothy, manufacturer, V. 23,
Murrah, Pendleton, governor, IX. 70.
Murray, Alexander, naval officer, II. 18.
Murray, James, soldier, VIII. 74.
Murray, John, merchant, I. 497.
Murray, Lindley, grammarian, VII. 178,-
Murray, Nicholas, clergyman, VII. 98.
Murray, Orlando Dana, editor, III. 132.
Murray, Robt., 1.497, Murray, J.
Murray, William, merchant, VII. 114..
Murray. William V., I. 22, Ellsworth, 0.
Murray, William W., merchant, VII. 114.
Mussey, Reuben D., educator and physi-
cian, IX. 91.
Mutchmore, Sam. A., clergyman, III. 131.
Myer, Albert J., meteorologist, IV. 216.
Myers, Edward H., educator, V. 396.
Mynatt, Pryor L., lawyer, II. 142.
Naglee, Henry M., soldier, V. 368.
Napier Press, Invented, Campbell, IX. 154.
Nash, Abner, governor, IV. 419.
Nash, Francis, rev. soldier, I. 54.
Nash, Frederick, jurist, VII. 200.
Nash, George Kilbon, lawyer, V. 337.
Nash, Herbert M., physician, VIII. 213.
Nashville, Tenn., founder of, II. 221, Rob-
ertson, James.
Nashville, University of. VIII. 130.
Nason, Henry Bradford, chemist, II. 157.
Nast, Thomas, artist, VII. 461.
National Banking Act, I. 30, Chase, S. P.;
I. 186, Potter, 0. B.
Nai icmal Currency suggested, I. 186, Potter.
National Flag, The, II. 15, Jones, J. P.;
VIII. 98, Reid, S. C.
National Health Society, Blackwell, Eliza-
beth, IX. 124.
Nationalist Party, The, I. 263,'Bellamy, E.
Nau, Maria D. B. J., singer, V. 441.
Navarro, Jose Antonio, soldier, V. 351.
Navarro, Mrs. Antonio F. de, Mary Ander-
son, I. 243.
Navy, U. S., beginning of, II. 18, Hopkins.
Neagle, John, artist, V. 326.
Neal, David Dalhoff, artist, IX.'SS.
Neal, John Randolph, legislator, V. 253.
Neal, Joseph C., humorist. VI. 29.
Neal, Stephen, lawyer, VIII. 71.
Neale, James Brown, lawyer. VI. 190.
Neale, Leonard, archbishop. I. 482.
Neale, Rollan Heber, clergyman, V. 184.
Nebraska, University of, VIII. 360.
Neckere, Leo Raymond de, bishop, v. 418.
Neeb, John N., journalist, VI. 340.
Needham, Charles A., artist, VI. 368.
Needham, Elias P., inventor, V. 183.
Neely, Hugh McD., merchant, VIII. 299.
Negley, James S., soldier, IV. 206.
Neidhard, Charles, physician, III. 480.
Neill, Edward D., clergyman, IX. 411.
Neill, Joseph C., soldier, V. 182.
Neill, Richard R., diplomatist. III. 212.
Neill, William, educator, VI. 429.
Neilson, John, merchant, III. 476.
Neisser, George, pioneer, V. 441.
Nelly Blyr pen-name, I. 241, Cochrane, E.
Nelson, Benjamin F., inanufr, VII. 354.
Nelson, Cleland K., educator, I. 505.
Nelson, John, attorney-general, VI. 8.
Nelson, Samuel, associate justice, II. 470.
Nelson, Thomas, Jr., statesman, VII. 253.
Nelson, William R., journalist, IV. 170.
Nesbitt, Abram, banker, IV. 304.
Nesmith, John, manufacturer, IX. 194
INDEX.
Nestor of American Science, II. 386, Silli-
man, B.
Nestor of the New York bar, VI. 54, Silli-
man, B. D.
Nettleton, AluredB., soldier, VI. 111.
Nettleton, G. H., railway manager, V. 174.
Neumann, John N., R. C. bishop, V. 232.
Nevada Commoner, I. 300, Jones, J. P.
Nevada, Emma, singer, I. 183, Wixom, £.
Nevin, Ethelbert, composer, VII. 43T.
Nevin, George B., composer, VII. 431.
Nevin, John W., clergyman, V. 256.
XTew, Anthony, congressman, II. 362.
N\_w England Conservatory of Music, VII.
324.
New Harmony Colony, Owen, R. D., IX. 222.
New Haven, founded, I. 161, Davenport, L.
New Jersey, College of, V. 462.
New Jersey, Governors of, V. 201.
NewTork and Brooklyn Bridge, illus.,IV. 406.
New York Bar Association, illus., IX. 161.
New York, Chamber of Commerce, I. 495.
New York, Chamber of Commerce, founded,
II. 270, Golden, C.
New York Clearing House, illus., IX. 185.
New York, evacuation of, I. 40, Greene, N.
New York, Governors of, III. 41.
New York Historical Society, III. 461.
New York "Observer," Stoddard, IX. 127.
New York, P. E. bishops of, I. 513.
New York, privateer, illus., I. 400, Cooper,
New York, B. C. archbishops of, I. 193.
New York, R. C. bishops of, I. 191.
New York State Capitol, illus., III. 41.
New York, U. S. cruiser, illus.,|I. 145; IX. 10.
New York, University of the City of, VI. 279.
Newark, U. S. cruiser, illus., IX. 7.
Newberry Hall, Univ. of Mich., illus., I. 251.
Newberry, John S., geologist, IX. 235.
Newburg Addresses, I. 16, Knox, H.
Newcomb, Simon, astronomer, VII. 17.
Newcomer, B. F., R. R. president, IX. 314.
Newell, William A., governor, V. 208.
Newhouse, Finley D., missionary, VI. 105.
Newhouse, Samuel, R. R. pres., VI. 402.
Newman, John Philip, bishop. VI. 292.
Newman, Samuel, clergyman, VIII. 10.
Newman, W. H. H., merchant, VIII. 335.
Newman, William T., judge, III. 349.
Newton, Gilbert Stuart, artist, V. 424.
Newton, H. A,, mathematician, IX. 219.
Newton, Henry, geologist, IV. 188.
Newton, Henry J., manuf'r, VII. 23.
Newton, Isaac, engineer, IV. 190.
Newton, Isaac, naval architect, V. 195.
Newton, John, soldier, IV. 312.
Newton, R. Heber, clergyman, III. 304.
Niccolls, Samuel Jack, clergyman, V. 105.
Nichol, William L., physician, VIII. 136.
Nicholas, George, statesman, V. 195.
Nicholas, John, congressman, II. 270.
Nicholas, John, jurist, IV. 461.
Nicholas, Wilson Gary, governor, V. 446.
Nicholls, Rhoda Holmes, artist, VII. 463.
Nichols, Clarinda H., reformer, V. 437.
Nichols, Edward L., physicist, IV. 482.
Nichols, Edward T., naval officer, IV. 141.
Nichols, Edward W., artist, V. 323.
Nichols, George Little, merchant. III. 211.
Nichols, George L., Jr., lawyer, III. 211.
Nichols, George W., author, V. 353.
Nichols, Isaac, soldier, III. 210.
Nichols, James, underwriter, VI. 45.
Nichols, James R., scientist, V. 200.
Nichols, Lewis, publisher, III. 210.
Nichols, Othniel F., civil engineer, IX. 45.
Nicholson, Eliza '.}., journalist, I. 306.
Nicholson, Sir Francis, col. gov., VII. 335.
Nicholson, J. W. A., naval officer, II. 112.
Nicholson, James, naval officer, II. 231.
Nicholson, Joseph H., jurist, V. 183.
Nicholson, William T., inventor, VIII. 262.
Nicola, Lewis, I. 112, Brooks, J.
Nicolay, John G., author, VIII. 170.
Nicoll, James Craig, artist, VII. 466.
Niedringhaus, Fred. G., man'f'r., III. 27.
Niehaus, Charles H., sculptor, IX. 57.
Nicman. L. W., journalist, I. 264.
Niles, John M., postmaster-gen'l, VI. 436.
Niles, Nathaniel, statesman, V. 374.
Niles, Samuel, clergyman, VIII. 370.
Niles, Wm. Woodruff, P. E. bishop, V. 255.
Nindemann, W. F. C., explorer, III. 294.
Ninigret, Indian chief, IX. 218.
Nisbet, Charles, educator, VI. 428.
Nisbet, Eugenius A., jurist, V. 255.
Nissen, Ludwig, merchant, IV. 199.
Nitschmann, David, missionary, V. 199.
Nixon, John, rev. soldier, I. 83.
Nixon, William Penn, editor, IX. 176.
Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, IX. 200.
Noble, Alfred, civil engineer, IX. 44.
Noble, John W., statesman, I. 146.
Noble, William, contractor, V. 180.
Noble, William C., sculptor, VIII. 280.
Norcross, Jonathan, merchant, II. 357.
Nordica, Lillian, singer, IX. 217.
Norris, Alexander W., soldier. VII. 80.
Norris, Alexander W., lawyer. VII. 81.
Norris, Isaac, statesman, V. 88.
Norris, John, educator, VI. 169.
Norris, Wm. Henry, Jr., lawyer, V. 45.
North Carolina, Governors of, IV. 419.
North Carolina, P. E. bishops of, VI. 52.
North Carolina State Capitol, illus., IV. 419.
North, Edward, educator, IV. 213.
North, Lord, I. 19, Quincy, J.
North Sheffield Hall, Yale, illus., I. 171.
North, Simeon, educator, VII. 407.
North, William, rev. soldier, I. 52.
North, William, senator, II. 7.
Northen, William J., governor, I. 232.
Norton, Andrews, theologian, VII. 63.
Norton, Charles Eliot, educator, VI. 426.
Norton, Eckstein, banker, III. 362.
Norton, F. H., editor and author, IX. 515.
Norton, John, clergyman, VII. 36.
Norton, John P., educator, VIII. 255.
Norton, Nath'l W., lawyer. VIII. 392.
Norton, William A., scientist, IX. 187.
Norton, William E., artist, VI. 465.
Nothingarians, VII. 178, Gorton, S.
Notley, Thomas, col. governor, VII. 334.
Nott, Eliphalet, educator, VII. 170.
41 Novelty " locomotive, IV. 46, Ericsson, J.
Noxon, B. Davis, lawyer, II. 134.
Noyes, Crosby Stuart, journalist, V. 286.
Noyes, Edward F., governor, III. 142.
Noyes, James, clergyman, VIII. 473.
Noyes, Nicholas, clergyman, VIII. 80.
Nunnally, Gustavus A., educator, VI. 396.
Nuttall, Thomas, scientist, VIII. 374.
" Nydia," Statue by Rogers, VIII. 286.
Nye, Edgar W., humorist, VI. 25.
Nye, Frank Mellen, lawyer, VII. 134.
Oakes, Thomas F., R. R. president, I. 183.
Oakes, Urian, educator, VI. 411.
Oakman, W. G., railroad manager, III. 58.
Dates, Alice, actress, VI. 297.
Gates, William C., congressman, II. 244.
Obelisk, New York, illus., VI. 493.
Obenchain, Wm. Alex., educator. III. 368
Oberlander, Alex., clergyman, V. 299.
Oberlin College, II. 459.
Obermann, Geo. J., merchant, V. 174.
O'Brien, Christopher D., lawyer, VII. 104.
O'Brien, Fitz- James, author, VI. 79.
O'Brien, Frank P., journalist, I. 207.
O'Brien, James M., priest, VI. 328.
O'Brien, M. J., express manager, IV. 123.
O'Brien, Miles M., merchant, IV, 212.
Observatory, Williams College, illus., VI. 240.
" Observer," New York, IX. 127, Stoddard.
Ochiltree, William B., jurist, II. 192.
Ochs, Adolph S., journalist, I. 427.
Ochtman, Leonard, artist, VI. 468.
O'Connor, Michael, R. C. bishop. VI. 336.
O'Connor, William D., author, II. 165.
O'Conor, Charles, lawyer, III. 387.
Odenheimer, W. H., P. E. bishop, HI, 473.
Odin, John Mary, R. C. bishop, VII. 102.
O'Donohue, Joseph J., merchant, VII. 398,
Oelrichs, Herman, merchant, III. 207.
Oertel, Johannes A., artist, VII. 466.
O'Ferrall, Charles T., governor, V. 455.
Ogden, Aaron, governor, V. 203.
Ogden, J. de Peyster, merchant, I. 498.
Ogden, Matthias, soldier, IV. 62.
Ogden, Robert, lawyer, V. 159.
Ogle, Benjamin, governor, IX. 295.
Ogle, Samuel, proprietary gov., VII. 336.
Oglethorpe, James Edward, guv., I. 490.
O'Hara, Theodore, poet, IV. 362.
Ohio, Governors of, III. 137.
Ohio, P. E. bishops of, VII. 456.
Ohio State Capitol, illus., III. 137.
Ohio State University, VII. 416.
Ohio University, IV. 443.
Ohio Wesleyan University, IV. 159.
Ohmann-Dumesnil,Amant H.,M.D.,V. 120.
Okely, John, patriot, VIII. 274.
Olcott, Eben E., mining engineer, V. 265.
Olcott, Henry S., theosophist, VIII. 464.
Olcott, Simeon, senator, I. 363.
Old Brick Row, Yale, illus., I. 161.
Old Bullion, soubriquet of Burton, IV. 400.
Old Manse. Concord, illus.. III. 64.
Old Pete, IV. 263, Longstreet, J.
Old Sleuth, pen-name, IX. 145, Halsey.
Old South Church, Boston, illus., VI. 202.
Old South, Yale, illus., I. 161.
Old State House, Boston, illus., VIII. 139.
Olden, Charles Smith, governor, V. 209.
Olds, Edson B., statesman, VI. 152.
Olds, Joseph, lawyer, IV. 122.
Olin, Stephen, educator, IX. 429.
Oliphant, Laurence, author, VI. 271.
Oliphant, Nelson B., physician, VII. 274.
Oliver Optic, pen-name, I. 203, Adams.
Oliver, Daniel, M.D. and educator, IX. 92..
Oliver, Paul Ambrose, soldier, V. 40.
Ollendorp, C. G. A., Moravian, II. 20.
Olmstead, John W., editor, I. 416.
Olmsted, Denison, scientist, VIII. 121.
Olmsted, Elmer D., physician, VIII. 207.
Olmsted, Frederick L., architect, II. 298
Olmsted, Marlin E., lawyer, VIII. 19.
Olney, Charles F., educator, VI. 106.
Olney, Richard, statesman, VII. 143.
Olney, Stephen, soldier, VIII. 56.
Olympia, U. S. cruiser, illus., IX. 5.
Onderdonk, Benj. T., P. E. bishop, I. 515.
Onderdonk, H. U., P. E. bishop. III. 470.
O'Neall, John Belton, jurist, VI. 170.
O'Neil, Daniel E., physician, VI. 372.
O'Neil, John, manufacturer, VI. 140.
O'Neill, Edward, banker. III. 149.
O'Neill, Eugene M., journalist, V. 393.
INDEX.
Opp, Frederick, U. S. consul, VIII. 254.
Oppenheimer, H. S., physician, II. 226.
Opper, Frederick B., artist, VI. 475.
Orcutt, Hiram, educator, VII. 129.
Ord, Edward 0. C., soldier, IV. 281.
Ordway, John Morse, chemist, VII. 259.
O'Regan, Anthony, R. C. bishop, IX. 79.
Oregou, battleship, illus., IX. 11.
Oregon, Governors of, VIII. 1.
O'Reilly, James T., priest, VI. 329.
O'Reilly, John Boyle, author, I. 428.
Orman, James B., B. R. builder, III. 245.
Ormiston, William, clergyman, IV. 153.
Ormsbee, Eben. J., governor, VIII. 329.
Orne, Caroline F., poet, VI. 299.
O'Rourke, John H., builder, VI. 253.
Orr, Hugh, inventor, II. 54.
Orr, James L., governor, VI. 264.
Orr, William, manufacturer, III. 74.
Orrick, John Cromwe' 'lawyer, V. 441.
Orth, Godlove Stoner,1 ,tesman, V. 128.
Orton, Edward, educatu •, VII. 416.
Osborn, John, physiciarl'.VII. 280.
Osborn, Thomas A., governor, VIII. 344.
Osborne, Edwin S., soldier, IV. 165.
Osborne, John E., governor, IV. 293.
Osborne, Thomas 0., soldier, IV. 297.
Osburn, Nehemiah, contractor, IV. 215.
Osceola, Indian chief, IX. 211.
Osgood, Frances S., author, II. 196.
Osgood, George L., composer, VII. 436.
Osgood, Howard, scholar, VI. 168.
Osgood, Jason C., inventor, VI. 175,
Osgood, Samuel, clergyman, IX. 236.
OsgOOd, Samuel, |>osl master-general, I. 18.
Osmun, Thomas Embley, orthoepist and
author, IX. 125.
Ossoli, Margaret F., author, III. 28.
Otey, James Harvey, bishop, V. 486.
Otis, Elwell S., soldier, IX. 29.
Otis, Harrison Gray, statesman, VII. 66.
Otis, James, statesman, I. 17.
Otis, Samuel A., statesman, II. 500.
Ottendorfer, Anna B., philanthropist, VIII.
194.
Ottendorfer, Oswald, journalist, III. 411.
Ouithlacoochee, Battle of, Osceola, IX 211.
Outten, Warren B., surgeon, VII. '279.
Overmyer, David, lawyer, VIII. 249.
Owen, Alfred, educator, I. 303.
Owen, David Dale, geologist, VIII. 113.
Owen, John, governor, IV. 423.
Owen, Joshua Thomas, soldier, V. 52.
Owen, Robert, socialist, VI. 254.
Owen, Robert D., social reformer, IX. 222
Owens, John Edward, comedian, V. 191.
Pabst, Frederick, III. 342.
Paca, William, governor, IX. 291.
Pacheco, Romnaldo, governor, IV. 110.
Packard, Alpheus S., scientist, III, 102.
Packard, John H., physician, VI. 366.
Packard, R. G., civil engineer, III. 213.
Packard, Silas Sadler, educator. III. 72.
Packard, Sophia B., educator, II. 270.
Packer, Asa, capitalist, VII. 110.
Packer, John Black, lawyer, VII. 181.
Packer Memorial, Lehigh, illus., VII. 110.
Packer, William F., governor, II. 289.
Paddock, Algernon S., senator, II. 247.
Paddock, Benj. H., P. E. bishop, VI. 15.
Paddock, John A., P. E. bishop, III. 469.
Padelford, Seth, governor, IX. 404.
Page, Carroll S., governor, VIII. 329.
Page, Charles Grafton, electrician, V. 255.
Page, John, governor, III. 219.
Page, John B., gavernor, VIII. 324.
Page, Richard C. M., physician, II. 400.
Page, Richard L., naval officer, VIII. 441.
Page, Thomas Nelson, author, I. 209.
Page, Walter Hinen, editor, III. 58.
Paige, Allan Wallace, legislator, VII. 96.
Paige, Lucius Robinson, author, IX. 488.
Paine, Charles, governor, VIII. 318.
Paine, Charles Jackson, yachtsman, I. 448.
Paine, Elijah, jurist, VIII. 101.
Paine, John Knowles, composer, VII. 436.
Paine, Robert Treat, jurist, V. 429.
Paine, Thomas, author, V. 412.
Paine, Thomas H., legislator, VIII. 261.
Palen, Gilbert E., physician, III. 393.
Palfrey, John Gorham, author and states-
man, VII. 199.
Fallen, Montrose A., physician, V. 188.
Palmer, A. M., theatrical manager, I. 128.
Palmer, Alice E. i Freeman), educator, VII.
328.
Palmer, Edward A., jurist, VIII. 160.
Palmer, Erastus Dow, sculptor, V. 416.
Palmer, George H., educator, VI. 423.
Palmer, Horatio R., composer, VII. 429.
Palmer, James C., surgeon, VIII. 222.
Palmer, James S., naval officer, IV. 221.
Palmer, John McC., senator, II. 355.
Palmer, John W., author, VIII. 222.
Palmer, Ray, clergyman, VIII. 8.
Palmer, Thomas, lawyer, VI. 166.
Palmer, Walter C., physician, V. 182.
Palmer, Walter Launt, artist, VII. 458.
Palmer, Wm. A., governor, VIII. 317.
Palmer, Willis Lucellius, lawyer, V. 24.
Panic of 1887, IV. 400, Benton, T. H.
Paper Car Wheels, Invented -Allen, IX. 211.
Paquin, Paul, physician, VI. 378.
Pardow, Wm. O'Brien, priest, IV. 119.
Paret, William, F. E. bishop, VI. 224.
Park, Edwards A., theologian, IX. 202.
Park, Joseph, clergyman, VIII. 61.
Park, Roswell, educator, VIII. 220.
Park, Roswell, surgeon, VIII. 221.
Parker, Amasa Junius, jurist, II. 175.
Parker, Amasa Junius, lawyer, II. 176.
Parker, Benjamin, physician, V. 196.
Parker, Charles, manufacturer, I. 533.
Parker, Eli Samuel, soldier, V. 330.
Parker, Foxhall A., naval officer, V. 368.
Parker, George W., R R. pres., VI. 184.
Parker, Henry, governor, I. 490.
Parker, Isaac, congressman, II. 152.
Parker, James C. D., organist, V. 199.
Parker, James Henry, banker. III. 432.
Parker, Joel, governor, V. 209.
Parker, Joel, theologian, VII. 316.
Parker, John, rev. soldier, I. 96.
Parker, Joseph, manufacturer, VII. 103.
Parker, Mary S., reformer, II. 395.
Parker, Samuel, P. E. bishop, VI. 15.
Parker, Samuel, missionary, VII. 246.
Parker, Theodore, clergyman, II. 377.
Parker, Willard, surgeon, IX. 337.
Parkhill, Charles B., lawyer, IX. 372.
Parkhurst, Charles H., clergyman, IV. 402.
Parkhurst, John G., diplomat, VII. 482.
Parkman, Francis, author, I. 431.
Parkman, George, Dr., I. 115, Clifford, J. H.
Parmenter, Roswell A., lawyer, I. 475,
Parris, Albion K., governor, VI. 306.
Parrish, Charles, banker, IX. 175.
Parrish, Edward, pharmacist, V. 348.
Parrott, Enoch G., naval officer. IV. 392.
Parrott, Robert P., gun inventor, V. 366.
Parry, Charles T., mechanician, I. 318.
Parsons, Albert Ross, musician, II. 495.
Parsons, Andrew, governor, V. 273.
Parsons, Charles, financier, IV. 175.
Parsons, Enoch, banker, I. 74.
Parsons, George F., author, VIII. 90.
Parsons, Joseph B., soldier, IV. 355.
Parsons, Richard C., lawyer, VI. 399.
Parsons, Samuel Holden, rev. soldier, I. 73.
Parsons, Theophilus, author, V. 393.
Parsons, Theophilus, jurist, V. 441.
Parsons, Thomas Wm., poet, V. 359.
Parsons, Usher, physician, VIII. 204.
Parthemore, E. W. S., IV. 235.
Parton, James, author, I. 391.
Parton, Sara Payson, author, I. 392.
Partridge, Wm. Ordway, sculptor, VI. 64.
Parvin, Theodore S., educator, VIII. 150.
Pasco, Samuel, senator, I. 293.
Pasko, Wesley W., author, II. 60.
Patchin, Jared, jurist, VI. 174.
Paterson, John, soldier, III. 242.
Paterson, William, jurist, I. 24.
Patterson, Carlisle P., scientist, IV. 304.
Patterson, Joseph, lawyer, V. 217.
Patterson, Josiah, jurist, VIII. 388.
Patterson, Robert, educator, I. 347.
Patterson, Robert M., educator, I. 347.
Patterson, Thos. H., naval officer, IV. 140.
Patti, Adelina, singer, VII. 480.
Pattillo, Henry, clergyman, VII. 301.
Pattison, Granville S., anatomist, VI. 69.
Pattison, Robert Emory, governor, I. 278.
Pattison, Robert Everett, educ., VIII. 405.
Pattison, R. H., I. 278, Pattison, R. E.
Pattison, Thomas, naval officer, IV. 155.
Patton, Francis L., educator, V. 468.
Patty Lee, pen-name, I. 535, Carey, Alice.
Paul Siegyolk, pen-name, Mathews, VIII. 50.
Paulding, Hiram, naval officer, IV. 135.
Paulding, James Kirke, author, VII. 193.
Paulding, John, I. 49, Andre, J.
Paxson, Edward, jurist, V. 382.
Paxton, James W., banker, VII. 47.
Payne, Charles Henry, educator, IV. 159.
Payne, Daniel A., bishop, IV. 188.
Payne, Henry B., senator, I. 427.
Payne, Henry C., R. R. president, IX. 230.
Payne, John Howard, author, II. 347.
Payne, Milton J., legislator, IX. 115.
Payne, Walter S., soldier, IV. 329.
Payne, William H., educator, VIII. 134.
Peabody, Andrew P., clergyman, III. 357.
Peabody, Everett, soldier, IV. 155.
Peabody, George, philanthropist, V. 335.
Peabody, Geo. H., philanthropist, III. 423.
Peabody, James H., banker, I. 316.
Peabody, Joseph, merchant, V. 403.
Peabody Museum, Harvard, illus., VI. 420.
Peabody, Oliver, W. B., author, VIII. 63.
Peabody, Selim Hobart, educator, I. 271.
Peabody, Wm. B. 0., author, VIII. 63.
Peale, Charles W., artist, VI. 359.
Peale, Rembrandt, artist, V. 320.
Peary, Robert Edwin, explorer, II. 63
Pease, Calvin, educator, II. 42.
Pease, Elisha M., governor, IX. 68.
Peavey, Frank H., capitalist, VI. 43.
Peck, Asahel, governor, VIII. 326.
Peck, Charles H., pioneer, IX. 424.
Peck, Elijah Wolsey, lawyer, VIII. 52.
Peck, Ferd. W., philanthropist. III. 355.
Peck, George B., physician, VI. 386.
Peck, George W., governor, II. 442.
Peck, Ira Ballou, genealogist, VIII. 230.
Peck, Jesse T., educator. VI. 430.
Peck, John Hudson, educator. III. 251.
Peck, John James, soldier T" 356.
INDEX.
Peck, Samuel Minturn, poet, VII. 474.
Peck, Theodore Safford, soldier, V. 492.
Peckham, Mary C. P., author, IX. 214.
Peckham, Stephen F., chemist, IX. 214.
Peckham, William G., lawyer. I. 477.
Feet, William, lawyer, VII. 117.
Peffer, William Alfred, senator, I. 299.
Pegram, George H., civil engineer, IX. 40.
Pegram, John, soldier, V. 52.
Pegram Truss. Inventor of, IX. 40.
Pegram, William H., educator, III. 447.
Peirce, Benj., mathematician, VIII. 152.
Peirce, Charles S., scientist, VIII. 409.
Peirce, Thomas May, educator, V. 26.
Peirce, William F., educator, VIII. 138.
Pelham, Thomas W., financier, II. 229.
Pender, William D., soldier, IX. 268.
Pendleton, Edward W., lawyer, V. 280.
Pendleton, George, merchant, VI. 112.
Pendleton, George H., senator, III. 278.
Pendleton, Nathaniel, lawyer. III. 273.
Penhallow, Samuel, historian, VIII. 79.
Penn, Hannah C,, wifeof founder, II. 277.
Penn, John, governor, II. 277.
Penn, John, signer of declaration, VII. 58.
Penn, Richard, son of founder, II. 277.
Penn. Thomas, son of founder, II. 277.
Penn, William, III. 377, Smith, M.
Penn, William, founder of Penn,, II. 275.
Penn, Wm., eldest son of founder, II. 277.
Pennach, Alex. M., naval officer, IV. 280.
Pennell, William W., physician, VII. 274.
Penney, Joseph, educator, VII. 406.
Pennington, William, governor, V. 206.
Pennington, William S., gov., V. 204.
Pennoyer, Sylvester, governor, VIII. 7.
Pennsylvania, Governors of, II. 275.
Pennsylvania Univ. Hospital, illus., I. 346.
Pennsylvania, University of, I. 340.
Pennypacker, Samuel W., jurist, IX. 487.
Penrose, Boies, lawyer, II. 444.
Penrose, Richard A. F., physician, II. 443.
Pepper, George D. B., educator, VIII. 407.
Pepper, William, educator, I. 345.
Pepperrell, Sir William, soldier, III. 330.
Perabo, Johann E., musician, VIII. 445.
Percheron Horse, introduction into U. S., I.
156, Walters, W. T.
Percival, Chester S., educator, II. 232.
Percival, James G., poet VIII. 306.
Ferham, Sidney, governor, VI. 315.
Peril, Pelatiah, merchant, I. 499.
Perkins, Bishop W., senator, III. 302.
Perkins, Charles G., inventor, IV. 290.
Perkins, Charles H., inventor, II. 271.
Perkins, George C., governor, IV. 111.
Perkins, T. H., philanthropist, V. 245.
Perkins, William 0., musician, IX. 386.
Perry, Alexander J., soldier, IV. 99.
Perry, Amos, author, II. 297.
Perry, Matthew C., naval officer, IV. 42.
Perry, Oliver H., naval officer, IV. 288.
Perry, Roland Hinton, sculptor, IX. 54.
Perry, William S., P E. bishop, III. 469.
Peter Parley, pen-name, V. 355, Goodrich.
Peters, Bernard, editor, I. 157.
Peters, Hugh, clergyman, VIII. 338.
Peters, John A., jurist, IX. 463.
Peters, Madison C., clergyman, II. 501.
Peters, Richard, R. R. mgr., III. 192.
Peters, Samuel, clergyman, VIII. 339.
Petersburg, battle of. IV. 7, Grant, TJ. S.
Peterson, Robert E., author, VIII. 99.
Petigru, James Lewis, statesman, IX. 445,
Petroleum V. Nasby, pen-name, Locke, D.
H., VI. 26.
Pettigrew, Charles, P. E. bishop, VII. 49.
Pettigrew, James 1., soldier, IX. 511.
Pettigrew, Richard F., senator, II. 202.
Peyton, Balie, statesman, VII. 176.
Peyton, Ephraim G., statesman, VII. 294.
Peyton, John Howe, jurist, IV. 88.
Peyton, John Lewis, author, IV. 89.
Peyton, John Howze, IV. 88.
Peyton, Robert L. Y., jurist, V. 158.
Peyton, Wm. Madison, lawyer. IV. 89.
Phelan, James, pioneer, VIII. 478.
Phelan, James D., capitalist, VIII. 478.
Phelan, Richard, R. C. bishop, VI. 337.
Phelps, Amos A., clergyman, II. 327.
Phelps, Austin, clergyman, IX. 366.
Phelps, Charles H., author, VIII. 197.
Phelps, Edward John, diplomat, V. 411.
Phelps, Elizabeth <Stuart>, author, IX. 367.
Phelps, John Smith, governor, V. 10.
Phelps, Oliver, merchant, VII. 40.
Phelps, Samuel S., jurist, VIII. 400.
Phelps, Thomas S., naval officer, IV. 341.
Phelps, William W., statesman, VII. 451.
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, V. 343.
Philadelphia Old City Hall, illus., II. 282.
Philip, John W., naval officer, IX. 13.
Philippine Islands, Capture of, IX. 29, Mer-
ritt.
Phillips, Adelaide, singer, VI. 149.
Phillips, Chauncey H., banker, VII. 266.
Phillips, Lewis S., manufacturer. II. 495.
Phillips, Morris, journalist, IX. 197.
Phillips, Wendell, orator, II. 314.
Phillips, Wm. A., statesman, VIII. 257.
Phinizy, Charles H., educator, V. 485.
Phips, Sir William, colonial gov., VI. 96.
Physick, Philip S., physician, VI. 391.
Physics Building, Johns Hopkins University,
illus., V. 169.
Piatt, John James, poet, VIII. 260.
Piatt, Sarah M. B., poet, VIII. 260.
Fickens, Andrew, rev. soldier, I. 70.
Pickering, Edward C., astronomer, VI. 425.
Pickering, John, philologist, VII. 294.
Pickering, Timothy, statesman, I. 12.
Pickering, Wm. H., astronomer, VI. 425.
Pickett, Albert J., historian, IX. 388.
Pickett, George Edward, soldier, V. 49.
Piddock, Charles A., clergyman, VII. 78.
Pidge, John B. G., clergyman, III. 355.
Pierce, Benjamin, soldier, III. 410.
Pierce, Franklin, president of U.S., IV. 145.
Residence of, illus., IV. 145.
Pierce, George E., educator, VII. 224.
Pierce, George Foster, educator, I. 518.
Pierce, Gilbert Ashville, senator, I. 294.
Pierce, Henry L., manufacturer, IV. 308
Pierce, Jane Means, IV. 146.
Pierce, Sylvester, P., m'n'fr., III. 204.
Pierce, William, statesman, VII. 96.
Pierpont, Francis H., governor, V. 453.
Fierpont, James, clergyman, I. 162.
Pierpont, John, clergyman, VI. 155.
Pierrepont, Edwards, attorney-gen., IV. 21.
Pierrepont, Henry E., comm'er, V. 143.
Pierson, Abraham, educator, 1. 164.
Pierson, William, physician, V. 111.
Pierson, William M., lawyer, VIII. 196.
Pike, Albert, lawyer and poet, I. 527.
Pike, Zebulon M., soldier, II. 517.
Pillow, Gideon J., soldier, IX. 279.
Pillsbury, Fred C., miller, VI. 137.
Pillsbury, Parker, reformer, II, 330.
Pinckney, Charles C., soldier, II. 303.
Pine, J. K. P., manufacturer, III, 290.
Pingree, Hazen S., governor, VII. 119.
Pingree, Samuel E., governor, VIII. 328.
Pinkerton Alfred S. lawyer, VI. 193.
Pinkerton, Allen, detective, III. 208.
Pinkney, Edward C., author, VI. 443.
Pinkney, Frederick, statesman, VI. 240.
Pinkney, Ninian, author, VIII. 479.
Pinkney, William, att'y-gen., V. 373.
Pinkney, William, bishop, VI. 224.
Pinney, Norman, educator, V. 159.
Pintard, John, philanthropist, III. 461.
Pirie, John Thomas, merchant, VII. 53.
Pitcher, James R., underwriter, II. 199.
Pitcher, Molly, heroine, IX. 262.
Pitcher, Nathaniel, governor, III. 45.
Pitkin, Frederick W., governor, VI. 450.
Pitman, Benn, phonographer, IV. 87.
Pitman, John, jurist, VIII. 306.
Pitts, John A., banker, VIII. 368.
Pittsburg Landing, Battle of, I. 389, John-
ston, A. S.
Pittsburgh, R. C. b; ops of, VI. 336.
Place, Chester A. ucator, IX. 189.
Placide, Henry, a or, VIII. 57.
Plaisted, Harris I ., governor, VI. 317.
Plankinton, John, capitalist, I. 248.
Plater, George, governor, IX. 293.
Piatt, Charles, jurist, II. 449.
Piatt, Franklin, geologist, V. 181.
Piatt, Henry Clay, lawyer, V. 501.
Piatt, Orville H., senator, II. 339.
Pleasanton, Alfred, soldier, IV. 164.
Pleasants, James, governor, V. 447.
Plimpton, George A., publisher IX. 527.
Plumb, David Smith, manfr., V. 241.
Plumb, Preston B., senator, II. 529.
Plumer, William S., clergyman, IX. 261.
Plymouth Colony, Governors of, VII. 367.
Plympton, Geo. W., civil engineer, IX. 40.
Pocahontas, Indian heroine, VII. 102.
Foe, Ebenezer W., merchant, IV. 91.
Poe, Edgar Allan, poet, I. 463.
Poe's house at Fordham, illus., I. 464.
Poe, Orlando Metcalfe, soldier, V. 53,
" Poet Scout," Crawford, J. W., VIII. 175.
Poinsett, Joel R., statesman, VI. 435.
Poland, Luke Potter, senator, V. 253.
Poliuto, pen-name, I. 156, Wilkie, F. B.
Polk, James Knox, U. S. president, VI. 265.
Polk, Sarah Childress, VI. 268.
Polk, William M., physician, II. 109.
Pollock, James, governor, II. 289.
Pomeroy, Mark M., journalist, II. 502.
Pomeroy, Seth, rev. soldier, I. 54.
Fond, James B., lecture manager, I. 240.
Pond, Theron T., Pond's extract, VIII. 82.
Pool, Maria Louise, author, VI. 320.
Poole, Daniel, inventor, VII. 258.
Poole, Edward, colonist, VII. 257.
Poole, Edward V., banker, VII. 258.
Poole, Fitch, librarian, VI. 484.
Foole, Samuel, 2d, patriot, VII. 257.
Poole, Samuel, 3d, soldier, VII. 257.
Poole, William F., librarian, VI. 478.
Pooley, Thomas R., physician, I. 395.
Poor, Charles H., naval officer, VII. 88.
Poor, Daniel W., clergyman, IV. 374.
Poor, Enoch, rev. soldier, I. 76.
Poore, Ben. Perley, journalist, VIII. 190.
Poore, Henry R., artist, V. 316.
Poorman, Christian L., lawyer, IV., 76.
Pope, Albert Augustus, mfr., I. 446.
Pope, Charles R., actor, VIII. 138.
Pope, Franklin L., electrician, VII. 414.
Pope, John, soldier, IV. 282.
Pope, Marion M., author, II. 437.
Pope, Nathaniel, jurist, IX. 260.
Pope, 0. C., editor, III, 73.
Porte Crayon, pen-name, Strother, IX. 365.
Porter, Alexander J., educator, VIII. 133.
INDEX.
Porter, Andrew, rev. soldier, I. 77.
Porter, Charles A., senator, III. 222.
Porter, Cyrus Kinne, architect, II. 390.
Porter, David, naval officer, II. 98.
Porter, David Dixon, admiral, II. 97.
Porter, David E., governor, II. 287.
Porter, David T., banker, VIII. 48.
Porter, Elbert S., clergyman, IX. 251.
Porter, Eliphalet, clergyman, VII. 161.
Porter, Fitz-John, soldier, IV. 261.
Porter, George Bryan, governor, V. 271.
Porter, Horace, soldier, IV. 310.
Porter, James Davis, governor, VII. 211.
Porter, James H., manufacturer, II. 479.
Porter, James M., jurist, VI. 8.
Porter, John A., editor and author, IX. 244.
Porter, John K., lawyer, III. 252.
Porter, Noah, educator, I. 171.
Porter, Peter Buel, statesman, V. 81.
Porter, Rufus, inventor, VII. 184.
Porter, W. Evelyn, physician, V. 496.
Porter, William D., naval officer, II. 100.
Portier, Michael, R. C. bishop, VII. 256.
Porto Rico, Conquest of, Brooke, IX. 25.
Pory, John, colonist, VIII. 416.
Posey, Thomas, soldier, VI. 323.
Post, Alfred C., surgeon, IX. 342.
Post Office, Washington, D. C., illus., I. 355.
Post, Philip Sidney, soldier, IV. 315.
Post, Wright, surgeon, IX. 341.
Postley, Brooke, lawyer, III. 264.
Postley, Clarence Ashley, soldier, HI. 265.
Potter, Alonzo, P. E. bishop, III. 470.
Potter, Eliphalet N., educator, VII. 171.
Potter, Elisha E., congressman, II. 196.
Potter, Henry Codman, P. E. bishop, I. 516.
Potter, Horatio, P. E. bishop, I. 515.
Potter, Israel R., patriot, VII. 201.
Potter, John F., statesman, VIII. 236.
Potter, Joseph Hayden, soldier, IV. 280.
Potter, Orlando B., congressman, I. 186.
Potter, Robert B., soldier, IV. 392.
Pettier, Auguste, designer, VI. 297.
Potts, Joseph D., manufacturer, V. 258.
Poujade, Joseph, legislator, VI. 373.
Powderly, Ter. V., promoter, VIII. 181.
Powell, Aaron Macy, reformer, V. 17.
Powell (Osceola), Indian Chief, IX. 211.
Powell, John Wesley, scientist, III. 340.
Powell, Levin Minn, rear-admiral, I. 383.
Powell, Theophilus 0., physician, II. 484.
Power, Thomas C., senator, I. 300.
Powers, Hiram, sculptor, III. 421.
Powers Memorial, Union Col., illus., VII. 170
Powers, Thomas J., naval officer, II. 208.
Pownall, Thomas, colonial gov., VII. 375.
Prall, William, clergyman, VII. 113.
Pratt, Arthur, optician, I. 356.
Pratt, Benjamin, chief-justice, VII. 147.
Pratt, Charles, merchant, IX. 423.
Pratt, Enoch, philanthropist, II. 379.
Pratt Gymnasium, Amherst, illus., V. 311.
Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., IX. 424.
Pratt, John, inventor, III, 315.
Pratt, John, educator, I. 301.
Pratt, Julius Howard, mfr.. I. 259.
Pratt, Orson, Mormon apostle, VII. 394.
Pratt, Parley P., Mormon apostle, VII. 393.
Pratt, Pascal P., banker, VIII. 413.
Pratt, Thomas George, governor. IX. 305.
Pratt, Wallace, lawyer, IV. 267.
Pratt, Zadock, manufacturer, IX. 164.
Prattsville, N. Y., Founder of, Pratt, IX. 164.
Preble, Edward, naval officer, VIII. 92.
Preble, George H., naval officer, VIII. 95.
Prentice, George D., journalist, III. 121.
Prentiss, Albert N., educator, IV. 484.
Prentiss, Benj. Maybury, soldier, V. 363.
Prentiss, Daniel W., physician, III. 367.
Prentiss, Elizabeth P., author, VII. 106.
Prentiss, George L., theologian, VII. 319.
Prentiss, Samuel, jurist, VIII. 402.
Prentiss, Seargent S., orator, VII. 477.
Prescott, George B., electrician, V. 279.
Prescott, Mary N., author, VIII. 364.
Prescott, William, rev. soldier, I. 91.
Frescott, William, I. 74, Barton, W.
Prescott, William H., historian, VI. 66.
Pressly, John Taylor, clergyman, VII. 61.
Preston, Capt., I. 19, Quincy, J.
Preston, Harriet W., author, VIII. 32.
Preston, James P., governor, V. 446.
Preston, Margaret Junkin, poet, VII. 147.
Preston, Thomas S., priest, II. 213.
Preston, Willard, educator, II. 40.
Preston, William, statesman, IX. 433.
Preston, William B., statesman, IV. 371.
Preusser, Christian, merchant, III. 112.
Price, George W. F., educator. II. 450.
Price, Rodman M., governor, V. 207.
Price, Sterling, soldier, IV. 207.
Price, William P., congressman, VII. 100.
Priest, Henry S., jurist, VI. 120.
Priestley, James, educator, VIII. 130.
Priestley, Joseph, scientist, VI. 148.
Prime, Benj. Y., physician, VI. 392.
Prime, Ebenezer, clergyman, VII. 236.
Prime, Edward D. G., clergyman, VII. 238.
Prime, Nathaniel S., clergyman, VII. 237.
Prime, Samuel I., clergyman, VII. 237.
Prime, Wendell, clergyman, VII. 238.
Prince, John, clergyman, VII. 345.
Prince, L, Bradford, governor, I. 413.
Prince, Thomas, clergyman, VII. 144.
Prince, Thomas, colonial gov., VII. 370.
Princeton College, V. 463 et seq.
Pringle, Coleman R., agriculturist, IV. 309.
Printing Press, Inventor of, IX. 224, Adams;
IX. 154, Campbell, A.
Procter, William, pharmacist, V. 347.
Proctor, Edna Dean, poet, VII. 250.
Proctor, Joseph, actor, VII. 415.
Proctor, Mary, astronomer, IX. 282.
Proctor, Redfield, statesman,!. 141.
Proctor, Thomas R., financier, VII. 268.
Protheroe, Daniel, composer, VI. 118.
Proudfit, David L., author, VIII. 33.
Provoost, Samuel, P. E. bishop, I. 513.
Prudden, Theophil M., physician, IX. 347.
Pruyn, Isaac, lawyer, banker, VII. 160.
Pruyn, John V. S. L., educator, III, 364.
Pryor, Roger A., jurist, IX. 147.
Psi Tlpsilon Hall, Trinity College, Connecticut,
illus., III. 495.
liPuck," editor of, VII. 303, Bonner, H. C.
Pugh, James L., senator, I. 292.
Pulaski, Casimir, soldier, I. 69.
Pulitzer, Joseph, journalist, I. 375.
Pullen, Elisabeth J. C., author, VIII. 373.
Pumpelly, Harmon, financier, VIII. 124.
Pumpelly, Raphael, geologist, VI. 362.
Purcell, John Baptist, bishop, V. 186.
Purcell, William, journalist, I, 209.
Purinton, Daniel B., educator, I. 304.
Purinton, George B., biologist, VIII. 189.
Puritan Intolerance, VII. 27, Cotton, J.
VII. 33, Shepard, T., VII. 64, Ward, N.
Purse, Daniel Gugel, capitalist, II. 109.
Purse, Thomas, merchant, II. 194.
Purvis, Robert, abolitionist, I. 413.
Putnam, Alfred P., clergyman, IX. 269.
Putnam, Fred. Ward, scientist, III. 102.
Putnam, George F., banker, III. 213.
Putnam, George H., publisher, II. 389.
Putnam, George P., publisher, II, 388, :
Putnam, Herbert, librarian, IX, 249.
Putnam, Israel, rev. soldier, I. 87,
Putnam, Rufus, rev. soldier, I. 128.
Pyle, Howard, author, IX. 56.
Pynchon, Thomas R., educator, III. 497.
Pynchon, William, colonist, VII. 355.
Pyrlaus, John C., missionary, VI. 190.
Pyrometer, Inventor of, Saxton, IX. 220.
Q
Quackenbos, John D., educator, VI. 171.
Quarter, William, R. C. bishop, IX. 78.
Quay, Matthew Stanley, senator, I. 459.
Quayle, Wm. Alfred, educator, VI. 197.
Quebec, battle of, I. 102, Wolfe, J.; I. 101,
Queen, Walter W., naval officer, IV. 418.
Queen's College, Rutgers, illus., III. 403.
Quinby, William Emory, journalist, I, 254.
Quincy, Edmund, author, VI. 93.
Quincy, Josiah, 1773, educator, VI. 417.
Quincy, Josiah, 1803, mayor, VI. 298.
Quincy, Josiah, 1709, patriot, VI. 142.
Quincy, Josiah, 1744, patriot, I. 19,
Quintard, Charles T., P. E. bishop, V. 487.
Quintard, G. W., manufacturer, II. 262.
R
Rabe, Rudolph F., lawyer, V. 231.
Rabun, William, governor, I. 222.
Rader, Frank, mayor, VTII. 375.
Radford, William, naval officer, IV. 294.
Rafferty, William, educator, I. 504.
Rafinesque, C. S., botanist, VIII. 472.
Ragan, Willis Eugene, merchant, II. 202.
Railway Ambulance, Devised, Harris, IX.
352.
Rainer, Joseph, educator, IX. 505.
Rains, Gabriel J., soldier, IV. 336.
Rainsford, William S., clergyman, I. 385.
Ralegh, Sir Walter, statesman, VII. 221.
Ralph, James, author, VIII. 80.
Ralph, Julian, journalist, I. 149.
Ralston, William C., banker, VII. 410.
Ram for war vessels first conceived, IV.
43, Perry, M. C.
Rambaut, Mary L. B., educator, VI. 100.
Ramseur, Stephen D., soldier, IV. 473.
Ramsey, Alexander, statesman, III. 201.
Ramsey, David, physician and historian,
VII. 285.
Ramsey, Joseph, Jr., R. R. mgr., VII. 89.
Ramsey, Samuel A., lawyer, III. 351.
Randall, Alex. W., postmaster, II, 458.
Randall, George M., bishop, VIII. 44.
Randall, James R., journalist, VIII. 166.
Randall, Samuel J., statesman, III. 57.
Randolph, Alfred M.,P. E. bishop, VII. 217.
Randolph, Anson D. F., publisher and
poet, VIII. 460.
Randolph, Beverley, governor, V. 443.
Randolph, Edmund, jurist, I. 445.
Randolph, Edmund, statesman, I. 12.
Randolph, Edward, colonist, VIII. 474.
Randolph, John " of Roanoke," V. 97.
Randolph, Sir John, lawyer, VIII. 366.
Randolph, Martha Jefferson, III. 5 ; cf.
Everett, E., V. 446.
Randolph, Peyton, congressman, II. 114.
Randolph, Theodore F., governor, V. 210.
Randolph, Thomas J., statesman, V. 426.
Randolph, Thos. Mann, governor. V. 446.
Randolph, Warren, clergyman, II. 526.
Randolph, William M., lawyer, VII. 217.
Rankin, Egbert G., physician, II. 340.
INDEX.
Bankin, Ellen H., sculptor, VIII. 286.
Bankin, Jeremiah £., clergyman, V. 482.
Rankin, John, clergyman, II. 321.
Bankin, William B., educator, VII. 342.
Banney, Henry Clay, lawyer, III. 217.
Bansom, Epaphroditua, governor, I. 509.
Bansom, Thomas E. 0., soldier, IV. 283.
Bansom, Truman B., educator, V. 485.
Bappe, Louis A., R. C. bishop, V. 340.
ilasmus, Henry, clergyman, VII. 268.
Rassieur, Leo, lawyer, IV. 343.
Batcliffe, William C., lawyer, VIII. 307.
Rathbone, EstesG., statesman, VII. 56.
Bathbone, Justus H., founder, II. 170.
Bau, Charles, archaeologist, II. 228.
Eaue, Charles G., physician, III. 477.
Eavenscroft, John S., P. E. bish..|>. VI. 52.
Bawle, Francis, colonial author, VI. 186,
Eawle, Francis, lawyer, III. 61.
Eawle, William, jurist, VII. 442.
Rawlins, John A., soldier, IV. 218.
Bawlins, John A., statesman, IV. 23.
Bay, Cornelius, merchant, I. 497.
Bay, Gecrge W., lawyer, II. 133.
Bay, Isaac, physician, II. 246.
Bay, Joseph, educator, I. 349.
Bay, Simon, clergyman, VIII. 72.
Bay, William, author, I. 315.
Eaymond, Andrew V.V.,educator,VII. 173.
Eaymond, Bradford P., educator, IX. 432
Eaymond, George L., author, VIII. 457.
Raymond, Henry J., journalist, VIII. 482.
Baymond, John H., educator, V. 234.
Eaymond, Bossiter W., author, VIII. 45.
Baynolds, Frederic A., banker, I. 316.
Eea, John P., soldier, VI. 234.
Bead, Abner, naval officer, VII. 248.
Bead, Daniel, composer, VII. 243.
Bead, Daniel, educator, VIII. 185.
Bead, Elmer J.', artist, IV. 447.
Bead, George, patriot, III. 297.
Bead, George C., rear-admiral, VI. 200.
Bead, Harmon P., politician, IV. 434.
Bead, Jacob, senator, II. 182.
Bead, John, colonist, VI. 185.
Bead, John Meredith, diplomat, II. 223.
Bead, Opie P., author and journalist, I. 353.
Bead, Thomas B., artist and poet, VI. 474.
Eeader, Frank S., journalist, VII. 43.
Eeagan, John Henninger, senator, I. 292.
Eealf, Eichard, poet, VIII. 60.
Beam, Norman B., financier, IX. 31.
Beam, Vinnie, sculptor, I. 442.
Recitation Hall, Yale, illus., I. 168.
Eede, Wyllys, clergyman, II. 112.
Redeemed Captive, The, I. 258, Williams, J.
Eedfield, Anna M. T., author, II. 448.
Eedfield, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, VII. 77.
Eedfield, Justus Starr, publisher, VII. 188.
Bedfield, Lewis H., publisher, II. 448.
Eedfield, William C., scientist, VII. 354.
Bedmond, Charles L., reformer, II. 303.
Beed, Benjamin E., clergyman, II. 345.
Eeed, Elizabeth Armstrong, author, I. 203.
Reed, George E., educator, VI. 431.
Eeed, Henry, educator, II. 349.
Eeed, James, rev. soldier, I. 76.
Beed, John, congressman, II. 245.
Beed, Joseph, rev. soldier, I. 74.
Beed, Philip, soldier, legislator, VII. 308.
Eeed, Thomas B., congressman, II. 383.
Eeed, W. B., journalist, I, 351.
Reeder, Andrew H., governor, VIII. 340.
Eeeder, Frank, soldier, IV. 315.
Beese, John James, physician, VI. 387.
Beese, Lizetta Woodworth, poet, I. 387.
Beese, Manoah B., educator,.VIII. 364.
Eeese, William M., educator, I. 521.
Eeeve, Tapping, educator, VI. 175.
Beeves, Eeuben A., jurist, I. 375.
Reformed Episcopal Church, origin of, VII.
57, Cummins, G. D.
Eehan, Ada, actress, I. 287.
Eehn, Frank K. M., artist, IX. 55.
Eeichard, George N., soldier, V. 332.
Eeichel, C. G., Moravian bishop, IV. 448.
Eeichel, L. T., Moravian bishop, VII. 107.
Eeichel, Wm. C., educator, V. 92.
Reid, David S., governor, IV. 427.
Beid, Harry Manrrelle, jurist, VII. 36^.
Eeid, James, educator, VI. 95.
Beid, Eobert, artist, VI. 476.
Eeid, Samuel C., naval officer, VIII. 97.
Eeid, Whitelaw, editor, III. 457.
Reid, William J., clergyman. VI. 339.
Reid, William S., educator, II. 22.
Eeid, William Thomas, educator, II. 258.
Beiley, Isaac Henry, physician, I. 381.
Eeinhart, Charles S., artist, VII. 465.
Eeinhart, Joseph W., R R. pres., VI. 407.
Reinke, A. A., Moravian bishop, II. 176.
Eeinke, Samuel, Moravian bishop, VII. 87.
Rellstab, John, jurist, VIII. 351.
Remington. E. & Sons, IX. 129.
Remington, Eliphalet, manfr, IX. 128.
Remington, Frederic, artist, VII. 467.
Remington, Joseph P., pharmacist, V. 349.
Remington, Philo, manufacturer, IX. 129.
Remington Typewriter, IX. 129.
Eemmel, Harmon L., m'n'f'r., VIII. 108.
Eemsen, Ira, educator, IX. 240.
Beno, Jesse Lee, soldier, IV. 103.
Renwick, James, architect, VI. 460.
Repose for the Dead, St. Leo's, IX. 321,
Ducey.
Repplier, Agnes, author, IX. 232.
Republican party name, I. 131, Medill, J.
Requa, Isaac L., mining engineer, VI. 248.
Rest-Cure, IX. 346, Mitchell, S. Weir.
Revell, Alexander H., mfr., I. 233.
Revere, Edward H. E., physician, IV. 37.
Eevere, Joseph W., soldier, IV. 37.
Eevere, Paul, rev. soldier, I. 83.
Eevere, Paul Joseph, soldier, VII. 76.
Review of Reviews, Shaw, A., IX. 470.
Eeynolds, E., mechanical engineer, II. 525.
Eeynolds, George D., lawyer, VII. 445.
Eeynolds, George G., jurist, IX. 421.
Eeynolds, Henry H., banker, II, 133.
Eeynolds, John, governor, I. 491.
Eeynolds, John B., lawyer, IV. 143.
Eeynolds, John F., soldier, IV. 224.
Eeynolds, Joseph J., soldier, IX. 231.
Eeynolds, Mortimer F., banker, VIII. 79.
Eeynolds, Eobert J., governor, II. 343.
Eeynolds, William, rear-admiral, II. 530.
Ehett, Robert B., statesman, IV. 303.
Rhett, Thomas G., soldier, IV. 167.
Ehind, Alex. C., naval officer, IV. 316.
Rhode Island College, VIII. 20.
Rhode Island, first settler in, Blackstone,
William, VIII. 197.
Rhode Island, Governors of, IX. 391,xet seq.
Rhode Island Hall, Brown University, illus.,
VIII. 23.
Ehodes, James Ford, historian, VII. 92.
Ehodes, Eobert, naval officer, VIII. 61.
Rhodes, William Henry, poet, VII. 45.
Rice, Alexander H., governor, I. 120.
Rice, Allan Thorndike, editor, III. 259.
Rice, Daniel, showman, III. 404.
Rice, Edmund, railroad manager, III. 179.
Rice, Edwin Wilbur, editor, III. 410.
Rice, Elliott Warren, soldier, V. 49.
Rice, Frank P., capitalist, II. 385.
Rice, Frank S., lawyer, VI. 100.
Rice, James Clay, soldier, V. 51.
Rice, James H., capitalist, I. 381.
Eice, John Holt, clergyman, II. 27.
Bice, John Holt, educator, II. 27.
Bice, Luther, author, III. 75.
Eice, Nathan Lewis, theologian, III, 77.
Rice, Samuel Allen, soldier, V. 49.
Rice, Septimus P., educator, III. 427.
Eice, Vietts L., inventor, I. 512.
Eice, Willard Martin, clergyman, III. 73.
Eice, William, librarian, VI. 479.
Rich, Hiram, banker and journalist, IX.
390.
Rich, John T., governor, V. 277.
Kirh:inl Hay ward, pen-name, Cozzens, F. S.
VI. 29.
Richards, Ellen H., educator, VII. 343.
Richards, Francis H., inventor, VII. 420.
Richards, Franklin Dewey, Mormon apos.
tie, VII. 396.
Richards, Samuel, artist, VI. 375.
Richards, T. Addison, artist, VIII. 425.
Richardson, Albert D., journalist , VIII. 465.
Richardson, Beale H., journalist, IV. 493.
Richardson, Chas. F., educator and author,
IX. 95.
Richardson, Charles H., man'f'r., II. 175.
Richardson, Henry H., architect, VI. 22.
Richardson, Wm. A., statesman, IV. 17.
Richings, Caroline M., singer, IX. 189.
Richings, Peter, actor, VII. 449.
Richmond, W. H., coal merchant, IX. 103.
Bicker, Hiram, hotel proprietor, II. 60.
Ricker, Robert E., railroad supt., VI. 404.
Ricketts, Jas. Brewerton, soldier, IV. 335.
Ricketts, Robert Bruce, soldier, V. 216.
Ricksecker, Peter, missionary, V. 480.
Eicord, Frederick W., jurist, VIII. 456.
Eiddle, Albert G., lawyer, II. 371.
Rider, Henry Closson, IV, 291.
Ridgaway, Henry B., clergyman, IX. 287.
Ridgely, Charles C., governor, IX. 299.
Ridgway, J. J., surveyor of customs, I. 188.
Ridgway, Robert, naturalist, VIII. 460.
Eidpath, John Clark, historian, VI. 299.
Rirte, Remington, Origin of, IX. 128.
Eigdon, Sydney, Mormon elder, VII. 394.
Riggs, Elias, missionary, III. 120.
Riggs, Kate D. W., author, VI. 206.
Biggs, Stephen B., missionary, III. 119.
Biker, Eichard, jurist. III. 385.
Riker, Samuel, lawyer, VIII. 295.
Riley, Benjamin F., educator, IX. 183.
Riley, Bennett, soldier, IV. 63.
Riley, Charles V., entomologist, IX. 443.
Riley, James W., humorist, VI. 31.
Eindge, Frederick Hastings, philanthropist
and author, IX. 366.
Binehart, William H., sculptor, II. 345.
Rinehart, Win. H., I. 156, Walters, W. T.
Ringgold, Samuel, soldier, VII. 69.
Eingler, F. A., typographer, III. 106.
Rion, James Henry, soldier, IV. 394.
Ripley, Chauncey B., lawyer, II. 149.
Ripley, Eleazar W., soldier, III. 263.
Ripley, Ezra, clergyman, VII. 320.
Ripley, George, journalist. III. 453.
Ripley, Henry Jones, educator, III. 121.
Ripley, James W., soldier, III. 347.
Ripley, Roswell Sabine, soldier, III. 299.
Eipple, Ezra Hoyt, soldier, IV. 388.
Eisse, Louis A., engineer, IV. 197.
Ritchie, Anna Cora M., actress, III. 227.
Ritner, Joseph, governor, II. 286.
Rittenhouse, David, educator, I. 346.
INDEX.
Bitter, Frederic Louis, composer, VI. 426.
Rives, Amelie, pen-name, I. 356, Chanler.
Rives, John Cook, journalist, III. 177.
Rives, Judith Page W., author, VI. 215.
Rives, Wm. Cabell, senator, VI. 215.
Rivington, James, publisher, III. 227.
Roach, John, ship-builder, III. 157.
Roach, John B., ship-builder. III. 157.
Roach, Wm. Nathaniel, senator, V. 263.
Roane, Archibald, governor, VII. 207.
Hobb, Charles W., lawyer, VII. 55.
Robb, John Scott, lawyer, V. 338.
Robbins, Ammi R., clergyman, I. 502.
Robbins, Asliur. senator, I. 452.
Robbins, C., 173S, clergyman, II. 59.
Robbins, C., 1810, clergyman, II. 133.
Robbins, Edwd. E., congressman, VII. 109.
Robbins, Henry Alfred, physician, V. 72.
Robbins, Royal, author, II. 195.
Robbins, Thomas, author, II. 222.
Roberdeau, Daniel, soldier, II. 14.
Roberdeau, Isaac, engineer, II. 14.
Robert Slender, pen-name, Freneau, VI. 201.
Roberts, Benj. Stone, soldier, V. 55.
Roberts, Charles H., physician, II. 370.
Roberts, Isaac P., educator, IV. 480.
Roberts, James Arthur, lawyer, V. 35.
Roberts, Jonathan W., merchant, IX. 369.
Roberts, Marshall 0., III. 350.
Roberts, Marshall O., IV. 451, Field, C. W.
Roberts, Nathan S., physician, II, 390.
Roberts, Oran Milo, governor, IX. 73.
Roberts, Richard B., soldier, II. 370.
Roberts, Robert R., M. E. bishop, IX. 484.
Roberts, William C., educator, II. 387.
Roberts, Wm. R., statesman, VIII. 123.
Robertson, Chas. F., P. E. bishop, VI. 58.
Robertson, Charlotte R., pioneer, II. 221.
Robertson, E. W., congressman, II. 221.
Robertson, G., jurist and educator, I. 363.
Robertson, James, pioneer, II. 221.
Robertson, John, jurist, II. 56. •
Robertson, Robert H., architect, VI. 98.
Robertson, Samuel E., physician, VI. 383.
Robertson, Sterling C., patriot, I. 478.
Robertson, Wm. H., lawyer, III. 96.
Robertson, Wyndham, governor, V. 449.
Robeson, George M., statesman, IV. 25.
Robie, Frederick, governor, VI. 318.
Robins, Henry E., educator, VIII. 407.
Robinson, Annie D., author, III. 238.
Robinson, Charles, governor, VIII. 342.
Robinson, Charles S., clergyman, IX. 482.
Robinson, Conway, author, I. 475.
Robinson, David, soldier, I. 476.
Robinson, Edward, explorer, II. 242.
Robinson, Edward, Mrs., author, II. 242.
Robinson, Ezekiel G., educator, VIII. 26.
Robinson, Geo. Dexter, governor, I. 124.
Robinson, Harriett Hanson, III. 464.
Robinson, Horatio N., educator, II. 531.
Robinson, John, pilgrim, II. 243.
Robinson, John, clergyman, II. 243.
Robinson, John, showman, III. 337.
Robinson, John C., soldier, IV. 460.
Robinson, John S., governor, VIII. 321.
Robinson, Jonathan, senator, II. 530.
Robinson, Lucins, governor, III. 54.
Robinson, Moncure, engineer, VIII. 456.
Robinson, Moses, governor, VIII. 313.
Robinson, Samuel, pioneer, I. 473.
Robinson, Solon, journalist, III. 454.
Robinson, Stuart, clergyman, I. 371.
Robinson, Sumers C., man'fr, VI. 121.
Robinson, Thomas, artist, V. 316.
Robinson, Walter A., educator, III. 176.
Robinson, Wm. C., educator, III. 357.
Robinson, Wm. E., journalist, III, 116.
Robinson, Wm. S., journalist, III. 464.
Robison, L. M., mining expert, I. 276.
Robson, Stuart, actor, II. 411.
Robyn, Alfred George, composer, VII. 425.
Rochambeau, Jean B., rev. soldier, I. 68.
Roche, Jas. J., author and poet, VIII. 265.
Roche, John A., manager, III. 169.
Rochester, Nathaniel, pioneer, IX. 485.
Rockhill, Wm. W., diplomat, VIII. 129.
Rockwell, Joel E., clergyman, IX. 253.
Rockwood, Chas. G., Jr.,educator,VII. 117.
Rockwood, Eben. A., merchant, III. 336.
Rodes, Robert E., soldier, V. 363.
Rodgers, Arthur, lawyer, VIII. 422.
Rodgers, C. R. P., naval officer, IV. 221.
Rodgers, John, 1727, clergyman, V. 191.
Rodgers, John, 1771, naval officer, V. 261.
Rodgers, John, 1812, naval officer, V. 14.
Rodman, Isaac P., soldier, IV. 165.
Rodman, Thomas J., soldier, IV. 396.
Rodman, William B., jurist, VII. 385.
Rodney, Caesar, patriot, V. 173.
Rodney, Caesar A., att'y-general, III. 11.
Rodney, Thomas, jurist, I. 479.
Rodney, William, colonist, V. 278.
Roe, Charles Francis, soldier, VII. 95.
Roe, Edward Payson, author, VII. 15.
Roebling, John A., engineer, IV. 404.
Roebling, Washington A.,engin'r. IV. 405.
Rogers, Charles B., merchant, V. 158.
Rogers, Henry J., electrician, IV. 453.
Rogers, James B., chemist, VIII. 151.
Rogers, John, educator, VI. 411.
Rogers, John, pioneer, VI. 496.
Rogers, John, sculptor, VIII, 278.
Rogers, Nathaniel P., editor, II. 320.
Rogers, Peter A., lawyer, II. 507.
Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, VIII. 286.
Rogers, Robert, soldier, VII. 450.
Rogers, Sherman S., lawyer, VIII. 119.
Rogers, William, educator, VIII. 57.
Rogers, William A., astronomer, IX. 530.
Rogers, William B., geologist, VII. 410.
Rohe, George Henry, physician, VII. 275.
Rohlfs, Anna K. G., author, IX. 257.
Rohlfs, Charles, actor, IX. 257.
Rolfe, Mrs. Thomas (Pocahontas), VII. 102.
Holfe, William J., editor, IV. 86.
Roller, William W., soldier, VI. 170.
Rollins, Alice M., author, VIII. 414.
Rollins Chapel, Dartmouth, illus., IX. 95.
Rollins, James S., statesman, VIII. 182.
Romans, Bernard, engineer, VII. 176.
Romare, Paul, banker, V. 378.
Ronckendorff, William, soldier, IV. 412.
Roosa, D. B. St. John, physician, IX. 349.
Roosevelt, Cor. V. S., merchant, VIII. 442.
Roosevelt, Robert B., statesman, III. 415.
Roosevelt, Theodore, statesman, IX. 21.
Root, Arthur Lewis, physician, VI. 392.
Root, Elihu, lawyer, VII. 457.
Root, Frederic W., musician, IX. 384.
Root, George F., musician, IX. 384.
Root, John Gilbert, financier, VI. 490.
Root, John W., architect, VIII. 114.
Root, Josiah G., manufacturer, II. 145.
Roots, Benajah G., educator, V. 94.
Roots, Logan Holt, banker, V. 95.
Roots, Philander Keep, banker, V. 95.
Rorke, Allen B., contractor, II. 205.
Rose, Aquila, poet, VIII. 78.
Rose, George Basil, lawyer, VII. 126.
Rose, Thomas E., soldier, IV. 464.
Rose, U. M., jurist, VII. 126.
Rosecrans, Sylvester H., R. C. bishop, IX.
412.
Rosecrans, William S., soldier, IV. 162.
Rosehill Manor, St. John's College, "N. Y.,
illus., II. 265.
Rosenberg, Henry, philanthropist, IX. [523,
Ross, Arthur A., clergyman, VIII. 198.
Ross, James, legislator, V. 438.
Ross, James, educator, V. 106.
Ross, John, patriot, V. 171.
Ross, Lawrence S., governor, IX. 75.
Ross, Milan, real estate, VIII. 76.
Rosse Hall, Kenyon College, illus., VII. 9.
Rosser, Thomas L., soldier, III. 277.
Roth, John, missionary, V. 171.
" Rough Riders," IX. 20-22.
Rouse, Henry C., R. R. president. VI. 404.
Rouss, Charles B., merchant, VIII. 433.
Rousseau, Lovell H., soldier. IV. 366.
Routt, John L., governor, VI. 449.
Rowan, John, jurist, VI. 95.
Rowan, Stephen C., naval officer, II. 101.
Rowe, Henry C., merchant, VIII. 480.
Rowell, George P., promoter, II. 428.
Rowland, William, shipjoiuer, V. 489.
Rowlandson, Mary W., author. VIII. 371.
Rowson, Susanna, author, IX. 317.
Royce, Stephen, governor, VIII. 321.
Rublee, Horace, journalist, I. 213.
Rucker, Howard L., educator, VI. 128.
Rudd, Anson, pioneer, I. 478.
Ruffin, Edmund, agriculturist, V. 261.
Ruffin, Thomas, jurist, VII. 366.
Ruffin, Thomas, 2d, jurist, VI. 292.
Ruffner, Henry, educator, III. 164.
Ruger, T. H., soldier and governor, I. 229.
Ruger, Wm. Crawford, jurist, V. 219.
Ruggles, Timothy, soldier, II. 57.
Rulison, Nelson Somerville, bishop, I. 511.
Rumford, Benj. T., statesman, V. 410.
Rumford, Count, I. 257, Williams, J.
Rumsey, James, inventor, V. 130.
Runcie, Constance F., composer, VII. 238.
Runkle, John D., mathematician, VI. 156.
Runnels, Hardin R., governor, IX. 69.
Runyon, Theodore, diplomat, VII. 255.
Ruppert, Jacob, manufr, III, 225.
Rush, Benjamin, lawyer, III. 333.
Rush, Benjamin, pioneer, III. 333.
Rush, Jacob, jurist, V. 150.
Rush, James, author, VI. 273.
Rush, Richard, statesmen, V. 80.
Rush, William, sculptor, VIII. 287.
Rusk, Jeremiah McL., statesman, I. 147.
Rusk, Thomas J., general, III. 113.
Russ, Imanuel C. C., manuf r, VII. 43.
Russell, Addison P., author, VI. 19
Russell, David A., soldier, IV. 209.
Russell, Edward L., lawyer, VIII. 116.
Russell, Henry, song composer, V. 249.
Russell, John Henry, naval officer, V. 15.
Russell, Jonathan, statesman. VIII. 57.
Russell, Lillian, singer, IV. 345.
Russell, Thomas, soldier, VIII. 51.
Russell, William C., author, VI. 176.
Russell, William Eustis, governor, I. 125.
Rust, Nathaniel J., merchant, III. 362.
Rutan, Thos. Benton, builder, VI. 287.
Rutgers College, III. 399.
Rutgers, Henry, patriot, III. 400.
Rutherfoord, John, governor, V. 450.
Rutherford, Williams, educator and author,
IX. 183.
Rutherfurd, John, senator, II. 10.
Rutherfurd, L. M., astronomer, VI. 360.
Rutledge, Hugh, jurist, V. 89.
Rutledge, John, jurist, I. 21.
Rutledge, John, I. 60, Marion, F.
Rutter, James H., R. R. president, I. 531. ',
INDEX.
Butter, Thomas, capitalist, VII. 290.
Ryals, Garland M., legislator, II. 441.
Ryan. Abram J., poet-priest, V. 411.
Eyan, Daniel J., lawyer, VIII. 300.
Byan, John, priest, IV. 115.
Ryan, Pat'k J., R. C. archbishop, VI. 103.
Rynders. Isaiah, III. 386.
Ryors, Alfred, educator, IV. 444.
Sabin, Dwight May, senator, II. 374.
Sabin, Elijah R., preacher, VI. 176.
Sabin, Joseph, bibliographer, VI. 176.
Sabine, Lorenzo, antiquarian, V. 120.
Sackett, Henry W., lawyer, VII. 134.
Sadtler, Benjamin, educator, V. 500.
Sadtler, Samuel P., chemist, V. 350.
Safes, Inventor of, Herring, S. C., IX. 238.
Safford, James M., educator, VIII. 228.
Sage College, Cornell, illus., IV. 479.
Sage, Hinry W., philanthropist, IV. 478.
Saint Gaudens, Aug., sculptor, VIII. 287.
Sajous, Charles E., physician, IX. 351.
Salem Public Library, illus., VI. 484.
Salisbury, James H., physician, VIII. 469.
Salsbury, Nathan, manager, VIII. 166.
Salter, Moses B., M. E. bishop, IV. 84.
Saltonstall, Dudley, naval officer, VII. 243.
Saltonstall, Gurdon, col. gov., I. 163.
Saltonstall, Nath'l, statesman, V. 482.
Saltus, Edgar Evertson, author, VII. 184.
Saltus, Francis S., poet, VI. 188.
Sampson, Archibald J., consul, III. 359.
Sampson, Deborah, heroine, VIII. 331.
Sampson, John Patterson, IV. 376.
Sampson, William T., naval officer, IX. 9.
Sam Slick, pen-name, V. 353, Haliburton,
T. C.
Samson, Deborah, heroine, VIII. 331.
Samson, George W., educator, III. 152.
Samuels, Samuel, seaman, I. 450.
Sanborn, Edwin David, educator, IX. 93.
Sanborn, Franklin B., author, VIII. 466.
Sanborn, John Benj., soldier, V. 287.
Sanborn, Katharine A., author, IX. 94.
Sanders, Billington M., educator, VI. 395.
Sanders, Charles W., educator, II. 257.
Sanders, Daniel C., educator, II. 39.
Sanders, Daniel J., educator, VI. 326.
Sanders, Wilbur Fisk, senator, I. 457.
Sanders, Win. Price, soldier, V. 14.
Sanderson, Edward, manufacturer, I. 248.
Sanderson, John, author, VI. 194.
Sanderson, John P., journalist, VI. 461.
•Sanderson, Joseph, clergyman, V. 184.
Sandham, Henry, artist, VI. 475.
Sands, Benjamin F., naval officer, IV. 295.
Sands, Comfort, merchant, I. 497.
Sands, Henry Berton, surgeon, IX. 361.
Sands, Joshua R., naval officer, IV. 416.
Sands, Louis Joseph, naval officer, VII. 99.
Sands, Robert Charles, author, VIII. 354.
Sanford, Henry S., diplomat, VII. 140.
Sanford, J., mfr. and congressman, I. 238.
•Sanford, Nathan, chancellor, III. 383.
Sangster, Margaret E., author, VI. 169.
San Jacinto, Battle of, Houston, S., IX. 65.
Sankey, Ira D., evangelist, VII. 244.
Santa Anna, Capture of, IX. 65.
Santiago, Battle of, IX. 8, et seq.
Sargent, Dudley A., physical culturist, VII.
97.
Sargent, Epes, author, VII. 243.
Sargent, Franklin H., educator, VI. 325.
Sargent, Henry, artist, V. 319.
-Sargent, James, inventor, III. 433.
Sargent, Lucius Manlius, author, IV. 231.
Sargent, Winthrop, author, VII. 248.
Sargent, Winthrop, governor, VI. 152.
Sartain, John, artist, VI. 469.
Satterfield, John, oil operator, V. 34.
Satterlee, F. Le Roy, physician, VII. 232.
Satterlee, Samuel, K., merchant, III. 393.
Saunders, Frederick, librarian, II. 379.
Saunders, Robert, educator, III. 236.
Saunders, William L., historian, V. 117.
Savage, James, author, IX. 260.
Savage, Minot J., clergyman, I. 351.
Savannah, steamboat, illus., II. 237.
Savior of the South, I. 43, Greene, N.
Sawtelle, Lelia R., lawyer, III. 292.
Sawyer, Alfred Isaac, physician, V. 42.
Sawyer, Edwin F., astronomer, VIII. 480.
Sawyer, James B.C., editor, V. 71.
Sawyer, Lucy Sargent, missionary, V. 71.
Sawyer, Moses H., consul, author, II. 62.
Sawyer, Philetus, senator, I. 326.
Sawyer, Sylvanus, inventor, IV. 318.
Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, I. 438.
Saxton, Charles T., legislator, IV. 170.
Saxton, Joseph, mechanician, IX. 220.
Saxton, Rufus, soldier, IV. 219.
Say, Thomas, naturalist, VI. 362.
Saybrook Platform, I. 162, Pierpont, J.; I.
164, Andrew, S.
Sayers, Joseph Draper, governor, IX. 76.
Sayles Memorial Hall, Brown University,
illus., VIII. 26.
Sayre, Lewis A., physician, II. 31.
Sayre, Robert H., civil engineer, V. 106.
Sayre, Wm. Lynison, educator, V. 280.
Scales, Alfred M., governor, IV. 429.
Scammell, Alexander, soldier, II. 261.
Scarborough, John, P. E. bishop, III. 473.
Scarbrough, William, inventor, II. 237.
Schaber, Herman H., physician, VI. 387.
Sehadle, Jacob E., physician, IX. 500.
Schaff, Philip, historian, III. 76.
Schandein, Emil, manuf'r, III. 293.
Scharf, John T., soldier and hist'n,VII. 196.
Schebosh, John Joseph, bishop, V. 93.
Schell, Augustus, politician, III. 463.
Schenck, D., lawyer and historian, VIII. 46.
Schenck, James F., rear admiral, V. 334.
Schenck, Noah Hunt, clergyman, IX. 436.
Schenck, Robert C., diplomat, III. 206.
Schieren, Charles A., merchant, III. 189.
Schindler, Solomon, rabbi, VII. 439.
Schley, Grant Barney, financier, I. 216.
Schley Land, Discovered, IX. 8.
Schley, William, governor, I. 225.
Schley, Winfleld S., naval officer, IX. 8.
Schmucker, BealeM., clergyman, VII. 241.
Schmucker, John G., clergyman, V. 65.
Schmucker, Samuel M., historian, V. 101.
Schmucker, Samuel S., clergyman, V. 100.
Schneider, Joseph, oculist, II. 136.
Schneller, George 0., inventor, VIII. 246.
Schofield, John M., soldier, IV. 259.
Schoolcraft, Henry R., ethnologist, V. 145.
Schoonover, Warren, physician, VI. 383.
Schroeder, Frederick A., mayor, II. 154.
Schultze, Augustus, educator, VIII. 365.
Schulze, John A., governor, II. 286.
Schumacher, Ferdinand, man'f'r, II. 183.
Schumacher, James M., banker, V. 137.
Schureman, James, senator, II. 11.
Schurman, Jacob G., educator, IV. 478.
Schurmeier, Theodore L.,merchant,VII. 88.
Schurz, Carl, statesman, III. 202.
Schuyler, Eugene, author, VIII. 339.
Schuyler, George Lee, yachtsman, I. 447.
Schuyler, John, 1690, 1. 97, Schuyler, P. J.
Schuyler, Montg'y, clergyman, VII. 329.
Schuyler, Peter P., I. 97, Schuyler, P. J.
Schuyler, Philip John, rev. soldier, I. 97.
Schwatka, Frederick, explorer, III. 285.
Schweinitz, L. D. von, botanist, VIII. 380.
Science Hall, Vanderbilt University, illus.,
VIII. 229.
"Scientific American," VII. 83, Munn, 0. D.
Scientific Building, Dickinson College, illus.,
VI. 429.
Scollard, Clinton, poet, VI. 58.
Scott, Austin, educator. III. 403.
Scott, Dred, slave, II. 306.
Scott, Gustavus, patriot, II. 220.
Scott, Gustavus H., naval officer, III. 373.
Scott, Harvey W., journalist, I. 204.
Scott, Irving M., ship-builder, VI. 69.
Scott, James W., journalist, II. 55.
Scott, John M., congressman, II. 240.
Scott, John W., educator, I. 136.
Scott, John Zachary H., lawyer, IX. 516.
Scott, Orange, clergyman, II. 315.
Scott, Robert N., soldier, II. 141.
Scott, Rufus Leonard, lawyer, I. 189.
Scott, Thomas A., railroad president ,V. 440.
Scott, Walter, clergyman, II. 342.
Scott, Walter ft., educator, VII. 417.
Scott, William A., clergyman, II. 400.
Scott, William Henry, educator, VII. 417.
Scott, Winfield, soldier, III. 502.
Scourge, U. S. cruiser, illus., IX. 186.
Scovel, Sylvester, educator, II. 124.
Scranton, G.W., merchant pioneer, IX. 138.
Scranton, Pa., Founder of, IX. 138.
Screven, James Proctor, senator, III. 176.
Screven, John, railroad president, II. 229.
Scribner, Charles, publisher, VI. 366.
Scriven, George P., soldier, VIII. 355.
Scruggs, Richard M., merchant, VII. 25.
Scruggs, William L., journalist, II. 165.
Scudder, Horace Elisha, author, I. 284.
Scudder, John, missionary, II. 62.
Scudder, Samuel H., scientist, III. 99.
Scull, Nicholas, surveyor, IX. 455.
Scully, John, educator, II. 268.
Seabury, Samuel, P. E. bishop, III. 475.
Seals, John Henry, journalist, II. 151.
Sealsfield, Charles, traveler, II. 193.
Sealy, George, banker, IX. 496.
Searing, Laura C. R., author, IX. 497.
Sears, Barnas, educator, VIII. 24.
Sears, Edmund H., clergyman, VIII. 379.
Sears, Franklin W., insurance, VII. 126.
Sears, Isaac, patriot, I. 386.
Sears, Robert, publisher, VII. 256.
Seaton, William W., journalist, II, 226.
Seawell, Henry, jurist, VII. 296.
Seawell, Molly Elliott, author, VII. 253.
Seccomb, John, clergyman, VII. 322.
Secession of States, dates of, II. 67.
Seddon, James Alex., lawyer, VI. 219.
Sedgwick, Catharine M., author, I. 445.
Sedgwick, Henry D., lawyer, II. 230.
Sedgwick, John, soldier, IV. 132.
Sedgwick, Robert, colonist, II. 181.
Sedgwick, Theodore (1st), jurist, II. 8.
Sedgwick, Theodore (2d>, lawyer, II. 232.
Sedgwick, Theodore <3d>, lawyer, II. 335.
See, Horace, engineer, II. 220.
Seeley, EliasP., governor, V. 205.
Seelye, Julius H., educator, VI. 157.
Seelye, Laurenus C., educator, VII. 121.
Seguin, Edouard, alienist, II. 195.
Seidel, N., Moravian bishop, II. 19.
Seidl, Anton, musician, VIII. 450.
Seif, Wm. Henry, publisher, V. 93.
Seip, Theodore L., educator, V. 500. ',
INDEX.
Seismology, founder of Science of, VII. 165,
Wintlirop, J.
Seiss, Joseph A., clergyman, VII. 234.
Selden, John Harris, educator, I. 185.
Seligman, DeWitt J., editor, I. 361.
Seligman, Isaac N., banker. III. 843.
Seligman, Jesse, banker, IV. 226.
Seligman, Joseph, banker, III. 342.
Sell, Edward H. M., scientist, III, 224.
Sellers, William, manufacturer, VII. 185.
Sellstedt, Lars G., artist, VIII. 428.
Semmes, Alex. A., naval officer, V. 470.
Semmes, Raphael, naval officer, IV. 340.
Senn, Nicholas, physician, VI. 379.
Senter, De Witt C., governor, VII. 211.
Sergeant, Erastus, physician, II. 193.
Sergeant, John, congressman, II. 229.
Sergeant, John, 1"10, missionary, I. 479.
Sergeant, John, 1747, missionary, I. 464.
Sergeant, John 0., lawyer and journalist,
IX. 432.
Sergeant, Jonathan D., M. c , II. 63.
Sergeant, Thomas, jurist, II. 157.
Seton, Eliz. A., philanthropist, II. 436.
Seton, Robert, R. C. priest, I. 190.
Seton-Thompson, Ernest E., artist, IX. 56.
Seuseman, Gottlob, Moravian, II. 153.
Seuseman, Joachim, Moravian, II. 153.
Severance, Caroline M., VIII. 107.
Sevier, Ambrose H., senator, II. 239.
Sevier, John, pioneer, III. 430.
Bewail, Jonathan, loyalist, II. 59.
Sewall, Jonathan M., poet, II. 30.
Sewall, Joseph, clergyman, II. 37.
Sewall, Joseph A., educator, VI. 488.
Sewall, Jothan, clergyman, II. 216.
Sewall, Samuel, jurist, V. 340.
Sewall, Samuel E., jurist, VI. 190.
Sewall, Stephen, Hebrew scholar, VI. 230.
Sewall, Stephen, jurist, VIII. 54.
Seward, Clarence A., lawyer, IX. 81.
Seward, George Fred., diplomat, VII. 91.
Seward, William, soldier, IV. 338.
Seward, William H., statesman, II. 77.
Seward, William Henry, banker, VI. 191.
Sewing Machine, Inventors of, IV. 432,
Howe; IX. 460, Wilson.
Seyffert, Anton, Moravian, II. 180.
Seymour, Horatio, governor, III. 48.
Seymour, Horatio, jurist, VIII. 473.
Seymour, John, colonial gov., VII. 335.
Seymour, Truman, soldier, IV. 223.
Seymour, William P., physician, IV. 210.
Shafer, Helen Almira, educator, VII. 328.
Shaffer, Newton M., physician. III. 392.
Shatter, William Rufus, soldier. IX. 18.
Shakespearean Cipher, I. 397, Donnelly, I,
Shaler, Alexander, soldier, IV. 458.
Shaler, Nathaniel S., geologist, IX. 315.
Shanks, Wm. F. G., journalist, III. 459.
Shanly, Charles D., journalist, VIII. 371.
Shannon, James, educator, VIII. 183.
Shannon Observatory, Colby University,
illus., VIII. 404.
Shannon, Wilson, governor, VIII. 340.
Shapleigh, A. F., merchant. V. 376.
Shapleigh, Frank H., artist, VIII. 428.
Shapley, Rufus E., lawyer, II. 190.
Sharood, Chas. K., manufacturer, VI. 295.
Sharpe, Horatio, prop, gov., VII. 837.
Sharpe, Richard, merchant, IX. 625.
Sharpe, William, statesman, VIII. 387.
Sharswood, George, jurist, II. 168.
Shaver, George Fred., electrician, IV. 231.
Shaw, A., journalist and author, IX. 469.
Shaw, F. G., philanthropist, VIII. 142.
Shaw, Henry, philanthropist, IX. 233.
Shaw, Henry W., humorist, VI. 28.
Shaw, John, naval officer, VIII. 96.
Shaw, John, poet, VIII. 368.
Shaw, Lemuel, jurist, V. 415.
Shaw Memorial, Boston, illus., VIII. 143.
Shaw, Robert G., soldier, VIII. 142.
Shaw, Samuel, merchant, V. 408.
Shaw, William C., physician, VI. 377.
Shays, Daniel, rebel, II. 137.
Shays' Rebellion, I. 63, Lincoln, B., II.
488, Bowdoin, J.; II. 137, Shays.
Shea, John D. G., historian, VI. 441.
Shea, Joseph, educator, II. 267.
Sheafe, James, senator, II. 10.
Shearman, Thomas G., lawyer, II. 493.
Shebosch, John Joseph, Moravian, II. 262.
Shedd, William G. T., theologian, VII. 318.
Sheedy, Dennis, financier, VI. 400.
Sheedy, Morgan M., priest, VI. 335.
Sheehan, John C., lawyer, IX. 280.
Sheehan, Wm. F., Heutenant-gov., IV. 494.
Sheffield, Lord, I. 21, Jay, J.
Sheffield Scientific School, Yale^ illus., I. 166.
Shelby, Evan, soldier, II. 169.
Shelby, Isaac, governor, III. 155.
Shelby, John, physician, II. 151.
Shelby, Joseph, soldier, VI. 129.
Sheldon, flavid N., educator, VIII. 406.
Sheldon, Edward A., educator, VII. 67.
Sheldon, Edward S., philologist. VI. 426.
Shellabarger, S., congressman, II. 357.
Shelton, Frederick W., author, IX. 253.
Shepard, Chas. TJpham, physicist, V. 311.
Shepard, Edward M., lawyer, VI. 94.
Shepard, Elliot Fitch, journalist, I. 159.
Shepard, Lorenzo B., lawyer, III. 388.
Shepard, Thomas, clergyman, VII. 33.
Shepard, William, congressman, II. 51.
Shepardson, John, jurist, VIII. 401.
Shepherd, Nathaniel G., poet, VIII. 371.
Shepley, Ether, senator, II. 7.
Shepley, John, lawyer, II. 7.
Sheppard, Furman, lawyer, IV. 152.
Sheppard, Isaac A., manufacturer, II. 180.
Shera, John Fletcher, broker, IX. 106.
Sherburne, Henry, soldier, IX. 459.
Sherer, William, financier, IX. 185.
Sheridan, George A., soldier, III. 134.
Sheridan, Philip H., soldier, IV. 64.
Sheridan, William E., tragedian, II. 142.
Sherman, Elijah B., lawyer, III. 273.
Sherman, Frank Asbury, educator, IX. 92.
Sherman, Frank Dempster, poet, VII. 190.
Sherman, John, mathematician, VII. 75.
Sherman, John, statesman, III. 198.
Sherman, Lucius A., educator, VIII. 363.
Sherman, Roger, I, 22, Ellsworth, 0.
Sherman, Roger, jurist, II. 352.
Sherman, Sidney, pioneer, II. 130.
Sherman, Thomas W., soldier, VIII. 89.
Sherman, Wm. TecumsehJ soldier, IV. 32.
Sherwood, Adiel, clergyman, VI. 185.
Sherwood, Isaac R., soldier, II. 152.
Sherwood, K. B., philanthropist, II. 201.
Sherwood, Thomas Adiel, jurist, VII. 53.
Sherwood, Wm. H., musician, IX. 385.
Shields, Jas., soldier and governor, VIII. 2.
Shields, Mary, philanthropist, III. 374.
Shillaber, Benjamin P., humorist, VI. 26.
Shinn, George Wolfe, author, V. 398.
Shipherd, John J., clergyman, II. 459.
Shipp, Albert M., educator and clergyman,
IX. 264.
Shiras, George, Jr., jurist, II. 477.
Shirk, James W., naval officer, V. 53.
Shirley, William, colonial gov., VII. 375.
Shock, William H., naval officer, VI. 200.
Shoemaker, Hy. F., R. R. prest,, VIII. 357.
Shoemaker, L. P., real estate, V. 381.
Shoemaker, R., pharmacist, V. 345.
Sholes, Chris. Latham, inventor. III. 315.
Short, Charles, educator, VII. 7. j
Short, Omar J., physician, VIII. 216.
Shortall, John G., lawyer, VI. 458.
Shoup, George Laird, senator, I, 324.
Shrady, George Fred., surgeon, VII. 271.
Shrady, John, physician, IV. 195.
Shreve, Henry M., ship-builder, II. 185.
Shubrick, John T., naval officer, VIII.1 98.
Shubrick, Wm. B., naval officer, II. 237.
Shuey, William J., publisher, VI. 170.
Shufeldt, Robert W., biologist, VI. 242.
Shultz, Henry A., Moravian bishop, II.I142.
Shultz, Theodore, Moravian, II. 142.
Shuman, Milton G., clergyman, VII. 164.1
Shumard, Benj. F., geologist, VIII. 256.
Shunk, Francis R., governor, II. 288.
Shurtleff, George A., physician, VII. 271.
Shurtliff, Lewis Warren, jurist, VII. 290.
Shute, Samuel, colonial governor, VII. 374.
Sibley, George C., explorer, II. 28.
Sibley Hall, Cornell University, illus.,IV. 454.
Sibley, Henry H., soldier, II. 365.
Sibley, Hiram, promoter, IV. 454.
Sibley, Jane Eliza, reformer, I. 364.
Sibley, Rufus Adams, merchant, IV. 216.
Sibley, Solomon, jurist, II, 174.
Sibley, William C., manufacturer, II, 217.
Sickel, Horatio Gates, soldier, V. 395.
Sickels, John Edmund, lawyer, V. 457.
Sickles, Daniel E., soldier, III, 386.
Sigel, Franz, soldier, IV. 136.
Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, poet, I. 154.
Sigsbee, Charles D., naval officer, IX. 2,
Silber, William B., educator, V. 473.
Sill, Edward Rowland, poet, VII. 249.
Sill, Joshua W., soldier, V. 331.
Silliman, Augustus Ely, financier and au-
thor, VI. 231.
Silliman, Benjamin, scientist, II. 386.
Silliman, Benjamin D., lawyer, VI. 54.
Silliman, Ebenezer, II, 386, Silliman, B.
Silver, Thomas, inventor, VI. 191.
Sim, F. L., physician, II. 499.
Simmons, Gustavus L., physician,VII. 269.
Simmons, Jas. F., manufacturer, IX. 498.
Simmons, Joseph E., financier, II. 372.
Simmons, Thomas J., jurist, II. 391.
Simms, Jeptha Root, historian, VII. 124.
Simms, Joseph, physiognomist, VII. 124.
Simms, Wm. Gilmore, author, VI. 204.
Simonds, Wm. E., com'r and author, I, 363.
Simonton, C. B., congressman, VIII. 402.
Simpkins, John, congressman, VII. 52.
Simpson, Jerry, congressman, I. 321.
Simpson, Matthew, M. E. bishop, VII. 381.
Sims, Edward D., educator, VII. 131.
Sims, James Marion, physician, II. 356.
Sinex, Thomas H., educator, V. 472.
Singer, Otto, musician, VII. 438.
Singerly, William M., journalist, I. 198.
Sinnickson, Thomas, congressman, II. 367,.
Sisters of Charity, founded, II, 436, Seton.
Sitgreaves, Samuel, congressman, II. 239»
Sizer, Nelson, phrenologist, III. 246.
Skenando, Indian chief, IX. 277.
Skene, Alexander, J. C., physician, V. 436.
Skiddy, William, naval officer, VII. 93.
Skiddy, Wm. W., manufacturer, VII. 93.
Skilton, George C., merchant, VI. 463.
Skinner, David S., dentist, III. 271.
Skinner, Halcyon, inventor, V. 300.
Skinner, John S., journalist, II. 150.
Skinner, Richard, governor, VIII. 315.
INDEX.
Skinner, Thomas H., theologian, VII. 318.
Slab Hall, Oberlin College, illus., II. 459.
Blade, William, governor, VIII. 319.
Slater, Alpheus B., IX. 177.
Slater, George, journalist, II. 108.
Slater Hall.Brown University ,illu3.,VIII. 31.
Slater, John, manufacturer, VIII. 270.
Slater Mill, Paw tucket, illus., IV. 121.
Slater, Samuel, manufacturer, IV. 120.
Slavens, Luther C., lawyer, VI. 132.
Slavery, first amendment to abolish, I. 289,
Wilson, J. F.
Slavin, Henry B., contractor, III. 82.
Sleeping Car, Inventor of, IX. 208, Wagner.
Slemmer, Adam J., soldier, IV. 209.
Slidell, John, senator, II. 93.
Sloan, John A., soldier andhistorian,VII. 94
Sloane, William M., educator and author,
IX. 274.
Sloat, John D., naval officer, VI. 176.
Slocum, Charles E., physician, VII. 280.
Slocum, Henry Warren, soldier, IV. 265.
Slocum, John S., soldier, VIII. 64.
Slocum, Joseph, manufacturer, V. 168.
Slocum, Joseph W., manufacturer, V. 252.
Slocum Library, Ohio Wesleyan University,
illus., VII. 281.
Small, Albion W., educator, VIII. 408.
Small, Alvin Edmond, physician, III. 480.
Smalley, George W., journalist, III. 454.
Smallwood, Wm., soldier and gov., IX. 292.
Smart, James H., educator, VI. 108.
Smead, Isaac D., inventor. III. 335.
Smedley, Isaac G., physician, III. 489.
Smedley, Samuel L., engineer, III. 331.
Smet, Peter John de, missionary, II. 182.
Smiley, Charles W., statistician, II. 371.
Smilie, John, congressman, II. 215.
Smillie, George H., artist, VIII. 426.
Smillie, James, engraver, II. 146.
Smillie, James David, engraver, II. 154,
Smillie, William C., engraver, II. 376.
Smillie, William M., ungraver, II. 155.
Smith, A. M., philanthropist, VI. 198.
Smith, Alan P., physician, III. 154.
Smith, Arch. C., yacht-designer, I. 450.
Smith, Asa Dodge, educator, IX. 89.
Smith, Augustus W. educator, IX. 430.
Smith, B. Holly, physician, VIII. 219.
Smith, Benjamin, governor, IV. 422.
Smith, Benjamin B., P. E. bishop. III. 466.
Smith, Caleb Blood, statesman, II. 88.
Smith, Carroll Earll, regent, IV. 490.
Smith, Charles Emory, journalist, I. 240.
Smith, Charles H., humorist, III. 308.
Smith, Charles H., soldier, VIII. 452.
Smith, Charles H., merchant, V. 62.
Smith, Charles Stewart, merchant, I. 501.
Smith, Clement L., educator, VII. 163.
Smith, Daniel, senator, II. 7.
Smith, Daniel B., educator, V. 343.
Smith, Edmund Kirby, soldier, VIII. 132.
Smith, Eli, missionary, VIII. 15.
Smith, Elihu H., physician, IX. 270.
Smith, Elizabeth 0. P., author, IX. 171.
Smith, Erastus, pioneer, II. 108.
Smith, Eugene Allen, geologist, VI. 185.
Smith, Fillmore, clergyman, IV. 377.
Smith, Francis Hopkinson, artist, V. 326.
Smith, G. Williamson, educator, III. 498.
Smith, George H., physician, V. 221.
Smith, George Handy, senator, III. 303.
Smith, George Wm., governor, V. 445.
Smith, Gerrit, philanthropist, II. 322.
Smith, Green Clay, soldier, V. 257.
Smith, Gregory L., lawyer, VII. 306,
Smith, Henry, governor, IX. 62.
Smith, Henry B., educator, V. 311.
Smith, Hoke, lawyer, I. 183.
Smith, Israel, governor, VIII. 314.
Smith, J. Lewis, physician, II. 201.
Smith, James, patriot, II. 343.
Smith, James Baker, builder, I. 356.
Smith, James Milton, governor, I. 230.
Smith, James Y., governor, IX. 403.
Smith, Jane Luella D., educator, II. 190.
Smith, Jeremiah, congressman, II. 184.
Smith, John, educator and author, IX. 95
Smith, John, founder of Virginia, VI. 225.
Smith, John, senator, VI. 222.
Smith, John A., educator, III. 234.
Smith, John Beyea, R. R. president, V. 93.
Smith, John Blair, educator, II. 21.
Smith, John Cotton, clergyman, VIII. 120.
Smith, John Gregory, governor, VIII. 323.
Smith, John Lawrence, scientist, VI. 54.
Smith, John Sabine, lawyer, III. 476.
Smith, Joseph, Mormon prophet, VII. 386.
Smith, Joseph, naval officer, IV. 381.
Smith, Joseph B., naval officer, VI. 247.
Smith, Joseph F., Mormon leader, VII. 397.
Smith, Joseph M., physician, VI. 390.
Smith, Julia E., reformer, VII. 247.
Smith, Luther M., educator, I. 519.
Smith, Mary, soldier, II. 175.
Smith, Matthew H., clergy., etc., II. 34.
Smith, Melancthon, sachem, III. 376.
Smith, Melancton, naval officer, V. 52.
Smith, Nathan, physician. III. 153.
Smith, Nathan Ryno, physician. III. 154.
Smith, Nathaniel, congressman, II. 399.
Smith, Nelson, lawyer, VI. 498.
Smith, Nicholas, editor, I. 185.
Smith, Osborn L., educator, I. 519.
Smith, Richard Somers, educator, VII. 14.
Smith, Robert, secretary, HI. H.
Smith, Roswell, publisher, I. 311.
Smith, Samuel, 1752, rev. soldier, I. 73.
Smith, Samuel A., manufacturer, VI. 21.
Smith, Samuel E., governor, VI. 307.
Smith, Samuel F., author, VI. 51.
Smith, Samuel G., clergyman, VI. 108.
Smith, Samuel S., educator, II. 21.
Smith, Seba, humorist, VIII. 119.
Smith, Sol, actor, II, 197.
Smith, Sophia, philanthropist, VII. 121.
Smith, Stephen, physician, II. 208.
Smith, Thomas, commissioner, V. 224.
Smith, Thomas G., regent, IV. 492.
Smith, Thomas Kilby, soldier, VIII. 275.
Smith, Thomas Mather, educator, VII. 6.
Smith, Vivus Wood, journalist, V. 301.
Smith, William, educator, I. 340.
Smith, William, governor, V. 451.
Smith, William, preacher, IV. 228.
Smith, William, paymaster, IV. 459.
Smith, William, statesman, II. 481.
Smith, William A., financier, II. 193.
Smith, William B., educator and author,
IX. 133.
Smith, William H. H., capitalist, IV. 228.
Smith, William Harrison, educator, I. 235.
Smith, William Pitt, sachem, III. 376.
Smith, Wm. Sooy, engineer, IV. 498.
Smith, Wm. Stephens; soldier, IV. 442.
Smith, William T., surgeon, IX. 92.
Smith, Worthington, educator, II. 41.
Smithee, James N., journalist, VII. 94.
Smithson, James, philanthropist, III, 405.
Smithsonian Institution, illus., III. 407.
Smokeless Powder, Inventors of, IX. 235,
Munroe; IX. 495, Bernadou.
Smybert, John, artist, V. 325.
Smyth, David McC., inventor, VII. 323.
Smyth, Thomas, clergyman, II. 171.
Smyth, Thomas A., soldier, II. 141.
Snader, Edward R., physician, III. 487.
Snead, T. L., soldier and editor, I. 512.
Sneed, Frank W., clergyman, IX. 463.
Snell, Ebenezer S., educator, V. 311.
Snelling, Josiah, soldier, II. 159.
Snelling, William J., author, II. 126.
Snethen, Nicholas, clergyman, II. 165.
Sneyd, Honoria, I. 48, Andre, J.
Snow, Elbridge G., underwriter, II. 147.
Snow, Francis H., educator, IX. 494.
Snow, Lorenzo, Mormon leader, VII. 392.
Snyder, Simon, governor, II. 284.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Boston
Common, VIII. 291.
Soldiers Monument, Oberlin, illus , II. 460.
Somers, Frederick M., journalist, I. 201.
Somers, Peter J., lawyer, II. 184.
Somers, Richard, naval officer, VIII. 96.
Somerville, Alexander, soldier, V. 244.
Somerville, Henderson M., jurist , VII. 305.
Sons of Liberty, III. 375, Mooney, W.
Sophocles, E. A., educator, V. 239.
Sothern, Edward A., actor, V. 490.
Sothern, Edward H., actor, V. 490.
Sothern, Ed. Lytton, actor, V. 490.
Sothoron, James T., physician, VII. 279.
Souchon, Edmond, physician, IX. 132.
Souer, Louis J., merchant, IX. 481.
Soulard, Andrew L., financier, III. 341.
Soule, George, educator and author, I. 510.
Soule, Joshua, M. E. bishop, V. 85.
Soule, Pierre, senator, III. 117.
Soule, Richard, author, II. 115.
Sousa, John Philip, musician, IX. 386.
Southall, James H., physician, VIII. 208.
Southard, Henry, congressman, I. 524.
Southard, Milton I., lawyer, III. 298.
Southard, Samuel L., statesman, VI. 85.
Southi-College, Union, illus., VI. 172.
Southern Messenger, Thompson, VI. 49.
Southwest Kansas College, IX. 189.
Southworth, E. D. E. N., novelist, I. 432.
Spaight, Richard D., governor, IV. 420.
Spalding, Albert G., merchant, III. 394.
Spalding, Benedict J., clergyman, V. 229.
Spalding, George B., clergyman, III. 256.
Spalding, Henry H., missionary, II. 20.
Spalding, James R., journalist, V. 359.
Spalding, James W., merchant, III. 327.
Spalding, John F., P. E. bishop, III. 467.
Spalding, Lyman, physician, II. 194.
Spalding, Martin J., archbishop, I. 486.
Spalding, Rufus P., jurist, V. 224.
Spalding, Wm. A., journalist, VIII. 434.
Spangenberg, Augustus G., bishop, I. 512.
Spanish-American War, IX. 3, et seq.
Sparkman, Stephen M., lawyer, VI. 252.
Sparks, Jared, biographer, V. 433.
Sparks, William Henry, poet, V. 393.
Sparrow, Patrick J., educator, II. 25.
Sparrow, William, educator, V. 435.
Spaulding, Elbridge G., financier, VI. 355,
Spaulding, Henry F., merchant, V. 265.
Spear Hall Library, Oberlin College, illus.,
II. 464.
Spears, John R., journalist, IX. 162.
Speed, James, lawyer, II. 89.
Speer, Emory, jurist, VI. 161.
Speer, John, pioneer editor, VII. 50.
Speir, Samuel F., physician, IV. 173.
Spence, John Fletcher, chancellor, I. 403.
Spence, John Selby, physician, VII. 288.
Spencer, Ambrose, jurist, m. 433.
Spencer, Asa, soldier, III. 423.
Spencer, Elihu, clergyman, V. 221.
INDEX.
Spencer, Frederick R., artist, V. 326.
Spencer, Hiram L.,eJitor and poot.VII. 202.
Spencer, Horatio N., physician, V. 35.
Spencer, Ichabod S., author, V. 401.
Spencer, James Clark, lawyer, I. 494.
Spencer, John C., statesman, VI. 6.
Spencer, Joseph, rev. soldier, I. 76.
Spencer, Platt R., educator, VIII. 11.
Spencer, Robt. Closson, educator, VIII. 11.
Spencer, Theodore, clergyman, V. 224.
Spencer, Thomas, physician, V. 245.
Spencer, William, colonist, V. 405.
Spencer, Win. A., naval officer, V. 416.
Sperry, Lewis, lawyer, VII. 95.
Sperry, Watson R., journalist, I. 416.
Spinola, Francis B., soldier, IV. 327.
Spiro, Charles, inventor, III. 322.
Spofford, Ainsworth R., librarian, VI. 477.
Spofford, Harriet P., author, IV. 308.
Spokane, Wash., founder of, VII. 292,
Glover, James N.
Spooner, Benjamin, soldier, IV. .503.
Spooner, Clapp, capitalist, VII. 55.
Spooner, John Coit, senator, I. 321.
Spotts, James H., naval officer, IV. 279.
Sprague, Charles, poet, VI. 229.
Sprague, Frank J., electrician. III. 178.
Sprague, John T., soldier, IV. 221.
Sprague, John Wilson, soldier, V. 55.
Sprague, Mrs. Kate Chase, I. 30, Chase, S. P.
Sprague, Levi L., educator, IV. 190.
Sprague, Nathan T., financier, II. 135.
Sprague, Peleg, senator, V. 414.
Sprague, William, 1799, governor, IX. 396.
Sprague, William, 1830, governor, IX. 402.
Sprague, Wm., manufacturer, VIII. 19.
Sprague, Wm. Buell, clergyman, V. 239.
Sprague, Wm. C., educator, VIII. 8.
Sprigg, Samuel, governor, IX. 300.
Spring, Gardiner, clergyman, V. 409.
Spring, Samuel, clergyman, V. 212.
Sproull, Thomas, theologian, VII. 119.
Spruance, Presley, senator, IV. 351.
"Squatter Sovereignty," Doctrine of, II.
430, Douglas, S. A.
Squibob, pen-name, V. 241, Derby, G. H.
Squier, Ephraim G., archaeologist, IV. 79.
Squier, Frank, merchant, III. 324.
Squier, Miles Powell, clergyman, V. 243.
Squire, Andrew, lawyer, IX. 371.
Squire, John Peter, merchant, II. 234.
Squire, Watson C., senator, III. 59.
Stafford, Aaron, soldier, V. 219.
Stager, Anson, electrician, IV. 454.
Stahel, Julius, soldier, IV. 352.
Stahlman, E. B., R. R. manager, VIII. 224.
Stanard, Edwin 0., manufacturer. V. 111.
Stanbery, H., attorney-general, II. 458.
Standish, Miles, Puritan captain, V. 417.
Stanford, Leland, senator, II. 129.
Stanley, David Sloan, soldier, IV. 39.
Stanley, Henry M., explorer, IV. 252.
Stanley, James M., artist, VI. 467.
Stanly, Fabius, naval officer, IV. 470.
Stansbury, Joseph, poet, VIII. 82.
Stanton, Edwin McM., statesman, II. 83.
Stanton, Elizabeth C., reformer, III. 84.
Stanton, Fred'k. P., governor, VIII. 342.
Stanton, Henry B., journalist, II. 331.
Stanton, John, engineer. IV. 170.
Stanton, Joseph, senator, V. 224.
Stanwood, Ed., editor and author, IX. 475.
Staples, Carlton A., clergyman, VIII. 36.
Staples, William R., jurist, VIII. 63.
Stapleton, Patience T., author, VIII. 151.
Starin, John H., merchant, II, 20.
Stark, John, rev. soldier, I. 80.
Stark, Joshua, lawyer, II. 138.
Stark, William, loyalist, V. 408.
Stark, William, lawyer, V. 247.
Starkey, George R., physician, III. 173.
Starkey, Thomas A., P. E. bishop, III,
474.
Starks, Wm. H. L., physician, IV. 303.
Starr, Samuel H., soldier, IV. 367.
State House, Boston, illus., first, VII. 479;
second, VIII. 139; third, I. 103.
State House (old), Philadelphia, illus., I. 333.
State, War and Navy Departments, Washing-
ton, D. C., illus., I. 137.
States' Rights, Idea of, I. 355, Holt, J.
Stauffer, David M., civil engineer, IX. 45.
Staughton, William, educator, III. 151.
Staunton, William, clergyman, V. 212.
St. Clair, Arthur, rev. soldier, I. 94.
Stead, Robert, architect, IX. 332.
Steamboat, Inventor of, IX. 434, Long-
Street, Wm.
Steamship, the first ocean, II. 237, Scar-
borough, W.
Stearns Chapel, Amherst, illus., V. 309.
Stearns, Eben S., educator, VIII. 133.
Stearns, Ezra S., historian, II. 480.
Stearns, Frank P., critic, VIII. 231.
Stearns, Geo. L., philanthropist, VIII. 231.
Stearns, John N., reformer, VI. 154.
Stearns, Oliver, educator, IX. 191.
Stearns, Onslow, governor. III. 14.
Stearns, Wm. A., educator, V. 309.
Stebbins, Emma, sculptor, VIII. 292.
Stedman, Edmund C., poet, III. 136.
Steedman, Charles, naval officer, IV. 357.
Steedman, James B., soldier, IV. 395.
Steele, Frederick, soldier, IV. 51.
Steele, George W., governor, I. 456.
Steele, J. Dorman, author, III. 265.
Steele, John, soldier, V. 228.
Steele, William, soldier, IV. 207.
Steers, George, yacht designer, I, 448.
Steers, Henry, ship-builder, VI. 122.
Stees, Washington M., merchant, VI. 458.
Stegman, Lewis R., soldier, II. 391.
Steinman, Andrew J., editor, VI. 277.
Steinway, C. F. T., manuf'r, II, 513.
Steinway, H. E., manufacturer. II. 513.
Steinway, William, manufacturer, II. 514.
Stembel, Roger N., naval officer, V. 367.
Stem Wheel Steamboat, Invention of, I. 127,
Beach, M. Y.
Stensland, Paul 0., banker, IX. 521.
Stephens, Alex. H., statesman, III. 420.
Stephens, Clinton, engineer, IV. 215.
Stephens, Daniel, clergyman, V. 407.
Stephens, Henry L., artist, V. 411.
Stephens, John L., traveler, V. 424.
Stephens, Lon V., financier, VI. 113.
Stephens, Uriah S., founder of Knights of
Labor, I. 262.
Stephens, William, governor, I. 490.
Stephenson, John, manufacturer, VII. 364.
Stephenson, Luther, soldier, VII. 294.
Stephenson, Peter, sculptor, VIII. 285.
Sterling, Theodore, educator, VII. 9.
Sternberg, George M., surgeon, IV. 388.
Stetson, Charles W., artist, IX. 57.
Stetson, Thomas Drew, editor, II. 248.
Steuben, Fred. W. A., rev. soldier, I. 57.
Stevens, Abel, author, VIII. 112.
Stevens, Alexander H., surgeon, IX. 355.
Stevens, Edward, rev. soldier, I. 52.
Stevens, Edwin A., engineer,V. 342.
Stevens, George A., naval officer, IV. 471.
Stevens, George T., physician, I. 214.
Stevens, John Cox, yachtsman, I. 447.
Stevens, John Leavitt, journalist, II. 172.
Stevens, Neally, pianist, VIII. 450.
Stevens, Robt. L., ship-builder, VI. 293.
Stevens, Samuel, Jr., governor, IX. 300.
Stevens, Thaddeus, statesman, IV. 30.
Stevens, Thomas H., naval officer, IV. 313.
Stevens. William B., P. E. bishop, III. 471.
Stevenson, Adlai E., statesman, II. 487.
Stevenson, Alex. King, lawyer, V. 18.
Stevenson, Andrew, speaker, V. 298.
Stevenson, John J., educator, VII. 137.
Stevenson, Wm. H., R. R. prest., III. 327.
Stewart, Alexander P., soldier, IV. 502.
Stewart, Alexander T., merchant, VII. 352.
Stewart, Alvan, reformer, II. 331.
Stewart, Andrew P., merchant, VII. 123.
Stewart, Charles, naval officer, VIII. 157.
Stewart, Eliza D., philanthropist, VII. 37.
Stewart, Harlon L., journalist, V. 386.
Stewart, John W., governor, VIII. 325.
Stewart, Philo P., founder, II. 460.
Stewart, Thos. J., business man, V. 37.
Stewart, William A., jurist, II. 38.
Stewart, William Morris, senator, I. 325.
St. Francis Xavier College, IV. 115.
St. Gaudens,Augustus, sculptor, VIII. 287.
Stickler, Joseph W., physician. VII. 23.
Stickney, Edward S., banker, IX. 504.
Stiles, Edward H., lawyer, IV. 230.
Stiles, Ezra, educator, I. 167.
Still, William, philanthropist, II. 313.
Stille', Alfred, physician, IX. 358.
Stille, Charles J., educator, I. 344.
Stillman, William Olin, physician, I. 351.
Stith, William, educator, III. 232.
St. John, John P., governor, VIII. 345.
St. John, William Pope, hanker, II. 439.
St. John's College, Annapolis, I. 503.
St. John's College, Fordham, II. 265.
St. John's Hall, St. John's College, N. Y.,
illus., II. 265.
St. Leo's Repose for the Dead, Ducey, IX.
321.
St. Louis Botanical Gardens, Founder of
Shaw, IX. 233.
St. Louis Bridge, Missouri, illus., VIII. 418.
St. Mary's College, Baltimore; Cathedral,
illus., I. 480, founded, I. 483, Marechal, A.
St. Patrick's Cathedral, N. Y., illus., I. 191.
St. Paul, Minn., R. C. Bishops of, IX. 225.
Stobaeus, John B., manufacturer, VI. 102.
Stockbridge, Francis B., senator, I. 460.
Stock Exchange, N. Y., illus., VII., 219.
Stockham, Charles, merchant. III. 19.
Stockton, Cal., Founder of, VII. 455, Weber.
Stockton, Francis Richard, author, I. 396.
Stockton, Louise, author, VIII. 336.
Stockton, Richard, jurist, II. 7.
Stockton, Robert F., naval officer, IV. 205.
Stockton, Thos. T., journalist, V. 267.
Stockwell, Charles F., educator, V. 471.
Stockwell, John N., astronomer, IX. 373.
Stoddard, Chas. A., clergyman and author,
IX. 127.
Stoddard, Charles W., author, VII. 116.
Stoddard, Elizabeth D., author, VIII. 375.
Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, III. 297.
Stoddard, Solomon, theologian, VII. 84.
Stoddard, William 0., author, VIII. 121.
Stoddart, James H., actor, VI. 102.
Stoddert, Benjamin, statesman, II. 5.
Stokes, Jordan, jurist, VIII. 267.
Stokes, Jordan, Jr., lawyer, VIII. 267.
Stokes, Monfort, governor, IV. 424.
Stone, David, governor, IV. 421.
Stone, David Marvin, journalist, I. 265.
Stone, Ebenezer W., soldier, IV. 390.
INDEX.
Stone, Frederick D., librarian, IX. 389.
I Stone Hall, Atlanta University, illii3 ,V. 381.
Stone, Horatio 0., merchant, III. 356.
Stone, James H., journalist, I. 159.
Stone, James Kent, educator, VII. 7.
Stone, James Samuel, clergyman, V. 147.
Stone, John A., actor, VIII. 88.
Stone, John Hoskins, governor,.IX. 294.
Stone, John Marshall, governor, II. 301.
Stone, Lucy, reformer, II. 316.
Stone, Melville Elijah, journalist, I. 215.
Stone, Ormond, astronomer, VI. 194.
Stone, Samuel, clergyman, VII. 202.
Stone, Thomas, patriot, VIII. 169.
Stone, Thomas T., clergyman, II. 215,
Stone, Wilbur Fisk, jurist, VI. 262.
Stone, William, proprietary gov., VII. 333.
Stone, Wm. L., author and editor, VII. 205.
Stone, William M., P. E. bishop, VI. 222.
Stoneman, George, governor, IV. 112.
Stonewall Jackson, IV. 125, Jackson, T. J.
Storrs, Charles Backus, educator, II. 326.
Storrs, Henry M., clergyman, IX. 447.
Storrs, Richard S., clergyman, VIII. 110.
Story, Emma Eames, singer, V. 404.
Story, Joseph, jurist, II. 468.
Story, Wm.W., author and sculptor, V. 417.
Stott, William T., educator, IX. 253.
Stoughton, William, lieut.-gov., VII. 373.
Stow, Frederick H., banker, V. 432.
Stowe, Harriet E. (Beecher), author, I. 423.
Stowell, Calvin L., financier, VIII. 451.
Strachey, William, colonist, VIII. 194.
Straiton, John, manufacturer, III. 120.
Stranahan, James S. T., III. 433.
Strang, James J., Mormon, VIII. 356.
Strange, Robert, senator, VII. 321.
Stratton, Charles C., governor, V, 207.
Strauch, Peter D., manufacturer, II. 36.
Strawbridge, Wm. C., lawyer, III. 277.
Streett, David, physician, II. 187.
Stribling, Corn. K., naval officer, IV. 335.
Strickland, Peter, U. S. consul, IX. 502.
Strickler, Givens B., clergyman, II. 350.
Stringham, Silas H., rear-adm'l., II. 101.
Stripling, Joseph Newton, lawyer, V. 182.
Strong, Abigail S., reformer, VI. 290.
Strong, Caleb, 1745, governor, I. 110.
Strong, Charles D., publisher, VI. 289.
Strong, George C., soldier, V. 352.
Strong, Josiah, clergyman and author, IX.
Strong, Theodore, mathematician, IX. 288.
Strong, William, jurist, I. 33.
Strother, David H., soldier and author, IX
365.
Strout, Sewall Gushing, lawyer, V. 91.
Stryker, M. W., educator, VII. 409.
Stryker, William S., soldier, III. 424.
Stuart, Alex. H. H., statesman, VI. 182.
Stuart, Gilbert Charles, artist, V. 324.
Stuart, Jas. Ewell Brown, soldier, IV. 51.
Stuart, Mary M., philanthropist, VII. 150.
Stuart, Moses, Hebrew scholar, VI. 244.
Stubbs, John C. S., R. R. man'r., VI. 401.
Stubba, William C., chemist, IX. 496.
Stuhr, Wm. Sebastian, lawyer, VI. 195.
.Sturges Hall, Oberlin College, illus., II. 462.
Sturges, Jonathan, merchant, III. 350.
Sturgis, Frederic R., physician, IV. 198.
Sturgis, Russell, architect and author, IX
330.
Sturgis, Samuel Davis, soldier, IV. 464.
Sturtevant, James W., merchant, VII. 259.
Stuyvesant, Peter, governor, V. 138.
Stuyvesant, Peter G., lawyer, III. 462.
Sub-Marine Boat, Inventor of, Bushnell IX
244.
Suffolk resolves, I. 58, Warren, J.
Sullivan, James, 1744, governor, I. 110.
Sullivan, John, rev. soldier, I. 56.
Sullivant, William S., botanist, VIII. 149.
Sully, Alfred, financier. III. 365.
Sully, Thomas, architect, IX. 334.
Sully, Thomas, artist, V. 215.
Sulzer, William, legislator, III. 369.
Sunnier, Chas., statesman, III, 300; elected
senator, IV. 14, Wilson, H.
Sumner, Edwin V., soldier, IV. 183.
Sumner, Increase, 1746, governor, I. 109.
Sumner, Jethro, rev. soldier, I. 47.
Sumter, Confederate cruiser, IV. 340,
Semmes, R.
Sumter, Thomas, rev. soldier, 1. 79.
"Sun," The, I. 127, Beach, M. Y.; 1. 307,
Dana, C. A.; VIII. 253, Dana, P.
" Sunday Mercury." I. 237, Cauldwell, W.
Sunderland, Le Roy, author, V. 354.
Super, Charles W., educator, IV. 444.
Supreme Court, U. S., I. 20, et seq.
Sutphen, John T., physician, VI. 379.
Sutro, Florence E., V. 461.
Sutro, Otto, musician, II. 159.
Sutro, Theodore, lawyer, III. 14.
Sutler, John A., pioneer, IV. 191.
Swain, David L., governor, IV. 424.
Swain, James Barrett, editor, VI. 274.
Swain, Joseph, educator, VI. 491.
Swan, Joseph Rockwell, jurist, V. 183.
Swann, Thomas, governor, IX. 308.
Swarthmore College, VI. 364.
Swartwout, Henry, merchant, VII. 119.
Swayne, Noah H., jurist, IV. 156.
Swayne, Wager, soldier, IV. 156.
Sweeney, V. B., III. 389, Hall, A. 0.
Sweet, Alexander E., humorist, VI. 31.
Sweney, John Robson, composer, IV. 350.
Swift, Ebenezer, surgeon, V. 177.
Swift, Lewis, astronomer, IV. 302.
Swift, Lucian, Jr., journalist, VI. 287.
Swinburne, John, surgeon, VII. 33.
Swinburne, Ralph E., physician, II. 506.
Swing, David, clergyman, III. 16.
Swinton, John, journalist, VIII. 418.
Swisshelm, Jane Grey, reformer, II. 316.
Sykes, George, soldier, IV. 280.
Sykes, Martin L., R. R. president. III, 329.
Sylvester, Richard H., journalist, III. 325.
Syms, John 6., manufacturer, VII. 345.
Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, illus., VII. 389.
Taft, Alphonso, statesman, IV. 24.
Taft, Charles P., journalist, I. 239.
Taft, Lorado, sculptor, VIII. 283.
Taft, Royal C., governor, IX. 408.
Taggart, John Henry, journalist, V. 402.
Taggart, Wm. Marcus, journalist, V. 402.
Taintor, Henry Fox, manufacturer, I. 452.
Talbot, Ethelbert, P. E. bishop, VIII. 390.
Talbot, John, missionary, III. 460.
Talbot, Joseph C., P. E. bishop. III. 466.
Talbot, Matthew, governor, I. 223.
Talbot, Samson, educator, I. 302.
Talbot, Silas, naval officer. III. 501.
Talbot, Thomas, governor, I. 121.
Talcott, Harry R., civil engineer, VII. 109.
Talcott, Wm. H., civil engineer, IX. 43.
Taliaferro, Sinclair, lawyer, VIII. 161.
Taliaferro, Wm. Booth, soldier, V. 216.
Talking Machine, Inventor of, Dolbear, IX.
414.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, rev. soldier, I. 90.
Tallmadge, James, statesman, III. 493.
Tallmadge, Nath'l. P., senator, III. 444.
Talmage, John F., physician, IX. 352.
Talmage, T. DeWitt, clergyman, IV. 26.
Tammany Hall, New York, illus., III. 375,
376, 381.
Tammany, Sons of Saint, III. 377, Smith.
Taney, Roger B., jurist, I. 27.
Tanner, Benjamin T., bishop, III. 89.
Tanner, Henry 0., artist, III. 89.
Tanner, James, com'r. of pensions, I. 287.
Tanner, Zera L., naval officer, VIII. 384.
Tansley, John 0., surgeon, III. 296.
Tappan, Arthur, reformer, II. 320.
Tappan, Benjamin, senator, V. 403.
Tappan, Eli Todd, educator, VII. 7.
Tappan, Henry Philip, educator, I. 249.
Tappan, John, merchant, II, 321.
Tappan, Lewis, philanthropist, II. 321.
Tappan, Wm. Bingham, poet, V. 241.
Tariff for revenue only, I. 468, Watterson.
Tarkington, Joseph A., physician, V. 159.
Tasker, Benjamin, statesman, IX. 188'
Tattnall, Josiah, governor, I. 221.
Tattnall, Josiah, naval officer, V. 488.
Taulbee, William Preston, III. 460.
Taussig, Frank W., educator, VIII. 149.
Taylor, Alfred, naval officer, IV. 220.
Taylor, Barton S., librarian, V. 475.
Taylor, Bayard, author, III. 454.
Taylor, Charles Fayette, physician and
surgeon, IX. 362.
Taylor, Charles H., journalist, II. 192.
Taylor, Charlotte de B., author, II. 164.
Taylor, George, patriot, V. 431.
Taylor, George H., author, VI. 45.
Taylor, George H., physician, V. 494.
Taylor, George S., manufacturer, III. 212.
Taylor, Hannis, diplomat, VIII. 118.
Taylor, Henry Clay, naval officer, IX. 15.
Taylor, Henry Genet, physician, V. 497.
Taylor, Isaac E., physician, IX. 353.
Taylor, James Monroe, educator, V. 235.
Taylor, John, missionary, IX. 283.
Taylor, John, Mormon leader, VII. 390.
Taylor, John, senator, IX. 509.
Taylor, John, soldier, II. 236.
Taylor, John Louis, jurist, IX. 285.
Taylor, Margaret S., IV. 370.
Taylor, Moses, banker, VII. 255.
Ta.vlc.r, Moses, IV. 451, Field, C. W.
Taylor, Nathaniel W.,elergyman,VII, 187.
Taylor, Richard, soldier, IV. 331.
Taylor, Richard C., geologist, IX. 265.
Taylor, Robert L., governor, VIII. 366.
Taylor, Stephen Wm., educator, V. 427.
Taylor, Walter H., banker, VII. 164.
Taylor, William M., clergyman, II, 189.
Taylor, William R., naval officer, IV. 219.
Taylor, William V., naval officer, IV. 154.
Taylor, Zachary, U. S. president, IV. 369.
Taylor, Zachary, Residence of, illus., IV. 369.
Tazewell, Henry, senator, II. 215.
Tazewell, Littleton W., governor, V. 448.
Teachers' College, New York, Organized,
IX. 146, Butler.
Teall, William W., financier, VI. 24.
Technology, Institute, Boston, illus., VII.
343.
Telautograph, IV. 454, Gray, E.
Telegraph inventors, IV. 449, Morse, S. F. B.
IV. 450, Vail, A.; alphabet, IV. 450
Vail, A.
Telephone Harp, Inventor of, IX. 216,
Gower.
Telephone, Inventors of, VI. 221, Bell; IX.
414, Dolbear; IX. 216, Gower.
Telfair, Edward, governor, I. 219.
INDEX.
Teller, Henry M., statesman, IV. 250.
Tellier, Remigins, educator, II. 266.
Temple Block, Salt Lake City, illus., VII.
326.
Temple, Edward Lowe, author, VII. 95.
Temple, William G., naval officer, IV. 367
Tench, Thomas, governor, IX. 320.
Ten Eyck, John C., senator, II. 95.
Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, VIII. 73.
Tenuent, John, clergyman, VIII. 73.
Tennent, Win., Jr., clergyman, VIII. 73.
Teunent, Wm., Si., educator, V. 469.
Tennessee, Governors of, VII. 206.
Tennessee State Capitol, illus., VII. 206.
Tenney, Asa W., lawyer, II. 334.
Tenney, Samuel, physician, V. 175.
Terhune, Mary V., author, II. 122.
Terrell, E. H., minister to Belgium, I. 387.
Terrill, William H., soldier, IX. 485.
Terry, Alfred H., soldier, IV. 69.
Terry, Benjamin, educator, IX. 518.
Terry, David S., I. 32, Field, S. J.
Terry, Eli, inventor, VI. 258.
Terry, John Taylor, merchant, III. 230.
Terwilliger, Lorenzo, m'n'f'r., VIII. 115.
Tesla, Nikola, electrician, VI. 398.
Tevis, Lloyd, capitalist, VIII. 66.
Texas, battleship, illus., IX. 13.
Texas, Governors of, IX. 62-76.
Texas, republic of, IV. 61, Houston, S.
" Texas Sittings," VI. 31, Sweet, A. E.
Thacher, George, congressman, II. 197.
Thacher, Jame?, physician, VII. 401.
Thacher, John B., manufacturer, II. 506.
Thacher, Oxenbridge, lawyer, V. 229 ; I.
19, Quincy, J.
Thacher, Peter, 1651, clergyman, VI. 197.
Thacher, Peter, 1752, clergyman, VII. 308.
Thacher, Samuel C., clergyman, V. 88.
Thacher, Thomas, clergyman, V. 229.
Thatcher, Henry K., naval officer, V. 44.
Thatcher, Joseph A., banker, IX. 371.
Thatcher, Moses, Mormon apostle, VII. 395.
Thaxter, Celia Laighton, author, I. 305.
Thayendanegea, Indian chief, IX. 142.
Thayer, Abbott H., artist, VI. 471.
Thayer, Alexander W., author, VIII. 233.
Thayer, James B., lawyer, IX. 436.
Thayer, John Milton, governor, I. 471.
Thayer, Joseph Henry, scholar, VI 424.
Thayer, Nathaniel, clergyman, VII. 159.
Thayer, S. H., banker and poet, IX. 463.
Thayer, Simeon, soldier, VIII. 110.
Thayer, Sylvanus, soldier, VII. 37.
Thayer, William W., governor, VIII. 6.
Thebaud, Augustus, educator, II. 265.
Thebaud, Julius S., surgeon, IX. 353.
Thomas, Allen, diplomat, VIII. 350.
Thomas, Amos K., educator, III. 481.
Thomas, Arthur L., governor, I. 415.
Thomas, Benj. Franklin, jurist, V. 220.
Thomas, Charles M., physician, III. 483.
Thomas Circle, Washington, D. C., illus.,
I. 141.
Thomas, David, manufacturer, III. 360.
Thomas, David W., merchant, II. 399.
Thomas, Douglas H., banker, I. 160.
Thomas, Ebenezer S., journalist, V. 393.
Thomas, Edith M., poet, IX. 456.
Thomas, Francis, governor, IX. 304.
Thomas, Geo., deputy governor, II. 279.
Thomas, George Henry, soldier, IV. 48.
Thomas, Hiram W., clergyman, IX. 316.
Thomas, Isaiah, publisher, VI. 220.
Thomas, James, governor, IX. 303.
Thomas, James R., educator, I. 519,
Thomas, John, rev. soldier, I, 81,
Thomas, John, manufacturer. III. 124.
Thomas, John R., architect, IX. 329.
Thomas, John R., musician, VIII. 445.
Thomas, Joseph D., physician, VI. 340.
Thomas, Lemon, merchant, IV. 383.
Thcmas, Philip, I. 160, Thomas, D. H.
Thomas, Philip F., statesman, V. 6.
Thomas, Robert P., pharmacist, V. 347.
Thomas, Samuel, manufacturer, III. 360.
Thomas, Seth, 1785, mfr., III. 118.
Thomas, Seth, 1816, mfr., III. 118.
Thomas, Theodore, musician, II. 139.
Thomas, Theodore G., physician, III. 307.
Thomas, Thomas, educator, II. 124.
Thomas, William W., diplomatist, II, 132.
Thomason, Harry D., physician, VII. 175.
Thompson, Benjamin, colonist, VIII. 82.
Thompson, Benjamin, statesman, V. 410.
Thompson, Daniel G., author, VIII. 386.
Thompson, Daniel P., novelist, VI. 233.
Thompson, David P., governor, VII. 113.
Thompson, Denman, actor, VIII. 45.
Thompson, Edward, educator, IV. 159.
Thompson, Edwin, reformer, II. 327.
Thompson, Eliz., philanthropist, V. 405.
Thompson, Ernest Seton, artist and author,
IX. 56.
Thompson, Frederick F., banker, VI. 141.
Thompson, George, editor, III. 168.
Thompson, George K., architect, VI. 88.
Thompson, H. M., P. E. bishop, IX. 326.
Thompson, Hugh S., commissioner, V. 406.
Thompson, Jacob, statesman, V. 8.
Thompson, John, banker, VI. 140.
Thompson, John R., poet, VI. 49.
Thompson, John W., clergyman, II. 498.
Thompson, Landredth W., phys.. III. 489.
Thompson, Launt, sculptor, VIII. 283.
Thompson.Rich'd. W., statesman, III, 202.
Thompson, Robt. M., merchant, III. 59.
Thompson, Samuel Wesley, VII. 20.
Thompson, Smith, statesman, VI. 86.
Thompson, Thos. L., diplomat, VIII. 178.
Thompson, William, rev. soldier, I. 70.
Thompson, Wm. Naylor, R.R. tr.-as..V. 478.
Thompson, Wm. T., journalist, IX. 335.
Thompson, Wordsworth, artist, VIII. 430.
Thompson, Zadoc, historian, VI. 188.
Thomson, Benjamin, poet, IX. 147.
Thomson, Charles, congressman, II. 131.
Thomson, Samuel, physician, VI. 70.
Thomson, William, soldier, IX. 285.
Thorburn, Grant, author, VII. 350.
Thoreau, Henry D., poet, II. 300.
Thome, Jonathan, merchant, III. 291.
Thornton, James S., naval officer IV. 356.
Thornton, Seth B., soldier, IV. 279.
Thorpe, Thomas B., author, VI. 230.
Thrall, Homer L., educator, VIII. 143.
Throckmorton, J. W., governor, IX. 71.
Throop, Benjamin H., physician, IV. 188.
Throop, Enos T., governor, III. 46.
Thurman, Allen G., statesman, III. 144.
Thurston, Charles B.. R. R. pres., VI. 403.
Thurston, John Mellen, lawyer, V. 105.
Thurston, Robert H., educator. IV. 479.
Thwing, Charles F., educator, VII. 226.
Tichenor, Isaac, governor, VIII. 313.
Ticknor, George, author. VI. 477.
Ticknor, William D., publisher, V. 142.
Ticonderoga, capture of, I. 45, Allen, E.
Tiffany, Charles L., merchant, II. 57.
Tiffany, Louis C., artist, VII. 465.
Tiffany, Nelson 0., underwriter, III. 61.
Tiffin, Edward, governor, III, 137.
Tilden, Samuel J., governor, III. 53.
Tileston, Thomas, banker, II. 504.
Tilford, Frank, merchant, V. 377.
Tilghman, Edward, lawyer, II. 390.
Tilghman, James, lawyer, I. 536.
Tilghman, Matthew, patriot, I. 523.
Tilghman, R. L., naval officer, IV. 323.
Tilghman, Tench, 1744, soldier, IV. 485.
Tilghman, Tench, 1810, soldier, IV. 335.
Tilghman, William, jurist, VI. 194.
Tillinghast, James, R. R. pres., VIII. 296.
Tillinghast, Thomas, jurist, II. 126.
Tillman, Benjamin R., governor, I. 435.
Tillman, George N., lawyer, VIII. 273.
Tilton, Theo., editor and poet, VIII. 100.
Timby, Theodore R., inventor, IX. 116.
Timothy Titcomb, pen-name, I. 312, Hol-
land, J. G.
Timrod, Henry, poet, VII. 473.
Tincker, Mary A., author, VIII. 413.
Tinker, Charles A., electrician, II, 144.
Titian, The American, V. 383, Allston, W.
Titus, Robert Cyrus, jurist, VII. 421.
Tobey, Frank Bassett, mfr., I. 404.
Tod, David, governor, III. 141.
Todd, Charles Scott, soldier, I. 409.
Todd, David Peck, astronomer, VII. 203.
Todd, Edward, manufacturer, II. 243.
Todd, John, clergyman, VIII. 125.
Todd, John Blair S., soldier, IV. 339.
Todd, Mabel Loomis, author, IX. 142.
Todd, Sereno E., journalist, IX. 272.
Todd, Thomas, jurist, II. 467.
Todd, William C., legislator, IX. 276.
Tolman, Herbert C., philologist, IX. 419,.
Tolman, James, capitalist, IV. 227.
Tolman, Wm. H., sociologist, IX. 147.
Tomb, George, capitalist, VIII. 72.
Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, VI. 83.
Tompkins, Henry Clay, lawyer, VII. 339.
Toof, Stephen C., printer, IX. 535.
Toole, Joseph Kemp, governor, I. 280.
Toombs, Robert, statesman, IV. 392.
Toomer, John De Rossett, jurist, VII. 177.
Toothe, William, financier, IV. 227.
Torpedo, Sub-Marine, Bushnell, IX. 244.
Torrence, Joseph T., soldier, II. 523.
Torrey, Chas. Turner, reformer, VI. 200.
Torrey, John, botanist, VI. 354.
Torrey, Joseph, educator, II. 42.
Totten, Joseph G., soldier, IV. 164.
Totten, Silas, educator, III. 496.
Toucey, Isaac, statesman, V. 7.
Tourgee, Albion W., author and jurist, VII.
324.
Tourjee, Eben, musician, VII. 324.
Touro, judah, merchant, VI. 361.
Tower, Charlemagne, lawyer, V. 188.
Tower, Charlemagne, Jr., lawyer, V. 190.
Tower, Zealous B., soldier, IV. 225.
Towle, George M., author, VIII. 83.
Towndrow, Thomas, inventor, IX. 260.
Towns, George Washington, g»v., I. 225.
Townsend, Amos, congressman, II. 436.
Townsend, Charles C., manuf'r, VII. 128.
Townsend, Christ., merchant, VIII. 199.
Townsend, Edward Y., merchant, III. 183.
Townsend, Frederick, soldier, IV. 458.
Townsend, George A., journalist, I.;i54.
Townsend, James M., capitalist, IV. 196
Townsend, Martin I., regent, IV. 489.
Townsend, William P., manufr, VI. 400.
Townshend, Norton S., educator, VII. 418.
Towson, Nathan, soldier, VII. 379.
Toy, Crawford H., educator, VI. 423.
Trabue, Isaac H., founder, III. 60.
Tracy, Benj. F., statesman, I. 145
Tracy, E. H., civil engineer, IX. 127.
Tracy, George L., composer, VIII. 446.
INDEX.
Tracy, J.JEvarts, .awyer,:iX.'.495.
Tracy, Uriah, senator, II. 34.
Trade Schools, Organized, Auchmuty, IX
103.
Train, George'Francis, IX. 264.
Trammell, L. N., journalist, III. 115.
Trautwine, John C., civil engineer. V. 196.
Travers, William R., broker, VIII. 86.
Travis, William B., soldier, IV. 211.
Treadwell,GeorgeHooker,manTr, IV. 291.
Treadwell, Thomas, lawyer, III. 158.
Treasury Building, Washington, D. C., illus.,
I. 29.
Tree, Lambert, diplomat, VI. 161.
Tregellas, Samuel R., merchant, II. 216.
Trego, Thomas M., physician, III. 494.
" Trent " affair, The, II. 79, Seward, W. H.;
II. 105, Wilkes, C.; II. 93, Slidell, J.,
Mason, 'J. M.
Trenton, Decree of, I. 52, Butler, Z.
Treutlen, John Adam, governor, I. 493.
Trevett, John, naval officer, VIII. 43.
Trieber, Jacob, lawyer, VIII. 392.
Trimble, Allen, governor, III. 138.
Trimble, Henry, chemist, V. 350.
Trimble, Isaac R., soldier, IV. 342.
Trimble, Robert, jurist, II. 469.
Trinity Church, New Orleans, illus., IV. 375.
Trinity Church, New York, illus., III. 440.
Trinity College, Conn., III. 495.
Trinity College Inn, illu9., III. 445.
Trinity College, N. C., III. 445.
Tripp, Bartlett, diplomat, VIII. 100.
Troost, Gerard, mineralogist, VII. 349.
Troup, George Michael, governor, I. 223,
Trousdale, Leonidas, journalist, VIII. 310.
Trousdale, William, governor, VII. 209.
Trowbridge, John E., composer, VII. 438.
Trowbridge, John T., author, III. 374.
Truair, George G., journalist, VII. 123.
Trumbull, Henry C., author, IX.' 383.
Trumbull, James Hammond, philologist
and historian, IX. 422.
Trnmbull, John, soldier, artist, III. 334.
Trumbull, John, poet and jurist, VII. 351.
Truxtun, Thomas, naval officer, II. 431.
Tryon, Dwight W., artist, VIII. 423.
Tucker, Henry H., educator, VI. 396.
Tucker, John R., naval officer, IV. 334.
Tucker, St. George, jurist, poet, VII. 136.
Tucker, William J., educator, IX. 90.
Tuckerman, Edward, botanist, V. 312.
Tnckerman, Henry T., author, VII. 234.
Tuckerman, Joseph, clergyman, VI. 230.
Tudor, Frederic, merchant, VI. 160.
Tudor, Wm., 1779, author, VIII. 351.
Tudor, William, irso, lawyer, VII 217
Tufts College, VI. 241.
Tuholske, Herman, physician, V. 242.
Tuigg, John, R. C. bishop, VI. 337.
Tulane, Paul, philanthropist, IX. 130.
Tulane University, IX. 130.
Tupper, Henry Allen, clergyman, I. 272.
Tupper, Henry Martin, educator, I. 270.
Tupper, KerrB., clergyman, VIII. 69.
Tupper, Samuel Y., insurance pres., I. 272.
Turell, Ebenezer, clergyman, VIII. 87.
Turell, Jane (Colman), poet, VII. 322.
Turnbull, Charles S., surgeon, VIII. 209.
Turner, Charles Y., artist, VI. 472.
Turner, Henry G., legislator, III. 207.
Turner, Henry McN., M. E. bishop, II. 206.
Turner, James, governor, IV. 421.
Turner, Samuel H., Hebraist, VII. 192.
Turner, Thomas, naval officer, V. 216.
Turner, Thomas G., governor, IX. 401.
Turner, William W., philologist, IX. 198.
Turney, Peter, governor, VII. 213.
Turpie, David, senator, I. 218.
Turret, Revolving, Inventor of, IX. 116,
Timby.
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute :
VII. 363, Washington, B. T.
Tutherly, Herbert E., educator, IV. 482.
Tuttle, Daniel S., P. E. bishop, VI. 58.
Tuttle, James M., soldier, V. 331.
Tweed corruption, I. 387, Jones, G.
Tweed, William M., politician, III. 389.
Tweeddale, William, engineer, V. 484.
Twiggs, David E., soldier, IV. 102.
Twiggs, Hansford D. D., lawyer, II.'. 196.
Tyler, Bennett, educator, IX. 87,
Tyler, Comfort, soldier, II. 449.
Tyler, Daniel, soldier, IV. 393.
Tyler, John, governor, V. 444.
Tyler, John, U. S. president, VI. 1.
Tyler. John, Residence of, illus., VI. 1.
Tyler, Julia G., VI. 4.
Tyler, Lyon G., educator, III. 237.
Tyler,MosesC., educator and author.IV.483.
Tyler, Robert Ogden, soldier, IV. 219.
Tyler, Royall, jurist and author, VII. 39.
Tyler, Samuel, chancellor, V. 176.
Tyndale, Hector, soldier, IV. 334.
Tyner, James N., statesman, IV. 20.
Tyng, Stephen H., clergyman, II. 187.
Tyng, Stephen H., Jr., author, II, 188.
Typewriter, Inventors of, III. 315.
Tyrrell, Frank Gill, clergyman, V. 119.
Tyson, James, physician, IX. 356.
Uhler, Philip R., naturalist, VIII. 251.
Ulrich, Charles Frederic, artist, I, 202.
Ulrich, John, lawyer, IV. 407.
Uncle Remus, pen-name, I. 410, Harris, J. C.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, I, 424, Stowe, H. B.
Underground Railroad, I. 413, Purvis, R.
Underbill, John, colonist, I. 415.
Underwood, Adin B., soldier, IV. 486.
Underwood, Joseph R., senator, III. 428.
Underwood, Wm. H., lawyer, V. 173.
Union College, VII. 169.
Union League, illus., I. 529, Depew, C. M.
Union Theological Seminary, New York,
VII. 316.
United States Military Academy, West Point,
N. Y., father of, VII. 37, Thayer, Syl-
vanus; Views at, I. 149, IV. 225.
United States Supreme Court, Chief-Jus-
tices of, I, 20.
University Hall, Harvard, illus., VI. 419.
University of Georgia, Presidents of, IX. 178>
Untermyer, Samuel, lawyer, I. 241.
Updegraff, Milton, astronomer, VIII. 190.
Updike, Dan'l, attorney-general, VIII. 50.
Updike, Wilkins, lawyer, VIII. 75.
Upfold, George, P. E. bishop, III. 466.
Upham, Charles W., author, VIII. 398.
Upham, Joshua, jurist, V. 136.
Upham, Nathaniel G., jurist, V. 175.
Upham, Timothy, soldier, IV. 384.
Upham, Warren, geologist, VII. 127.
Upham, William, senator, VI. 225.
Upjohn, Richard, architect, II. 182.
Upjohn, Richard M., architect, II. 245.
Upshur, Abel P., statesman, VI. 8.
Upshur, John H., naval officer, IV. 316.
Upson, Anson Judd, chancellor, IV. 489. _
Upton, Emory, soldier, IV. 276.
Ure, William Andrew, editor, VI. 276.
Usher, John Palmer, statesman, II. 88.
Ussher, Brandram B., P. E. bishop, IV. 85.
Vail, Alfred, electrician, IV. 450.
Valentine.'Daniel M., jurist, v. 175.
Valentine, John J., express. III. 113.
Valk, Francis, physician, II. 197.
Vallandigham, C. L., statesman, III. 145.
Valle, Charles C., physician, VIII. 221.
Valle,'Jules;Felix, physician, V. 89.
Valleria, Alvina, smger, I. 426.
Van Allen, Garret A., underwriter. II. 131.
Van Alstyne, Frances Jane, poet, VII. 65.
Van Alstyne, Thomas J., jurist, IX. 325.
Van Baun, Wm. W., physician. III. 489.
Van Buren, Angelica, VI. 434.
Van Buren, John, lawyer, III. 386.
Van Buren, 1'artin, U. S. pres., VI. 433.
Residence of, illus., VI. 433.
Vance, James I., clergyman, VIII. 40.
Vance, Joseph, governor. III. 139.
Vance, Zebulon B., senator, II. 384.
Van Cleef, James H., lawyer, IV. 169.
Van Cortlandt, P., congressman, II. 4" 9.
Van Cott, Cornelius, postmaster, I. 363.
Vandenhoff, George, actor, I. 427.
Vanderbilt, Aaron, manufacfr, VI. 213.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, financier. VI. 208.
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, linam-n-r, VI. 211.
Vanderbilt, Fred. Wm., tinaneier, VI. 213.
Vanderbilt, G. W., philanthropist, VI. 213.
Vanderbilt, J. H., steamboat mgr.,VI. 211.
Vanderbilt, John, senator, VI. 136.
Vanderbilt University, VIII. 226.
Vanderbilt.Wm. Henry, linancicr, VI. 209.
Vanderbilt, Wm. K., linaueier, VI. 212.
Vanderburgh, Chas. E., jurist, VI. 80.
Vanderlyn, John, artist, I. 414.
Van Der Veer, Albert, physician, III. 88.
Van der Voort, Paul, soldier, IV. 342.
Van De Velde, J. 0., R. C. bishop, IX. 78.
Vandever, William, soldier. IV. 366
Van Dorn, Earl, soldier, IV. 208.
Van Dyke, Henry, author, VII. 291.
Van Dyke, Henry J., clergyman, VII. 291.
Van Dyke, John C., librarian, VI. 482.
Van Dyke, Walter, jurist, VIII. 158.
Vane, Harry, MacMonnies' Statue of. VII.
r37i.
Vane, Sir Henry, colonial gov., VII. 371.
Van Elten, Hendrik D. K., artist, VII. 468.
Van Horn, R. T., journalist. III. 250.
Van Lennep, Wm. B., physician. III. 487.
Van Ness, C. P., governor, VIII. 316.
Van Ness, Cornelius, jurist, VI. 240.
Van Ness, John P., congressman, VI. 227,
Van Ness, William P., III. 381.
Van Norden, Warner, banker, IV. 143.
Van Norman, A. R. V., educator, I. 319.
Van Norman, Daniel C., educator, I. 319.
Van Nostrand, David, publisher, IX. 123.
Van Rensselaer, H., physician, III. 187.
Van Rensselaer, Killian K., M. c.. II. 51.
Van Rensselaer, Mannsell, clerg'n, II. 61.
Van Rensselaer, S., 1764, parv,,,m. II. 397.
Van Rensselaer, S., 1789, patroon. II. 483.
Van Schaick, Gosen, rev. soldier, I. 78.
Vanuxem, Lardner, geologist. VIII. 385.
Van Vechten, Abraham, jurist, IX. 162.
Van Vleck, Wm. Henry, bishop, V. 247.
Van Voorhees, Albert V. B., V. 379.
Van Wickle, Aug. S., capitalist, V. 303..
Van Wormer, John R., secretary, IV. 77..
Van Wyck, Charles H., soldier, V. 334.
Van Wyck, Samuel, insurance pres., I. 269t
Van Zandt case, I, 29, Chase, S. P.
Van Zandt, Charles C., governor, IX. 405.
Varick, Richard, rev. soldier, I, 80.
INDEX.
Varnum, James M., lawyer, VI. 158.
Varnum, Joseph Bradley, rev. soldier, I. 70.
Vassar College, V. 233.
Vassar, John Ellison, missionary, V. 252.
Vassar, John Guy, philanthropist, V. 233.
Vassar, Matthew, philanthropist, V. 233.
Vassar, Matt., 2d, philanthropist, V. 233.
Vassar, Thomas E., clergyman, VI. 22.
Vaughan, Alfred J., soldier, VI. 355.
Vaughan, Elbert H., educator, IX. 412.
Vaux, Calvert, architect, IX. 332.
Vaux, Richard, lawyer, III. 111.
Veale, Moses, lawyer, I. 536.
Veasey, William, clergyman, I. 516.
Veazey, Thomas W., governor, IX. 303.
Veazey, Wheelock G., soldier, IV. 396.
Vedder, Charles S., clergyman, IX. 437.
Vedder, Commodore P., senator, II. 508.
Vedder, Elihu, artist, VI. 469.
Venable, William Henry, author, VII. 31.
Vermeule, John D., merchant, VIII. 436.
Vermont, Governors of, VIII. 312.
Vermont State Capitol, illus., VIII. 312.
Vermont, University of, II. 39.
Vernon, Leroy M., clergyman, II. 413.
Vernon, William, merchant, VIII. 62.
Verplanck, Gulian C., author, V. 405.
Verrill, Addison E., scientist, III. 100.
Very, Jones, poet, VI. 276.
Vespucius, Americus, explorer, III. 419.
Vest, George Graham, senator, II. 298.
Vethake, Henry, educator, I. 344; III. 164.
Vezin, Herman, actor, V. 172.
Vickers, George, statesman, VII. 221.
Vickers, George M., poet, IV. 505.
Vicksburg, siege of, IV. 5, Grant, U. S.
Viele, Egbert L., engineer, II. 194,
Vigilance committee, IV. 106, McDougall,
J., IV. 107, Johnson, W. N.
Vilas, William F., statesman, II. 408.
Villard, Henry, financier, III. 498.
Vincent, John Heyl, bishop, IX. 144.
Vincent, Marvin E., clergyman and author,
IX. 107.
Vincent, Strong, soldier, VII. 252,
Vining, John, senator, II. 6.
Vinton, Alex. H., clergyman, IV. 58.
Vinton, David Hammond, soldier, IV. 282.
Vinton, Francis L., engineer, VII. 441.
Vinton, Frederic P., artist, V. 317.
Vinton, Frederick, bibliographer, VI. 482.
Vinton, John A., genealogist, V. 175.
Vinton, John Rogers, soldier, IX. 370,
Virgil, Ebenezer H., express, II. 398.
Virginia, Governors of, V. 443.
Virginia, P. E. bishops of, VII. 216.
Virginia Resolves, I. 338, Henry, P.
Virginia State Capitol, illus., V. 443.
Vischer, Carl V., physician, III. 489.
Vogrich, Max W. C., musician, VIII. 448.
Volk, Leonard Wells, sculptor, VII. 469.
Volk, S. A. Douglas, artist, VII. 470.
Volunteer yacht, illus., I. 450.
Vonnoh, Robert William, artist, VII. 462.
von Schweinitz, L. D., botanist, VIII. 380.
Voorhees, Charles Stewart, lawyer, V. 136.
Voorhees, Daniel W., senator, II, 359.
Vreeland, John Beam, jurist, IX. 418.
Vroom, Peter Dumont, governor, V. 205.
Vrooman, John W., linancicr, I. 260.
W
Waohsmuth, Charles, scientist, VII. 159.
Waddel, James, clergyman, II. 259.
•Waddell, Alfred M., congressman, VIII.
124.
Waddell, H., revolutionary soldier, IX. 472.
Waddell, James I., naval officer, V. 364.
Waddell, Moses, educator, IX. 179.
Waddell, William H., educator, IX. 184.
Wade, Benj. F., senator, II. 94.
Wade, J. H., telegraph projector, I. 213.
Wadleigh, Bainbridge, senator, VII. 439.
Wadley, David R., manufacturer, II. 399.
Wadley, Dole, manufacturer, I. 477.
Wadley, Moses, manufacturer, III. 172.
Wadley, William M.,R. R. manager, I. 201.
Wadsworth, Benjamin, educator, VI. 414.
Wadsworth, James, rev. soldier, I. 55.
Wadsworth, James S., soldier, V. 13.
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, rev. soldier, I. 78.
Wadsworth, Peleg, congressman, II. 191.
Waggener, Balie P., lawyer, VII. 47.
Wagner, Albert, architect, VI. 461.
Wagner, Clinton, physician, I. 209.
Wagner, Webster, inventor, IX. 208.
Wagner, William, philanthropist, VI. 16.
Wainwright, J. M., naval officer, IV. 359.
Wainwright, J. M.,lst., P.E. bishop, I. 515.
Waiuwright, Rich., naval officer, IX. 17.
Wait, William Bell, educator, II. 451.
Waite, Davis H., governor, VI. 452.
Waite, Henry M , I. 30, Waite, M. R.
Waite, Morrison R., jurist, I. 30.
Walcutt, Chas. Carroll, soldier, VI. 216.
Wales, Salem H., journalist, III. 310.
Walke, Henry, rear-admiral, VI. 247.
Walker, Albert H., lawyer. I. 326.
Walker, Amasa, I. 29, Chase, S. P.
Walker, Benjamin, soldier, V. 239.
Walker, Edward D., author, VI. 462.
Walker, Felix, soldier, VII. 304.
Walker, Francis A., statistician, V. 401.
Walker, Gilbert C., governor, V. 453.
Walker Hall, Amberst, illus., V. 310.
Walker, Harriet G., reformer, VI. 251.
Walker, Henry 0., physician, IX. 527.
Walker, Herman, capitalist, VIII. 277.
Walker, J. B., editor and author, IX. 195.
Walker, James, educator, VI. 419.
Walker, James A., congressman, IX. 491.
Walker, Joseph R., pioneer, V. 425.
Walker, Leroy Pope, statesman, V. 288.
Walker, Matthew H., hanker, VII. 139.
Walker, Robert J., clergyman, III. 329.
Walker, Robert J., statesman, VI. 269.
Walker, Sears C., astronome'-, VIII. 81.
Walker, Thos. B., philanthropist, VI. 250.
Walker, Timothy, jurist, V. 422.
Walker, William H., banker, VI. 109.
Walkup, Liberty, inventor, IV. 56.
Wall, Annie Carpenter, author, V. 70.
Wall, John Perry, physician, IV. 94.
Wall, Joseph B., lawyer, VI. 147.
Wall, Stephen, priest, VI. 286.
Wallace, Campbell, R. R. com., II. 35.
Wallace, Cyrus W., clergyman, V. 127.
Wallace, Horace Binney, author, VI. 199.
Wallace, Hugh, merchant, I. 495.
Wallace, Lew., soldier and author, IV. 363.
Wallace, William H. L., soldier, VI. 38.
Wallace, William R., poet, VIII. 375.
Wallace, William V., composer, V. 140.
Wallace, Zerelda G., reformer, V. 404.
Wallach, Antony, manufacturer, I. 466.
Wallack, James W., actor, IV. 439.
Wallack, John Lester, actor, IV. 440.
Waller, John L., clergyman, V. 195.
Wallis, S. T., lawyer and author, IX. 136.
Walsh, John J., clergyman, II. 297.
Walsh, Patrick, journalist, II. 50.
Walsh, Robert, author, V. 357.
Walter, Israel David, merchant, III. 261.
Walter, Philip, lawyer, V. 180.
Walter, Thomas U., architect, IX. 333.
Walters, W. Thompson, merchant, I. 155.
Walthall, Edward Cary, senator, I. 389.
Walton, George, governor, I. 219.
Walton, William, merchant, I. 496.
Walworth, C. A., clergyman, III. 97.
Walworth, Jeannette H., author, VIII. 48.
Walworth, Mansfield T., author, V. 359.
Walworth, Reuben H., chancellor, III. 56.
Wanamaker, John, merchant, 1. 143.
Ward, Artemas, rev. soldier, I. 67.
Ward, Artemus, pen-name, I. 425, Browne,
C. F.
Ward, Catherine Weed, artist, I. 409.
Ward, E. S. (Phelps), author, IX. 368.
Ward, Florence N., surgeon, VII, 270.
Ward, Frederick T., chemist, II, 487.
Ward, Genevieve, actress, IX. 196.
Ward, Henry A., naturalist, III. 410.
Ward, James E., ship-owner, VI. 77.
Ward, James. Thomas, clergyman, I. 206.
Ward, James W., physician, VII. 269.
Ward, John Elliot, lawyer, I. 373.
Ward, John H. H., soldier, IV. 365.
Ward, John Q. A., sculptor, II. 364.
Ward, Lebbeus B., mechanician, I, 246.
Ward, Marcus Lawrence, gov., V. 209.
Ward, Nathaniel, clergyman, VII. 64.
Ward, Rodney C., soldier, V. 257.
Ward, Samuel, banker, IV. 435.
Ward, Samuel, governor, V. 71.
Ward, Samuel, soldier, V. 71.
Ward, Samuel Baldwin, physician, I. 245.
Ward, Thomas, merchant, V. 42.
Ward, William H., clergyman, VIII. 147.
Ware, Ashur, jurist, V. 180.
Ware, Catherine A., poet, V. 70.
Ware, Edmund Asa, educator, V. 380.
Ware, Eugene F., statesman, IX. 202.
Ware, Henry, theologian, V. 174.
Ware, Henry, Jr., author, V. 358.
Ware, Nathaniel A., lawyer, V. 149.
Ware, Nicholas, senator, V. 70.
Ware, William, author, V. 358.
Ware, William R., architect, VIII. 471.
Ware, Wm. S., manufacturer, VIII. 441.
Warfield, Catharine A., author, V. 306.
Waring, George E., Jr., engineer, VI. 157.
Warner, Adoniram J., soldi.-,-, IV. 363.
Warner, Charles Dudley, author, II. 116.
Warner, Charles M., manfr., V. 228.
Warner, Horatio G., educator, II. 433.
Warner, John DeW., lawyer and congress-
man, IX. 114.
Warner, Olin L., sculptor, VIII. 282.
Warner, Seth, rev. soldier, I. 86.
Warner, Susan, author, V. 354.
Warner, William R., chemist, II. 167.
Warren, Francis E., senator, II. 438.
Warren, Geo. Wash., legislator, V. 90.
Warren, Gouverneur K., soldier, IV. 68.
Warren, Henry W., M. E. bishop, IX, 189.
Warren, Ira De F., lawyer, VIII. 436.
Warren, James, patriot, V. 92.
Warren, John C., surgeon, VI. 422.
Warren, Joseph, rev. soldier, I. 57.
Warren, Joseph, I. 93, Prescott, W.
Warren, Joseph M., merchant, IV. 346.
Warren, Josiah, reformer, V. 179.
Warren, Mercy (Otis), author, VII. 177.
Warren, Nathan B., author, III, 374.
Warren, Orris Herbert, editor. III. 87.
Warren, Samuel P., organist, IX. 377.
Warren, William, actor, V. 439.
Warrington, Lewis, naval officer, VI. 232.
Warthen, Richard, senator, I. 384.
INDEX.
Warvelle, George W., jurist, IX. 509.
Washburn, Cadwallader C., gov., V. 196.
Washburn, Chas. Ames, diplomat, V. 255.
Washburn, Edw. A., clergyman, IX. 498.
Washburn, Emory, governor, I. 116.
Washburn, Israel, governor, V. 400.
Washburn, John H., underwriter, II, 262.
Washburn, Peter T., governor, VIII. 325.
Washburn, William B., governor, I. 120.
Washburn, William D., senator, III. 299.
Washburne, Elihu B., statesman, IV. 14.
Washington, Augustine, 1. 1, Washington, G.
Washington.Booker T., educator, VII. 363.
Washington, Bushrod, jurist, II. 231.
Washington College, Term., VII. 340.
Washington, D. C., founding of, VII. 139,
Cranch, Wm.
Washington, George, U. S. president, I. 1.;
farewell to the Army, I. 16, Knox, H.;
headquarters in New York, I. 18, Osgood,
S.; nominated comma.nder-in-cb.ief, I. 24,
Patterson, W.; refusal of title of royalty,
I. 113, Brooks, J.; appointed commander,
II 2, Adams, J.; his sweetheart. IV. 43,
Morris, M. P.
Washington's funeral ora'n, III. 24, Lee, H.
Washington and Lee University, III. 163.
Washington, Martha (Custis). I. 7.
Washington, Mary (Ball), VIII. 162.
Washington, M. (Ball), I. 1, Washington, G.
Washington Monument, illus., I. 7.
Washington "Post," The,I. 234,Hutchins, S.
Washington, William, soldier, II. 492.
Wasson, David A., clergyman and author,
IX. 99.
"Watchful Fox" (Keokuk), IX. 221.
Waterhouse, B., physician, IX. 254.
Waterhouse, Sylvester, author and edu-
cator, VIII. 147.
Waterman, John E., senator, VIII. 70.
Waterman, Lewis Edson, inventor, I. 372.
Waterman, Richard, colonist, VIII. 198.
Waterman, Robert W., governor, IV. 113.
Waterville College (Colby), VIII. 404.
Watkins, Samuel C, G., dentist, I. 425.
Watrea, Louis A., legislator, VIII. 300.
Watrous, Jerome A., editor, III. 328.
Watrous, William Henry, manfr, V. 136.
Watson, Daniel, physician, VIII. 205.
Watson, Elkanah, patriot, V. 249.
Watson, Henry Good, author, V. 359.
Watson, James, senator, II. 347.
Watson, James C., astronomer, VII. 70.
Watson, John C., naval officer, IX. 7.
Watson, John F., historian, VII. 157,
Watson, Sereno, botanist, VI. 423.
Watson, Thomas E., lawyer, III. 373.
Watson, William H., physician, VII. 449.
Watson, William H., regent, IV. 490.
Watson, William R., statesman, VIII. 77.
Watterson, Harvey M., journalist, I. 403.
Watterson, Henry, journalist, I. 468.
Watterson, John A., R. C. bishop, IX. 413.
Watteville, John, bishop, III, 79.
Watts, John, II. 44, De Peyster, J. W.
Way, David L., banker, IV. 439.
Wayland, Chas. A., physician, VIII. 206.
Wayland, Francis, educator, VIII. 22.
Wayman, Alex. Walter, bishop, IV. 187.
Wayne, Anthony, rev. soldier, I, 55.
Wayne, James M., jurist, II. 469.
Weathersby, Eliza, actress, V. 435.
Weaver, John G., III. 301.
Weaver, Rufus B., physician. III. 486.
Webb, Alex. Stewart, educator, III. 31.
Webb Home, New York city, illus., II, 264.
Webb, James Watson, diplomatist, III. 30.
Webb, Samuel B., soldier, III. 30.
Webb, William B., lawyer, II. 230.
Webb, William H., ship-builder, II. 263.
Webb, William Seward, R. R. pres., I. 532.
Webber, Samuel, educator, VI. 417.
Weber, Charles Marie, pioneer, VII. 455.
Webster, Daniel, statesman, III. 36 ; resi-
dence of, illus., III. 34.
Webster, Harrison E., educator, VII. 172.
Webster, Noah, lexicographer, II. 394.
Webster, Pelatiah, economist, VII. 226.
Weed, Edwin G., bishop, IX. 441.
Weed, Frank Jones, surgeon, III. 373.
Weed, Smith Mead, lawyer, II. 52.
Weed, Thurlow, statesman, III. 12.
Weedon, Leslie W., physician, IV., 189.
Weeks, Bartow Sumter, lawyer, II. 486.
Weeks, Henry Astor, soldier, II. 486.
Weeks, Robert K., poet, VIII. 11.
Weeks, Thomas E., surgeon, VI. 117.
Weems, Mason Locke, author, V. 392.
Weil, Benjamin M., financier, II. 486.
Weir, John Ferguson, artist, VI. 465.
Weisse, FaneuilDunkin, physician, V. 17.
Welby, Amelia B. C., poet, VI. 130.
Welch, Ashbel, civil engineer, IX. 36.
Welch, Charles C., promoter, VI. 351.
Welch, Philip'H., humorist, IX. 455.
Weld, Theodore D., abolitionist, II. 318.
Welde, Thomas, clergyman, VIII. 91.
Wellauer, Jacob, merchant, III. 71.
Weller, John B., governor, IV., 107.
Welles, Edgar T., statesman, III. 432.
Welles, Gideon, statesman, II. 86.
Wellesley College, VII. 327.
Welling, James C., educator, I, 505.
Wells, Daniel, Jr., banker, IX, 536.
Wells, David Collin, educator, IX. 93.
Wells, Erastus, representative, V. 438.
Wells, Henry H., governor, V. 453.
Wells, Horace, scientist, VI. 438.
Wells, James L., legislator, VIII. 67.
Wells, Samuel, governor, VI. 312.
Wells, William, soldier, V. 492.
Wells, William Hill, senator, II. 9.
Wels, Charles, composer, VII. 424.
Welsh Hall, Yale, illus., I, 172.
Welsh, Herbert, diplomat, III. 412.
Welsh, John, merchant, III. 412.
Wende, Ernest, physician, IV. 380.
Wendell, Barrett, educator, IX. 207.
Wentworth, Benning, governor, VI. 303.
Wentworth, Sir John, governor, V. 194.
Wentworth, John, lieut. -governor, V. 168.
Wentworth, William, pioneer, V. 149.
Werden, Reed, naval officer, IV., 339.
Wereat, John, governor, I. 493.
Werner, Paul E., manufacturer, II. 251.
Werts, George Theodore, gov., V. 212.
Wesley, John, clergyman, V. 57.
Wesleyan Female College, V. 396.
West, Benjamin, artist, V. 322.
West, Benjamin, mathematician, VIII. 31.
West, Charles E., educator, VIII. 235.
West College, De Pauw, illus., VII. 880.
West College, Dickinson, illus., VI. 431.
West College, Princeton, illus., V. 463.
West, George, congressman, VII. 144.
West, J. R., senator and soldier, IX. 233.
Westbrook, Albert E., physician, VI. 393.
Westbrook, Titus C., soldier, VIII. 419.
"Western Reserve University, VII. 224.
Westlake, William, inventor, II. 416.
Weston, Edward, electrician, V. 176.
Weston, John Burns, clergyman, VI. 400.
Weston, Nathan, I. 31, Fuller, M. W.
Weston, Sullivan H., clergyman, IX. 171.
Weston, Thos., Jr., lawyer, II. 30.
West Point, Views at, I, 149. IV. 225.
Wetherell, Elizabeth, V. 354, Warner S..
Wetherell, Emma A., singer, III. 258.
Wetherill, Richard, mfr., IV. 504.
Wetherill, Robert, mfr., IV. 504.
Wetmore, George P., governor, IX. 407.
Whalley, Edward, regicide, IV. 29.
Wharton, Gabriel C., soldier, V. 288.
Wharton, John A., soldier, IV. 169.
Wharton, T., Jr., pres. of Penn., II. 280.
Wharton, William H., soldier, IV. 168.
Wheat, Chatham R., soldier, IX. 168.
Wheatley, Phillis, poet, I. 259.
Wheatley, Sarah Ross, actress, I. 160.
Wheatley, William, actor, I. 190.
Wheaton, Charles A., physician, VI. 380.
Wheaton, Frank, soldier, IV. 473.
Wheaton, Henry, lawyer, I. 274.
Wheaton, Milton A., lawyer, VII. 74.
Wheaton, Nathaniels., educator, III. 495.
Whedon, Daniel D., author, VIII. 442.
Wheeler, Benj. Ide, educator, IV. 480.
Wheeler, Dora, artist, I. 405.
Wheeler, Francis Brown, educator, I. 443.
Wheeler, Hiram C., agriculturist, I. 216.
Wheeler, John, educator, II. 41.
Wheeler, John H., historian, VI. 370.
Wheeler, John W., financier, III. 187.
Wheeler, Joseph, soldier, IX. 19.
Wheeler, Nath., manufacturer, IX. 460.
Wheeler, Samuel, gun inventor, VIII. 250.
Wheeler, Thomas, soldier, VIII. 369.
Wheeler, Wm. A., lexicographer, I. 319.
Wheeler, William A., statesman, III. 196.
Wheelock, Eleazer, educator, IX. 85.
Wheelock, John, educator, IX. 86.
Wheelwright, John, clergyman, I. 232.
Whig Hall, Princeton, illus., V. 465.
Whipple, Abraham, naval officer, II. 16.
Whipple, Edwin Percy, critic, I. 197.
Whipple, Henry B., P. E. bishop, IV. 58.
Whipple, Joseph Reed, IV. 86.
Whipple, Squire, civil engineer, IX. 35.
Whipple, William, statesman, IV. 437.
Whipple, Wm. D., soldier, IV. 339.
Whistler, Geo. Wash., civil eng., IX. 48.
Whistler, Geo. Wm., civil engineer, IX. 49..
Whistler, James A. McN., artist, IX. 49.
Whistler, John, soldier, IX. 48.
Whistler, Joseph N. G., soldier, IX. 48.
Whitaker, Alex'r, clergyman, VII. 32.
Whitaker, Daniel K., lawyer and jour-
nalist,!. 274.
Whitaker, Mary S., author, I. 274.
Whitaker, Nathaniel, clergyman, IX. 83.
Whitaker, Ozi W., P. E. bishop, III. 471.
Whitcher, Frances M., humorist, VI. 30.
White, Andrew D., educator, IV. 476.
White, Anthony W., rev. soldier, I. 69.
White, Charles A., geologist, VI. 231.
White Cross Library, I. 433, Mulford, P.
White, Frank J., soldier, IV. 412.
White, George S., clergyman, IV. 319.
White, Henry, merchant, I, 496.
White, Henry, theologian, VII. 318.
White, Henry Clay, educator, IX. 184.
White, Horatio S., educator, IV. 482.
White House, Washington, D. C., illus., I.
134. VI. 82.
White, Howard G., journalist, V. 39.
White, James P., merchant, VII. 278.
White, James Platt, physician, VII. 277.
White, Joel, merchant, VII. 195.
White, John Blake, 1st., artist. III. 21.
White, John Blake, physician, III. 22.
White, John Silas, educator, II. 340.
INDEX.
White, Julius, soldier, IV. 335.
White, Leonard D., banker, III. 422.
White, Nathaniel, capitalist, II. 28.
White, Octavius A., physician, III. 22.
White, Peregrine, I. 158, Cannon, H. W.
White, Richard Grant, author, I. 197.
White, Stephen V., financier, V. 478.
White, William, P. E. bishop, III. 470.
White, William H., physician, V. 360.
White, Win. J., manufacturer, II. 449.
Whiteaker, John, governor, VIII. 4.
Whitefield, George, evangelist, V. 384.
Whitefleld's Church, Newburyport, illus.,
V. 385.
Whitehead, Cortl't., P. E. bishop, III. 465.
Whitehead, John, jurist, VI. 168.
Whitehouse, James H., designer, IV. 169.
Whitfield, James, archbishop, I. 483.
Whitfield, Robert P., geologist, V. 92.
Whitford, William C., educator, VI. 119.
Whiting, C. G., journalist and author, IX.
365.
Whiting, Geo. E., musician, VIII. 446.
Whiting, Lilian, author, IX. 261.
Whiting, William H., IV. 485.
Whiting, William H. C., soldier, IV. 488.
Whitman,Benaiah L., educator, VIII. 408.
Whitman, Sarah H. P., poet, VIII. 145.
Whitman, Walter, poet, I. 255.
Whitney, Adeline D. T., author, II. 29.
Whitney, Anne, sculptor, VII. 72.
Whitney, Eli, inventor, IV. 495.
Whitney, Eugene, composer, I. 198.
Whitney, George J., R. R. mgr., V. 167.
Whitney, Josiah D., geologist and edu-
cator, IX. 120.
Whitney, Myron W., singer, II. 143.
Whitney, Samuel B., organist, IX. 388.
Whitney, William C., statesman, II. 407.
Whitney, William D., philologist, II. 341.
Whiton, A. S., civil engineer, I. 198.
Whiton, James M., author, VIII. 417.
Whittemore, Thomas, clergyman, I. 276.
Whittier, Elizabeth H., poet, VIII. 109.
Whittier, John Greenleaf, poet, I. 407.
Whittingham, W. R., P. E. bishop.VI. 223.
Whittle, F. McN., P. E. bishop, VII. 216.
Whittredge,Worthington, artist, VII. 458.
Whitworth, George F., educator, II. 126.
Whyte, William P., governor, IX. 309.
Wickersham, M. D., lawyer, VIII. 173.
Wickes, Lambert, naval officer, II. 18.
Wickham, Charles P., lawyer, II. 139.
Wickham, William Hull, III. 460.
Wickliffe, Charles A., statesman, VI. 8.
Widow Bedott, pen-name, Whitcher, F. M.,
VI. 30.
Wieting, John M., physician, II. 417.
Wigfall, Louis T., senator, V. 262.
Wiggin, Kate Douglas, author, VI. 206.
Wigglesworth, E., educator, IX. 237.
Wigglesworth, M., author, VIII. 382.
Wight, William W., lawyer, III. 250.
Wikoff, H., adventurer and author, I. 316.
Wilbour, Isaac, governor, IX. 393.
Wilcox, Carlos, poet, I. 184.
Wilcox, Charles B., clergyman, VIII. 469.
Wilcox, H. C., manufacturer, IX. 207.
Wilcox, Stephen, V. 304, Babcock, G. H.
Wilde, R. H., congressman and poet, I. 357.
Wilde, Samuel, merchant, II. 212.
Wilder, A., physician and author, IX. 348.
Wilder, Burt Green, educator, IV. 481.
Wilder, Marshall P., humorist, VI. 31.
Wilder, Marshall P., pomologist, I. 358.
Wiles, Irving H., artist, VI. 468.
Wiley, Ariosto A., lawyer, VIII. 110.
Wiley, Harvey W., chemist, IX. 241.
Wilkes, Charles, naval officer, II. 105.
Wilkeson, Samuel, pioneer, IV. 414.
Wilkie, Franc B., journalist, I. 156.
Wilkins, Beriah, financier, VI. 133.
Wilkins, Mary E., author, IX. 229.
Wilkins, William, merchant, I. 429.
Wilkinson, David, inventor, VIII. 302.
Wilkinson, James, rev. soldier, I. 5t>.
Wilkinson, Jemima, religionist, VIII. 81.
Wilkinson, Jeremiah, inventor, VIII. 74.
Wilkinson, John, merchant, II. 202.
Wilkinson, Oziel, man'f'r., VIII. 302.
Willard, Edward N., jurist, VIII. 399.
Willard, Emma, educator, I. 244.
Willard, Frances E., reformer, I. 376.
Willard, John, jurist, IV. 368.
Willard, John Dwight, jurist, V. 260.
Willard, Joseph, antiquarian, IV. 431.
Willard, Joseph, educator, VI. 416.
Willard, Josiah, jurist, IV. 431.
Willard, Samuel, educator, VI. 413.
Willard, Sidney, educator, iv. 431.
Willard, Sidney, soldier, TV. 431.
Willard, Simon, colonist, IV. 431.
Willard, Solomon, architect, IV. 431.
Willard, Sylvester D., physician, VII. 73.
Willcox, Orlando B., soldier, IV. 220.
Willets, Samuel, merchant, VIII. 358.
Willett, Marinus, soldier, III. 378.
Willett, Thomas, mayor, VIII. 38.
Willey, John H., clergyman, III. 347.
Willey, Norman Bushnell, gov., I. 455.
Willey, Stansbury J., merchant, II, 529.
William and Mary College, III. 231.
Williams, Alpheus S., soldier, IV. 365.
Williams, Barney, comedian, V. 440.
Williams, Benjamin, governor, IV. 421.
Williams, Chas. K., governor, VIII. 320.
Williams, Chauncey P., banker, II. 135.
Williams College, IV. 236.
Williams, Eleazer, missionary, I. 68.
Williams, Elihu S., congressman, I. 257.
Williams, Eliphalet, clergyman, IV. 434.
Williams, Eliphalet S., clerg'ii., IV. 448.
Williams, Elisha, educator, I. 165.
Williams, Ephraim, soldier, VI. 236.
Williams, Frank P., author, VIII. 298.
Williams, George Gilbert, financier, I. 261.
Williams, George H., attorney -gen., IV. 21.
Williams, George W., banker, VI. 494.
Williams, James B., manf'r, VI. 129.
Williams, James W., mayor, VII. 41.
Williams, John, senator, I. 272.
Williams, John, clergyman, I. 258.
Williams, John, author, I, 179.
Williams, John, jurist, I. 181.
Williams, John, P. E. bishop, III. 496,
Williams, John F., historian, IV. 467.
Williams, John J., archbishop, IV. 415.
Williams, John J., mayor, IX. 452.
Williams, John W. M., clergyman, V. 166.
Williams, Jonathan, soldier. III. 239.
Williams, Joseph H., governor, VI. 312.
Williams, Mary A., philanthropist,VII. 17.
Williams, Othniel S., lawyer, VII. 267.
Williams, Otho Holland, rev. soldier, I. 91.
Williams, Robert, congressman, II. 385.
Williams, Roger, pioneer, V. 390.
Williams, Samuel, author, I, 310.
Williams, Samuel, astronomer, I. 257.
Williams, Samuel G., educator, VIII. 418.
Williams, Samuel P., clergyman, I. 190.
Williams, Samuel Wells, sinologue, I. 422.
Williams, Samuel Wright, jurist, VII. 81.
Williams, Solomon, clergyman, I. 207.
Williams, Stephen, clergyman, I. 189. _,
Williams, Stephen West, physician, I. 182,
Williams, Thomas, surgeon, I, 180.
Williams, Thomas, author, I. 183.
Williams, Thomas, soldier, I. 190.
Williamson, Hugh, statesman, II. 492.
Williamson, Isaac H., governor, V. 204.
Williamson, Isaiah V., financier, V. 261.
Williamson, Joseph, historian, VIII. 75.
Williamson, Walter, physician, III. 478.
Williamson, Wm. D., governor, VI. 305.
Willis, Nathaniel P., poet, III. 108.
Williston, Payson, author, II, 520.
Williston, Samuel, philanthropist, V. 313.
Willits, Edward, lawyer, II. 259.
Willoughby, John W. C., educator VII.
342.
Wills, A. W., lawyer and soldier, IX. 531.
Wills, Charles T., contractor, IV. 235.
Willson, Forceythe, poet, VII. 292.
Wilmarth, Lemuel E., artist, VIII. 424.
Wilmer, Richard H., P. E. bishop, III. 465.
Wilmer, William H., educator, III. 235.
Wilmot, David, senator, III. 419.
Wilmot Proviso, II. 76, Hamlin, H.
Wilson, Alex'r, ornithologist, VII. 440.
Wilson, Allen B., inventor,.IX. 460.
Wilson, Augusta Evans, author, IV. 457.
Wilson, Benjamin F., educator, VI. 138.
Wilson, Bird, jurist, II. 520.
Wilson, Clarence T., clergyman, VII. 136.
Wilson, Ephraim King, senator, I. 295.
Wilson, Francis, actor, II. 134.
Wilson, George, statistician, I. 501.
Wilson, George W., journalist, VIII. 297.
Wilson, Grenville Decomposer, VIII. 447.
Wilson Hall, Brown Univ., illus., VIII. 32.
Wilson, Henry, statesman, IV. 13.
Wilson, Henry P. C., physician, VI. 377.
Wilson, Ida Lewis, life saver, V. 247.
Wilson, James, jurist, I. 22.
Wilson, James F., senator, I. 289.
Wilson, James H., soldier, II, 525.
Wilson, John, printer, IX. 321.
Wilson, John A. B., clergyman, VII. 135.
Wilson, John T., manufacturer, VII. 130.
Wilson, Lewis Dicken, soldier, VII. 338.
Wilson, Peter, educator, VI. 350.
Wilson, Robert Burns, poet, I. 371.
Wilson, Robert G., educator, IV. 443.
Wilson, Samuel B., educator, II. 25.
Wilson, Samuel K., manufacturer, IV. 504.
Wilson, Samuel M., lawyer, VII. 448.
Wilson, Thomas, lawyer, I. 271.
Wilson, Thomas Emmet, lawyer, V. 42.
Wilson, William L., statesman, VIII. 162.
Wilson, Woodrow, historian, VIII. 176.
Winans, Edwin B., governor, II. 452.
Winans, T. DeKay, engineer, I. 239.
Winans, William, clergyman, I. 179.
Winchell, Alexander, scientist, VI. 228.
Winchell, Alverd E., physician, II. 245.
Winchell, Newton H., geologist, VII. 451.
Winder, Levin, governor, IX. 298.
Windmueller, Louis, merchant, IV. 239.
Windom, William, financier, I. 148.
Windrim, James H., architect, III. 422.
Winebrenner, John, clergyman, I. 180.
Winebrennerians, The, I. 180, Winebrenner.
Wines, Enoch Cobb, penologist, I. 180.
Wingate, Uranus 0. B., physician, I. 132.
Wingfield, J. H. D., P. E. bishop, III. 468.
Winlock, Joseph, astronomer, IX. 266.
Winlock, Wm. C., astronomer, IX. 267.
Winn, Thomas E., congressman, II. 519.
Winner, Septimus, composer, I. 310.
Winship, Albert E., editor, II. 120.
Winship, George, manufacturer, I, 263.
finslow, Edward, 1595, governor, VII. 369.
finslow, Edward, 1714, loyalist, I. 188.
7inslow, Edward, 1748, governor, I. 200.
Tinslow, Gordon, clergyman, I. 272.
|7inslow, Hubbard, clergyman, I. 178.
i Vinslow, James, banker, I. 238.
[finslow, John, colonial officer, I. 182.
iVinslow, John, soldier, I. 272.
;finslow, John A., rear-admiral, II. 102.
Vinslow, Josiah, governor, V. 389.
ffinslow, Kate Reignolds, actress, I. 181.
Vinslow, Miron, missionary, I. 183.
Vinslow, Wm. C., archseologist , IV. 83.
Pinsor, Justin, librarian, author, I. 150.
Vinston, George T., educator, VI. 111.
Vinston, Joseph, soldier, VI. 12.
Winter, William, author, IV. 83.
Winters, Joseph E., physician, II. 501.
ffinthrop, John, colonial gov., VI. 201.
ffinthrop, John, scientist, VII. 165.
Jfinth^op, Robert C., statesman, VI. 217.
RTinthrop, Theo., author, soldier, I. 130.
jiVireless Telegraphy, Invented, Dolbear,
IX. 414.
iJFirt, William, attorney-general, VI. 86.
'Wise, Henry A., governor, V. 452.
Wise, John, aeronaut, I. 178.
iiWise, John, clergyman, I. 177.
'Wisman, James M., educator, VII. 472.
/Wisner, Benjamin B., clergyman, I. 179
'Wisner, Henry, patriot, V. 462.
Wisner, Moses, governor, V. 273.
i Wistar, Caspar, physician, I. 273.
(Withers, Frederick C., architect, II, 165
IWitherspoon, John, educator, V. 466.
Wixom, Emma, singer, I, 183.
Wixom, Isaac, surgeon, I. 188.
Woerner, J. Gabriel, jurist, V. 48.
Wolcott, Edward 0., senator, VIII. 397.
Wolcott, Henry Roger, financier, VI. 490.
I Wolcott, Roger, governor, I. 127.
Wolf, George, governor, II. 286.
Wolfe, Charles S., lawyer, II. 166.
Wolfe, James, British soldier, I. 102.
Wolle, Francis, botanist, inventor, I. 320.
Wolle, Peter, Moravian bishop, I, 415.
Wolle, Sylvester, educator, II. 163.
i'*Wollenhaupt, Hermann A., pianist, I. 471.
Wolley, Charles, clergyman, VIII. 369.
j Wolverton, S. P., congressman, VII. 453.
I Woman's Central Relief Association, Black*
well, Elizabeth, IX. 124.
I Woman's Hall, De Pauw Univ., illus., VII.
381.
| Women's Christian Temperance Union, I.
376, Willard, F. E.
Women's Rights, women eligible to office, I.
38, Brewer, D. J.
Wood, Benjamin, senator, I. 352.
I Wood, Charles S., physician, I. 353.
Wood, Daniel P., lawyer, II. 248.
Wood, Fernando, politician, III, 388.
"Wood, George, author, VIII. 376.
Wood, George Bacon, educator, V. 346.
"Wood, George T., governor, IX. 67.
Wood, Isaac, capitalist, IV. 290.
Wood, James, educator, II. 124.
Wood, James, governor, V. 443.
Wood, James F., R. C. archb'p, VII. 251.
Wood, James R., surgeon, IX. 357.
Wood, Jean Moneure, poet,V. 444.
Wood, Leonard, surgeon and soldier, IX. 20.
Wood, Marquis L., educator, III. 447.
Wood, Reuben, governor, III. 140.
f Wood, Thomas F., physician, IX. 276.
Wood, Thomas J., soldier, IV. 259.
•Wood, Thomas W., artist, III. 345.
INDEX.
Wood, Walter Abbott, inventor, VI. 198.
Wood, William, 1807, pioneer, IV. 74.
Wood, William, 1580, author, VII. 150.
Wood, William B., actor, I. 322.
Woodberry, George E., author, I. 434.
Woodbridge, William, governor, V. 272.
Woodburn, Benj. F., clergyman, VI. 98.
Woodburn, William, legislator, I. 324.
Woodbury, Daniel P., engineer, I. 470.
Woodbury, Isaac B., composer, II. 121.
Woodbury, Levi, jurist, II. 471.
Woodbury, Roger Wms., banker, VI. 228.
Woodbury, Urban A., governor, VIII. 330.
Woodcock, William L., lawyer, VI. 485.
Woodford, Stewart L., statesman, IX. 2.
Woodford, William, soldier, VI. 301.
Woodhull, Jacob, actor, V. 426.
Woodhull, Nathaniel, rev. soldier, V. 423.
Woodruff, Wilford, Mormon leader, VII.
391.
Woodruff, William E., editor, VIII. 463.
Woodruff, William E., Jr., soldier and edi-
tor, VIII. 464.
Woods, Alva, educator, II. 239.
Woods, George L., governor, VIII. 5.
Woods, Jas., bankerand merchant, IX. 383.
Woods, Leonard, theologian, IX. 121.
Woods, William B., jurist, II. 476.
Woods, William Stone, banker, VI. 110.
Woodson, Stewart F., merchant, V. 382.
Woodward, Calvin M., educator, IX. 469.
Woodward, Franklin G., educator, I. 421.
Woodworth, Chauncey B., banker, V. 37.
Woodworth, Samuel, poet, I. 434.
Wool, John Ellis, soldier, IV. 282.
Woolf, Benjamin E., composer, I. 411.
Woolley, Thomas R., capitalist, IV. 382.
Woolman, John, clergyman, I. 288.
Woolsey, Elliott H., surgeon, VII. 272.
Woolsey, M. T., naval officer, VIII. 98.
Woolsey, Theodore D., educator, I. 170;
Bust by St. Gaudens, I. 472.
Woolson, Constance F., author, I. 369.
Wooster, David, rev. soldier, I. 82.
Worcester Academy, Mass., illus., VII. 293.
Worcester, E. D., railroad officer, III. 214.
Worcester, Joseph E., lexicographer, VI. 50.
Worcester, Noah, physician, I. 188.
Worcester, Noah, clergyman, I. 185.
Worcester, Samuel, clergyman, I. 178.
Worcester, Samuel A., missionary, I. 271.
Worcester, Thomas, 1TS8, clergym'n. I. 203.
Worcester, Thomas, 1T95, clergym'n, I. 277.
Worden, John L., naval officer, IV. 284.
Work, Henry Clay, composer, I. 182.
Wormeley, J. P., civil engineer, IX. 39.
Wormeley, K. P., author, VIII. 366.
Worth, Jonathan, governor, IV. 428.
Worth, William J., soldier, IV. 506.
Worthen, Amos H., geologist, VI. 20.
Worthen, William B., banker, VIII. 150.
Worthington, Hy. R., inventor, VI. 303.
Worthington, T., governor, III. 138.
Wrenue, Thomas W., lawyer, VIII. 294.
Wrieht, Benjamin, pioneer, I. 182.
Wright, Benjamin, engineer, I. 239.
Wright, Benjamin Hall, engineer, I. 160.
Wright, C., metaphysician, I. 420.
Wright, Carroll D., statistician, VI. 97.
Wright, Charles B., financier, VIII. 439.
Wright, Ebenezer K., banker, VIII. 193.
Wright, Elizur, reformer, II. 317.
Wright, Fanny, reformer, II. 319.
Wright, George E., journalist, IX. 506.
Wright, George F., theologian, VII. 66.
Wright, George Lathrop, III. 266.
Wright, Henry Clarke, reformer, II. 332.
Wright, Horatio G., soldier, IV. 273.
Wright, Sir James, governor,!. 491.
Wright, John Henry, philologist, VIII. 49.
Wright, Marcus J., soldier, IV. 365.
Wright, Marie R., journalist, II. 231.
Wright, Patience L., modeler, VIII. 278
Wright, Robert, governor, IX. 297.
Wright, Robert J., merchant, II. 191.
Wright, Silas, governor. III, 47; in. 386.
Writs of assistance abandoned, I. 17, Otis, J.
Wyckoff, William 0., merchant, III. 319.
Wyeth, John Allan, surgeon, VI. 74.
Wyeth, Louis Weiss, jurist, VI. 74.
Wyeth, Nathaniel J., explorer, VI. 73.
Wylie, James R., merchant, III. 148.
Wylie, Samuel B., educator, I. 348.
Wylie, W. Gill, surgeon, I, 471.
Wyman, Jeffries, anatomist, II. 254.
Wyman, Robert H., naval officer, IV. 164.
Wynns, Thomas, soldier, II. 179.
Wyoming Massacre, IX. 142, Brant.
Wyoming, Massacre, I. 52, Butler, Z.
Wythe, George, patriot, in. 308.
Yacht races for the America's cup, I. 447
Schuyler, G. L.; I. 449, Burgess, E.
Yale, Elihu, patron Yale College, I. 163.
Yale, Linus, Jr., inventor and manufac-
turer, IX. 188.
Yale University, illus., foundation, I. 161,
Davenport, J.; establishment at Saybrook,
I. 162, Pierpont, J.; removed to New
Haven, I. 163, Saltonstall, G.; named,
I. 163, Yale, E.
Yancey, Bartlett, congressman, VII. 268.
Yancey, William L., statesman, IV. 319.
Yankee, pen-name, I. 401, Hill, G. H.
Yardley, Robert M., lawyer, I. 412.
Yates, Arthur G., merchant, IV. 461.
Yates, Joseph C., governor, III. 45.
Yates, Robert, jurist, V. 260.
Yates, William, educator. III. 233.
Yazoo Fraud, I. 220, Jackson, J.
Yeaman, George H., jurist, IX. 187.
Yerkes, Charles T., capitalist, IX. 462.
York, Brantley, educator, III. 445.
Yost, Geo. W. N., inventor, III. 317.
Youmans, Edward L., scientist, II. 466.
Youmans, William Jay, editor, II. 466.
Young, Alexander, manufacturer, VI. 369.
Young, Alfred, clergyman, II. 256.
Young, Andrew Harvey, chemist, II. 397.
Young, Brigham, Mormon leader, VII. 388.
Young, Charles A., astronomer, VI. 189.
Young, Charles E., physician, V. 485.
Young, Charles Luther, educator, V. 118.
Young, David, civil engineer, VII. 353.
Young, Edward, poet, II. 359.
Young, Edward F. C., banker, II. 118.
Young, Hiram, editor, III. 327.
Young, James, capitalist, IV. 72.
Young, Jesse Bowman, clergyman, V. 155.
Young, John, governor, III. 48.
Young, John Russell, journalist, II. 214.
Young, M. Harry de, journalist, I. 269.
Young, Pierce M. B., congressman, II. 382.
Young, Robert A., clergyman, VIII. 393.
Young, Samuel L., I. 30, Waite, M. K.
Young, Thomas, shipmaster, I. 256.
Young, Thomas L., governor, III. 143.
Young, Van B., jurist, IV. 254.
Young, William B., lawyer, VIII. 434.
INDEX. f
2J Zavala, Lorenzo de, patriot, II. 247. Ziegenfuss, Henry L., clergyman, I. Ijfgj.
Zeisberger, David, missionary, II. 249. Ziegenfuss, S. A., clergyman, III. 427.
Zadkin, Daniel, colonist, II. 58. Zenger, J. P., III. 375, Mooney, W. Zimmerman, Jeremiah, clergyman, IV. 153,
Zahm, John A., theologian and scientist, Zerrahn, Charles, musician, I. 327. Zinzendorf, N. L., clergyman, II. 170.
IX. 274. Zettler, Louis, merchant and philanthro- Ziska, pen-name, I. 260, Cummings, A. I..
Zalinski, Edmund L. G., soldier and in- pist, IX. 177. Zollars, Thomas J., insurance, VI, 37.
renter, VII. 248. Zeuner, Charles, composer, I. 327. Zundel, John, organist, I. 185.
\
Live Music
Archive
Librivox
Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland
Museum of Art
Internet
Arcade
Console Living Room
Open Library
American
Libraries
TV News
Understanding
9/11